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Bolechová M, Cáslavský J, Pospíchalová M, Kosubová P. UPLC-MS/MS method for determination of selected pyrrolizidine alkaloids in feed. Food Chem 2014; 170:265-70. [PMID: 25306344 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alkaloids known as secondary metabolites are grouped by typical structural characteristics into large families such as pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) comprising more than 350 individual heterocyclic compounds. The PAs present a serious health risk to human and livestock; hence there is a need for methods that allow these dangerous plant toxins to be determined. In this study, a fast, reliable and sensitive approach is proposed to identify and quantify PAs in feed samples. PAs including monocrotaline, senkirkine, senecionine, seneciphylline and retrorsine were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Sample preparation was based on a modified QuEChERS approach. The mean recovery, precision, matrix effects and limits of quantification were assessed for three matrices within the method validation. The presented method was used to inspect 41 various feed samples, where the presence of PAs was expected. Roughages and feed for rabbits contained the highest levels of PAs, in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bolechová
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Hroznová 2, Brno 656 06, Czech Republic; Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, Brno 612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Cáslavský
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, Brno 612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Pospíchalová
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Hroznová 2, Brno 656 06, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Kosubová
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Hroznová 2, Brno 656 06, Czech Republic.
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102
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Herbs and liver injury: a clinical perspective. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12:1069-76. [PMID: 23924877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite a perception that herbal and dietary supplements are safe, devastating liver injury has been reported to result from their use. The difficulty in characterizing liver injury attributable to herbal and dietary supplements stems from the permissive regulatory environment, the complexity of marketed products, and underreporting by the patients who use them. Despite these limitations, researchers, clinicians, and regulators have increasing awareness of the need for study in this area.
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103
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Griffin CT, Gosetto F, Danaher M, Sabatini S, Furey A. Investigation of targeted pyrrolizidine alkaloids in traditional Chinese medicines and selected herbal teas sourced in Ireland using LC-ESI-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:940-61. [PMID: 24645695 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.900193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Publications linking hepatotoxicity to the use of herbal preparations are escalating. Herbal teas, traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and dietary supplements have been shown to contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Acute PA toxicosis of the liver can result in sinusoidal-obstruction syndrome, also known as veno-occlusive disease (VOD). This paper describes a sensitive and robust method for the detection of targeted PAs and their N-oxides (PANOs) in herbal products (selected herbal teas and TCMs) sourced within Ireland. The sample preparation includes a simple acidic extraction with clean-up via solid-phase extraction (SPE). Sample extracts were accurately analysed by using LC-ESI-MS/MS applying for the first time a pentafluorophenyl (PFP) core-shell column to the chromatographic separation of PAs and PANOs. The method was validated for selectivity, taking into consideration matrix effects, specificity, linearity, precision and trueness. Limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) were quantified for all PAs and PANOs ranging from 0.4 to 1.9 µg kg⁻¹ and from 1.3 to 6.3 µg kg⁻¹, respectively. In this study 10 PAs and four PANOs were targeted because they are commercially available as reference standards. Therefore, this study can only report the levels of these PAs and PANOs analysed in the herbal teas and TCMs. The results reported represent the minimum levels of PAs and PANOs present in the samples analysed; commercially available herbal teas (n = 18) and TCMs (n = 54). A total of 50% herbal teas and 78% Chinese medicines tested positive for one or more PAs and/or PANOs included within this study, ranging from 10 to 1733 and from 13 to 3668 µg kg⁻¹, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline T Griffin
- a Department of Chemistry, Cork Institute of Technology (CIT) , Mass Spectrometry Research Centre (MSRC) and Team Elucidate Research Groups , Cork , Ireland
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104
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Diversity of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in the Boraginaceae Structures, Distribution, and Biological Properties. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/d6020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Among the diversity of secondary metabolites which are produced by plants as means of defence against herbivores and microbes, pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are common in Boraginaceae, Asteraceae and some other plant families. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are infamous as toxic compounds which can alkylate DNA und thus cause mutations and even cancer in herbivores and humans. Almost all genera of the family Boraginaceae synthesize and store this type of alkaloids. This review reports the available information on the present status (literature up to early 2014) of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the Boraginaceae and summarizes the topics structure, distribution, chemistry, chemotaxonomic significance, and biological properties.
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105
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Oplatowska M, Elliott CT, Huet AC, McCarthy M, Mulder PPJ, von Holst C, Delahaut P, Van Egmond HP, Campbell K. Development and validation of a rapid multiplex ELISA for pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides in honey and feed. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:757-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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106
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Damianakos H, Sotiroudis G, Chinou I. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Onosma erecta. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1829-1835. [PMID: 24107229 DOI: 10.1021/np300785g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The MeOH extract of the aerial parts of Onosma erecta afforded four new pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 7-O-acetylechinatine N-oxide (1), a viridinatine N-oxide stereoisomer (2), 7-epi-echimiplatine N-oxide (3), and onosmerectine N-oxide (4), and two additional new natural products, the acid 2,3-dimethyl-2,3,4-trihydroxypentanoic acid (5) and the acyloin 4-methyl-2-hydroxypentanone (6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Harilaos Damianakos
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, University Campus of Zografou , 15771 Zografou, Athens, Greece
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107
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Zhou J, Ouedraogo M, Qu F, Duez P. Potential Genotoxicity of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plants and Phytochemicals: An Overview. Phytother Res 2013; 27:1745-55. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jue Zhou
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Gongshang University; Hangzhou 310012 Zhejiang China
| | - Moustapha Ouedraogo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Health Sciences Faculty; University of Ouagadougou; 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03 Burkina Faso
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Bromatology and Human Nutrition; Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB); CP 205-9 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Fan Qu
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310006 Zhejiang China
| | - Pierre Duez
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Bromatology and Human Nutrition; Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB); CP 205-9 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
- Department of Therapeutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy; Université de Mons (UMONS); Bât. Mendeleiev, Av. Maistriau 7000 Mons Belgium
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108
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Griffin CT, Danaher M, Elliott CT, Glenn Kennedy D, Furey A. Detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in commercial honey using liquid chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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109
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Barthelme A, Richards D, Mellor IR, Stockman RA. A two-directional approach to pyrrolizidines: total syntheses and biological evaluation of alkaloid cis-223B and (±)-xenovenine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:10507-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc46800c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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110
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Aydın AA, Zerbes V, Parlar H, Letzel T. The medical plant butterbur (Petasites): analytical and physiological (re)view. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 75:220-9. [PMID: 23277154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Butterbur (Petasites) is an ancient plant which has been used for medical and edible purposes with its spasmolytic agents. However, toxic alkaloid content of the plant limits its direct usage. The paper covers the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and butterbur themes in detail in order to display the outline of alkaloid-free plant extract production for medical and edible purposes. The toxic PAs and medicinal constituents of the plant are described with emphasis on analytics, physiological effects and published patent data on alkaloid free extract production. The analytics is based on several commonly used analytical methods including liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and enzyme linked immunoassay analysis of PAs and N-oxides based on published literature data of butterbur. The analyses of major medicinal constituents of butterbur are given and the physiological effects of these compounds have been discussed to attract attention to the importance of alkaloid-free extract production. The concentration distributions of the medicinal constituents and toxic PAs in different parts of the plant and the outcomes of the published patent data provide comprehensive information for proper plant raw-material selection and production of alkaloid-free butterbur extracts. The review is intended to guide researchers interested in medical plant extracts by providing comprehensive data on the medical plant butterbur and its chemical constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Alper Aydın
- Analytical Research Group, Institute of Water Quality Control, Technische Universität München, Am Coloumbwall, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
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111
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Auerbach BJ, Reynolds SJ, Lamorde M, Merry C, Kukunda-Byobona C, Ocama P, Semeere AS, Ndyanabo A, Boaz I, Kiggundu V, Nalugoda F, Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Thomas DL, Kirk GD, Quinn TC, Stabinski L. Traditional herbal medicine use associated with liver fibrosis in rural Rakai, Uganda. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41737. [PMID: 23209545 PMCID: PMC3507824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional herbal medicines are commonly used in sub-Saharan Africa and some herbs are known to be hepatotoxic. However little is known about the effect of herbal medicines on liver disease in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS 500 HIV-infected participants in a rural HIV care program in Rakai, Uganda, were frequency matched to 500 HIV-uninfected participants. Participants were asked about traditional herbal medicine use and assessed for other potential risk factors for liver disease. All participants underwent transient elastography (FibroScan®) to quantify liver fibrosis. The association between herb use and significant liver fibrosis was measured with adjusted prevalence risk ratios (adjPRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using modified Poisson multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS 19 unique herbs from 13 plant families were used by 42/1000 of all participants, including 9/500 HIV-infected participants. The three most-used plant families were Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Lamiaceae. Among all participants, use of any herb (adjPRR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.3-3.5, p = 0.002), herbs from the Asteraceae family (adjPRR = 5.0, 95% CI 2.9-8.7, p<0.001), and herbs from the Lamiaceae family (adjPRR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.2-9.2, p = 0.017) were associated with significant liver fibrosis. Among HIV infected participants, use of any herb (adjPRR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.0-5.0, p = 0.044) and use of herbs from the Asteraceae family (adjPRR = 5.0, 95% CI 1.7-14.7, p = 0.004) were associated with increased liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Traditional herbal medicine use was independently associated with a substantial increase in significant liver fibrosis in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected study participants. Pharmacokinetic and prospective clinical studies are needed to inform herb safety recommendations in sub-Saharan Africa. Counseling about herb use should be part of routine health counseling and counseling of HIV-infected persons in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Auerbach
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
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112
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Tamta H, Pawar RS, Wamer WG, Grundel E, Krynitsky AJ, Rader JI. Comparison of metabolism-mediated effects of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in a HepG2/C3A cell-S9 co-incubation system and quantification of their glutathione conjugates. Xenobiotica 2012; 42:1038-48. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.679978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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113
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Ouedraogo M, Baudoux T, Stévigny C, Nortier J, Colet JM, Efferth T, Qu F, Zhou J, Chan K, Shaw D, Pelkonen O, Duez P. Review of current and "omics" methods for assessing the toxicity (genotoxicity, teratogenicity and nephrotoxicity) of herbal medicines and mushrooms. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 140:492-512. [PMID: 22386524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The increasing use of traditional herbal medicines around the world requires more scientific evidence for their putative harmlessness. To this end, a plethora of methods exist, more or less satisfying. In this post-genome era, recent reviews are however scarce, not only on the use of new "omics" methods (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabonomics) for genotoxicity, teratogenicity, and nephrotoxicity assessment, but also on conventional ones. METHODS The present work aims (i) to review conventional methods used to assess genotoxicity, teratogenicity and nephrotoxicity of medicinal plants and mushrooms; (ii) to report recent progress in the use of "omics" technologies in this field; (iii) to underline advantages and limitations of promising methods; and lastly (iv) to suggest ways whereby the genotoxicity, teratogenicity, and nephrotoxicity assessment of traditional herbal medicines could be more predictive. RESULTS Literature and safety reports show that structural alerts, in silico and classical in vitro and in vivo predictive methods are often used. The current trend to develop "omics" technologies to assess genotoxicity, teratogenicity and nephrotoxicity is promising but most often relies on methods that are still not standardized and validated. CONCLUSION Hence, it is critical that toxicologists in industry, regulatory agencies and academic institutions develop a consensus, based on rigorous methods, about the reliability and interpretation of endpoints. It will also be important to regulate the integration of conventional methods for toxicity assessments with new "omics" technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustapha Ouedraogo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso. mustapha
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114
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Suter M, Lüscher A. Rapid and high seed germination and large soil seed bank of Senecio aquaticus in managed grassland. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:723808. [PMID: 22272180 PMCID: PMC3259698 DOI: 10.1100/2012/723808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Senecio aquaticus, regionally a Red List species in Europe, has become increasingly abundant in agricultural grassland of medium to high management intensity in Switzerland, Southern Germany, and Austria in recent years, where it is a threat for animal and human health due to its toxicity. In this study, we investigated the seed ecology of S. aquaticus to help protection of the species in relic populations while improving its control when abundant in managed grassland. Germination percentages of fresh ripe seeds of S. aquaticus were on average 68% in 2008, but only 45% in 2010, indicating yearly variation. Germination was generally fast: ten days after the onset of the tests, often more than 45% of all seeds had germinated. When covered with a soil layer of 5 mm, germination was only 16% compared to 63% in full light. Seeds buried in the soil for one and two years showed a germination of 78%, significantly higher than that of fresh ripe seeds, thus suggesting a stimulating effect of cold-wet stratification on germination and long seed survival in the soil. In grasslands with established populations of S. aquaticus, the number of germinable seeds of the species ranged from 361 to 1875 m⁻² in topsoil (0-10 cm) with an average of 1139 m⁻². The large seed bank and the rapid and high germination of S. aquaticus suggest that allowing seed formation is important for its preservation in relic populations. With respect to agricultural grassland, strategies to control the species should initially target hindering seed production and dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Suter
- Swiss Grassland Society AGFF, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
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115
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Gao H, Li N, Wang JY, Zhang SC, Lin G. Definitive diagnosis of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome induced by pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Dig Dis 2012; 13:33-9. [PMID: 22188914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2011.00552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) induced by a Chinese medicinal herb Tusanqi is increasingly being reported in recent years. The aim of the study was to investigate the possibility of using blood pyrrole-protein adducts test as a confirmatory diagnostic method. METHODS Patients with HSOS according to international diagnostic criteria associated with Tusanqi from January 2006 to August 2010 in Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University were included and clinical features were collected. Pyrrole-protein adducts in blood sample were determined with ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) while pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in available herbal preparations were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV). RESULTS Five patients (age 41-72 years, median age 54 years, all women) were included. Ascites (5/5), jaundice (5/5) and hepatomegaly (4/5) were common manifestations. The imaging features were diffused, patchy hepatic enhancement, periportal edema and ascites. Pathology ascertained that blood flow was obstructive at the site of sinusoid. PAs (Seneionine and seneciphylline) were identified in all the three available herbal preparations ingested by the HSOS patients. Pyrrole-protein adducts were unequivocally found in all the five blood samples. Two patients recovered, two developed chronic illness and one died due to liver failure and hepatic encephalopathy. CONCLUSIONS The detection of blood pyrrole-protein adducts using a UPLC-MS approach is a specific, reliable, unambiguous and confirmatory test for HSOS induced by PA, and should be used together with the conventional HSOS clinical diagnostic criteria for the definitive diagnosis of PA-induced HSOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Luís Â, Domingues F, Duarte AP. Bioactive Compounds, RP-HPLC Analysis of Phenolics, and Antioxidant Activity of Some Portuguese Shrub Species Extracts. Nat Prod Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1100601219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the ecosystem of Serra Da Estrela, some plant species have the potential to be used as raw material for extraction of bioactive products. The goal of this work was to determine the phenolic, flavonoid, tannin and alkaloid contents of the methanolic extracts of some shrubs ( Echinospartum ibericum, Pterospartum tridentatum, Juniperus communis, Ruscus aculeatus, Rubus ulmifolius, Hakea sericea, Cytisus multiflorus, Crataegus monogyna, Erica arborea and Ipomoea acuminata), and then to correlate the phenolic compounds and flavonoids with the antioxidant activity of each extract. The Folin-Ciocalteu's method was used for the determination of total phenols, and tannins were then precipitated with polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP); a colorimetric method with aluminum chloride was used for the determination of flavonoids, and a Dragendorff's reagent method was used for total alkaloid estimation. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene bleaching tests were used to assess the antioxidant activity of extracts. The identification of phenolic compounds present in extracts was performed using RP-HPLC. A positive linear correlation between antioxidant activity index and total phenolic content of methanolic extracts was observed. The RP-HPLC procedure showed that the most common compounds were ferulic and ellagic acids and quercetin. Most of the studied shrubs have significant antioxidant properties that are probably due to the existence of phenolic compounds in the extracts. It is noteworthy to emphasize that for Echinospartum ibericum, Hakea sericea and Ipomoea acuminata, to the best of our knowledge, no phytochemical studies have been undertaken nor their use in traditional medicine been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângelo Luís
- CICS-UBI Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Domingues
- CICS-UBI Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Duarte
- CICS-UBI Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
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Olivieri C, Marota I, Rollo F, Luciani S. Tracking plant, fungal, and bacterial DNA in honey specimens. J Forensic Sci 2011; 57:222-7. [PMID: 22074557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Consuming honey can result in adverse effects owing to poisoning by bacterial (botulism) or plant toxins. We have devised a method to extract polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifiable DNA of up to c. 400 bp in length based on dialysis of a 15-mL honey sample for 18 h against deionized water followed by sequential extraction using phenol, phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol, chloroform/isoamyl alcohol, and ether. Sequence analysis of PCR products obtained using "universal" plant, fungal, and bacterial primers targeted to the ribosomal RNA genes has allowed us to identify six different orders of plants (Apiales, Fabales, Asterales, Solanales, Brassicales, and Sapindales), two orders of fungi (Entylomatales and Saccharomycetales), and six orders of bacteria (Sphingomonadales, Burkholderiales, Pseudomonadales, Enterobacteriales, Actinomycetales, and Bifidobacteriales) in a single honey specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Olivieri
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, University of Camerino, Camerino (MC), Italy
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119
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Koleva II, van Beek TA, Soffers AEMF, Dusemund B, Rietjens IMCM. Alkaloids in the human food chain - Natural occurrence and possible adverse effects. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 56:30-52. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Li Z, Fuscoe JC, Chen T. MicroRNAs and their predicted target messenger RNAs are deregulated by exposure to a carcinogenic dose of comfrey in rat liver. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2011; 52:469-478. [PMID: 21370286 DOI: 10.1002/em.20645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that function as regulators of gene expression to control cell growth and differentiation. In this study, we analyzed miRNA and mRNA expression in the livers of rats treated with a carcinogenic dose of comfrey (Symphytum officinale) for 12 weeks. Groups of six rats were fed a normal diet or a diet containing 8% comfrey root. The animals were sacrificed 1 day after the last treatment and the livers were isolated for miRNA expression analysis using LC Sciences miRNA microarrays and for mRNA expression analysis using Affymetrix rat genome microarrays. MiRNA expression levels were significantly changed by comfrey treatment. The treated samples were separated clearly from the control samples in both principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). Quantitative measurements of seven miRNAs using TaqMan real-time PCR were consistent with the microarray results in terms of fold-change and the direction of the change in expression. Forty-five miRNAs (P < 0.01) and 1,921 mRNAs (q = 0) were significantly changed by comfrey treatment. Using a target prediction algorithm, 434 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were predicted to be targeted by the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs). The DEM-targeted DEGs were more likely to be involved in carcinogenesis than the DEGs that were not targeted by the DEMs. The nontargeted DEGs were enriched in noncancer-related biological processes. Our data suggest that comfrey may exert its carcinogenic effects by disturbing miRNA expression resulting in altered mRNA levels of the DEM-targeted genes that are functionally associated with carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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Wiedenfeld H. Plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids: toxicity and problems. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:282-92. [PMID: 21360374 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.541288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are toxic for human and livestock. They undergo a metabolic toxication process in the liver which is the first target organ for PA poisoning. Worldwide many episodes of human PA intoxications are well reported. In many cases the reason for these intoxications has been PA contamination in food. The main tools for analysing food and fodder on PA content are based on GC and HPLC separation, followed by MS(-MS) detection. Actual incidents with toxic PA are the 'Jacobaea vulgaris (syn. Senecio jacobaea) problem' in Europe and the 'Ageratum conyzoides problem' in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wiedenfeld
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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122
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Edgar JA, Colegate SM, Boppré M, Molyneux RJ. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food: a spectrum of potential health consequences. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:308-24. [PMID: 21360376 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.547520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of grain with 1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine ester alkaloids (dehydroPAs) and their N-oxides is responsible for large incidents of acute and subacute food poisoning, with high morbidity and mortality, in Africa and in central and south Asia. Herbal medicines and teas containing dehydroPAs have also caused fatalities in both developed and developing countries. There is now increasing recognition that some staple and widely consumed foods are sometimes contaminated by dehydroPAs and their N-oxides at levels that, while insufficient to cause acute poisoning, greatly exceed maximum tolerable daily intakes and/or maximum levels determined by a number of independent risk assessment authorities. This suggests that there may have been cases of disease in the past not recognised as resulting from dietary exposure to dehydroPAs. A review of the literature shows that there are a number of reports of liver disease where either exposure to dehydroPAs was suspected but no source was identified or a dehydroPA-aetiology was not considered but the symptoms and pathology suggests their involvement. DehydroPAs also cause progressive, chronic diseases such as cancer and pulmonary arterial hypertension but proof of their involvement in human cases of these chronic diseases, including sources of exposure to dehydroPAs, has generally been lacking. Growing recognition of hazardous levels of dehydroPAs in a range of common foods suggests that physicians and clinicians need to be alert to the possibility that these contaminants may, in some cases, be a possible cause of chronic diseases such as cirrhosis, pulmonary hypertension and cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Edgar
- CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, North Ryde, Australia.
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123
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Wang C, Li Y, Gao J, He Y, Xiong A, Yang L, Cheng X, Ma Y, Wang Z. The comparative pharmacokinetics of two pyrrolizidine alkaloids, senecionine and adonifoline, and their main metabolites in rats after intravenous and oral administration by UPLC/ESIMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:275-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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124
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Boppré M. The ecological context of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food, feed and forage: an overview. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:260-81. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.555085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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125
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Leiss KA. Management practices for control of ragwort species. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2011; 10:153-163. [PMID: 21475410 PMCID: PMC3047715 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-010-9173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The ragwort species common or tansy ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris, formerly Senecio jacobaea), marsh ragwort (S. aquaticus), Oxford ragwort (S. squalidus) and hoary ragwort (S. erucifolius) are native in Europe, but invaded North America, Australia and New Zealand as weeds. The abundance of ragwort species is increasing in west-and central Europe. Ragwort species contain different groups of secondary plant compounds defending them against generalist herbivores, contributing to their success as weeds. They are mainly known for containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are toxic to grazing cattle and other livestock causing considerable losses to agricultural revenue. Consequently, control of ragwort is obligatory by law in the UK, Ireland and Australia. Commonly used management practices to control ragwort include mechanical removal, grazing, pasture management, biological control and chemical control. In this review the biology of ragwort species is shortly described and the different management practices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A. Leiss
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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126
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Mei N, Guo L, Fu PP, Fuscoe JC, Luan Y, Chen T. Metabolism, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of comfrey. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2010; 13:509-26. [PMID: 21170807 PMCID: PMC5894094 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2010.509013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Comfrey has been consumed by humans as a vegetable and a tea and used as an herbal medicine for more than 2000 years. Comfrey, however, produces hepatotoxicity in livestock and humans and carcinogenicity in experimental animals. Comfrey contains as many as 14 pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA), including 7-acetylintermedine, 7-acetyllycopsamine, echimidine, intermedine, lasiocarpine, lycopsamine, myoscorpine, symlandine, symphytine, and symviridine. The mechanisms underlying comfrey-induced genotoxicity and carcinogenicity are still not fully understood. The available evidence suggests that the active metabolites of PA in comfrey interact with DNA in liver endothelial cells and hepatocytes, resulting in DNA damage, mutation induction, and cancer development. Genotoxicities attributed to comfrey and riddelliine (a representative genotoxic PA and a proven rodent mutagen and carcinogen) are discussed in this review. Both of these compounds induced similar profiles of 6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP)-derived DNA adducts and similar mutation spectra. Further, the two agents share common mechanisms of drug metabolism and carcinogenesis. Overall, comfrey is mutagenic in liver, and PA contained in comfrey appear to be responsible for comfrey-induced toxicity and tumor induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Reproductive Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA.
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127
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Dolan LC, Matulka RA, Burdock GA. Naturally occurring food toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2289-332. [PMID: 22069686 PMCID: PMC3153292 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2092289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many foods contain toxins as a naturally-occurring constituent or, are formed as the result of handling or processing, the incidence of adverse reactions to food is relatively low. The low incidence of adverse effects is the result of some pragmatic solutions by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other regulatory agencies through the creative use of specifications, action levels, tolerances, warning labels and prohibitions. Manufacturers have also played a role by setting limits on certain substances and developing mitigation procedures for process-induced toxins. Regardless of measures taken by regulators and food producers to protect consumers from natural food toxins, consumption of small levels of these materials is unavoidable. Although the risk for toxicity due to consumption of food toxins is fairly low, there is always the possibility of toxicity due to contamination, overconsumption, allergy or an unpredictable idiosyncratic response. The purpose of this review is to provide a toxicological and regulatory overview of some of the toxins present in some commonly consumed foods, and where possible, discuss the steps that have been taken to reduce consumer exposure, many of which are possible because of the unique process of food regulation in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie C Dolan
- Burdock Group, 801 N. Orange Ave., Suite 710, Orlando FL 32801, USA.
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128
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Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are common constituents of many plant species around the world. PA-containing plants are probably the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock and wildlife. They can inflict harm to humans through contaminated food sources, herbal medicines and dietary supplements. Half of the identified PAs are genotoxic and many of them are tumorigenic. The mutagenicity of PAs has been extensively studied in different biological systems. Upon metabolic activation, PAs produce DNA adducts, DNA cross-linking, DNA breaks, sister chromatid exchange, micronuclei, chromosomal aberrations, gene mutations and chromosome mutations in vivo and in vitro. PAs induced mutations in the cII gene of rat liver and in the p53 and K-ras genes of mouse liver tumors. It has been suggested that all PAs produce a set of (+/-)-6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine-derived DNA adducts and similar types of gene mutations. The signature types of mutations are G : C --> T : A transversion and tandem base substitutions. Overall, PAs are mutagenic in vivo and in vitro and their mutagenicity appears to be responsible for the carcinogenesis of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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129
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Silva DL, Couto Tavares E, Souza Conegero L, Fátima Â, Pilli RA, Fernandes SA. NMR studies of inclusion complexation of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retronecine and p-sulfonic acid calix[6]arene. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-010-9825-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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130
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Lucena RB, Rissi DR, Maia LA, Flores MM, Dantas AFM, Nobre VMDT, Riet-Correa F, Barros CS. Intoxicação por alcaloides pirrolizidínicos em ruminantes e equinos no Brasil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2010000500013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Casos de intoxicação por alcaloides pirrolizidínicos (APs) em ruminantes e equinos foram investigados retrospectivamente através do acesso aos arquivos de dois laboratórios de diagnóstico veterinário no Sul e Nordeste brasileiro. Os dados obtidos foram comparados com aqueles retirados da literatura concernentes a surtos dessa toxicose no Brasil, onde ela é associada com a ingestão de plantas que contêm APs dos gêneros Senecio, Crotalaria e Echium. Formas aguda e crônica da toxicose foram encontradas. A doença aguda foi observada em associação com a ingestão de Crotalaria retusa em ovinos e caprinos. C. retusa e Senecio spp. também foram responsáveis pela intoxicação crônica em bovinos, equinos e ovinos. A intoxicação por APs é uma importante causa de morte em animais pecuários no Brasil. Essa é a principal causa de morte em bovinos na região Central do Rio Grande do Sul e uma das principais causas de morte em equinos na Paraíba. A epidemiologia, os sinais clínicos, a patologia e a importância da intoxicação por APs são descritos e discutidos.
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131
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Pawar RS, Grundel E, Mazzola E, White KD, Krynitsky AJ, Rader JI. Chiral stationary phases for separation of intermedine and lycopsamine enantiomers fromSymphytum uplandicum. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:200-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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132
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Dai J, Zhang F, Zheng J. Retrorsine, but not monocrotaline, is a mechanism-based inactivator of P450 3A4. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 183:49-56. [PMID: 19818743 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Retrorsine (RTS) and monocrotaline (MCT) cause severe toxicities via P450-mediated metabolic activation. The screening of mechanism-based inhibitors showed RTS inactivated 3A4 in the presence of NADPH. Unlike RTS, MCT failed to inhibit P450 3A4 and other enzymes tested. Further studies showed the loss of P450 3A4 activity occurred in a time- and concentration-dependent way, which was not recovered after dialysis. Dextromethorphan, a P450 3A4 substrate, protected the enzyme from the inactivation. Exogenous nucleophile glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species scavengers catalase and superoxide dismutase did not protect P450 3A4 from the inactivation. GSH trapping experiments showed both P450 3A4 and 2C19 converted RTS and MCT to the corresponding electrophilic metabolites which could be trapped by GSH to form 7-GSH-DHP conjugate. We conclude that RTS and MCT are metabolically activated by P450 3A4 and 2C19, and that RTS, but not MCT, is a mechanism-based inactivator of P450 3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Dai
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 1900 9th Ave, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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133
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Fu PP, Chou MW, Churchwell M, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Xia Q, Gamboa da Costa G, Marques MM, Beland FA, Doerge DR. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Detection and Quantitation of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid-Derived DNA Adducts in Vitro and in Vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:637-52. [DOI: 10.1021/tx900402x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter P. Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, and Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ming W. Chou
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, and Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mona Churchwell
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, and Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yuping Wang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, and Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yuewei Zhao
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, and Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Qingsu Xia
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, and Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Gamboa da Costa
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, and Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M. Matilde Marques
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, and Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Frederick A. Beland
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, and Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniel R. Doerge
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, and Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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134
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He YQ, Liu Y, Zhang BF, Liu HX, Lu YL, Yang L, Xiong AZ, Xu LL, Wang CH, Yang L, Wang ZT. Identification of the UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Isozyme Involved in Senecionine Glucuronidation in Human Liver Microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:626-34. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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135
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Ji L, Liu T, Chen Y, Wang Z. Protective mechanisms ofN-acetyl-cysteine against pyrrolizidine alkaloid clivorine-induced hepatotoxicity. J Cell Biochem 2009; 108:424-32. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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136
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Cytotoxicity of Senecio in macrophages is mediated via its induction of oxidative stress. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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137
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an updated summary of dietary mutagens and their potential role in the etiology of cancer and atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Compelling evidence supports an accumulation of somatic mutations during carcinogenesis, leading to the activation of oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes or both. There is also suggestive evidence that mutation provides an early event in atherosclerosis. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identify genes associated with familial cancers and atherosclerosis, but genes involved in sporadic events are less well characterized. Many dietary components are mutagenic, including natural dietary components, mutagens generated during cooking and processing of food or through contamination. Molecular epidemiology associates specific mutagens with specific types of cancer. Although chromosome mutations may provide a risk biomarker for atherosclerosis, they are not necessarily causal. SUMMARY Association studies, supported by molecular epidemiology, provide evidence that certain dietary mutagens, including aflatoxin B1, aristolochic acid and benzo[a]pyrene, are causal in some human cancers. Similar studies have correlated the level of oxidative DNA damage, DNA adducts and clastogenesis in arterial smooth muscle cells with atherogenic risk factors described through traditional epidemiology. However, establishing whether or not dietary mutagens lead to mutations that are causal in atherosclerosis remains a challenge for the newer genomic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette R Ferguson
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Discipline of Nutrition, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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138
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Fu PP, Chiang HM, Xia Q, Chen T, Chen BH, Yin JJ, Wen KC, Lin G, Yu H. Quality assurance and safety of herbal dietary supplements. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2009; 27:91-119. [PMID: 19412857 DOI: 10.1080/10590500902885676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the U.S. Congress passed the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) in 1994, use of herbal products has been growing rapidly worldwide. To ensure consumer health protection, the quality and safety of herbal plants, particularly those used for dietary supplement preparations, must be determined. To date, toxicological data on the identification of genotoxic and tumorigenic ingredients in many raw herbs and their mechanisms of action are lacking. Thus, identification of carcinogenic components in herbal plants is timely and important. In this review, the issues of quality control and safety evaluation of raw herbs and herbal dietary supplements are discussed. Two examples of tumorigenicity and mechanism of tumor induction are discussed: aristolochic acid and riddelliine, both of which have been detected in Chinese herbal plants. It is proposed that an organized effort with international participation on cancer risk assessment should be actively pursued so that the safety of commercial herbal plants and herbal dietary supplements can be ensured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA.
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139
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Hueza IM, Benassi JC, Raspantini PCF, Raspantini LER, Sa´ LRM, Górniak SL, Haraguchi M. Low doses of monocrotaline in rats cause diminished bone marrow cellularity and compromised nitric oxide production by peritoneal macrophages. J Immunotoxicol 2009; 6:11-8. [DOI: 10.1080/15476910802604259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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140
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Binetti VR, Schiffman JD, Leaffer OD, Spanier JE, Schauer CL. The natural transparency and piezoelectric response of the Greta oto butterfly wing. Integr Biol (Camb) 2009; 1:324-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b820205b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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141
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Cao Y, Colegate SM, Edgar JA. Safety assessment of food and herbal products containing hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids: interlaboratory consistency and the importance of N-oxide determination. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2008; 19:526-533. [PMID: 18618436 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Two recent mass spectrometry-based reports concerning Senecio scandens yielded remarkably dissimilar pyrrolizidine alkaloid constituents. In both studies, and in a related analysis of Senecio scandens and Tussilago farfara using micellar electrokinetic chromatography, the presence of hazardous N-oxides of the alkaloids was either not considered or was inadequately considered. This raises concerns about the effectiveness of the methodologies used in these, and similar, studies in assessing the pyrrolizidine alkaloid content and the safety of food, food supplements and medicines for human use. OBJECTIVE To highlight essential analytical requirements for confident assessment of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-related safety of food and herbal products for human use. METHODOLOGY Direct infusion-ESI MS and HPLC-ESI MS were used to analyse samples derived from liquid-liquid partitioning experiments and from strong cation exchange, solid-phase extraction of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides. RESULTS A simple solvent partitioning experiment using pure senecionine and senecionine-N-oxide, two constituents reported in one of the mass spectrometry-based studies of S. scandens, clearly demonstrated the inadequacy of the reported method to detect and quantitate hazardous pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxide components. A preliminary LCMS analysis of commercially-prepared extracts of comfrey roots (Symphytum officinale and S. uplandicum s. l.) was used as a model to highlight the analytical importance of N-oxides in the safety assessment of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing medicinal herbs. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted significant differences in the reported identification of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from the same plant species, and clearly demonstrated the inadequacy of some procedures to include N-oxides in the assessment of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-related safety of food and herbal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Plant Toxins Research Group, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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142
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Abstract
Diet-related mutagenesis plays an etiologic role in chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Many dietary mutagens are DNA reactive, leading to distinct spectra of base-pair substitution mutations and structural chromosome changes. Examples include aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, ptaquiloside, various pyrrolizidine alkaloids, heterocyclic amines including 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzo[a]pyrene. However, endogenously or exogenously formed reactive species, inhibitors of topoisomerase II enzymes (e.g., flavonoids), of DNA repair (e.g., caffeine), or of the mitotic spindle (possibly acrylamide), also cause mutations, including structural chromosome changes and copy number variants. Genomic instability also results from inadequate nutrient intake (e.g., folate and selenium). Antimutagens include vitamin C, carotenoids, chlorophyllin, dietary fibers, and plant polyphenols acting through various mechanisms. Polymorphisms in genes for nutrient uptake, metabolism, and excretion will affect dietary intake in determining individual risk of disease development. Human studies utilizing nutrigenomic/nutrigenetic technologies will be essential to quantifying and overcoming diet-related mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette R. Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martin Philpott
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
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143
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Monocrotaline pyrrol is cytotoxic and alters the patterns of GFAP expression on astrocyte primary cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1191-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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144
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Boppré M, Colegate SM, Edgar JA, Fischer OW. Hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in pollen and drying-related implications for commercial processing of bee pollen. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:5662-5672. [PMID: 18553916 DOI: 10.1021/jf800568u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Using HPLC-ESI-MS, several saturated and 1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids were detected, mainly as their N-oxides, in fresh pollen collected from flowers of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid-producing plants Echium vulgare, E. plantagineum, Senecio jacobaea, S. ovatus, and Eupatorium cannabinum, and/or pollen loads from bees (bee pollen) that foraged on those plants. A major alkaloidal metabolite in S. ovatus was tentatively identified, using its mass spectrometric data and biogenic considerations, as the previously unreported, saturated alkaloid, 2-hydroxysarracine. Heating had very little effect on the 1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides from a variety of sources. Considered in conjunction with international concerns about the adverse effects of these alkaloids, the results strongly indicate a need for monitoring pollen supplies intended for human consumption, at least until conditions for processing and/or selection are clearly defined such as to significantly reduce the hepatotoxic (and potentially carcinogenic and genotoxic) pyrrolizidine alkaloid content of bee pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Boppré
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Plant Toxins Research Group, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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145
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Yan J, Xia Q, Chou MW, Fu PP. Metabolic activation of retronecine and retronecine N-oxide – formation of DHP-derived DNA adducts. Toxicol Ind Health 2008; 24:181-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233708093727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that metabolism of a series of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in vitro and in vivo generated a set of (+/−)6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP)-derived DNA adducts. It has also been shown that the levels of the DHP-derived DNA adduct formation correlated closely with the tumorigenic potencies of the mice fed with different doses of riddelliine. Retronecine is the necine base and the structurally smallest chemical of the retronecine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Although it has been reported that microsomal metabolism of retronecine generated DHP as a metabolite, it was yet not known whether metabolism of retronecine in vivo could generate DHP-derived DNA adducts and if formed, whether or not the levels of DNA adducts were comparable with those formed from the other tumorigenic retronecine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids, such as riddelliine, retrorsine, and monocrotaline. In this investigation, the in-vitro and in-vivo metabolic activation of retronecine was studied. Rat liver microsomal metabolism of retronecine in the presence of calf thymus DNA resulted in the formation of a set of DHP–DNA adducts. The metabolism of retronecine N-oxide under similar conditions also formed the similar set of DHP–DNA adducts. The level of DNA adducts from retronecine was enhanced when metabolism by liver microsomes from phenobarbital (PB)-induced rats were used. The DHP–DNA adducts were also found in the liver DNA of female F344 rats treated with retronecine or retronecine N-oxide. The highest level of the total DHP–DNA adducts was found in liver DNA from the rats treated with dehydroretronecine (DHR). The order of the levels of DNA adducts in the liver DNA samples from rats treated with various pyrrolizidine alkaloids was: DHR > riddelliine > riddelliine N-oxide >> retronecine > retronecine N-oxide. The results indicate that 1) retronecine can be metabolized to form DHP by rat liver microsomal enzymes and interacts with DNA to produce DHP–DNA adducts and 2) retronecine N-oxide undergoes the biotransformation to the parent compound, retronecine. The results from this and our previous findings strongly suggest that formation of DHP–DNA adducts may be a potential biomarker for pyrrolizidine alkaloid carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yan
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Q Xia
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - MW Chou
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - PP Fu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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146
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Liu CM, Wang HX, Wei SL, Gao K. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Bisabolane Sesquiterpenes from the Roots ofLigularia cymbulifera. Helv Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200890036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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147
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Zhang F, Wang CH, Wang W, Chen LX, Ma HY, Zhang CF, Zhang M, Bligh SWA, Wang ZT. Quantitative analysis by HPLC-MS2 of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid adonifoline in Senecio scandens. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2008; 19:25-31. [PMID: 17879229 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative method using HPLC-MS(2) has been developed for the determination of adonifoline, one of the retronecine-type hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don., a traditional Chinese herb. Using an orthogonal design test, a simple and rapid sample extraction method was developed. HPLC analysis was conducted using a C(18) column as stationary phase and a mixture of acetonitrile and aqueous formic acid as mobile phase. Good linearity for adonifoline was found in the concentration range 0.12-4.18 microg/mL, and the HPLC-MS/MS method was shown to be appropriate, in terms of sensitivity, precision and reproducibility. The quantities of adonifoline in extracts of 18 plant samples from different collection sources and from different parts (flowers, leaves, thick stems, slim stems and roots) of S. scandens were determined using the newly developed HPLC/MS(2) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Standardisation of Chinese Medicines of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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148
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Torres MBA, Coelho KI. Experimental poisoning by Senecio brasiliensis in calves: quantitative and semi-quantitative study on changes in the hepatic extracellular matrix and sinusoidal cells. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2008000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix plays an important role in chronic hepatic lesions and has been studied in experimental intoxication models. However in cattle, studies on chronic disease have focused on the hepatocellular damage and extracellular matrix (ECM) changes are usually overlooked. There are no specific studies on the hepatic ECM in either normal or chronically damaged bovine liver. Thus an experimental model of hepatic toxicity model using Senecio brasiliensis poisoned calves was designed. Senecio brasiliensis contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids which cause either acute or chronic progressive dose dependent liver damage. Five calves were orally fed with 0.38g of dry leaves of S. brasiliensis/kg/day for 24 days. Liver needle biopsy specimens were obtained every 15 days for 60 days. Clinical signs of digestive complications appeared at 3rd week. One calf died on 45th day and four were evaluated up to 60th day. Biopsy samples were processed for routine light microscopy, immuno-histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. From 30th day on progressive liver damage characterized by hepatocellular ballooning, necrosis, apoptosis and megalocytosis, centrilobular, pericellular and portal fibrosis were seen by light microscopy. Quantitative and semi-quantitative measurements of hepatic ECM components were performed before and after the onset of lesions. Morphometric analysis of total collagen and elastic fiber system was conducted. Total collagen and I and III collagen types progressively increased in throughout the liver of affected calves. Changes in location, amount and disposition of the elastic fiber system were also observed. Then numbers of Kupffer cells were significantly increased at 30th day and total numbers of sinusoidal cells were significantly increased at 45th and 60th days. Liver damage was progressive and irreversible even after the exposure to the plant was discontinued. Severe fibrotic lesions occurred mainly in portal tracts, followed by veno-occlusive and pericellular fibrosis. Collagen types I and III s were present in every normal and damaged liver, with predominance of type I. In affected calves the increase of total collagen and elastic fibers system paralleled the number of total sinusoidal cells.
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149
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Lüde S, Török M, Dieterle S, Jäggi R, Büter KB, Krähenbühl S. Hepatocellular toxicity of kava leaf and root extracts. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 15:120-131. [PMID: 18055189 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Kava extracts are used widely for different purposes and were thought to be safe. Recently, several cases of hepatotoxicity have been published. To explore possible mechanisms of kava hepatotoxicity, we prepared and analyzed three different kava extracts (a methanolic and an acetonic root and a methanolic leaf extract), and investigated their toxicity on HepG2 cells and isolated rat liver mitochondria. All three extracts showed cytotoxicity starting at a concentration of 50 microg/ml (lactate dehydrogenase leakage) or 1 microg/ml (MTT test). The mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased (root extracts starting at 50 microg/ml) and the respiratory chain inhibited and uncoupled (root extracts) or only uncoupled (leaf extract) at 150 microg/ml, and mitochondrial beta-oxidation was inhibited by all extracts starting at 100 microg/ml. The ratio oxidized to reduced glutathione was increased in HepG2 cells, whereas the cellular ATP content was maintained. Induction of apoptosis was demonstrated by all extracts at a concentration of 150 microg/ml. These results indicate that the kava extracts are toxic to mitochondria, leading to inhibition of the respiratory chain, increased ROS production, a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential and eventually to apoptosis of exposed cells. In predisposed patients, mitochondrial toxicity of kava extract may explain hepatic adverse reactions of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Lüde
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Research, University Hospital, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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150
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Zhang F, Wang CH, Xiong AZ, Wang W, Yang L, Branford-White CJ, Wang ZT, Bligh SA. Quantitative analysis of total retronecine esters-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids in plant by high performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 605:94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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