101
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Plant homologue constitutive photomorphogenesis 9 (COP9) signalosome subunit CSN5 regulates innate immune responses in macrophages. Blood 2011; 117:4796-804. [PMID: 21403132 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-10-314526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
COP9 plays a role in plant innate immunity. The role of COP9 in mammalian innate immune responses is unknown. Here, we show that the COP9 signalosome subunit 5 (CSN5) is required for activation of proinflammatory kinases p38 and Erk and for down-regulation of the expression of genes regulated by nuclear factor E2-related factor 2. Mice with myeloid-specific CSN5 deficiency have lower mortality in polymicrobial sepsis. CSN5 is required for both Toll-like receptor (TLR) and reactive oxygen species-mediated deneddylation of Cul3, which is essential for Cul3/Keap1-mediated degradation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2. On the basis of our results COP9 subunit CSN5 is considered to be an essential component of mammalian innate immunity.
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102
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Lei D, Li F, Su H, Tian Z, Ye B, Wei N, Wang X. COP9 signalosome subunit 8 is required for postnatal hepatocyte survival and effective proliferation. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:259-70. [PMID: 20689553 PMCID: PMC2976840 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies using lower organisms and cultured mammalian cells have revealed that the COP9 signalosome (CSN) has important roles in multiple cellular processes. Conditional gene targeting was recently used to study CSN function in murine T-cell development and activation. Using the Cre-loxP system, here we have achieved postnatal hepatocyte-restricted knockout of the csn8 gene (HR-Csn8KO) in mice. The protein abundance of other seven CSN subunits was differentially downregulated by HR-Csn8KO and the deneddylation of all cullins examined was significantly impaired. Moreover, HR-Csn8KO-induced massive hepatocyte apoptosis and evoked extensive reparative responses in the liver, including marked intralobular proliferation of biliary lineage cells and trans-differentiation and proliferation of the oval cells. However, division of pre-existing hepatocytes was significantly diminished in HR-Csn8KO livers. These findings indicate that Csn8 is essential to the ability of mature hepatocytes to proliferate effectively in response to hepatic injury. The histopathological examinations revealed striking hepatocytomegaly in Csn8-deficient livers. The hepatocyte nuclei were dramatically enlarged and pleomorphic with hyperchromasia and prominent nucleoli, consistent with dysplasia or preneoplastic cellular alteration in HR-Csn8KO mice at 6 weeks. Pericellular and perisinusoid fibrosis with distorted architecture was also evident at 6 weeks. It is concluded that CSN8/CSN is essential to postnatal hepatocyte survival and effective proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lei
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - F Li
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - H Su
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Z Tian
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - B Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - N Wei
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - X Wang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
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103
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Duda DM, Scott DC, Calabrese MF, Zimmerman ES, Zheng N, Schulman BA. Structural regulation of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase complexes. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2011; 21:257-64. [PMID: 21288713 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cullin-RING ligases (CRLs) compose the largest class of E3 ubiquitin ligases. CRLs are modular, multisubunit enzymes, comprising interchangeable substrate receptors dedicated to particular Cullin-RING catalytic cores. Recent structural studies have revealed numerous ways in which CRL E3 ligase activities are controlled, including multimodal E3 ligase activation by covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8, inhibition of CRL assembly/activity by CAND1, and several mechanisms of regulated substrate recruitment. These features highlight the potential for CRL activities to be tuned in responses to diverse cellular cues, and for modulating CRL functions through small-molecule agonists or antagonists. As the second installment of a two-review series, this article focuses on recent structural studies advancing our knowledge of how CRL activities are regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Duda
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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104
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Bennett EJ, Rush J, Gygi SP, Harper JW. Dynamics of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase network revealed by systematic quantitative proteomics. Cell 2011; 143:951-65. [PMID: 21145461 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic reorganization of signaling systems frequently accompanies pathway perturbations, yet quantitative studies of network remodeling by pathway stimuli are lacking. Here, we report the development of a quantitative proteomics platform centered on multiplex absolute quantification (AQUA) technology to elucidate the architecture of the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL) network and to evaluate current models of dynamic CRL remodeling. Current models suggest that CRL complexes are controlled by cycles of CRL deneddylation and CAND1 binding. Contrary to expectations, acute CRL inhibition with MLN4924, an inhibitor of the NEDD8-activating enzyme, does not result in a global reorganization of the CRL network. Examination of CRL complex stoichiometry reveals that, independent of cullin neddylation, a large fraction of cullins are assembled with adaptor modules, whereas only a small fraction are associated with CAND1. These studies suggest an alternative model of CRL dynamicity where the abundance of adaptor modules, rather than cycles of neddylation and CAND1 binding, drives CRL network organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Bennett
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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105
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CSN complex controls the stability of selected synaptic proteins via a torsinA-dependent process. EMBO J 2010; 30:181-93. [PMID: 21102408 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
DYT1 dystonia is caused by an autosomal dominant mutation that leads to a glutamic acid deletion in torsinA (TA), a member of the AAA+ ATPase superfamily. In this study, we identified a novel-binding partner of TA, the subunit 4 (CSN4) of CSN signalosome. TA binds CSN4 and the synaptic regulator snapin in neuroblastoma cells and in brain synaptosomes. CSN4 and TA are required for the stability of both snapin and the synaptotagmin-specific endocytic adaptor stonin 2, as downregulation of CSN4 or TA reduces the levels of both proteins. Snapin is phosphorylated by the CSN-associated kinase protein kinase D (PKD) and its expression is decreased upon PKD inhibition. In contrast, the stability of stonin 2 is regulated by neddylation, another CSN-associated activity. Overexpression of the pathological TA mutant (ΔE-TA) reduces stonin 2 expression, causing the accumulation of the calcium sensor synaptotagmin 1 on the cell surface. Retrieval of surface-stranded synaptotagmin 1 is restored by overexpression of stonin 2 in ΔE-TA-expressing cells, suggesting that the DYT1 mutation compromises the role of TA in protein stabilisation and synaptic vesicle recycling.
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106
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When proteomics meets structural biology. Trends Biochem Sci 2010; 35:522-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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107
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Structure characterization of the 26S proteasome. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2010; 1809:67-79. [PMID: 20800708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In all eukaryotic cells, 26S proteasome plays an essential role in the process of ATP-dependent protein degradation. In this review, we focus on structure characterization of the 26S proteasome. Although the progress towards a high-resolution structure of the 26S proteasome has been slow, the recently solved structures of various proteasomal subcomplexes have greatly enhanced our understanding of this large machinery. In addition to having an ATP-dependent proteolytic function, the 26S proteasome is also involved in many non-proteolytic cellular activities, which are often mediated by subunits in its 19S regulatory complex. Thus, we include a detailed discussion of the structures of 19S subunits, including proteasomal ATPases, ubiquitin receptors, deubiquitinating enzymes and subunits that contain PCI domain. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The 26S Proteasome: When degradation is just not enough!
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108
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Integrating ion mobility mass spectrometry with molecular modelling to determine the architecture of multiprotein complexes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12080. [PMID: 20711472 PMCID: PMC2919415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current challenges in the field of structural genomics point to the need for new tools and technologies for obtaining structures of macromolecular protein complexes. Here, we present an integrative computational method that uses molecular modelling, ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and incomplete atomic structures, usually from X-ray crystallography, to generate models of the subunit architecture of protein complexes. We begin by analyzing protein complexes using IM-MS, and by taking measurements of both intact complexes and sub-complexes that are generated in solution. We then examine available high resolution structural data and use a suite of computational methods to account for missing residues at the subunit and/or domain level. High-order complexes and sub-complexes are then constructed that conform to distance and connectivity constraints imposed by IM-MS data. We illustrate our method by applying it to multimeric protein complexes within the Escherichia coli replisome: the sliding clamp, (β2), the γ complex (γ3δδ′), the DnaB helicase (DnaB6) and the Single-Stranded Binding Protein (SSB4).
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109
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Enchev RI, Schreiber A, Beuron F, Morris EP. Structural insights into the COP9 signalosome and its common architecture with the 26S proteasome lid and eIF3. Structure 2010; 18:518-27. [PMID: 20399188 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary conserved COP9 signalosome (CSN), a large multisubunit complex, plays a central role in regulating ubiquitination and cell signaling. Here we report recombinant insect cell expression and two-step purification of human CSN and demonstrate its functional assembly. We further obtain a three-dimensional structure of both native and recombinant CSN using electron microscopy and single particle analysis. Antibody labeling of CSN5 and segmentation of the structure suggest a likely subunit distribution and the architecture of its helical repeat subunits is revealed. We compare the structure of CSN with its homologous complexes, the 26S proteasome lid and eIF3, and propose a conserved architecture implying similar assembly pathways and/or conserved substrate interaction modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav I Enchev
- Section of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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110
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Kirshenbaum N, Michaelevski I, Sharon M. Analyzing large protein complexes by structural mass spectrometry. J Vis Exp 2010:1954. [PMID: 20567215 PMCID: PMC3149987 DOI: 10.3791/1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Living cells control and regulate their biological processes through the coordinated action of a large number of proteins that assemble themselves into an array of dynamic, multi-protein complexes1. To gain a mechanistic understanding of the various cellular processes, it is crucial to determine the structure of such protein complexes, and reveal how their structural organization dictates their function. Many aspects of multi-protein complexes are, however, difficult to characterize, due to their heterogeneous nature, asymmetric structure, and dynamics. Therefore, new approaches are required for the study of the tertiary levels of protein organization. One of the emerging structural biology tools for analyzing macromolecular complexes is mass spectrometry (MS)2-5. This method yields information on the complex protein composition, subunit stoichiometry, and structural topology. The power of MS derives from its high sensitivity and, as a consequence, low sample requirement, which enables examination of protein complexes expressed at endogenous levels. Another advantage is the speed of analysis, which allows monitoring of reactions in real time. Moreover, the technique can simultaneously measure the characteristics of separate populations co-existing in a mixture. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the application of structural MS to the analysis of large protein assemblies. The procedure begins with the preparation of gold-coated capillaries for nanoflow electrospray ionization (nESI). It then continues with sample preparation, emphasizing the buffer conditions which should be compatible with nESI on the one hand, and enable to maintain complexes intact on the other. We then explain, step-by-step, how to optimize the experimental conditions for high mass measurements and acquire MS and tandem MS spectra. Finally, we chart the data processing and analyses that follow. Rather than attempting to characterize every aspect of protein assemblies, this protocol introduces basic MS procedures, enabling the performance of MS and MS/MS experiments on non-covalent complexes. Overall, our goal is to provide researchers unacquainted with the field of structural MS, with knowledge of the principal experimental tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Kirshenbaum
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science
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111
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van Duijn E. Current limitations in native mass spectrometry based structural biology. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:971-978. [PMID: 20116282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, mass spectrometry plays an important role in structural biology. At one end it can be used to investigate intact protein complexes, providing details about the complex composition, topology, stability, and dynamics, whereas at the other end the protein's identity and possible modifications can be visualized using proteomics approaches. Combining all this information allows the generation of detailed models for functional biological assemblies. Here, a perspective on the application of native mass spectrometry in structural biology is presented. The potential of this technique and some important current limitations are discussed. This includes issues regarding the quality/homogeneity of the sample, the dissociation efficiency of protein complexes during tandem mass spectrometric analysis, and some boundaries of ion mobility mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther van Duijn
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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112
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Atmanene C, Chaix D, Bessin Y, Declerck N, Van Dorsselaer A, Sanglier-Cianferani S. Combination of Noncovalent Mass Spectrometry and Traveling Wave Ion Mobility Spectrometry Reveals Sugar-Induced Conformational Changes of Central Glycolytic Genes Repressor/DNA Complex. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3597-605. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902784n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Atmanene
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 STRASBOURG, France, CNRS UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France and INSERM U554, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR5048 and Université Montpellier 1, 29 rue de Navacelles, F-34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Denix Chaix
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 STRASBOURG, France, CNRS UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France and INSERM U554, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR5048 and Université Montpellier 1, 29 rue de Navacelles, F-34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Bessin
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 STRASBOURG, France, CNRS UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France and INSERM U554, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR5048 and Université Montpellier 1, 29 rue de Navacelles, F-34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Declerck
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 STRASBOURG, France, CNRS UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France and INSERM U554, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR5048 and Université Montpellier 1, 29 rue de Navacelles, F-34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 STRASBOURG, France, CNRS UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France and INSERM U554, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR5048 and Université Montpellier 1, 29 rue de Navacelles, F-34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Sarah Sanglier-Cianferani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 STRASBOURG, France, CNRS UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France and INSERM U554, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR5048 and Université Montpellier 1, 29 rue de Navacelles, F-34090 Montpellier, France
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113
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Sharon M. How far can we go with structural mass spectrometry of protein complexes? JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:487-500. [PMID: 20116283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Physical interactions between proteins and the formation of stable complexes form the basis of most biological functions. Therefore, a critical step toward understanding the integrated workings of the cell is to determine the structure of protein complexes, and reveal how their structural organization dictates function. Studying the three-dimensional organization of protein assemblies, however, represents a major challenge for structural biologists, due to the large size of the complexes, their heterogeneous composition, their flexibility, and their asymmetric structure. In the last decade, mass spectrometry has proven to be a valuable tool for analyzing such noncovalent complexes. Here, I illustrate the breadth of structural information that can be obtained from this approach, and the steps taken to elucidate the stoichiometry, topology, packing, dynamics, and shape of protein complexes. In addition, I illustrate the challenges that lie ahead, and the future directions toward which the field might be heading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Sharon
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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114
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Native MS: an ’ESI‚ way to support structure- and fragment-based drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2010; 2:35-50. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of early drug-discovery programs depends on the adequate combination of complementary and orthogonal technologies allowing hit/lead compounds to be optimized and improve therapeutic activity. Among the available biophysical methods, native MS recently emerged as an efficient method for compound-binding screening. Native MS is a highly sensitive and accurate screening technique. This review provides a description of the general approach and an overview of the possible characterization of ligand-binding properties. How native MS supports structure- and fragment-based drug research will also be discussed, with examples from the literature and internal developments. Native MS shows strong potential for in-depth characterization of ligand-binding properties. It is also a reliable screening technique in drug-discovery processes.
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115
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Abstract
The interplay between ubiquitin (Ub) family modifiers creates a regulatory network of Ub family proteins which is essential for cell growth and differentiation. One of the best studied crosstalks between Ub family modifiers is the stimulation of ubiquitination by Nedd8 (neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down regulated 8) modification. The neddylation-deneddylation pathway controls the selective ubiquitination of important cellular regulators targeted for proteolysis by the Ub proteasome system (UPS). In this process the cullin scaffolds of cullin-RING Ub ligases (CRLs) are neddylated, which allosterically activates the transfer of Ub to substrates of the CRLs. A major reaction of the regulatory network is the removal of Nedd8 by the COP9 signalosome (CSN), which converts CRLs into an inactive state. The CSN is a conserved protein complex that interacts with CRLs and possesses an intrinsic metalloprotease with a Jab1/Pad1/MPN+ (JAMM) motif responsible for deneddylation.In the present chapter we focus on the CSN-mediated deneddylation and its biological significance. We summarize latest developments on the mechanism of the CSN and its association with supercomplexes. In addition, data on the regulation of CSN-mediated deneddylation are described. Moreover, dysfunctions of the CSN and their implication in the pathogenesis of diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Schmaler
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Division of Molecular Biology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Monbijoustrasse 2, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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116
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Schwechheimer C, Isono E. The COP9 signalosome and its role in plant development. Eur J Cell Biol 2009; 89:157-62. [PMID: 20036030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is an evolutionarily conserved multiprotein complex with a role in the regulation of cullin-RING type E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs). CSN exerts its function on E3 ligases by deconjugating the ubiquitin-related protein NEDD8 from the CRL cullin subunit. Thereby, CSN has an impact on multiple CRL-dependent processes. In recent years, advances have been made in understanding the structural organisation and biochemical function of CSN: Crystal structure analysis and mass spectrometry-assisted studies have come up with first models of the pair-wise and complex interactions of the 8 CSN subunits. Based on the analysis of mutant phenotypes, it can now be taken as an accepted fact that--at least in plants--the major biochemical function of CSN resides in its deneddylation activity, which is mediated by CSN subunit 5 (CSN5). Furthermore, it could be demonstrated that CSN function and deneddylation are required but not essential for CRL-mediated processes, and models for the role of neddylation and deneddylation in controlling CRL activity are emerging. Significant advances have also been made in identifying pathways that are growth restricting in the Arabidopsis csn mutants. Recently it has been shown that a G2 phase arrest, possibly due to genomic instability, restricts growth in Arabidopsis csn mutants. This review provides an update on recent advances in understanding CSN structure and function and summarises the current knowledge on its role in plant development and cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Schwechheimer
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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117
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118
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Hernández H, Makarova OV, Makarov EM, Morgner N, Muto Y, Krummel DP, Robinson CV. Isoforms of U1-70k control subunit dynamics in the human spliceosomal U1 snRNP. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7202. [PMID: 19784376 PMCID: PMC2747018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human protein-encoding genes contain multiple exons that are spliced together, frequently in alternative arrangements, by the spliceosome. It is established that U1 snRNP is an essential component of the spliceosome, in human consisting of RNA and ten proteins, several of which are post-translationally modified and exist as multiple isoforms. Unresolved and challenging to investigate are the effects of these post translational modifications on the dynamics, interactions and stability of the particle. Using mass spectrometry we investigate the composition and dynamics of the native human U1 snRNP and compare native and recombinant complexes to isolate the effects of various subunits and isoforms on the overall stability. Our data reveal differential incorporation of four protein isoforms and dynamic interactions of subunits U1-A, U1-C and Sm-B/B'. Results also show that unstructured post-translationally modified C-terminal tails are responsible for the dynamics of Sm-B/B' and U1-C and that their interactions with the Sm core are controlled by binding to different U1-70k isoforms and their phosphorylation status in vivo. These results therefore provide the important functional link between proteomics and structure as well as insight into the dynamic quaternary structure of the native U1 snRNP important for its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Hernández
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Olga V. Makarova
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Evgeny M. Makarov
- Division of Bioscience, School of Health and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Morgner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yutaka Muto
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carol V. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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119
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Pick E, Hofmann K, Glickman MH. PCI complexes: Beyond the proteasome, CSN, and eIF3 Troika. Mol Cell 2009; 35:260-4. [PMID: 19683491 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The bipartite PCI domain serves as the principal scaffold for proteasome lid, CSN, and eIF3, complexes that influence protein life span. PCI domains are also found in newly identified complexes directing nucleic acid regulation. The breadth of functions associated with the extended PCI family is a factor of shared subunits, among them a common factor Sem1/DSS1 that facilitates complex assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elah Pick
- Department of Biology, Haifa University at Oranim, Tivon, Israel.
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Miller RK, Qadota H, Stark TJ, Mercer KB, Wortham TS, Anyanful A, Benian GM. CSN-5, a component of the COP9 signalosome complex, regulates the levels of UNC-96 and UNC-98, two components of M-lines in Caenorhabditis elegans muscle. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:3608-16. [PMID: 19535455 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-03-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In Caenorhabditis elegans two M-line proteins, UNC-98 and UNC-96, are involved in myofibril assembly and/or maintenance, especially myosin thick filaments. We found that CSN-5, a component of the COP9 signalosome complex, binds to UNC-98 and -96 using the yeast two-hybrid method. These interactions were confirmed by biochemical methods. The CSN-5 protein contains a Mov34 domain. Although one other COP9 signalosome component, CSN-6, also has a Mov34 domain, CSN-6 did not interact with UNC-98 or -96. Anti-CSN-5 antibody colocalized with paramyosin at A-bands in wild type and colocalized with abnormal accumulations of paramyosin found in unc-98, -96, and -15 (encodes paramyosin) mutants. Double knockdown of csn-5 and -6 could slightly suppress the unc-96 mutant phenotype. In the double knockdown of csn-5 and -6, the levels of UNC-98 protein were increased and the levels of UNC-96 protein levels were slightly reduced, suggesting that CSN-5 promotes the degradation of UNC-98 and that CSN-5 stabilizes UNC-96. In unc-15 and unc-96 mutants, CSN-5 protein was reduced, implying the existence of feed back regulation from myofibril proteins to CSN-5 protein levels. Taken together, we found that CSN-5 functions in muscle cells to regulate UNC-98 and -96, two M-line proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Miller
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Chamovitz DA. Revisiting the COP9 signalosome as a transcriptional regulator. EMBO Rep 2009; 10:352-8. [PMID: 19305390 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2009.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a highly conserved protein complex that was originally described as a repressor of light-dependent growth and transcription in Arabidopsis. The most studied CSN function is the regulation of protein degradation, which occurs primarily through the removal of the ubiquitin-like modifier Nedd8 from cullin-based E3 ubiquitin ligases. This activity can regulate transcription-factor stability and, therefore, transcriptional activity. Recent data suggest that the CSN also regulates transcription on the chromatin by mechanisms that are not yet clearly understood. Furthermore, the CSN subunits CSN5 and CSN2 seem to act as transcriptional coactivators and corepressors, respectively. Here, I re-evaluate the mechanisms by which the CSN acts as a transcriptional regulator, and suggest that they could extend beyond the regulation of protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Chamovitz
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Pick E, Pintard L. In the land of the rising sun with the COP9 signalosome and related Zomes. Symposium on the COP9 signalosome, Proteasome and eIF3. EMBO Rep 2009; 10:343-8. [PMID: 19282882 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2009.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elah Pick
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Science Education, Haifa University, Oranim, 36006 Tivon, Israel.
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