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Rajkumar P, Pluznick JL. Unsung renal receptors: orphan G-protein-coupled receptors play essential roles in renal development and homeostasis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 220:189-200. [PMID: 27699982 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that orphan GPCRs of the GPR family are utilized as specialized chemosensors in various tissues to detect metabolites, and in turn to activate downstream pathways which regulate systemic homeostasis. These studies often find that such metabolites are generated by well-known metabolic pathways, implying that known metabolites and chemicals may perform novel functions. In this review, we summarize recent findings highlighting the role of deorphanized GPRs in renal development and function. Understanding the role of these receptors is critical in gaining insights into mechanisms that regulate renal function both in health and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Rajkumar
- Department of Physiology; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore; MD USA
| | - J. L. Pluznick
- Department of Physiology; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore; MD USA
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102
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Xie H, Luo G, Zheng Y, Hu D, Peng F, Xie L. Lowered circulating apelin is significantly associated with an increased risk for hypertension: A meta-analysis. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 39:435-440. [PMID: 28534648 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2016.1267199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gaoqing Luo
- The E.N.T. Department, Fujian Provincial Governmental Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feng Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangdi Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine (Area 4), The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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103
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Bioactivity of the putative apelin proprotein expands the repertoire of apelin receptor ligands. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1901-1912. [PMID: 28546009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apelin is a peptide ligand for a class A G-protein coupled receptor called the apelin receptor (AR or APJ) that regulates angiogenesis, the adipoinsular axis, and cardiovascular functions. Apelin has been shown to be bioactive as 13, 17, and 36 amino acid isoforms, C-terminal fragments of the putatively inactive 55-residue proprotein (proapelin or apelin-55). Although intracellular proprotein processing has been proposed, isolation of apelin-55 from colostrum and milk demonstrates potential for secretion prior to processing and the possibility of proapelin-AR interaction. METHODS Apelin isoform activity and potency were compared by an In-Cell Western™ assay for ERK phosphorylation using a stably AR-transfected HEK293A cell line. Conformational comparison of apelin isoforms was carried out by circular dichroism and heteronuclear solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS Apelin-55 is shown to activate the AR, with similar maximum ERK phophorylation response and potency to the shorter isoforms except for apelin-13, which exhibited a greater potency. Correlating to this shared activity, highly similar conformations are exhibited in all apelin isoforms for the shared C-terminal region responsible for receptor binding and activation. CONCLUSIONS AR activation by all apelin isoforms likely hinges upon shared conformation and dynamics in the C-terminus, with apelin-55 providing an alternative bioactive isoform despite the addition of 19N-terminal residues relative to apelin-36. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Beyond providing novel insight into the physiology of this system, re-annotation of proapelin to the bioactive apelin-55 isoform adds to the molecular toolkit for dissection of apelin-AR interactions and expands the repertoire of therapeutic targets for the apelinergic system.
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104
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McAnally D, Siddiquee K, Sharir H, Qi F, Phatak S, Li JL, Berg E, Fishman J, Smith L. A Systematic Approach to Identify Biased Agonists of the Apelin Receptor through High-Throughput Screening. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 22:867-878. [PMID: 28314120 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217699158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biased agonists are defined by their ability to selectively activate distinct signaling pathways of a receptor, and they hold enormous promise for the development of novel drugs that specifically elicit only the desired therapeutic response and avoid potential adverse effects. Unfortunately, most high-throughput screening (HTS) assays are designed to detect signaling of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) downstream of either G protein or β-arrestin-mediated signaling but not both. A comprehensive drug discovery program seeking biased agonists must employ assays that report on the activity of each compound at multiple discrete pathways, particularly for HTS campaigns. Here, we report a systematic approach to the identification of biased agonists of human apelin receptor (APJ). We synthesized 448 modified versions of apelin and screened them against a cascade of cell-based assays, including intracellular cAMP and β-arrestin recruitment to APJ, simultaneously. The screen yielded potent and highly selective APJ agonists. Representative hits displaying preferential signaling via either G-protein or β-arrestin were subjected to a battery of confirmation assays. These biased agonists will be useful as tools to probe the function and pharmacology of APJ and provide proof of concept of our systematic approach to the discovery of biased ligands. This approach is likely universally applicable to the search for biased agonists of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle McAnally
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, and Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA.,2 Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Khandaker Siddiquee
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, and Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA.,2 Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Haleli Sharir
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, and Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA.,2 Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Feng Qi
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, and Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sharangdhar Phatak
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, and Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, and Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Eric Berg
- 3 21st Century Biochemicals Inc., Marlborough, MA, USA
| | | | - Layton Smith
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, and Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA.,2 Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA
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105
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Tekin S, Erden Y, Sandal S, Etem Onalan E, Ozyalin F, Ozen H, Yilmaz B. Effects of apelin on reproductive functions: relationship with feeding behavior and energy metabolism. Arch Physiol Biochem 2017; 123:9-15. [PMID: 27494693 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2016.1211709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is an adipose tissue derived peptidergic hormone. In this study, 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used (four groups; n = 10). Apelin-13 at three different dosages (1, 5 and 50 μg/kg) was given intraperitoneally while the control group received vehicle the same route for a period of 14 days. In results, apelin-13 caused significant decreases in serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels (p < 0.05). Administration of apelin-13 significantly increased body weights, food intake, serum low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol levels (p < 0.05), but caused significant decreases in high-density lipoprotein levels (p < 0.05). Serum glucose and triglyceride levels were not significantly altered by apelin-13 administration. Significant decreases in both uncoupling protein (UCP)-1 levels in the white and brown adipose tissues and UCP-3 levels in the biceps muscle (p < 0.05) were noted. The findings of the study suggest that apelin-13 may not only lead to obesity by increasing body weight but also cause infertility by suppressing reproductive hormones.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Energy Intake/drug effects
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Feeding Behavior/drug effects
- Gonadotropins, Pituitary/antagonists & inhibitors
- Gonadotropins, Pituitary/blood
- Hypercholesterolemia/blood
- Hypercholesterolemia/chemically induced
- Hypercholesterolemia/metabolism
- Infertility, Male/blood
- Infertility, Male/chemically induced
- Infertility, Male/metabolism
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/toxicity
- Male
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Overweight/blood
- Overweight/chemically induced
- Overweight/metabolism
- Random Allocation
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Testosterone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Testosterone/blood
- Toxicity Tests, Chronic
- Uncoupling Protein 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Uncoupling Protein 1/genetics
- Uncoupling Protein 1/metabolism
- Uncoupling Protein 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Uncoupling Protein 3/genetics
- Uncoupling Protein 3/metabolism
- Weight Gain/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Suat Tekin
- a Department of Physiology , Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Yavuz Erden
- b Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Faculty of Science, Bartin University , Bartin , Turkey
| | - Suleyman Sandal
- a Department of Physiology , Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Ebru Etem Onalan
- c Department of Medical Biology , Faculty of Medicine, Firat University , Elazig , Turkey
| | - Fatma Ozyalin
- d Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Hasan Ozen
- e Department of Pathology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University , Kars , Turkey
| | - Bayram Yilmaz
- f Department of Physiology , Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University , Istanbul , Turkey
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106
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Hajimashhadi Z, Aboutaleb N, Nasirinezhad F. Chronic administration of [Pyr 1] apelin-13 attenuates neuropathic pain after compression spinal cord injury in rats. Neuropeptides 2017; 61:15-22. [PMID: 27686494 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous ligand for apelin receptor (APJ) with analgesic effect on visceral, analgesic and proanalgesic influences on acute pains in animal models. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible analgesic effects of [Pyr1] apelin-13 on chronic pain after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. Animals were randomly divided into three major groups as intact, sham and SCI. The SCI group randomly allocated to four subgroups as no treatment, vehicle-treatment (normal saline: 10μl, intrathecally) and two subgroups with intrathecal injection (i.t) of 1μg and 5μg of [Pyr1] apelin-13. After laminectomy at T6-T8 level, spinal cord compression injury was induced using an aneurysm clip. Vehicle or [Pyr1] apelin-13 injected from day1 post SCI and continued for a week on a daily basis. Pain behaviors and locomotor activity were monitored up to 8weeks. At the end of the experiments, intracardial paraformaldehyde perfusion was made under deep anesthesia in some animals for histological and immunohistochemistry evaluations. Western blot technique was also done to detect caspase-3 in fresh spinal cord tissues. SCI decreased nociceptive thresholds and locomotor scores. Administration of [Pyr1] apelin-13 (1μg and 5μg) improved locomotor activity and reduced pain symptoms, cavity size and caspase-3 levels. Results showed long-term beneficial effects of [Pyr1] apelin-13 on neuropathic pain and locomotion. Therefore, we may suggest [Pyr1] apelin-13 as a new option for further neuropathic pain research and a suitable candidate for ensuing clinical trials in spinal cord injury arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hajimashhadi
- Department of Physiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Aboutaleb
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Medical School, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farinaz Nasirinezhad
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Medical School, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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107
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Apelin/APJ system: A novel promising therapy target for pathological angiogenesis. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 466:78-84. [PMID: 28025030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is the endogenous ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor APJ. Both Apelin and APJ receptor are widely distributed in various tissues such as heart, brain, limbs, retina and liver. Recent research indicates that the Apelin/APJ system plays an important role in pathological angiogenesis which is a progress of new blood branches developing from preexisting vessels via sprouting. In this paper, we review the important role of the Apelin/APJ system in pathological angiogenesis. The Apelin/APJ system promotes angiogenesis in myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, critical limb ischemia, tumor, retinal angiogenesis diseases, cirrhosis, obesity, diabetes and other related diseases. Furthermore, we illustrate the detailed mechanism of pathological angiogenesis induced by the Apelin/APJ system. In conclusion, the Apelin/APJ system would be a promising therapeutic target for angiogenesis-related diseases.
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108
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Galon-Tilleman H, Yang H, Bednarek MA, Spurlock SM, Paavola KJ, Ko B, To C, Luo J, Tian H, Jermutus L, Grimsby J, Rondinone CM, Konkar A, Kaplan DD. Apelin-36 Modulates Blood Glucose and Body Weight Independently of Canonical APJ Receptor Signaling. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1925-1933. [PMID: 27994053 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.748103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin-36 was discovered as the endogenous ligand for the previously orphan receptor APJ. Apelin-36 has been linked to two major types of biological activities: cardiovascular (stimulation of cardiac contractility and suppression of blood pressure) and metabolic (improving glucose homeostasis and lowering body weight). It has been assumed that both of these activities are modulated through APJ. Here, we demonstrate that the metabolic activity of apelin-36 can be separated from canonical APJ activation. We developed a series of apelin-36 variants in which evolutionarily conserved residues were mutated, and evaluated their ability to modulate glucose homeostasis and body weight in chronic mouse models. We found that apelin-36(L28A) retains full metabolic activity, but is 100-fold impaired in its ability to activate APJ. In contrast to its full metabolic activity, apelin-36(L28A) lost the ability to suppress blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). We took advantage of these findings to develop a longer-acting variant of apelin-36 that could modulate glucose homeostasis without impacting blood pressure (or activating APJ). Apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] is 10,000-fold less potent than apelin-36 at activating the APJ receptor but retains its ability to significantly lower blood glucose and improve glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese mice. Apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] provides a starting point for the development of diabetes therapeutics that are devoid of the blood pressure effects associated with canonical APJ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Yang
- From NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Maria A Bednarek
- the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kevin J Paavola
- From NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Brian Ko
- From NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Carmen To
- From NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jian Luo
- From NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Hui Tian
- From NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Lutz Jermutus
- the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Grimsby
- the Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Cristina M Rondinone
- the Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Anish Konkar
- the Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Daniel D Kaplan
- From NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080.
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109
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Kumar P, Ashokan A, Aradhyam GK. Apelin binding to human APJ receptor leads to biased signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1748-1756. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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110
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Pisarenko O, Shulzhenko V, Studneva I, Serebryakova L, Veselova O. 5-Hydroxydecanoate Abolishes Cardioprotective Effects of a Structural Analogue of Apelin-12 in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Int J Pept Res Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-016-9565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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111
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112
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McKinnie SMK, Fischer C, Tran KMH, Wang W, Mosquera F, Oudit GY, Vederas JC. The Metalloprotease Neprilysin Degrades and Inactivates Apelin Peptides. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1495-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M. K. McKinnie
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Conrad Fischer
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Kelvin M. H. Tran
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Medicine; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta; 8440-112 St. NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - Fabricio Mosquera
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Gavin Y. Oudit
- Department of Medicine; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta; 8440-112 St. NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - John C. Vederas
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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113
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Gok Oguz E, Akoglu H, Ulusal Okyay G, Yayar O, Karaveli Gursoy G, Buyukbakkal M, Canbakan B, Ayli MD. Serum apelin is associated with affective disorders in peritoneal dialysis patients. Ren Fail 2016; 38:1059-66. [DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2016.1193873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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114
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Boal F, Timotin A, Roumegoux J, Alfarano C, Calise D, Anesia R, Parini A, Valet P, Tronchere H, Kunduzova O. Apelin-13 administration protects against ischaemia/reperfusion-mediated apoptosis through the FoxO1 pathway in high-fat diet-induced obesity. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1850-63. [PMID: 27005319 PMCID: PMC4867747 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Apelin-13, an endogenous ligand for the apelin (APJ) receptor, behaves as a potent modulator of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Here, we examined the effects of apelin-13 on myocardial injury in a mouse model combining ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) and obesity and explored their underlying mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Adult male C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 months and then subjected to cardiac I/R. The effects of apelin-13 post-treatment on myocardial injury were evaluated in HFD-fed mice after 24 h I/R. Changes in protein abundance, phosphorylation, subcellular localization and mRNA expression were determined in cardiomyoblast cell line H9C2, primary cardiomyocytes and cardiac tissue from ND- and HFD-fed mice. Apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL staining and caspase-3 activity. Mitochondrial ultrastructure was analysed by electron microscopy. KEY RESULTS In HFD-fed mice subjected to cardiac I/R, i.v. administration of apelin-13 significantly reduced infarct size, myocardial apoptosis and mitochondrial damage compared with vehicle-treated animals. In H9C2 cells and primary cardiomyocytes, apelin-13 induced FoxO1 phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion. FoxO1 silencing by siRNA abolished the protective effects of apelin-13 against hypoxia-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial ROS generation. Finally, apelin deficiency in mice fed a HFD resulted in reduced myocardial FoxO1 expression and impaired FoxO1 distribution. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data reveal apelin as a novel regulator of FoxO1 in cardiac cells and provide evidence for the potential of apelin-13 in prevention of apoptosis and mitochondrial damage in conditions combining I/R injury and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Boal
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048ToulouseCedex 4France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouseFrance
| | - Andrei Timotin
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048ToulouseCedex 4France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouseFrance
| | - Jessica Roumegoux
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048ToulouseCedex 4France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouseFrance
| | - Chiara Alfarano
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048ToulouseCedex 4France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouseFrance
| | - Denis Calise
- University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouseFrance
- US006, Microsurgery ServicesToulouseCedex 4France
| | - Rodica Anesia
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048ToulouseCedex 4France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouseFrance
| | - Angelo Parini
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048ToulouseCedex 4France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouseFrance
| | - Philippe Valet
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048ToulouseCedex 4France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouseFrance
| | - Helene Tronchere
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048ToulouseCedex 4France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouseFrance
| | - Oksana Kunduzova
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048ToulouseCedex 4France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouseFrance
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115
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Nikseresht M, Hafezi Ahmadi MR, Hedayati M. Detraining-induced alterations in adipokines and cardiometabolic risk factors after nonlinear periodized resistance and aerobic interval training in obese men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:1018-1025. [PMID: 27636349 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of nonlinear resistance training (NRT), aerobic interval training (AIT), and detraining on adipokines and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged obese men. Thirty-three obese men were randomly allocated to NRT (n = 12), AIT (n = 10), and control (CON, n = 11) groups. Subjects in experimental groups performed exercise protocols 3 days per week for 12 weeks followed by a 4-week detraining period. The NRT involved 55 min of weight training with flexible periodization. The AIT consisted of running on a treadmill (4 × 4-min intervals at 90% of maximal heart rate, with each interval separated by 3 min at 65%). Peak oxygen consumption increased significantly after training compared with CON (P < 0.01), but it increased more in the AIT group than in the NRT group (P = 0.004). After detraining, peak oxygen consumption decreased significantly in both training groups (P < 0.001); however, the value in the AIT group was still higher than that in the CON group (P = 0.003). No significant changes were observed in serum levels of omentin-1 and interleukin (IL)-18 after training (P > 0.05), but omentin-1 decreased significantly in both training groups and IL-18 increased significantly in the NRT group after detraining (P < 0.05). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased significantly after training in the AIT group compared with the CON group (P < 0.05) and returned to the pre-training level after detraining. Conversely, apelin-13 increased significantly in response to training, compared with baseline (P < 0.05), and remained unchanged after detraining. Both training regimens had similar effects on most markers; however, AIT seems to have stronger anti-coronary disease effects (as indicated by HDL-C and peak oxygen consumption) than NRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Nikseresht
- a Department of Exercise Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Ilam Branch, Ilam, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Hedayati
- c Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Liakos CI, Sanidas EA, Perrea DN, Grassos CA, Chantziara V, Viniou NA, Barbetseas JD, Papadopoulos DP. Apelin and Visfatin Plasma Levels in Healthy Individuals With High Normal Blood Pressure. Am J Hypertens 2016; 29:549-52. [PMID: 26276791 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High normal blood pressure (BP; 130-139/85-89 mm Hg) is related with increased cardiovascular (CV) risk compared to normal BP (120-129/80-84 mm Hg) or/and optimal BP (<120/80 mm Hg). Low apelin plasma levels have been associated with arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis, while high visfatin plasma levels may promote vascular inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and have been evaluated as a marker for identifying stages of essential hypertension. We sought to compare the apelin and visfatin plasma levels between subjects with high normal BP and subjects with normal or optimal BP matched for age, gender, smoking, and body mass index (BMI). METHODS Twenty-five subjects with high normal BP (office BP 136±3/88±2 mm Hg, age 57±4 years, 76% males, 32% smokers, BMI 24.0±1.7 kg/m2) and 35 subjects with normal or optimal BP (office BP 118±2/78±2 mm Hg, age 55±7 years, 63% males, 29% smokers, BMI 23.2±1.4 kg/m2) were studied. The apelin and visfatin plasma levels were determined with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Compared to normal or optimal BP subjects, apelin levels were significantly lower (205±108 vs. 325±152 pg/ml, P < 0.001) and visfatin levels significantly higher (11.0±2.0 vs. 7.2±0.9 ng/ml, P = 0.002) in high normal BP subjects. No significant differences were found between the 2 groups (P = NS) regarding the basic clinical characteristics, the glycemic/lipid profile, and the renal function parameters. CONCLUSIONS The emerging, from the present study, data raise the hypothesis that lower apelin and higher visfatin plasma levels in high normal BP subjects compared to normal or optimal BP individuals could partially explain the higher CV risk of the high normal BP group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos I Liakos
- ESH Center of Excellence for Hypertension, "Laiko" General Hospital, Athens, Greece;
| | - Elias A Sanidas
- ESH Center of Excellence for Hypertension, "Laiko" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Despoina N Perrea
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "NS Christeas," Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos A Grassos
- ESH Center of Excellence for Hypertension, "KAT" General Hospital of Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Chantziara
- ESH Center of Excellence for Hypertension, "Laiko" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nora-Athina Viniou
- ESH Center of Excellence for Hypertension, "Laiko" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - John D Barbetseas
- ESH Center of Excellence for Hypertension, "Laiko" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Kocer D, Karakukcu C, Ozturk F, Eroglu E, Kocyigit I. Evaluation of Fibrosis Markers: Apelin and Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Patients. Ther Apher Dial 2016; 20:517-522. [DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derya Kocer
- Department of Biochemistry; Training and Research Hospital; Kayseri Turkey
| | - Cigdem Karakukcu
- Department of Biochemistry; Training and Research Hospital; Kayseri Turkey
| | - Fahir Ozturk
- Department of Internal Medicine; Erciyes University Medical Faculty; Kayseri Turkey
| | - Eray Eroglu
- Department of Internal Medicine; Erciyes University Medical Faculty; Kayseri Turkey
| | - Ismail Kocyigit
- Department of Nephrology; Erciyes University Medical Faculty; Kayseri Turkey
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Regenerative Therapy of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: From Pancreatic Islet Transplantation to Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:3764681. [PMID: 27047547 PMCID: PMC4800095 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3764681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease resulting in the permanent destruction of pancreatic islets. Islet transplantation to portal vein provides an approach to compensate for loss of insulin producing cells. Clinical trials demonstrated that even partial islet graft function reduces severe hypoglycemic events in patients. However, therapeutic impact is restrained due to shortage of pancreas organ donors and instant inflammation occurring in the hepatic environment of the graft. We summarize on what is known about regenerative therapy in type 1 diabetes focusing on pancreatic islet transplantation and new avenues of cell substitution. Metabolic pathways and energy production of transplanted cells are required to be balanced and protection from inflammation in their intravascular bed is desired. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have anti-inflammatory features, and so they are interesting as a therapy for type 1 diabetes. Recently, they were reported to reduce hyperglycemia in diabetic rodents, and they were even discussed as being turned into endodermal or pancreatic progenitor cells. MSCs are recognized to meet the demand of an individual therapy not raising the concerns of embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells for therapy.
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Li E, Deng H, Wang B, Fu W, You Y, Tian S. Apelin-13 exerts antidepressant-like and recognition memory improving activities in stressed rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:420-30. [PMID: 26853763 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Apelin is the endogenous ligand for the G-protein-coupled receptor (APJ). The localization of APJ in limbic structures suggests a potential role for apelin in emotional processes. However, the role of apelin in the regulation of stress-induced responses such as depression and memory impairment is largely unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the role of apelin-13 in the regulation of stress-induced depression and memory impairment in rats. We report that repeated intracerebroventricular injections of apelin-13 reversed behavioral despair (immobility) in the forced swim (FS) test, a model widely used for the selection of new antidepressant agents. Apelin-13 also reversed behavioral deficits (escape failure) in the learned helplessness test. The magnitude of the antiimmobility and anti-escape failure effects of apelin-13 was comparable to that of imipramine, a classic antidepressant used as a positive control. Rats exposed to FS stress showed memory performance impairment in the novel object recognition test, and this impairment was improved by apelin-13 treatment. Apelin-13 did not affect recognition memory performance in non-stressed rats. Furthermore, the pretreatment of LY294002 (PI3K inhibitors) or PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) blocked apelin-13-mediated activities in FS-stressed rats. These findings suggest that apelin-13 exerts antidepressant-like and recognition memory improving activities through activating PI3K and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in stressed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Haifeng Deng
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Wan Fu
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Yong You
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Shaowen Tian
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
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Liang D, Han D, Fan W, Zhang R, Qiao H, Fan M, Su T, Ma S, Li X, Chen J, Wang Y, Ren J, Cao F. Therapeutic efficacy of apelin on transplanted mesenchymal stem cells in hindlimb ischemic mice via regulation of autophagy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21914. [PMID: 26902855 PMCID: PMC4763210 DOI: 10.1038/srep21914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-based therapy provides a promising avenue for the management of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). However, engrafted MSCs are subjected to acute cell death in the ischemic microenvironment. Apelin has been shown to protect bone marrow MSCs against apoptosis although the mechanism of action remains elusive. Here we demonstrated that apelin promoted functional survival of AD-MSCs in ischemic hindlimbs and provoked a synergetic effect with AD-MSCs to restore hindlimb blood perfusion and limb functions. Further in vitro studies revealed that a biphasic response in autophagy was induced by apelin in AD-MSCs during hypoxia and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) stages to exert cytoprotective effects against H/R injury. Mechanistically, apelin increased the viability of AD-MSCs via promoting protective autophagy during hypoxia, which was accompanied with activation of AMPK and inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). To the contrary, apelin suppressed autophagic cell death during reoxygenation, which was accompanied with activation of Akt and inhibition of Beclin1. Our findings indicated that apelin facilitated AD-MSCs-based therapy in PAD, possibly through promoting survival of AD-MSCs by way of autophagy regulation. Our data support the promises of apelin as a novel strategy to improve MSC-based therapy for PAD, possibly through autophagy modulation in MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Department of Cardiology, Armed Police Corps Hospital of Shaanxi, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Weiwei Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Department of Cardiology, the 175th Hospital of Chinese PLA, the Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hongyu Qiao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Miaomiao Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Tao Su
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Sai Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jiangwei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yabin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Feng Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
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Skoczen S, Tomasik PJ, Fijorek K, Strojny W, Wieczorek A, Balwierz W, Sztefko K, Siedlar M. Concentrations of adipokines in children before and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2016; 33:21-38. [PMID: 26901378 DOI: 10.3109/08880018.2015.1135362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adipokines have multiple effects, including regulation of glucose metabolism, cell proliferation, inflammation, and angiogenesis. The aim of the study was to determine plasma concentrations of adiponectin, apelin, leptin, and resistin as well as soluble leptin receptor in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The expression of genes encoding the studied peptides was measured using microarray technique. Plasma concentrations of tested peptides were measured before and after oral glucose tolerance test in children treated with HSCT (n = 38) and in healthy controls (n = 26). The peptides were measured before HSCT (pre-HSCT group; n = 38) and after a median of 6 months after HSCT (post-HSCT group; n = 27 of 38 children treated with HSCT). In addition, measurements of fasting plasma glucose, insulin, lipids, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were performed. In both HSCT groups, atherogenic lipid profile, low-grade systemic inflammation was observed. Leptin, adiponectin, and resistin also appear to be good markers of disease burden and low-grade systemic inflammation. Adipokines may be good markers of disease burden and may influence metabolic complications of HSCT. Future studies on larger groups of patients will explain if changes of the concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, and apelin observed in our study and confirmed by expression levels influence engraftment and reconstitution of cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Skoczen
- a Department of Clinical Immunology, Chair of Clinical Immunology and Transplantation , Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Przemyslaw J Tomasik
- b Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Kamil Fijorek
- c Department of Statistics , Cracow University of Economics , Krakow , Poland
| | - Wojciech Strojny
- d Department of Oncology and Hematology , Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wieczorek
- d Department of Oncology and Hematology , Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Walentyna Balwierz
- d Department of Oncology and Hematology , Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Krystyna Sztefko
- b Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- a Department of Clinical Immunology, Chair of Clinical Immunology and Transplantation , Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
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Sentinelli F, Capoccia D, Bertoccini L, Barchetta I, Incani M, Coccia F, Manconi E, Lenzi A, Cossu E, Leonetti F, Cavallo MG, Baroni MG. Search for Genetic Variant in the Apelin Gene by Resequencing and Association Study in European Subjects. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 20:98-102. [PMID: 26789934 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2015.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Apelin is a peptide produced and secreted by white adipose tissue. It is synthesized as preproapelin, a protein containing 77 aminoacids which is then cleaved to shorter active fragments. As an adipokine, apelin plays a role in the regulation of many biological functions, including body energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism, water balance, and immunity. We have recently demonstrated that subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have significantly higher serum apelin levels compared with controls, and that these levels associate with fasting glucose, basal disposition index, age, and diagnosis of T2D. The first aim of this study was to search for sequence variants in the apelin gene (APLN), located on chromosome Xq25-q26.1 that may associate with serum levels of apelin. The second aim was to analyze the possible association between diabetes and diabetes-related traits and APLN variants. METHODS We designed a two-step genetic association study. Step one consisted of an initial screen of 100 individuals selected from the extremes of the apelin distribution levels wherein we sequenced the APLN gene to identify common variants. In step two, the rs181301686 with a minor allele frequency >0.2 was genotyped in 917 individuals to explore its association with T2D and diabetes-related traits. RESULTS Five sequence variations were found across the APLN gene. To test for association with apelin levels, the rs181301686 and rs2281069 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped in 256 subjects for whom serum apelin levels were available. No significant differences were observed in apelin levels between genotypes. Association analysis in 917 individuals did not show significant differences between APLN genotypes and diabetes and diabetes-related traits. CONCLUSIONS Resequencing of the apelin gene in subjects stratified by low or high apelin levels identified five APLN variants in an European population. No association was found between the most frequent variant, diabetes, and metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sentinelli
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Danila Capoccia
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Bertoccini
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barchetta
- 2 Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Incani
- 3 Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari , Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Coccia
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Manconi
- 3 Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari , Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Efisio Cossu
- 3 Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari , Cagliari, Italy
| | - Frida Leonetti
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Gisella Cavallo
- 2 Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Giorgio Baroni
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy .,3 Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari , Cagliari, Italy
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ERMİN S, ÇOK G, VERAL A, KÖSE T. The role of apelin in the assessment of response to chemotherapyand prognosis in stage 4 nonsmall cell lung cancer. Turk J Med Sci 2016; 46:1353-1359. [DOI: 10.3906/sag-1411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Margathe JF, Iturrioz X, Regenass P, Karpenko IA, Humbert N, de Rocquigny H, Hibert M, Llorens-Cortes C, Bonnet D. Convenient Access to Fluorescent Probes by Chemoselective Acylation of Hydrazinopeptides: Application to the Synthesis of the First Far-Red Ligand for Apelin Receptor Imaging. Chemistry 2015; 22:1399-405. [PMID: 26682530 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we develop a convenient method to facilitate the solution-phase fluorescent labelling of peptides based on the chemoselective acylation of α-hydrazinopeptides. This approach combines the advantages of using commercially available amine-reactive dyes and very mild conditions, which are fully compatible with the chemical sensitivity of the dyes. The usefulness of this approach was demonstrated by the labelling of apelin-13 peptide. Various fluorescent probes were readily synthesized, enabling the rapid optimization of their affinities for the apelin receptor. Thus, the first far-red fluorescent ligand with sub-nanomolar affinity for the apelin receptor was characterized and shown to track the receptor efficiently in living cells by fluorescence confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Margathe
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Labex MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Xavier Iturrioz
- Neuropeptides Centraux et Régulations Hydrique et Cardiovasculaire, UMR 7241/Inserm U1050, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie, Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Regenass
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Labex MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Iuliia A Karpenko
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Labex MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Nicolas Humbert
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR-CNRS 7213, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Hugues de Rocquigny
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR-CNRS 7213, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Marcel Hibert
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Labex MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortes
- Neuropeptides Centraux et Régulations Hydrique et Cardiovasculaire, UMR 7241/Inserm U1050, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie, Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Labex MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch, France.
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Yamaleyeva LM, Chappell MC, Brosnihan KB, Anton L, Caudell DL, Shi S, McGee C, Pirro N, Gallagher PE, Taylor RN, Merrill DC, Mertz HL. Downregulation of apelin in the human placental chorionic villi from preeclamptic pregnancies. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E852-60. [PMID: 26394665 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00272.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of the endogenous apelin system in pregnancy is not well understood. Apelin's actions in pregnancy are further complicated by the expression of multiple forms of the peptide. Using radioimmunoassay (RIA) alone, we established the expression of apelin content in the chorionic villi of preeclamptic (PRE) and normal pregnant women (NORM) at 36-38 wk of gestation. Total apelin content was lower in PRE compared with NORM chorionic villi (49.7±3.4 vs. 72.3±9.8 fmol/mg protein; n=20-22) and was associated with a trend for lower preproapelin mRNA in the PRE. Further characterization of apelin isoforms by HPLC-RIA was conducted in pooled samples from each group. The expression patterns of apelin peptides in NORM and PRE villi revealed little or no apelin-36 or apelin-17. Pyroglutamate apelin-13 [(Pyr1)-apelin-13] was the predominant form of the peptide in NORM and PRE villi. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activity was higher in PRE villi (572.0±23.0 vs. 485.3±24.8 pmol·mg(-1)·min(-1); n=18-22). A low dose of ANG II (1 nM; 2 h) decreased apelin release in NORM villous explants that was blocked by the ANG II receptor 1 (AT1) antagonist losartan. Moreover, losartan enhanced apelin release above the 2-h baseline levels in both NORM and PRE villi (P<0.05). In summary, these studies are the first to demonstrate the lower apelin content in human placental chorionic villi of PRE subjects using quantitative RIA. (Pyr1)-apelin-13 is the predominant form of endogenous apelin in the chorionic villi of NORM and PRE. The potential mechanism of lower apelin expression in the PRE villi may involve a negative regulation of apelin by ANG II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya M Yamaleyeva
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina;
| | - Mark C Chappell
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - K Bridget Brosnihan
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Lauren Anton
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - David L Caudell
- Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sara Shi
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Carolynne McGee
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Nancy Pirro
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Patricia E Gallagher
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Robert N Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and
| | - David C Merrill
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and
| | - Heather L Mertz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and
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Apelin regulates FoxO3 translocation to mediate cardioprotective responses to myocardial injury and obesity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16104. [PMID: 26542760 PMCID: PMC4635427 DOI: 10.1038/srep16104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of obesity accentuates the importance of identifying mechanisms and optimal therapeutic strategies for patients with heart failure (HF) in relation to obesity status. Here, we investigated the association between plasma level of apelin, an adipocyte-derived factor, and clinicopathological features of obese and non-obese patients with HF. We further explored potential regulatory mechanisms of cardiac cell fate responses in conditions combining myocardial injury and obesity. In a prospective, cross-sectional study involving patients with HF we show that obese patients (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) have higher left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and greater levels of plasma apelin (p < 0.005) than non-obese patients (< 30 kg/m(2)), independently of ischemic etiology. In a mouse model combining ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, we identify apelin as a novel regulator of FoxO3 trafficking in cardiomyocytes. Confocal microscopy analysis of cardiac cells revealed that apelin prevents nuclear translocation of FoxO3 in response to oxygen deprivation through a PI3K pathway. These findings uncover apelin as a novel regulator of FoxO3 nucleocytoplasmic trafficking in cardiac cells in response to stress and provide insight into its potential clinical relevance in obese patients with HF.
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Pisarenko OI, Shulzhenko VS, Studneva IM, Serebryakova LI, Pelogeykina YA, Veselova OM. Signaling pathways of a structural analogue of apelin-12 involved in myocardial protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Peptides 2015; 73:67-76. [PMID: 26348269 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exogenously administered chemically modified apelin-12 (MA) has been shown to exhibit protective effects in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. They include reduction of ROS formation, cell death and cardiometabolic abnormalities. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of the underlying signaling mechanisms involved in cardioprotection afforded by MA. Isolated perfused working rat hearts subjected to global ischemia and anaesthetized rats in vivo exposed to LAD coronary artery occlusion were used. Myocardial infarct size, cell membrane damage, cardiac dysfunction and metabolic state of the heart were used as indices of I/R injury at the end of reperfusion. Administration of specific inhibitors of MEK1/2, PI3K, NO synthase (NOS) or the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(+) (mito KATP) channels (UO126, LY294002, L-NAME or 5-hydroxydecanoate, respectively) reduced protective efficacy of MA in both models of I/R injury. This was evidenced by abrogation of infarct size limitation, deterioration of cardiac function recovery, and attenuation of metabolic restoration and sarcolemmal integrity. An enhancement of functional and metabolic recovery in isolated reperfused hearts treated with MA was suppressed by U-73122, chelerythrine, amiloride or KB-R7943 (inhibitors of phospholipase С (PLC), protein kinase C (PKC), Na(+)/H(+) or Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange, respectively). Additionally, co-infusion of MA with amiloride or L-NAME reduced the integrity of cell membranes at early reperfusion compared with the effect of peptide alone. In conclusion, cardioprotection with MA is mediated by signaling via PLC and survival kinases, PKC, PI3K, and MEK1/2, with activation of downstream targets, NOS and mito KATP channels, and the sarcolemmal Na(+)/H(+) and Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg I Pisarenko
- Russian Cardiology Research-and-Production Complex, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Valentin S Shulzhenko
- Russian Cardiology Research-and-Production Complex, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Irina M Studneva
- Russian Cardiology Research-and-Production Complex, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Larisa I Serebryakova
- Russian Cardiology Research-and-Production Complex, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Yulia A Pelogeykina
- Russian Cardiology Research-and-Production Complex, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Oxana M Veselova
- Russian Cardiology Research-and-Production Complex, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Narayanan S, Harris DL, Maitra R, Runyon SP. Regulation of the Apelinergic System and Its Potential in Cardiovascular Disease: Peptides and Small Molecules as Tools for Discovery. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7913-27. [PMID: 26102594 PMCID: PMC5436499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Apelin peptides and the apelin receptor represent a relatively new therapeutic axis for the potential treatment of cardiovascular disease. Several reports suggest apelin receptor activation with apelin peptides results in cardioprotection as noted through positive ionotropy, angiogenesis, reduction of mean arterial blood pressure, and apoptosis. Considering the potential therapeutic benefit attainable through modulation of the apelinergic system, research is expanding to develop novel therapies that limit the inherent rapid degradation of endogenous apelin peptides and produce metabolically stable small molecule agonists and antagonists to more rigorously interrogate the apelin receptor system. This review details the structure-activity relationships for chemically modified apelin peptides and recent disclosures of small molecule agonists and antagonists and summarizes the peer reviewed and patented literature. Development of metabolically stable ligands of apelin receptor and their effects in various models over the coming years will hopefully lead to establishment of this receptor as a validated target for cardiovascular indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanju Narayanan
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Post Office Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Danni L. Harris
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Post Office Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Post Office Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Scott P. Runyon
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Post Office Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
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Wang C, Wen J, Zhou Y, Li L, Cui X, Wang J, Pan L, Ye Z, Liu P, Wu L. Apelin induces vascular smooth muscle cells migration via a PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a/MMP-2 pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 69:173-82. [PMID: 26494002 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is an adipokine that has a critical role in the development of atherosclerosis, which may offer potential for therapy. Because migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a key event in the development of atherosclerosis, understanding its effect on the atherosclerotic vasculature is needed. Here we investigated the effect of apelin on VSMC migration and the possible signaling mechanism. In cultured rat VSMCs, apelin dose- and time-dependently promoted VSMC migration. Apelin increased the phosphorylation of Akt, whereas LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and an Akt1/2 kinase inhibitor blocked the apelin-induced VSMC migration. Apelin dose-dependently induced phosphorylation of Forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a) and promoted its translocation from the nucleus to cytoplasm, which were blocked by LY294002 and Akt1/2 kinase inhibitor. Furthermore, apelin increased matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) expression and gelatinolytic activity. Overexpression of a constitutively active, phosphorylation-resistant mutant, TM-FoxO3a, in VSMCs abrogated the effect of apelin on MMP-2 expression and VSMC migration. ARP101, an inhibitor of MMP-2, suppressed apelin-induced VSMC migration. Moreover, the levels of apelin, phosphorylated Akt, FoxO3a, and MMP-2 were higher in human carotid-artery atherosclerotic plaque than in adjacent normal vessels. We demonstrate that PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a signaling may be involved in apelin inducing VSMC migration. Phosphorylation of FoxO3a plays a central role in mediating the apelin-induced MMP-2 activation and VSMC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianyan Wen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaobing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lin Pan
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhidong Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Liling Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China.
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Canpolat S, Ozcan M, Saral S, Kalkan OF, Ayar A. Effects of apelin-13 in mice model of experimental pain and peripheral nociceptive signaling in rat sensory neurons. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 36:243-7. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1080274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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131
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Chen D, Lee J, Gu X, Wei L, Yu SP. Intranasal Delivery of Apelin-13 Is Neuroprotective and Promotes Angiogenesis After Ischemic Stroke in Mice. ASN Neuro 2015; 7:7/5/1759091415605114. [PMID: 26391329 PMCID: PMC4580122 DOI: 10.1177/1759091415605114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin is a peptide originally isolated from bovine stomach tissue extracts and identified as an endogenous ligand of the APJ receptor; recent work showed that apelin ameliorates the ischemic injury in the heart and the brain. Being an analogue to the angiotensin II receptor, the apelin/APJ signaling may mediate angiogenesis process. We explored the noninvasive intranasal brain delivery method and investigated therapeutic effects of apelin-13 in a focal ischemic stroke model of mice. Intranasal administration of apelin-13 (4 mg/kg) was given 30 min after the onset of stroke and repeated once daily. Three days after stroke, mice received apelin-13 had significantly reduced infarct volume and less neuronal death in the penumbra. Western blot analyses showed upregulated levels of apelin, apelin receptor APLNR, and Bcl-2 and decreased caspase-3 activation in the apelin-13-treated brain. The proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1β, and chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA increased in the ischemic brain, which were significantly attenuated by apelin-13. Apelin-13 remarkably reduced microglia recruitment and activation in the penumbra according to morphological features of Iba-1-positive cells 3 days after ischemia. Apelin-13 significantly increased the expression of angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-9 14 days after stroke. Angiogenesis illustrated by collagen IV + /5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridin + colabeled cells was significantly increased by the apelin-13 treatment 21 days after stroke. Finally, apelin-13 promoted the local cerebral blood flow restoration and long-term functional recovery. This study demonstrates a noninvasive intranasal delivery of apelin-13 after stroke, suggesting that the reduced inflammatory activities, decreased cell death, and increased angiogenesis contribute to the therapeutic benefits of apelin-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Chen
- Deptartment of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affair Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Jinhwan Lee
- Deptartment of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affair Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Deptartment of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affair Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Deptartment of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affair Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Deptartment of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affair Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
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132
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Yang P, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Apelin, Elabela/Toddler, and biased agonists as novel therapeutic agents in the cardiovascular system. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:560-7. [PMID: 26143239 PMCID: PMC4577653 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apelin and its G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) have emerged as a key signalling pathway in the cardiovascular system. The peptide is a potent inotropic agent and vasodilator. Remarkably, a peptide, Elabela/Toddler, that has little sequence similarity to apelin, has been proposed as a second endogenous apelin receptor ligand and is encoded by a gene from a region of the genome previously classified as 'non-coding'. Apelin is downregulated in pulmonary arterial hypertension and heart failure. To replace the missing endogenous peptide, 'biased' apelin agonists have been designed that preferentially activate G protein pathways, resulting in reduced β-arrestin recruitment and receptor internalisation, with the additional benefit of attenuating detrimental β-arrestin signalling. Proof-of-concept studies support the clinical potential for apelin receptor biased agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Yang
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Level 6 Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Level 6 Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Level 6 Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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133
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Sun X, Wu X, Zhou Y, Yu X, Zhang W. Evaluation of Apelin and Insulin Resistance in Patients with PCOS and Therapeutic Effect of Drospirenone-Ethinylestradiol Plus Metformin. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:2547-52. [PMID: 26314870 PMCID: PMC4556163 DOI: 10.12659/msm.894926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the relevance of apelin and insulin resistance (IR) with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to assess the possible therapeutic effect of the combined therapy of drospirenone-ethinylestradiol (DRSP-EE) combined with metformin. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty-three PCOS patients and 40 non-PCOS infertile patients were recruited. The fasting serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), prolactin (PRL), estradiol (E2), glucose (FBG), insulin (FINS), and apelin at the early follicular phase were measured. To further investigate the relation between apelin and IR, we treated the PCOS patients with DRSP-EE (1 tablet daily, 21 d/month) plus metformin (500 mg tid) for 3 months. All of the above indices were measured again after treatment. RESULTS 1) Levels of apelin, LH, LH/FSH, T, and FINS, as well as homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) in PCOS patients, were significantly higher than in the control group before treatment. 2) These indices significantly decreased after treatment with DRSP-EE plus metformin. 3) Correlation analysis showed that apelin level was positively correlated with body mass index (BMI), FINS level, and HOMA-IR. CONCLUSIONS Apelin level significantly increased in PCOS patients. The combined therapy of DRSP-EE plus metformin not only decreases IR, but also improves apelin level. This combination is a superior approach for PCOS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchang Sun
- Department of Physiology, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xingguo Wu
- Department of Gynaecology, The Central Hospital of Taian, Taian, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xinyan Yu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The Central Hospital of Taian, Taian, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong, China (mainland)
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134
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EXP CLIN TRANSPLANTExp Clin Transplant 2015; 13. [DOI: 10.6002/ect.2014.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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135
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Roth J, Blatteis CM. Mechanisms of fever production and lysis: lessons from experimental LPS fever. Compr Physiol 2015; 4:1563-604. [PMID: 25428854 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fever is a cardinal symptom of infectious or inflammatory insults, but it can also arise from noninfectious causes. The fever-inducing agent that has been used most frequently in experimental studies designed to characterize the physiological, immunological and neuroendocrine processes and to identify the neuronal circuits that underlie the manifestation of the febrile response is lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our knowledge of the mechanisms of fever production and lysis is largely based on this model. Fever is usually initiated in the periphery of the challenged host by the immediate activation of the innate immune system by LPS, specifically of the complement (C) cascade and Toll-like receptors. The first results in the immediate generation of the C component C5a and the subsequent rapid production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The second, occurring after some delay, induces the further production of PGE2 by induction of its synthesizing enzymes and transcription and translation of proinflammatory cytokines. The Kupffer cells (Kc) of the liver seem to be essential for these initial processes. The subsequent transfer of the pyrogenic message from the periphery to the brain is achieved by neuronal and humoral mechanisms. These pathways subserve the genesis of early (neuronal signals) and late (humoral signals) phases of the characteristically biphasic febrile response to LPS. During the course of fever, counterinflammatory factors, "endogenous antipyretics," are elaborated peripherally and centrally to limit fever in strength and duration. The multiple interacting pro- and antipyretic signals and their mechanistic effects that underlie endotoxic fever are the subjects of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Roth
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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136
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Raymer B, Ebner D. Small molecule and peptide therapies for chronic heart failure: a patent review (2011 - 2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:1175-90. [PMID: 26173447 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1061997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic heart failure (CHF) is the long-term inability of the heart to meet circulatory demands under normal conditions. Effects of CHF can include increased blood volume, increased vascular resistance and compromised contractility leading to fluid retention, dyspnea and fatigue. Current standard of care for chronic systolic heart failure is directed towards managing hypoperfusion through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems. Treatment may also involve reversal of maladaptive cardiac remodeling and prevention of life-threatening arrhythmias. AREAS COVERED This review highlights small molecule and peptidic agents for the treatment of CHF with patents published between 2011 and 2014. Targets are subdivided into inotropic agents, ventricular remodeling, diuretics and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. EXPERT OPINION CHF represents a large, unmet medical need where improved therapies are needed. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system pathway continues to be a major source of new therapies for CHF with new inotropic therapies emerging. Promising initial clinical results for a few approaches combined with the expectation of additional clinical results in the near future make this an exciting time in the pursuit of new treatments for CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Raymer
- a Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge, MA, USA +1 617 551 3414 ; +1 617 551 3082 ;
| | - David Ebner
- a Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge, MA, USA +1 617 551 3414 ; +1 617 551 3082 ;
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137
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Sandal S, Tekin S, Seker FB, Beytur A, Vardi N, Colak C, Tapan T, Yildiz S, Yilmaz B. The effects of intracerebroventricular infusion of apelin-13 on reproductive function in male rats. Neurosci Lett 2015; 602:133-8. [PMID: 26149233 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is a novel bioactive peptide as the endogenous ligand for APJ. Apelin and APJ have also been identified in the testis, hypothalamic nuclei such as arcuate, supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, implicating roles in the control of reproduction. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of chronic central infusion of apelin-13 on LH, FSH and testosterone levels and testis morphology. 21 Wistar-Albino male rats received continuous intracerebroventricular infusion via Alzet osmotic mini pumps filled artificial cerebrospinal fluid (vehicle) or apelin-13 at concentrations of 1 or 10 nmol (10 μl/h) for seven days. At the last 90 min of the infusion period, the blood samples were collected at 15 min intervals (0-90 min) for LH and FSH analyses. At the last sampling point, the blood samples were analyzed for testosterone levels. Infusion of high dose apelin-13 significantly suppressed LH release compared with the vehicle values at 30, 60 and 75 min (p<0.05). However, FSH levels did not significantly differ among the groups. Serum testosterone levels in high dose apelin-13 group were statistically lower than the control group (p<0.05). In addition, histological examination showed that infusion of high dose apelin-13 significantly decreased the number of Leydig cells compared with the control and lower dose apelin-13 groups (p<0.05, p<0.01). Our results suggest that apelin-13 may play a role in the central regulation and decreases testosterone release by suppressing LH secretion. Thus, antagonists of the apelin receptor may, therefore, be useful for pharmaceuticals in the treatment of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Sandal
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Malatya 44280 Turkey.
| | - Suat Tekin
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Malatya 44280 Turkey
| | - Fatma Burcu Seker
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Beytur
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Nigar Vardi
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Cemil Colak
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Tuba Tapan
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Malatya 44280 Turkey
| | - Sedat Yildiz
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Malatya 44280 Turkey
| | - Bayram Yilmaz
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
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138
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Yan XG, Cheng BH, Wang X, Ding LC, Liu HQ, Chen J, Bai B. Lateral intracerebroventricular injection of Apelin-13 inhibits apoptosis after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:766-71. [PMID: 26109951 PMCID: PMC4468768 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.157243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apelin-13 inhibits neuronal apoptosis caused by hydrogen peroxide, yet apoptosis following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury has rarely been studied. In this study, Apelin-13 (0.1 μg/g) was injected into the lateral ventricle of middle cerebral artery occlusion model rats. TTC, TUNEL, and immunohistochemical staining showed that compared with the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion group, infarct volume and apoptotic cell number at the ischemic penumbra region were decreased in the Apelin-13 treatment group. Additionally, Apelin-13 treatment increased Bcl-2 immunoreactivity and decreased caspase-3 immunoreactivity. Our findings suggest that Apelin-13 is neuroprotective against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibition of neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ge Yan
- Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Bao-Hua Cheng
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liang-Cai Ding
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hai-Qing Liu
- Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bo Bai
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
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139
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Pisarenko O, Shulzhenko V, Studneva I, Pelogeykina Y, Timoshin A, Anesia R, Valet P, Parini A, Kunduzova O. Structural apelin analogues: mitochondrial ROS inhibition and cardiometabolic protection in myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2933-45. [PMID: 25521429 PMCID: PMC4459014 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mitochondria-derived oxidative stress is believed to be crucially involved in cardiac ischaemia reperfusion (I/R) injury, although currently no therapies exist that specifically target mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The present study was designed to evaluate the potential effects of the structural analogues of apelin-12, an adipocyte-derived peptide, on mitochondrial ROS generation, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and metabolic and functional recovery to myocardial I/R injury. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In cultured H9C2 cardiomyoblasts and adult cardiomyocytes, oxidative stress was induced by hypoxia reoxygenation. Isolated rat hearts were subjected to 35 min of global ischaemia and 30 min of reperfusion. Apelin-12, apelin-13 and structural apelin-12 analogues, AI and AII, were infused during 5 min prior to ischaemia. KEY RESULTS In cardiac cells, mitochondrial ROS production was inhibited by the structural analogues of apelin, AI and AII, in comparison with the natural peptides, apelin-12 and apelin-13. Treatment of cardiomyocytes with AI and AII decreased cell apoptosis concentration-dependently. In a rat model of I/R injury, pre-ischaemic infusion of AI and AII markedly reduced ROS formation in the myocardial effluent and attenuated cell membrane damage. Prevention of oxidative damage by AI and AII was associated with the improvement of functional and metabolic recovery after I/R in the heart. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data provide the evidence for the potential of the structural apelin analogues in selective reduction of mitochondrial ROS generation and myocardial apoptosis and form the basis for a promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of oxidative stress-related heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Pisarenko
- Russian Cardiology Research-and-Production ComplexMoscow, Russia
| | | | - Irina Studneva
- Russian Cardiology Research-and-Production ComplexMoscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Rodica Anesia
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048Toulouse, France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouse, France
| | - Philippe Valet
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048Toulouse, France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouse, France
| | - Angelo Parini
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048Toulouse, France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouse, France
| | - Oksana Kunduzova
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048Toulouse, France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular DiseasesToulouse, France
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140
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Bilik MZ, Kaplan İ, Yıldız A, Akıl MA, Acet H, Yüksel M, Polat N, Aydın M, Oylumlu M, Ertaș F, Kaya H, Alan S. Apelin Levels In Isolated Coronary Artery Ectasia. Korean Circ J 2015; 45:386-90. [PMID: 26413106 PMCID: PMC4580697 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2015.45.5.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives The etiopathogenesis of coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is not known completely. In most of the cases, CAE is associated with atherosclerosis; however, isolated CAE has a nonatherosclerotic mechanism. The association between atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and apelin has been examined in previous studies. However, the role of plasma apelin in isolated coronary artery ectasia has not been studied. In this study, we investigated the relationship between plasma apelin levels and isolated coronary artery ectasia. Subjects and Methods The study population included a total of 54 patients. Twenty-six patients had isolated CAE (53.6±8.1 years); 28 patients with normal coronary arteries (51.6±8.8 years) and with similar risk factors and demographic characteristics served as the control group. Apelin levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunoassay kit. Results Apelin level in the CAE group was significantly lower (apelin=0.181±0.159 ng/mL) than that in the control group (apelin=0.646±0.578 ng/mL) (p=0.033). Glucose, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion In this study, we showed that patients with isolated CAE have decreased plasma apelin levels compared with the control group. Based on the data, a relationship between plasma apelin and isolated CAE was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Zihni Bilik
- Department of Cardiology, Medicine Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Kaplan
- Department of Biochemistry, Medicine Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Yıldız
- Department of Cardiology, Medicine Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ata Akıl
- Department of Cardiology, Medicine Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Halit Acet
- Department of Cardiology, Medicine Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Murat Yüksel
- Department of Cardiology, Medicine Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Nihat Polat
- Department of Cardiology, Medicine Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Mesut Aydın
- Department of Cardiology, Medicine Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Oylumlu
- Department of Cardiology, Medicine Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Faruk Ertaș
- Department of Cardiology, Medicine Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Hasan Kaya
- Department of Cardiology, Medicine Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Sait Alan
- Department of Cardiology, Medicine Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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141
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Mishra A, Kohli S, Dua S, Thinlas T, Mohammad G, Pasha MAQ. Genetic differences and aberrant methylation in the apelin system predict the risk of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6134-6139. [PMID: 25918383 PMCID: PMC4434746 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1422759112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor stimulates the expression of apelin, a potent vasodilator, in response to reduced blood arterial oxygen saturation. However, aberrations in the apelin system impair pulmonary vascular function, potentially resulting in the development of high-altitude (HA)-related disorders. This study aimed to elucidate the genetic and epigenetic regulation of apelin, apelin receptor (APLNR), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) in HA adaptation and HA pulmonary edema (HAPE). A genome-wide association study and sequencing identified variants of apelin, APLNR, and NOS3 that were validated in a larger sample size of HAPE-patients (HAPE-p), HAPE-free controls (HAPE-f), and healthy highland natives (HLs). Apelin-13 and nitrite levels and apelin and NOS3 expression were down-regulated in HAPE-p (P < 0.001). Among the several studied polymorphisms, apelin rs3761581, rs2235312, and rs3115757; APLNR rs11544374 and rs2282623; and NOS3 4b/4a, rs1799983, and rs7830 were associated with HAPE (P < 0.03). The risk allele rs3761581G was associated with a 58.6% reduction in gene expression (P = 0.017), and the risk alleles rs3761581G and rs2235312T were associated with low levels of apelin-13 and nitrite (P < 0.05). The latter two levels decreased further when both of these risk alleles were present in the patients (P < 0.05). Methylation of the apelin CpG island was significantly higher in HAPE-p at 11.92% than in HAPE-f and HLs at ≤ 7.1% (P < 0.05). Moreover, the methylation effect was 9% stronger in the 5' UTR and was associated with decreased apelin expression and apelin-13 levels. The rs3761581 and rs2235312 polymorphisms and methylation of the CpG island influence the expression of apelin in HAPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aastha Mishra
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India; Department of Biotechnology, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India
| | - Samantha Kohli
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110025, India; and
| | - Sanchi Dua
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Tashi Thinlas
- Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, Ladakh, Jammu, and Kashmir 194101, India
| | - Ghulam Mohammad
- Department of Medicine, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, Ladakh, Jammu, and Kashmir 194101, India
| | - M A Qadar Pasha
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India;
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142
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Fan XF, Xue F, Zhang YQ, Xing XP, Liu H, Mao SZ, Kong XX, Gao YQ, Liu SF, Gong YS. The Apelin-APJ Axis Is an Endogenous Counterinjury Mechanism in Experimental Acute Lung Injury. Chest 2015; 147:969-978. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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143
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Dalzell JR, Rocchiccioli JP, Weir RAP, Jackson CE, Padmanabhan N, Gardner RS, Petrie MC, McMurray JJV. The Emerging Potential of the Apelin-APJ System in Heart Failure. J Card Fail 2015; 21:489-98. [PMID: 25795508 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The apelin-APJ system is a novel neurohormonal pathway, with studies to date suggesting that it may be of pathophysiologic relevance in heart failure and may indeed be a viable therapeutic target in this syndrome. This interest is driven primarily by the demonstration of its vasodilator, inotropic, and aquaretic actions as well as its apparent antagonistic relationship with the renin-angiotensin system. However, its promise is heightened further by the observation that, unlike other and more established cardioprotective pathways, it appears to be down-regulated in heart failure, suggesting that augmentation of this axis may have a powerful effect on the heart failure syndrome. We review the literature regarding the apelin-APJ system in heart failure and suggest areas requiring further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Dalzell
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland; Scottish Advanced Heart Failure Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland.
| | - John P Rocchiccioli
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Robin A P Weir
- Department of Cardiology, Hairmyres Hospital, East Kilbride, Scotland
| | - Colette E Jackson
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland; Scottish Advanced Heart Failure Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland
| | | | - Roy S Gardner
- Scottish Advanced Heart Failure Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Mark C Petrie
- Scottish Advanced Heart Failure Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - John J V McMurray
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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144
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Gurger M, Celik A, Balin M, Gul E, Kobat MA, Bursali KB, Sahan M, Gumusay U, Can C, Celiker IM, Aydin S, Aydin S. The association between apelin-12 levels and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2015; 15:642-6. [PMID: 24933193 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Our aim was to investigate the apelin-12 levels in patients with atrioventricular tachyarrhythmias and compare with those in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. METHODS Forty four patients with supraventricular tachycardia as atrial fibrillation, 44 patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (P-SVT) as atrioventricular tachyarrhythmias, including atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia or atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia, and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were included in the study. RESULTS The apelin-12 levels were significantly lower in both atrial fibrillation and P-SVT groups than control group. In post-hoc analysis, there was no significant difference in apelin-12 levels between atrial fibrillation and P-SVT groups (P = 0.9). Patients in atrial fibrillation group and patients in P-SVT group had significantly lower apelin-12 levels than control group, separately (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). The sensitivity and specificity values of the apelin-12 levels for predicting SVT, including both atrial fibrillation and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia or atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia were 64.77 and 90%, respectively (cut-off value was 0.87). The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.834 for the apelin-12 levels (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION Apelin-12 levels are lower in patients with atrial fibrillation and P-SVT than control groups. Lower apelin levels in patients with atrial fibrillation and P-SVT would be expected to result in a decrease in the conduction velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Gurger
- aDepartment of Emergency bDepartment of Cardiology cDepartment of Cardiovascular Surgery, Elazig Education and Research Hospital dDepartment of Biochemistry, Firat University Medical Faculty, Elazig, Turkey
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145
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Abdelaziz AA, Daoud EM, Elmalky N, El-Hussiny MAB, Mohamed SA. Plasma apelin level after percutaneous coronary intervention. Egypt Heart J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ehj.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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146
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147
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Büyükbakkal M, Canbakan B, Eser B, Yayar Ö, Ercan Z, Merhametsiz Ö, Haspulat A, Ayli MD. The relation between apelin levels, echocardiographic findings and carotid intima media thickness in peritoneal dialysis patients. Ren Fail 2015; 37:433-8. [PMID: 25578816 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2014.996108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). Apelin expressed in endothelial and other tissues including brain and kidney is an adipocytokine defined recently and is emerging an important mediator of cardiovascular homeostasis. The aim of this study was to test whether apelin levels might be associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in peritoneal dialysis patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty peritoneal dialysis patients (25 female, mean age 41.4 ± 11.9 years, mean dialysis vintage 65.0 ± 35.4 months) and 18 healthy individuals (9 female, mean age 41.7 ± 6.8 years) were included in this cross-sectional study. Serum apelin 12 levels, echocardiographic findings and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) were recorded as well as clinical and laboratory data. RESULTS There were no differences between the patient and the control groups with regard to demographic characteristics. In patient group, LVMI, CIMT, CRP and apelin levels were elevated compared to control group. However there was no association between apelin, LVMI and CIMT. There was a positive correlation between apelin and CRP, which was not statistically significant. When patients were divided into two groups according to the mean serum apelin levels, LVMI, CIMT and CRP were higher in the high apelin group but this difference did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION We observed an increased inflammation and CVD risk in peritoneal dialysis patients. However, serum apelin levels seem not to be associated with cardiovascular risk in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Büyükbakkal
- Nephrology Department, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
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148
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Han RW, Xu HJ, Zhang RS, Wang R. The role of apelin-13 in novel object recognition memory. Peptides 2014; 62:155-8. [PMID: 25445607 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Apelin and its receptor APJ (apelin receptor) are prominently expressed in brain regions involved in learning and memory. However, the role of apelin in cognition was largely unclear. Here, the role of apelin-13 in memory processes was investigated in mice novel object recognition task. Post-training injection of apelin-13 (0.3 and 1 nmol) dose-dependently impaired short-term memory (STM), however, pre-training infusion of apelin-13 (1 nmol) did not affect STM, suggesting apelin-13 blocks formation but not acquisition of STM. Apelin-13 (1 nmol) administered immediately, 30, 60 or 120 min post-training impaired long-term memory (LTM) in a time-dependent manner (30 min), however, both pre-training and pre-test infusion of apelin-13 (1 nmol) did not affect LTM, suggesting apelin-13 impaired consolidation but not acquisition and recall of LTM. Taken together, for the first time, our results indicate that apelin-13 blocks STM formation and LTM consolidation in novel object recognition task.
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149
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Pisarenko OI, Shulzhenko VS, Pelogeykina YA, Studneva IM. Enhancement of crystalloid cardioplegic protection by structural analogs of apelin-12. J Surg Res 2014; 194:18-24. [PMID: 25491175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-terminal fragments of adipokine apelin are able to attenuate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, but whether their effects are manifested during cardioplegic arrest remain obscure. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of natural apelin-12 (H-Arg-Pro-Arg-Leu-Ser-His-Lys-Gly-Pro-Met-Pro-Phe-OH, A12) and its novel structural analogs (H-(N(α)Me)Arg-Pro-Arg-Leu-Ser-His-Lys-Gly-Pro-Nle-Pro-Phe-OH, AI, and N(G)-Arg(N(G)NO2)-Pro-Arg-Leu-Ser-His-Lys-Gly-Pro-Nle-Pro-Phe-NH2, AII) as additives to crystalloid cardioplegia and explore benefits of early reperfusion with these peptides. METHODS Isolated working rat hearts subjected to normothermic global ischemia and further reperfusion were used. St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution No.2 (STH2) containing 140 μM A12, AI, or AII was infused for 5 min at 25 °C before ischemia. In separate series, peptide administration was used for 5 min after ischemia. Metabolic state of the hearts was evaluated by myocardial content of high energy phosphates and lactate. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was assessed in myocardial effluent on early reperfusion. RESULTS Addition of the peptides to STH2 enhanced functional and metabolic recovery of reperfused hearts compared with those of control (STH2 without additives). Cardioplegia with analog AII was the most effective and accompanied by a reduction of postischemic LDH leakage. Infusion of A12, AI, or AII after ischemia improved the majority indices of cardiac function and metabolic state of the heart by the end of reperfusion. However, the overall protective effect of the peptides was less than when they were added to STH2. CONCLUSIONS Enhancement of apelin bioavailability may minimize myocardial I/R damage during cardiac surgery. Structural analogs of A12 are promising components of clinical cardioplegic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg I Pisarenko
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | | | - Irina M Studneva
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russia
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150
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Cirillo P, Ziviello F, Pellegrino G, Conte S, Cimmino G, Giaquinto A, Pacifico F, Leonardi A, Golino P, Trimarco B. The adipokine apelin-13 induces expression of prothrombotic tissue factor. Thromb Haemost 2014; 113:363-72. [PMID: 25298206 DOI: 10.1160/th14-05-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytes are cells able to produce and secrete several active substances (adipokines) with direct effects on vascular cells. Apelin, one of the most recently identified adipokines has been studied in cardiovascular system physiology in regard to vessel vasodilation and myocardial contraction, but it has not yet completely characterised for its pathophysiological role in cardiovascular disease and especially in acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Several studies have indicated that tissue factor (TF) plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of ACS by triggering the formation of intracoronary thrombi following endothelial injury. This study investigates the effects of apelin 12 and apelin 13 on TF in human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) and monocytes. Cells were stimulated with increasing concentrations of apelin 12 or apelin 13 and then processed to evaluate TF-mRNA levels by real-time PCR as well as TF expression/activity by FACS analysis and pro-coagulant activity. Finally, a potential molecular pathway involved in modulating this phenomenon was investigated. We demonstrate that apelin 13 but not apelin 12 induces transcription of mRNA for TF. In addition, we show that this adipokine promotes surface expression of TF that is functionally active. Apelin 13 effects on TF appear modulated by the activation of the G-protein-transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB axis since G-protein inhibitors suppressed NF-κB mediated TF expression. Data of the present study, although in vitro, indicate that apelin-13, induces a procoagulant phenotype in HUVECs and monocytes by promoting TF expression. These observations support the hypothesis that this adipokine might play a relevant role as an active partaker in athero-thrombotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plinio Cirillo
- Plinio Cirillo, MD, PhD, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy, Tel./Fax: +39 081 7462235, E-mail:
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