101
|
Taketa S, Yuo T, Tonooka T, Tsumuraya Y, Inagaki Y, Haruyama N, Larroque O, Jobling SA. Functional characterization of barley betaglucanless mutants demonstrates a unique role for CslF6 in (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:381-92. [PMID: 21940720 PMCID: PMC3245474 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
(1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans (mixed-linkage glucans) are found in tissues of members of the Poaceae (grasses), and are particularly high in barley (Hordeum vulgare) grains. The present study describes the isolation of three independent (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucanless (betaglucanless; bgl) mutants of barley which completely lack (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan in all the tissues tested. The bgl phenotype cosegregates with the cellulose synthase like HvCslF6 gene on chromosome arm 7HL. Each of the bgl mutants has a single nucleotide substitution in the coding region of the HvCslF6 gene resulting in a change of a highly conserved amino acid residue of the HvCslF6 protein. Microsomal membranes isolated from developing endosperm of the bgl mutants lack detectable (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan synthase activity indicating that the HvCslF6 protein is inactive. This was confirmed by transient expression of the HvCslF6 cDNAs in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The wild-type HvCslF6 gene directed the synthesis of high levels of (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans, whereas the mutant HvCslF6 proteins completely lack the ability to synthesize (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans. The fine structure of the (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan produced in the tobacco leaf was also very different from that found in cereals having an extremely low DP3/DP4 ratio. These results demonstrate that, among the seven CslF and one CslH genes present in the barley genome, HvCslF6 has a unique role and is the key determinant controlling the biosynthesis of (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans. Natural allelic variation in the HvCslF6 gene was found predominantly within introns among 29 barley accessions studied. Genetic manipulation of the HvCslF6 gene could enable control of (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans in accordance with the purposes of use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Taketa
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
102
|
Impact of structural changes due to heat-moisture treatment at different temperatures on the susceptibility of normal and waxy potato starches towards hydrolysis by porcine pancreatic alpha amylase. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
103
|
Li Z, Li D, Du X, Wang H, Larroque O, Jenkins CLD, Jobling SA, Morell MK. The barley amo1 locus is tightly linked to the starch synthase IIIa gene and negatively regulates expression of granule-bound starch synthetic genes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:5217-31. [PMID: 21813797 PMCID: PMC3193023 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study of barley starch synthesis, the interaction between mutations at the sex6 locus and the amo1 locus has been characterized. Four barley genotypes, the wild type, sex6, amo1, and the amo1sex6 double mutant, were generated by backcrossing the sex6 mutation present in Himalaya292 into the amo1 'high amylose Glacier'. The wild type, amo1, and sex6 genotypes gave starch phenotypes consistent with previous studies. However, the amo1sex6 double mutant yielded an unexpected phenotype, a significant increase in starch content relative to the sex6 phenotype. Amylose content (as a percentage of starch) was not increased above the level observed for the sex6 mutation alone; however, on a per seed basis, grain from lines containing the amo1 mutation (amo1 mutants and amo1sex6 double mutants) synthesize significantly more amylose than the wild-type lines and sex6 mutants. The level of granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) protein in starch granules is increased in lines containing the amo1 mutation (amo1 and amo1sex6). In the amo1 genotype, starch synthase I (SSI), SSIIa, starch branching enzyme IIa (SBEIIa), and SBEIIb also markedly increased in the starch granules. Genetic mapping studies indicate that the ssIIIa gene is tightly linked to the amo1 locus, and the SSIIIa protein from the amo1 mutant has a leucine to arginine residue substitution in a conserved domain. Zymogram analysis indicates that the amo1 phenotype is not a consequence of total loss of enzymatic activity although it remains possible that the amo1 phenotype is underpinned by a more subtle change. It is therefore proposed that amo1 may be a negative regulator of other genes of starch synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Li
- CSIRO Food Future National Research Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601 Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
104
|
Prifti E, Goetz S, Nepogodiev SA, Field RA. Synthesis of fluorescently labelled rhamnosides: probes for the evaluation of rhamnogalacturonan II biosynthetic enzymes. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:1617-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
105
|
Sarazin C, Delaunay N, Costanza C, Eudes V, Mallet JM, Gareil P. New Avenue for Mid-UV-Range Detection of Underivatized Carbohydrates and Amino Acids in Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7381-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2012834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Sarazin
- Central Laboratory of the Prefecture de Police, 39 bis, rue de Dantzig, 75015 Paris, France
- Chimie ParisTech, Laboratory of Physicochemistry of Electrolytes, Colloids and Analytical Sciences (PECSA), 75005 Paris, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7195, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Delaunay
- Chimie ParisTech, Laboratory of Physicochemistry of Electrolytes, Colloids and Analytical Sciences (PECSA), 75005 Paris, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7195, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christine Costanza
- Central Laboratory of the Prefecture de Police, 39 bis, rue de Dantzig, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Véronique Eudes
- Central Laboratory of the Prefecture de Police, 39 bis, rue de Dantzig, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Maurice Mallet
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
- ENS, Laboratory of Biomolecules (LBM), 75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7203, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gareil
- Chimie ParisTech, Laboratory of Physicochemistry of Electrolytes, Colloids and Analytical Sciences (PECSA), 75005 Paris, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7195, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Vilaplana F, Gilbert RG. Analytical methodology for multidimensional size/branch-length distributions for branched glucose polymers using off-line 2-dimensional size-exclusion chromatography and enzymatic treatment. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4434-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
107
|
Sullivan MA, Li J, Li C, Vilaplana F, Stapleton D, Gray-Weale AA, Bowen S, Zheng L, Gilbert RG. Molecular structural differences between type-2-diabetic and healthy glycogen. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:1983-6. [PMID: 21591708 PMCID: PMC3113368 DOI: 10.1021/bm2006054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen is a highly branched glucose polymer functioning as a glucose buffer in animals. Multiple-detector size exclusion chromatography and fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis were used to examine the structure of undegraded native liver glycogen (both whole and enzymatically debranched) as a function of molecular size, isolated from the livers of healthy and db/db mice (the latter a type 2 diabetic model). Both the fully branched and debranched levels of glycogen structure showed fundamental differences between glycogen from healthy and db/db mice. Healthy glycogen had a greater population of large particles, with more α particles (tightly linked assemblages of smaller β particles) than glycogen from db/db mice. These structural differences suggest a new understanding of type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A. Sullivan
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences (Building 83/S434), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Jiong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chuanzhou Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences (Building 83/S434), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - David Stapleton
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Stirling Bowen
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Ling Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences (Building 83/S434), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Lin AHM, Chang YH, Chou WB, Lu TJ. Interference prevention in size-exclusion chromatographic analysis of debranched starch glucans by aqueous system. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5890-5898. [PMID: 21553821 DOI: 10.1021/jf104393q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Branch chain-length distribution of amylopectin plays an important role on the characteristics of starch. One of the adapted protocols for determining the chain-length distribution and mass proportion of starch molecules is that starch is debranched with isoamylase and then analyzed by using high-performance size-exclusion chromatography coupled with multiangle laser-light scattering and refractive index detection (HPSEC-MALS-RI). However, ammonium sulfate in commercial isoamylase and acetate in debranching buffer give significant interferences on the chromatograms because of their undesirable ionic interactions with column sorbent materials. This study deals with development for correcting those interferences. A weak anion-exchange resin or selective precipitation with barium acetate was employed to remove sulfate prior to HPSEC determination. The interference of acetate was overcome by means of high ionic strength eluent, 0.3 M sodium nitrate. The specific refractive index increment (dn/dc) of amylodextrin was determined to be 0.147 using the modified conditions and was applied to calculate the molecular weight distribution of debranched starch molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hui-Mei Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Quantitative, small-scale, fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis implemented on a capillary electrophoresis-based DNA sequence analyzer. Anal Biochem 2011; 413:104-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
110
|
Myers AM, James MG, Lin Q, Yi G, Stinard PS, Hennen-Bierwagen TA, Becraft PW. Maize opaque5 encodes monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase and specifically affects galactolipids necessary for amyloplast and chloroplast function. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:2331-47. [PMID: 21685260 PMCID: PMC3160020 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.087205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The maize (Zea mays) opaque5 (o5) locus was shown to encode the monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase MGD1. Null and point mutations of o5 that affect the vitreous nature of mature endosperm engendered an allelic series of lines with stepwise reductions in gene function. C(18:3)/C(18:2) galactolipid abundance in seedling leaves was reduced proportionally, without significant effects on total galactolipid content. This alteration in polar lipid composition disrupted the organization of thylakoid membranes into granal stacks. Total galactolipid abundance in endosperm was strongly reduced in o5(-) mutants, causing developmental defects and changes in starch production such that the normal simple granules were replaced with compound granules separated by amyloplast membrane. Complete loss of MGD1 function in a null mutant caused kernel lethality owing to failure in both endosperm and embryo development. The data demonstrate that low-abundance galactolipids with five double bonds serve functions in plastid membranes that are not replaced by the predominant species with six double bonds. Furthermore, the data identify a function of amyloplast membranes in the development of starch granules. Finally, the specific changes in lipid composition suggest that MGD1 can distinguish the constituency of acyl groups on its diacylglycerol substrate based upon the degree of desaturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Myers
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Martha G. James
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Qiaohui Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Gibum Yi
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Philip S. Stinard
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Maize Genetics Cooperation Stock Center, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | | | - Philip W. Becraft
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
- Address correspondence to
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Asare EK, Jaiswal S, Maley J, Båga M, Sammynaiken R, Rossnagel BG, Chibbar RN. Barley grain constituents, starch composition, and structure affect starch in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:4743-54. [PMID: 21462932 DOI: 10.1021/jf200054e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between starch physical properties and enzymatic hydrolysis was determined using ten different hulless barley genotypes with variable carbohydrate composition. The ten barley genotypes included one normal starch (CDC McGwire), three increased amylose starches (SH99250, SH99073, and SB94893), and six waxy starches (CDC Alamo, CDC Fibar, CDC Candle, Waxy Betzes, CDC Rattan, and SB94912). Total starch concentration positively influenced thousand grain weight (TGW) (r(2) = 0.70, p < 0.05). Increase in grain protein concentration was not only related to total starch concentration (r(2) = -0.80, p < 0.01) but also affected enzymatic hydrolysis of pure starch (r(2) = -0.67, p < 0.01). However, an increase in amylopectin unit chain length between DP 12-18 (F-II) was detrimental to starch concentration (r(2) = 0.46, p < 0.01). Amylose concentration influenced granule size distribution with increased amylose genotypes showing highly reduced volume percentage of very small C-granules (<5 μm diameter) and significantly increased (r(2) = 0.83, p < 0.01) medium sized B granules (5-15 μm diameter). Amylose affected smaller (F-I) and larger (F-III) amylopectin chains in opposite ways. Increased amylose concentration positively influenced the F-III (DP 19-36) fraction of longer DP amylopectin chains (DP 19-36) which was associated with resistant starch (RS) in meal and pure starch samples. The rate of starch hydrolysis was high in pure starch samples as compared to meal samples. Enzymatic hydrolysis rate both in meal and pure starch samples followed the order waxy > normal > increased amylose. Rapidly digestible starch (RDS) increased with a decrease in amylose concentration. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis revealed a higher polydispersity index of amylose in CDC McGwire and increased amylose genotypes which could contribute to their reduced enzymatic hydrolysis, compared to waxy starch genotypes. Increased β-glucan and dietary fiber concentration also reduced the enzymatic hydrolysis of meal samples. An average linkage cluster analysis dendrogram revealed that variation in amylose concentration significantly (p < 0.01) influenced resistant starch concentration in meal and pure starch samples. RS is also associated with B-type granules (5-15 μm) and the amylopectin F-III (19-36 DP) fraction. In conclusion, the results suggest that barley genotype SH99250 with less decrease in grain weight in comparison to that of other increased amylose genotypes (SH99073 and SH94893) could be a promising genotype to develop cultivars with increased amylose grain starch without compromising grain weight and yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Asare
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Harvey DJ. Derivatization of carbohydrates for analysis by chromatography; electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1196-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
113
|
Hanashiro I, Higuchi T, Aihara S, Nakamura Y, Fujita N. Structures of Starches from Rice Mutants Deficient in the Starch Synthase Isozyme SSI or SSIIIa. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:1621-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm200019q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isao Hanashiro
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Higuchi
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Satomi Aihara
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Liu WC, Castro JV, Gilbert RG. Rate coefficients for enzyme-catalyzed reactions from molecular weight distributions. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
115
|
Hostettler C, Kölling K, Santelia D, Streb S, Kötting O, Zeeman SC. Analysis of starch metabolism in chloroplasts. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 775:387-410. [PMID: 21863455 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-237-3_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a primary product of photosynthesis in the chloroplasts of many higher plants. It plays an important role in the day-to-day carbohydrate metabolism of the leaf, and its biosynthesis and degradation represent major fluxes in plant metabolism. Starch serves as a transient reserve of carbohydrate which is used to support respiration, metabolism, and growth at night when there is no production of energy and reducing power through photosynthesis, and no net assimilation of carbon. The chapter includes techniques to measure starch amount and its rate of biosynthesis, to determine its structure and composition, and to monitor its turnover. These methods can be used to investigate transitory starch metabolism in Arabidopsis, where they can be applied in combination with genetics and systems-level approaches to yield new insight into the control of carbon allocation generally, and starch metabolism specifically. The methods can also be applied to the leaves of other plants with minimal modifications.
Collapse
|
116
|
Naguleswaran S, Li J, Vasanthan T, Bressler D. Distribution of Granule Channels, Protein, and Phospholipid in Triticale and Corn Starches as Revealed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Cereal Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-04-10-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabaratnam Naguleswaran
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Jihong Li
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Thava Vasanthan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
- Corresponding author. Phone: 1-780-492-2898. Fax: 1-780-492-8914. E-mail:
| | - David Bressler
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
del Val IJ, Kontoravdi C, Nagy JM. Towards the implementation of quality by design to the production of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies with desired glycosylation patterns. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 26:1505-27. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
118
|
Gilbert RG. Size-separation characterization of starch and glycogen for biosynthesis-structure-property relationships. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:1425-38. [PMID: 21107973 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Starch and glycogen are highly branched polymers of glucose of great importance to humans in managing and mitigating nutrition-related diseases, especially diabetes and obesity, and in industrial uses, for example in food and paper-making. Size-separation characterization using multiple-detection size-exclusion chromatography (SEC, also known as gel-permeation chromatography, GPC) is able to furnish substantial amounts of information on the relationships between the biosynthesis, processing, structure, and properties of these biopolymers, and achieves superior characterization for use in industrial product and process improvements. Multi-detector SEC is able to give much more information about structure than simple averages such as total molecular weight or size; the detailed information yielded by this technique has already given new information on important biosynthesis-structure-property reactions, and has considerable potential in this field in the future. However, it must be used with care to avoid artifacts arising from incomplete dissolution of the substrate and shear scission during separation. It is also essential in interpreting data to appreciate that this size-separation technique can only ever give size distributions, never true molecular weight distributions. Other size-separation techniques, particularly field-flow fractionation, require substantial technical development to be used on undegraded native starches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Gilbert
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences (LCAFS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Wu AC, Gilbert RG. Molecular Weight Distributions of Starch Branches Reveal Genetic Constraints on Biosynthesis. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:3539-47. [DOI: 10.1021/bm1010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Chi Wu
- University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences and LCAFS, Hartley Teakle Building, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences and LCAFS, Hartley Teakle Building, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Bharadwaj R, Chen Z, Datta S, Holmes BM, Sapra R, Simmons BA, Adams PD, Singh AK. Microfluidic Glycosyl Hydrolase Screening for Biomass-to-Biofuel Conversion. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9513-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102243f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Bharadwaj
- Technology and Deconstruction Divisions, The Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Technology and Deconstruction Divisions, The Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Supratim Datta
- Technology and Deconstruction Divisions, The Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bradley M. Holmes
- Technology and Deconstruction Divisions, The Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rajat Sapra
- Technology and Deconstruction Divisions, The Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Blake A. Simmons
- Technology and Deconstruction Divisions, The Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul D. Adams
- Technology and Deconstruction Divisions, The Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Anup K. Singh
- Technology and Deconstruction Divisions, The Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Vilaplana F, Gilbert RG. Characterization of branched polysaccharides using multiple-detection size separation techniques. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3537-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
122
|
Vilaplana F, Gilbert RG. Two-Dimensional Size/Branch Length Distributions of a Branched Polymer. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101349t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Vilaplana
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences and School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, Hartley Teakle Building, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences and School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, Hartley Teakle Building, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Syahariza Z, Li E, Hasjim J. Extraction and dissolution of starch from rice and sorghum grains for accurate structural analysis. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
124
|
Witt T, Gidley MJ, Gilbert RG. Starch digestion mechanistic information from the time evolution of molecular size distributions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:8444-8452. [PMID: 20572670 DOI: 10.1021/jf101063m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Size-exclusion chromatography [SEC, also termed gel permeation chromatography (GPC)] is used to measure the time evolution of the distributions of molecular size and of branch length as starch is subjected to in vitro digestion, including studying the development of enzyme-resistant starch. The method is applied to maize starches with varying amylose contents; the starches were extruded so as to provide an analogue for processed food. The initial rates of digestion of amylose and amylopectin components were found to be the same for high-amylose starches. A small starch species, not present in the original starting material, was formed during the digestion process; this new species has a slower digestion rate and is probably formed by retrogradation of longer branches of amylose and amylopectin as they are partially or wholly liberated from their parent starch molecule during the digestion process. The data suggest that the well-known connection between high amylose content and resistant starch arises from the greater number of longer branches, which can form the small retrograded species. The method is useful for the purpose of comparisons between different starches undergoing the process of digestion, by observing the changes in their molecular structures, as an adjunct to detailed studies of the enzyme-resistant fraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Witt
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
125
|
Albrecht S, Schols HA, van den Heuvel EGHM, Voragen AGJ, Gruppen H. CE-LIF-MS n profiling of oligosaccharides in human milk and feces of breast-fed babies. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1264-1273. [PMID: 20349515 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mixtures of the complex human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are difficult to analyze and gastrointestinal bioconversion products of HMOs may complicate analysis even more. Their analysis, therefore, requires the combination of a sensitive and high-resolution separation technique with a mass identification tool. This study introduces for the first time the hyphenation of CE with an electrospray mass spectrometer, capable to perform multiple MS analysis (ESI-MS(n)) for the separation and characterization of HMOs in breast milk and feces of breast-fed babies. LIF was used for on- and off-line detections. From the overall 47 peaks detected in off-line CE-LIF electropherograms, 21 peaks could be unambiguously and 11 peaks could be tentatively assigned. The detailed structural characterization of a novel lacto-N-neo-tetraose isomer and a novel lacto-N-fucopentaose isomer was established in baby feces and pointed to gastrointestinal hydrolysis of higher-Mw HMOs. CE-LIF-ESI-MS(n) presents, therefore, a useful tool which contributes to an advanced understanding on the fate of individual HMOs during their gastrointestinal passage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Albrecht
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
Cuevas RP, Gilbert RG, Fitzgerald MA. Structural differences between hot-water-soluble and hot-water-insoluble fractions of starch in waxy rice (Oryza sativa L.). Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
127
|
Kubo A, Colleoni C, Dinges JR, Lin Q, Lappe RR, Rivenbark JG, Meyer AJ, Ball SG, James MG, Hennen-Bierwagen TA, Myers AM. Functions of heteromeric and homomeric isoamylase-type starch-debranching enzymes in developing maize endosperm. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:956-69. [PMID: 20448101 PMCID: PMC2899900 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.155259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Functions of isoamylase-type starch-debranching enzyme (ISA) proteins and complexes in maize (Zea mays) endosperm were characterized. Wild-type endosperm contained three high molecular mass ISA complexes resolved by gel permeation chromatography and native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two complexes of approximately 400 kD contained both ISA1 and ISA2, and an approximately 300-kD complex contained ISA1 but not ISA2. Novel mutations of sugary1 (su1) and isa2, coding for ISA1 and ISA2, respectively, were used to develop one maize line with ISA1 homomer but lacking heteromeric ISA and a second line with one form of ISA1/ISA2 heteromer but no homomeric enzyme. The mutations were su1-P, which caused an amino acid substitution in ISA1, and isa2-339, which was caused by transposon insertion and conditioned loss of ISA2. In agreement with the protein compositions, all three ISA complexes were missing in an ISA1-null line, whereas only the two higher molecular mass forms were absent in the ISA2-null line. Both su1-P and isa2-339 conditioned near-normal starch characteristics, in contrast to ISA-null lines, indicating that either homomeric or heteromeric ISA is competent for starch biosynthesis. The homomer-only line had smaller, more numerous granules. Thus, a function of heteromeric ISA not compensated for by homomeric enzyme affects granule initiation or growth, which may explain evolutionary selection for ISA2. ISA1 was required for the accumulation of ISA2, which is regulated posttranscriptionally. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that the ISA1 transcript level was elevated in tissues where starch is synthesized and low during starch degradation, whereas ISA2 transcript was relatively abundant during periods of either starch biosynthesis or catabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan M. Myers
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 (A.K., C.C., J.R.D., Q.L., R.R.L., J.G.R., A.J.M., S.G.B., M.G.J., T.A.H.-B., A.M.M.); Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex 59655, France (S.G.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
|
129
|
|
130
|
|
131
|
Albrecht S, Schols HA, Klarenbeek B, Voragen AGJ, Gruppen H. Introducing capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) as a potential analysis and quantification tool for galactooligosaccharides extracted from complex food matrices. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:2787-2794. [PMID: 20146472 DOI: 10.1021/jf903623m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The analysis and quantification of (galacto)oligosaccharides from food matrices demands both a reproducible extraction method as well as a sensitive and accurate analytical method. Three typical matrices, namely, infant formula, fruit juice, and a maltodextrin-rich preparation, to which a commercial galactooligosaccharide mixture was added in a product concentration range from 1.25 to 30%, served as model substrates. Solid-phase extraction on graphitized carbon material upon enzymatic amyloglucosidase pretreatment enabled a good recovery and a selective purification of the different galactooligosaccharide structures from the exceeding amounts of particularly lactose and maltodextrins. With the implementation of capillary electrophoresis in combination with laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) detection, a new possibility facilitating a sensitive qualitative and quantitative determination of the galactooligosaccharide contents in the different food matrices is outlined. Simultaneous monitoring and quantifying prebiotic oligosaccharides embedded in food matrices presents a promising and important step toward an efficient monitoring of individual oligosaccharides and is of interest for research areas dealing with small quantities of oligosaccharides embedded in complex matrices, e.g., body liquids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Albrecht
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
132
|
Regina A, Kosar-Hashemi B, Ling S, Li Z, Rahman S, Morell M. Control of starch branching in barley defined through differential RNAi suppression of starch branching enzyme IIa and IIb. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:1469-82. [PMID: 20156842 PMCID: PMC2837261 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The roles of starch branching enzyme (SBE, EC 2.4.1.18) IIa and SBE IIb in defining the structure of amylose and amylopectin in barley (Hordeum vulgare) endosperm were examined. Barley lines with low expression of SBE IIa or SBE IIb, and with the low expression of both isoforms were generated through RNA-mediated silencing technology. These lines enabled the study of the role of each of these isoforms in determining the amylose content, the distribution of chain lengths, and the frequency of branching in both amylose and amylopectin. In lines where both SBE IIa and SBE IIb expression were reduced by >80%, a high amylose phenotype (>70%) was observed, while a reduction in the expression of either of these isoforms alone had minor impact on amylose content. The structure and properties of the high amylose starch resulting from the concomitant reduction in the expression of both isoforms of SBE II in barley were found to approximate changes seen in amylose extender mutants of maize, which result from lesions eliminating expression of the SBE IIb gene. Amylopectin chain length distribution analysis indicated that both SBE IIa and SBE IIb isoforms play distinct roles in determining the fine structure of amylopectin. A significant reduction in the frequency of branches in amylopectin was noticed only when both SBE IIa and SBE IIb were reduced, whereas there was a significant increase in the branching frequency of amylose when SBE IIb alone was reduced. Functional interactions between SBE isoforms are suggested, and a possible inhibitory role of SBE IIb on other SBE isoforms is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Regina
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Food Futures National Research Flagship, PO Box 93, North Ryde 1670, NSW, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Behjat Kosar-Hashemi
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Food Futures National Research Flagship, PO Box 93, North Ryde 1670, NSW, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Samuel Ling
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Food Futures National Research Flagship, PO Box 93, North Ryde 1670, NSW, Australia
| | - Zhongyi Li
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Food Futures National Research Flagship, PO Box 93, North Ryde 1670, NSW, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Sadequr Rahman
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Food Futures National Research Flagship, PO Box 93, North Ryde 1670, NSW, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Matthew Morell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Food Futures National Research Flagship, PO Box 93, North Ryde 1670, NSW, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Liu WC, Halley PJ, Gilbert RG. Mechanism of Degradation of Starch, a Highly Branched Polymer, during Extrusion. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100067x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chen Liu
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, School of Land Crop & Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Peter J. Halley
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, School of Land Crop & Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Gidley MJ, Hanashiro I, Hani NM, Hill SE, Huber A, Jane JL, Liu Q, Morris GA, Rolland-Sabaté A, Striegel AM, Gilbert RG. Reliable measurements of the size distributions of starch molecules in solution: Current dilemmas and recommendations. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
135
|
Wada T, Umemoto T, Aoki N, Tsubone M, Ogata T, Kondo M. Starch Eluted from Polished Rice during Soaking in Hot Water is Related to the Eating Quality of Cooked Rice. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2010. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2010_009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
136
|
Fitzgerald MA, Resurreccion AP. Maintaining the yield of edible rice in a warming world. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2010; 36:1037-1045. [PMID: 32688715 DOI: 10.1071/fp09055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High temperature increases the amount of chalk in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains, which causes grains to break during polishing, lowering the amount of rice for consumption. Here, we examined the effect of elevated temperature on substrate supply to the panicle, the capacity of the panicle to produce edible grains, and underlying factors affecting yield of edible grain in two varieties. During grain-filling, substrate supply followed a bell shaped curve, and high temperature significantly shortened supply time. The rate of grain-filling did not change and paddy yield fell in both varieties. In high temperature, yield loss in IR8 was due to lighter grains relative to those grown in cool temperature, but in IR60, it was due to the early sacrifice of 30% of the spikelets. The yield of edible rice was zero for IR8 and ~60% for IR60 for the high temperature treatments, and 100% for IR60 and 70% for IR8 in the cool temperature. IR60 differs from IR8 in regulation of substrate supply, architecture of the panicles and the capacity of the panicles to alter sink size in response to the stress and these factors may be responsible for the difference in edible rice in the two varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Fitzgerald
- Grain Quality, Nutrition and Postharvest Centre, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777 Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Adoracion P Resurreccion
- Grain Quality, Nutrition and Postharvest Centre, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777 Metro Manila, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Morphologies and microstructures of cornstarches with different amylose–amylopectin ratios studied by confocal laser scanning microscope. J Cereal Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
138
|
Gray-Weale AA, Cave RA, Gilbert RG. Extracting Physically Useful Information from Multiple-Detection Size-Separation Data for Starch. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2708-13. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900761q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angus A. Gray-Weale
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia, and CNAFS and LCAFS, Hartley Teakle Building, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Richard A. Cave
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia, and CNAFS and LCAFS, Hartley Teakle Building, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia, and CNAFS and LCAFS, Hartley Teakle Building, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Gray-Weale A, Gilbert RG. General description of the structure of branched polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
140
|
Espinosa-Solis V, Jane JL, Bello-Perez LA. Physicochemical Characteristics of Starches from Unripe Fruits of Mango and Banana. STARCH-STARKE 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/star.200800103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
141
|
Tseng HM, Gattolin S, Pritchard J, Newbury HJ, Barrett DA. Analysis of mono-, di- and oligosaccharides by CE using a two-stage derivatization method and LIF detection. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1399-405. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
142
|
Salman H, Blazek J, Lopez-Rubio A, Gilbert EP, Hanley T, Copeland L. Structure–function relationships in A and B granules from wheat starches of similar amylose content. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
143
|
Structural characterization of wheat starch granules differing in amylose content and functional characteristics. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
144
|
Yuan Chuan L. Tracing the development of Structural Elucidation of N-glycans. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2009. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.21.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
145
|
|
146
|
Dextransucrase and the mechanism for dextran biosynthesis. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:3039-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
147
|
Robin F, Mérinat S, Simon A, Lehmann U. Influence of Chain Length on α-1,4-D-Glucan Recrystallization and Slowly Digestible Starch Formation. STARCH-STARKE 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/star.200800220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
148
|
Zhang X, Szydlowski N, Delvallé D, D'Hulst C, James MG, Myers AM. Overlapping functions of the starch synthases SSII and SSIII in amylopectin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 8:96. [PMID: 18811962 PMCID: PMC2566982 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-8-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biochemical mechanisms that determine the molecular architecture of amylopectin are central in plant biology because they allow long-term storage of reduced carbon. Amylopectin structure imparts the ability to form semi-crystalline starch granules, which in turn provides its glucose storage function. The enzymatic steps of amylopectin biosynthesis resemble those of the soluble polymer glycogen, however, the reasons for amylopectin's architectural distinctions are not clearly understood. The multiplicity of starch biosynthetic enzymes conserved in plants likely is involved. For example, amylopectin chain elongation in plants involves five conserved classes of starch synthase (SS), whereas glycogen biosynthesis typically requires only one class of glycogen synthase. RESULTS Null mutations were characterized in AtSS2, which codes for SSII, and mutant lines were compared to lines lacking SSIII and to an Atss2, Atss3 double mutant. Loss of SSII did not affect growth rate or starch quantity, but caused increased amylose/amylopectin ratio, increased total amylose, and deficiency in amylopectin chains with degree of polymerization (DP) 12 to DP28. In contrast, loss of both SSII and SSIII caused slower plant growth and dramatically reduced starch content. Extreme deficiency in DP12 to DP28 chains occurred in the double mutant, far more severe than the summed changes in SSII- or SSIII-deficient plants lacking only one of the two enzymes. CONCLUSION SSII and SSIII have partially redundant functions in determination of amylopectin structure, and these roles cannot be substituted by any other conserved SS, specifically SSI, GBSSI, or SSIV. Even though SSIII is not required for the normal abundance of glucan chains of DP12 to DP18, the enzyme clearly is capable of functioning in production such chains. The role of SSIII in producing these chains cannot be detected simply by analysis of an individual mutation. Competition between different SSs for binding to substrate could in part explain the specific distribution of glucan chains within amylopectin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- The Ohio State University, Center for Biostatistics, M200 Starling Loving Hall, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nicolas Szydlowski
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR8576 du CNRS, IFR 147, Bâtiment C9, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - David Delvallé
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR8576 du CNRS, IFR 147, Bâtiment C9, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Christophe D'Hulst
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR8576 du CNRS, IFR 147, Bâtiment C9, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Martha G James
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Alan M Myers
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Kazarian AA, Hilder EF, Breadmore MC. Utilisation of pH stacking in conjunction with a highly absorbing chromophore, 5-aminofluorescein, to improve the sensitivity of capillary electrophoresis for carbohydrate analysis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1200:84-91. [PMID: 18468613 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the use of pH stacking in conjunction with 5-aminofluorescein as a derivatization agent for the sensitive analysis of simple sugars such as glucose, lactose and maltotriose by capillary electrophoresis (CE). The derivatization agent was selected on the basis of its extremely high molar absorptivity, its compatibility with a 488nm light-emitting diode (LED) and the fact that it has two ionizable groups making it compatible with on-line stacking using a dynamic pH junction. The influence of both acetic and formic acids at concentrations of 0.19, 0.019 and 0.0019molL(-1) were investigated with regard to both derivatization efficiency and the ability to stack using a dynamic pH junction. Superior sensitivity and resolution was obtained in formic acid over acetic acid. Substantially lower peaks were obtained with 0.19molL(-1) formic acid when compared to 0.019 and 0.0019molL(-1) concentrations, which was confirmed by computer simulation studies to be due to the inadequate movement of the pH boundary for stacking. Further simulation studies combined with experimental data showed the separation with the best resolution and greatest sensitivity when the carbohydrates were derivatized with the 0.095molL(-1) formic acid. Utilisation of stacking via dynamic pH junction mode in conjunction with LED detection enabled efficiencies of 150,000 plates and detection limits in the order of 8.5x10(-8)molL(-1) for simple sugars such as glucose, lactose and maltotriose hydrate. The current system also demonstrates a 515 times improvement in sensitivity when compared to using a normal deuterium lamp, and 16 times improvement over other systems using LEDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artaches A Kazarian
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
150
|
Labeling of a self-hardening bone substitute using ruthenium tris-bipyridine complexes, for the analysis of its in vivo metabolism. CR CHIM 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|