101
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Biochemical Diagnosis in Substance and Non-substance Addiction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1010:169-202. [PMID: 29098673 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5562-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An optimal biochemical marker for addiction would be some easily traced molecules in body specimens, which indicates indulgent addictive behaviors, or susceptibility to certain addictive stimuli. In this chapter, we discussed existing literature about possible biomarkers, and classified them into three categories: origin forms and metabolites of substances, markers from biochemical responses to certain addiction, and genetic and epigenetic biomarkers suggesting susceptibility to addiction. In every category, we examined studies concerning certain type of addiction one by one, with focuses mainly on opiates, psychostimulants, and pathological gambling. Several promising molecules were highlighted, including those of neurotrophic factors, inflammatory factors, and indicators of vascular injury, and genetic and epigenetic biomarkers such as serum miRNAs. DNA methylation signatures and signal nucleotide polymorphism of candidate gene underlying the addiction.
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102
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Alves-Cruzeiro JMDC, Mendonça L, Pereira de Almeida L, Nóbrega C. Motor Dysfunctions and Neuropathology in Mouse Models of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2: A Comprehensive Review. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:572. [PMID: 28018166 PMCID: PMC5156697 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is an autosomal dominant ataxia caused by an expansion of CAG repeats in the exon 1 of the gene ATXN2, conferring a gain of toxic function that triggers the appearance of the disease phenotype. SCA2 is characterized by several symptoms including progressive gait ataxia and dysarthria, slow saccadic eye movements, sleep disturbances, cognitive impairments, and psychological dysfunctions such as insomnia and depression, among others. The available treatments rely on palliative care, which mitigate some of the major symptoms but ultimately fail to block the disease progression. This persistent lack of effective therapies led to the development of several models in yeast, C. elegans, D. melanogaster, and mice to serve as platforms for testing new therapeutic strategies and to accelerate the research on the complex disease mechanisms. In this work, we review 4 transgenic and 1 knock-in mouse that exhibit a SCA2-related phenotype and discuss their usefulness in addressing different scientific problems. The knock-in mice are extremely faithful to the human disease, with late onset of symptoms and physiological levels of mutant ataxin-2, while the other transgenic possess robust and well-characterized motor impairments and neuropathological features. Furthermore, a new BAC model of SCA2 shows promise to study the recently explored role of non-coding RNAs as a major pathogenic mechanism in this devastating disorder. Focusing on specific aspects of the behavior and neuropathology, as well as technical aspects, we provide a highly practical description and comparison of all the models with the purpose of creating a useful resource for SCA2 researchers worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liliana Mendonça
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Clévio Nóbrega
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine and Center for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal
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103
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Recasens A, Perier C, Sue CM. Role of microRNAs in the Regulation of α-Synuclein Expression: A Systematic Review. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:128. [PMID: 27917109 PMCID: PMC5116472 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that increased levels of α-synuclein might contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms underlying α-synuclein expression. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of gene expression involved in several diseases such as PD and other neurodegenerative disorders. A systematic literature search was performed here to identify microRNAs that directly or indirectly impact in α-synuclein expression/accumulation and describe its mechanism of action. A total of 27 studies were incorporated in the review article showing evidences that six microRNAs directly bind and regulate α-synuclein expression while several miRNAs impact on α-synuclein expression indirectly by targeting other genes. In turn, α-synuclein overexpression also impacts miRNAs expression, indicating the complex network between miRNAs and α-synuclein. From the current knowledge on the central role of α-synuclein in PD pathogenesis/progression, miRNAs are likely to play a crucial role at different stages of PD and might potentially be considered as new PD therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Recasens
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, The Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health DistrictSt. Leonards, NSW, Australia; Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Celine Perier
- Neurodegenerative Disease Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute and Centre for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, The Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health DistrictSt. Leonards, NSW, Australia; Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
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104
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RNCR3 knockdown inhibits diabetes mellitus-induced retinal reactive gliosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:198-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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105
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Abstract
The brain is considered a major site for microRNA (miRNA) expression; as evidenced by several studies reporting microarray data of different brain substructures. The hypothalamus is among the brain regions that plays a crucial role in integrating signals from other brain nuclei as well as environmental, hormonal, metabolic and neuronal signals from the periphery in order to deliver an adequate response. The hypothalamus controls vital functions such as reproduction, energy homeostasis, water balance, circadian rhythm and stress. These functions need a high neuronal plasticity to adequately respond to physiological, environmental and psychological stimuli that could be limited to a specific temporal period during life or are cyclic events. In this context, miRNAs constitute major regulators and coordinators of gene expression. Indeed, in response to specific stimuli, changes in miRNA expression profiles finely tune specific mRNA targets to adequately fit to the immediate needs through mainly the modulation of neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Taouis
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology of Food Intake (NMPA), UMR 9197, University Paris-Sud, Orsay, France; NMPA, Neurosciences Paris Saclay Institute (NeuroPSI), Department Molecules & Circuits, CNRS UMR 9197, Orsay, France.
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106
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Salta E, Sierksma A, Vanden Eynden E, De Strooper B. miR-132 loss de-represses ITPKB and aggravates amyloid and TAU pathology in Alzheimer's brain. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:1005-18. [PMID: 27485122 PMCID: PMC5009807 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNA‐132 (miR‐132) is involved in prosurvival, anti‐inflammatory and memory‐promoting functions in the nervous system and has been found consistently downregulated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whether and how miR‐132 deficiency impacts AD pathology remains, however, unaddressed. We show here that miR‐132 loss exacerbates both amyloid and TAU pathology via inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate 3‐kinase B (ITPKB) upregulation in an AD mouse model. This leads to increased ERK1/2 and BACE1 activity and elevated TAU phosphorylation. We confirm downregulation of miR‐132 and upregulation of ITPKB in three distinct human AD patient cohorts, indicating the pathological relevance of this pathway in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Salta
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, Universitaire ziekenhuizen and LIND, KU, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annerieke Sierksma
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, Universitaire ziekenhuizen and LIND, KU, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elke Vanden Eynden
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, Universitaire ziekenhuizen and LIND, KU, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, Universitaire ziekenhuizen and LIND, KU, Leuven, Belgium Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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107
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Azmanov DN, Siira SJ, Chamova T, Kaprelyan A, Guergueltcheva V, Shearwood AMJ, Liu G, Morar B, Rackham O, Bynevelt M, Grudkova M, Kamenov Z, Svechtarov V, Tournev I, Kalaydjieva L, Filipovska A. Transcriptome-wide effects of aPOLR3Agene mutation in patients with an unusual phenotype of striatal involvement. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:4302-4314. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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108
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The roles of non-coding RNAs in Parkinson's disease. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:1193-1204. [PMID: 27492082 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is considered as a high prevalence neurodegenerative disorders worldwide. Pathologically, the demise of dopamine-producing cells, in large part due to an abnormal accumulation of the α-synuclein in the substantia nigra, is one of the main causes of the disease. Up until now, many de novo investigations have been conducted to disclose the mechanisms underlying in PD. Among them, impacts of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) on the pathogenesis and/or progression of PD need to be highlighted. microRNAs (miRNAs) and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) are more noteworthy in this context. miRNAs are small ncRNAs (with 18-25 nucleotide in length) that control the expression of multiple genes at post-transcriptional level, while lncRNAs have longer size (over 200 nucleotides) and are involved in some key biological processes through various mechanisms. Involvement of miRNAs has been well documented in the development of PD, particularly gene expression. Hence, in this current review, we will discuss the impacts of miRNAs in regulation of the expression of PD-related genes and the role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of PD.
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109
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Pagliaroli L, Vető B, Arányi T, Barta C. From Genetics to Epigenetics: New Perspectives in Tourette Syndrome Research. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:277. [PMID: 27462201 PMCID: PMC4940402 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by the appearance of multiple involuntary motor and vocal tics. TS presents high comorbidity rates with other disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). TS is highly heritable and has a complex polygenic background. However, environmental factors also play a role in the manifestation of symptoms. Different epigenetic mechanisms may represent the link between these two causalities. Epigenetic regulation has been shown to have an impact in the development of many neuropsychiatric disorders, however very little is known about its effects on Tourette Syndrome. This review provides a summary of the recent findings in genetic background of TS, followed by an overview on different epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs in the regulation of gene expression. Epigenetic studies in other neurological and psychiatric disorders are discussed along with the TS-related epigenetic findings available in the literature to date. Moreover, we are proposing that some general epigenetic mechanisms seen in other neuropsychiatric disorders may also play a role in the pathogenesis of TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pagliaroli
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis UniversityBudapest, Hungary; Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary
| | - Borbála Vető
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Arányi
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 6214, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1083, University of AngersAngers, France
| | - Csaba Barta
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary
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110
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Chen L, Feng P, Zhu X, He S, Duan J, Zhou D. Long non-coding RNA Malat1 promotes neurite outgrowth through activation of ERK/MAPK signalling pathway in N2a cells. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:2102-2110. [PMID: 27374227 PMCID: PMC5082393 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are playing critical roles in neurogenesis, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely elusive. Neurite outgrowth is an early step in neuronal differentiation and regeneration. Using in vitro differentiation of neuroblastoma-derived Neuro-2a (N2a) cell as a model, we performed expression profiling to identify lncRNAs putatively relevant for neurite outgrowth. We identified that Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (Malat1) was one of the most significantly up-regulated lncRNAs during N2a cell differentiation. Malat1 knockdown resulted in defects in neurite outgrowth as well as enhanced cell death. To pinpoint signalling pathways perturbed by Malat1 depletion, we then performed a reporter-based screening to examine the activities of 50 signalling pathways in Malat1 knockdown cells. We found that Malat1 knockdown resulted in conspicuous inhibition of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway as well as abnormal activation of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and P53 signalling pathway. Inhibition of ERK/MAPK pathway with PD98059 potently blocked N2a cell neurite outgrowth, whereas phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced ERK activation rescued defects in neurite outgrowth and cell death induced by Malat1 depletion. Together, our results established a critical role of Malat1 in the early step of neuronal differentiation through activating ERK/MAPK signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Peimin Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shixu He
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jialan Duan
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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111
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Pierce LM, Kurata WE, Matsumoto KW, Clark ME, Farmer DM. Long-term epigenetic alterations in a rat model of Gulf War Illness. Neurotoxicology 2016; 55:20-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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112
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Zhang QS, Wang ZH, Zhang JL, Duan YL, Li GF, Zheng DL. Beta-asarone protects against MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease via regulating long non-coding RNA MALAT1 and inhibiting α-synuclein protein expression. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:153-159. [PMID: 27470562 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Numerous long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have been identified in neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD). Emerging evidence demonstrates that β-asarone functions as neuroprotective effects in both in vitro and in vivo models. However, the role of β-asarone and its potential mechanism in PD remain not completely clear. METHODS MPTP-induced PD mouse model and SH-SY5Y cells subjected to MPP+ as its in vitro model were used to evaluate the effects of β-asarone on PD. LncRNA MALAT1 and α-synuclein expression were determined by real-time PCR and western blot methods. RESULTS β-Asarone significantly increased the TH+ cells number and decreased the expression levels of MALAT1 and α-synuclein in midbrain tissue of PD mice. RNA pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that MALAT1 associated with α-synuclein, leading to the increased stability of α-synuclein and its expression in SH-SY5Y cells. β-asarone elevated the viability of cells exposed to MPP+. Either overexpressed MALAT1 or α-synuclein could canceled the protective effect of β-asarone on cell viability. In PD mice, pcDNA-MALAT1 also decreased the TH+ cells number and increased the α-synuclein expression in PD mice with treatment of β-asarone. CONCLUSION β-Asarone functions as a neuroprotective effect in both in vivo and in vitro models of PD via regulating MALAT1 and α-synuclein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Shun Zhang
- Department of Internal Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Wang
- Department of Internal Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China.
| | - Jian-Lei Zhang
- Department of Internal Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Yan-Li Duan
- Department of Ultrasound, Kaifeng Maternity Hospital, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Guo-Fei Li
- Department of Internal Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Dong-Lin Zheng
- Department of Internal Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
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113
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Moncini S, Lunghi M, Valmadre A, Grasso M, Del Vescovo V, Riva P, Denti MA, Venturin M. The miR-15/107 Family of microRNA Genes Regulates CDK5R1/p35 with Implications for Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4329-4342. [PMID: 27343180 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit 1 (CDK5R1) encodes p35, the main activatory subunit of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5). The p35/CDK5 active complex plays a fundamental role in brain development and functioning, but its deregulated activity has also been implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). CDK5R1 displays a large and highly evolutionarily conserved 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR), a fact that has suggested a role for this region in the post-transcriptional control of CDK5R1 expression. Our group has recently demonstrated that two miRNAs, miR-103 and miR-107, regulate CDK5R1 expression and affect the levels of p35. MiR-103 and miR-107 belong to the miR-15/107 family, a group of evolutionarily conserved miRNAs highly expressed in human cerebral cortex. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that other members of this group of miRNAs, in addition to miR-103 and miR-107, were able to modulate CDK5R1 expression. We provide evidence that several miRNAs belonging to the miR-15/107 family regulate p35 levels. BACE1 expression levels were also found to be modulated by different members of this family. Furthermore, overexpression of these miRNAs led to reduced APP phosphorylation levels at the CDK5-specific Thr668 residue. We also show that miR-15/107 miRNAs display reduced expression levels in hippocampus and temporal cortex, but not in cerebellum, of AD brains. Moreover, increased CDK5R1 mRNA levels were observed in AD hippocampus tissues. Our results suggest that the downregulation of the miR-15/107 family might have a role in the pathogenesis of AD by increasing the levels of CDK5R1/p35 and consequently enhancing CDK5 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Moncini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Viotti 3/5, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Lunghi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Viotti 3/5, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Valmadre
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Viotti 3/5, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Grasso
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Università degli Studi di Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123, Povo, (TN), Italy
| | - Valerio Del Vescovo
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Università degli Studi di Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123, Povo, (TN), Italy
| | - Paola Riva
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Viotti 3/5, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Alessandra Denti
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Università degli Studi di Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123, Povo, (TN), Italy.,Istituto di Neuroscienze, CNR, Viale Giuseppe Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Venturin
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Viotti 3/5, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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114
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Targeting MicroRNAs Involved in the BDNF Signaling Impairment in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:540-550. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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115
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Gebicke-Haerter PJ. Systems psychopharmacology: A network approach to developing novel therapies. World J Psychiatry 2016; 6:66-83. [PMID: 27014599 PMCID: PMC4804269 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifactorial origin of most chronic disorders of the brain, including schizophrenia, has been well accepted. Consequently, pharmacotherapy would require multi-targeted strategies. This contrasts to the majority of drug therapies used until now, addressing more or less specifically only one target molecule. Nevertheless, quite some searches for multiple molecular targets specific for mental disorders have been undertaken. For example, genome-wide association studies have been conducted to discover new target genes of disease. Unfortunately, these attempts have not fulfilled the great hopes they have started with. Polypharmacology and network pharmacology approaches of drug treatment endeavor to abandon the one-drug one-target thinking. To this end, most approaches set out to investigate network topologies searching for modules, endowed with "important" nodes, such as "hubs" or "bottlenecks", encompassing features of disease networks, and being useful as tentative targets of drug therapies. This kind of research appears to be very promising. However, blocking or inhibiting "important" targets may easily result in destruction of network integrity. Therefore, it is suggested here to study functions of nodes with lower centrality for more subtle impact on network behavior. Targeting multiple nodes with low impact on network integrity by drugs with multiple activities ("dirty drugs") or by several drugs, simultaneously, avoids to disrupt network integrity and may reset deviant dynamics of disease. Natural products typically display multi target functions and therefore could help to identify useful biological targets. Hence, future efforts should consider to combine drug-target networks with target-disease networks using mathematical (graph theoretical) tools, which could help to develop new therapeutic strategies in long-term psychiatric disorders.
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116
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Colicino E, Giuliano G, Power MC, Lepeule J, Wilker EH, Vokonas P, Brennan KJM, Fossati S, Hoxha M, Spiro A, Weisskopf MG, Schwartz J, Baccarelli AA. Long-term exposure to black carbon, cognition and single nucleotide polymorphisms in microRNA processing genes in older men. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 88:86-93. [PMID: 26724585 PMCID: PMC4755894 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Air pollution exposure has been linked to impaired cognitive aging, but little is known about biomarkers modifying this association. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) control gene expression and neuronal programming. miRNA levels vary due to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes processing miRNAs from precursor molecules. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether SNPs in miRNA-processing genes are associated with cognition and modify the relationship between black carbon (BC), marker of traffic-related pollution, and cognitive functions. METHODS 533 Normative Aging Study men (mean±SD 72±7years) were tested ≤4 times (mean=1.7 times) using seven cognitive tests between 1995 and 2007. We tested interactions of 16 miRNA-related SNPs with 1-year average BC from a validated land-use-regression model. We used covariate-adjusted logistic regression for low (≤25) Mini-Mental tate Examination (MMSE) and mixed-effect regression for a global cognitive score combining six other tests. RESULTS Global cognition was negatively associated with the homozygous minor variant of rs595961 AGO1 (-0.42SD; 95%CI: (-0.71, -0.13)) relative to the major variant. BC-MMSE association was stronger in heterozygous carriers of rs11077 XPO5 (OR=1.99; 95%CI: (1.39, 2.85)) and minor variant carriers of GEMIN4 rs2740348 (OR=1.34; 95%CI: (1.05, 1.7)), compared to their major variant. The BC-global-cognition association was stronger in heterozygous carriers of GEMIN4 rs4968104 (-0.10SD; 95%CI: (-0.18, -0.02)), and GEMIN4 rs910924 (-0.09SD; 95%CI: (-0.17, -0.02)) relative to the major variant. Blood miRNA expression analyses showed associations only of XPO5 rs11077 with miR-9 and miR-96. CONCLUSIONS Carriers of particular miRNA-processing SNPs had higher susceptibility to BC in BC-cognition associations, possibly due to influences on miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Colicino
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Giulia Giuliano
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Melinda C Power
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Johanna Lepeule
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Elissa H Wilker
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Pantel Vokonas
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Boston University Schools of Public Health and Medicine, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Kasey J M Brennan
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Serena Fossati
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122 Milano, Italy.
| | - Mirjam Hoxha
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122 Milano, Italy; Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine, Foundation IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza, 33, 20122 Milano, Italy.
| | - Avron Spiro
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Boston University Schools of Public Health and Medicine, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Marc G Weisskopf
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Macks C, Lee JS. Non-viral Vector Mediated RNA Interference Technology for Central Nervous System Injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 3:14-22. [DOI: 10.1515/rnan-2016-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNeuronal axons damaged by traumatic injury are unable to spontaneously regenerate in the mammalian adult central nervous system (CNS), causing permanent motor, sensory, and cognitive deficits. Regenerative failure in the adult CNS results from a complex pathology presenting multiple barriers, both the presence of growth inhibitors in the extrinsic microenvironment and intrinsic deficiencies in neuronal biochemistry, to axonal regeneration and functional recovery. There are many strategies for axonal regeneration after CNS injury including antagonism of growth-inhibitory molecules and their receptors, manipulation of cyclic nucleotide levels, and delivery of growth-promoting stimuli through cell transplantation and neurotrophic factor delivery. While all of these approaches have achieved varying degrees of improvement in plasticity, regeneration, and function, there is no clinically effective therapy for CNS injury. RNA interference technology offers strategies for improving regeneration by overcoming the aspects of the injured CNS environment that inhibit neurite growth. This occurs through the knockdown of growth-inhibitory molecules and their receptors. In this review, we discuss the current state of RNAi strategies for the treatment of CNS injury based on non-viral vector mediated delivery.
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118
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Qiao J, Yao H, Xia Y, Chu P, Li M, Wu Y, Li W, Ding L, Qi K, Li D, Xu K, Zeng L. Long non-coding RNAs expression profiles in hepatocytes of mice after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:232-41. [PMID: 26805554 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (HVOD), one serious complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), is mainly initiated by the damage to sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in the proliferation of hepatocytes and liver regeneration. lncRNAs profile in hepatocytes post-HSCT remains unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate the profile of lncRNAs in hepatocytes of mice after HSCT. Mice HSCT model was established through infusion of 5 × 10(6) bone marrow mononuclear cells. On day 7, 14 and 33 after HSCT, mice were sacrificed for analysis of liver pathology, function and index. Total RNA was extracted from hepatocytes of mice on day 14 for microarray analysis of the expression profiles of lncRNAs by Arraystar Mouse lncRNA Microarray v2.0. Obvious edema and spotty necrosis of hepatocytes with inflammatory cells infiltration were observed post-HSCT. Meanwhile, increased levels of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, and total bilirubin, as well as elevated liver index were also found. 2,918 up-regulated and 1,911 down-regulated lncRNAs in hepatocytes were identified. Some of differentially expressed mRNAs had adjacent lncRNAs that were also significantly dysregulated, with the same dysregulation direction. T-cell receptor (up-regulation) and VEGF signaling pathway (down-regulation) were identified as one of the most enriched pathways. Dysregulated lncRNAs might be involved in hepatocytes damage after HSCT, suggesting targeting them might be a novel approach in amelioration of hepatocytes damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Qiao
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Haina Yao
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuan Xia
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peipei Chu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingfeng Li
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yulu Wu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lan Ding
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kunming Qi
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Depeng Li
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kailin Xu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Zeng
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
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119
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Huang S, Zhao J, Huang D, Zhuo L, Liao S, Jiang Z. Serum miR-132 is a risk marker of post-stroke cognitive impairment. Neurosci Lett 2016; 615:102-6. [PMID: 26806865 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Recently, it has been reported that the microRNA-132(miR-132) is linked with synaptic plasticity and cognitive impairment. The present study investigates that whether miR-132 is altered in circulating blood serum samples of post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) patients. METHODS We collected samples from 39 subjects with PSCI, 37 subjects with post-stroke cognitive normality (PSCN), and 38 age-matched controls (AMC) for which ages, gender and education level were matched. MiR-132 was detected using a quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) method. To test the predictive value of miR-132 for PSCI, prediction capabilities were compared using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under curve (AUC) analysis. RESULTS The level of miR-132 in PSCI patient serum was significantly elevated compared to that of PSCN and AMC subjects. The ROC curve showed that miR-132 achieved an AUC of 0.961 (p<0.0001). Importantly, the miR-132 level was correlated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score in PSCI patients. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that there was a substantial correlation between serum miR-132 expression and post-stroke cognitive functionality, suggesting that miR-132 may be a risk marker for PSCI. Because of the limitations of this study, the results should be treated with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai'e Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian 350003, China
| | - Jiapei Zhao
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Danxia Huang
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Liping Zhuo
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Shaoqin Liao
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1Qiuyang Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.
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120
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de Lima Neto QA, Duarte Junior FF, Bueno PSA, Seixas FAV, Kowalski MP, Kheir E, Krude T, Fernandez MA. Structural and functional analysis of four non-coding Y RNAs from Chinese hamster cells: identification, molecular dynamics simulations and DNA replication initiation assays. BMC Mol Biol 2016; 17:1. [PMID: 26733090 PMCID: PMC4702372 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-015-0053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genes coding for Y RNAs are evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates. These non-coding RNAs are essential for the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication in vertebrate cells. However thus far, no information is available about Y RNAs in Chinese hamster cells, which have already been used to detect replication origins and alternative DNA structures around these sites. Here, we report the gene sequences and predicted structural characteristics of the Chinese hamster Y RNAs, and analyze their ability to support the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication in vitro. RESULTS We identified DNA sequences in the Chinese hamster genome of four Y RNAs (chY1, chY3, chY4 and chY5) with upstream promoter sequences, which are homologous to the four main types of vertebrate Y RNAs. The chY1, chY3 and chY5 genes were highly conserved with their vertebrate counterparts, whilst the chY4 gene showed a relatively high degree of diversification from the other vertebrate Y4 genes. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that chY4 RNA is structurally stable despite its evolutionarily divergent predicted stem structure. Of the four Y RNA genes present in the hamster genome, we found that only the chY1 and chY3 RNA were strongly expressed in the Chinese hamster GMA32 cell line, while expression of the chY4 and chY5 RNA genes was five orders of magnitude lower, suggesting that they may in fact not be expressed. We synthesized all four chY RNAs and showed that any of these four could support the initiation of DNA replication in an established human cell-free system. CONCLUSIONS These data therefore establish that non-coding chY RNAs are stable structures and can substitute for human Y RNAs in a reconstituted cell-free DNA replication initiation system. The pattern of Y RNA expression and functionality is consistent with Y RNAs of other rodents, including mouse and rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirino Alves de Lima Neto
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Ferreira Duarte Junior
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Eyemen Kheir
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.
| | - Torsten Krude
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.
| | - Maria Aparecida Fernandez
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.
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Roth W, Hecker D, Fava E. Systems Biology Approaches to the Study of Biological Networks Underlying Alzheimer's Disease: Role of miRNAs. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1303:349-377. [PMID: 26235078 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2627-5_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as significant regulators of mRNA complexity in the human central nervous system (CNS) thereby controlling distinct gene expression profiles in a spatio-temporal manner during development, neuronal plasticity, aging and (age-related) neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Increasing effort is expended towards dissecting and deciphering the molecular and genetic mechanisms of neurobiological and pathological functions of these brain-enriched miRNAs. Along these lines, recent data pinpoint distinct miRNAs and miRNA networks being linked to APP splicing, processing and Aβ pathology (Lukiw et al., Front Genet 3:327, 2013), and furthermore, to the regulation of tau and its cellular subnetworks (Lau et al., EMBO Mol Med 5:1613, 2013), altogether underlying the onset and propagation of Alzheimer's disease. MicroRNA profiling studies in Alzheimer's disease suffer from poor consensus which is an acknowledged concern in the field, and constitutes one of the current technical challenges. Hence, a strong demand for experimental and computational systems biology approaches arises, to incorporate and integrate distinct levels of information and scientific knowledge into a complex system of miRNA networks in the context of the transcriptome, proteome and metabolome in a given cellular environment. Here, we will discuss the state-of-the-art technologies and computational approaches on hand that may lead to a deeper understanding of the complex biological networks underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wera Roth
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany
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122
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Luceri C, Bigagli E, Pitozzi V, Giovannelli L. A nutrigenomics approach for the study of anti-aging interventions: olive oil phenols and the modulation of gene and microRNA expression profiles in mouse brain. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:865-877. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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123
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Choi SY, Pang K, Kim JY, Ryu JR, Kang H, Liu Z, Kim WK, Sun W, Kim H, Han K. Post-transcriptional regulation of SHANK3 expression by microRNAs related to multiple neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Brain 2015; 8:74. [PMID: 26572867 PMCID: PMC4647645 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proper neuronal function requires tight control of gene dosage, and failure of this process underlies the pathogenesis of multiple neuropsychiatric disorders. The SHANK3 gene encoding core scaffolding proteins at glutamatergic postsynapse is a typical dosage-sensitive gene, both deletions and duplications of which are associated with Phelan-McDermid syndrome, autism spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder, intellectual disability, or schizophrenia. However, the regulatory mechanism of SHANK3 expression in neurons itself is poorly understood. Results Here we show post-transcriptional regulation of SHANK3 expression by three microRNAs (miRNAs), miR-7, miR-34a, and miR-504. Notably, the expression profiles of these miRNAs were previously shown to be altered in some neuropsychiatric disorders which are also associated with SHANK3 dosage changes. These miRNAs regulated the expression of SHANK3 and other genes encoding actin-related proteins that interact with Shank3, through direct binding sites in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR). Moreover, overexpression or inhibition of miR-7 and miR-504 affected the dendritic spines of the cultured hippocampal neurons in a Shank3-dependent manner. We further characterized miR-504 as it showed the most significant effect on both SHANK3 expression and dendritic spines among the three miRNAs. Lentivirus-mediated overexpression of miR-504, which mimics its reported expression change in postmortem brain tissues of bipolar disorder, decreased endogenous Shank3 protein in cultured hippocampal neurons. We also revealed that miR-504 is expressed in the cortical and hippocampal regions of human and mouse brains. Conclusions Our study provides new insight into the miRNA-mediated regulation of SHANK3 expression, and its potential implication in multiple neuropsychiatric disorders associated with altered SHANK3 and miRNA expression profiles. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-015-0165-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yeon Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea. .,Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea.
| | - Kaifang Pang
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Computational and Integrative Biomedical Research Center, Houston, 77030, USA.
| | - Joo Yeon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-705, South Korea.
| | - Jae Ryun Ryu
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-705, South Korea.
| | - Hyojin Kang
- HPC-enabled Convergence Technology Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea.
| | - Zhandong Liu
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Computational and Integrative Biomedical Research Center, Houston, 77030, USA.
| | - Won-Ki Kim
- Department of Neuroscience and Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-705, South Korea.
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-705, South Korea.
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-705, South Korea. .,Department of Neuroscience and Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-705, South Korea.
| | - Kihoon Han
- Department of Neuroscience and Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-705, South Korea.
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Sin O, Nollen EAA. Regulation of protein homeostasis in neurodegenerative diseases: the role of coding and non-coding genes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4027-47. [PMID: 26190021 PMCID: PMC4605983 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis is fundamental for cell function and survival, because proteins are involved in all aspects of cellular function, ranging from cell metabolism and cell division to the cell's response to environmental challenges. Protein homeostasis is tightly regulated by the synthesis, folding, trafficking and clearance of proteins, all of which act in an orchestrated manner to ensure proteome stability. The protein quality control system is enhanced by stress response pathways, which take action whenever the proteome is challenged by environmental or physiological stress. Aging, however, damages the proteome, and such proteome damage is thought to be associated with aging-related diseases. In this review, we discuss the different cellular processes that define the protein quality control system and focus on their role in protein conformational diseases. We highlight the power of using small organisms to model neurodegenerative diseases and how these models can be exploited to discover genetic modulators of protein aggregation and toxicity. We also link findings from small model organisms to the situation in higher organisms and describe how some of the genetic modifiers discovered in organisms such as worms are functionally conserved throughout evolution. Finally, we demonstrate that the non-coding genome also plays a role in maintaining protein homeostasis. In all, this review highlights the importance of protein and RNA homeostasis in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sin
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, 4099-003, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ellen A A Nollen
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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125
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The conservation and signatures of lincRNAs in Marek's disease of chicken. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15184. [PMID: 26471251 PMCID: PMC4608010 DOI: 10.1038/srep15184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) associated with a number of cancers and other diseases have been identified in mammals, but they are still formidable to be comprehensively identified and characterized. Marek's disease (MD) is a T cell lymphoma of chickens induced by Marek's disease virus (MDV). Here, we used a MD chicken model to develop a precise pipeline for identifying lincRNAs and to determine the roles of lincRNAs in T cell tumorigenesis. More than 1,000 lincRNA loci were identified in chicken bursa. Computational analyses demonstrated that lincRNAs are conserved among different species such as human, mouse and chicken. The putative lincRNAs were found to be associated with a wide range of biological functions including immune responses. Interestingly, we observed distinct lincRNA expression signatures in bursa between MD resistant and susceptible lines of chickens. One of the candidate lincRNAs, termed linc-satb1, was found to play a crucial role in MD immune response by regulating a nearby protein-coding gene SATB1. Thus, our results manifested that lincRNAs may exert considerable influence on MDV-induced T cell tumorigenesis and provide a rich resource for hypothesis-driven functional studies to reveal genetic mechanisms underlying susceptibility to tumorigenesis.
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126
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Spatiotemporal expression and transcriptional perturbations by long noncoding RNAs in the mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6855-62. [PMID: 26034286 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1411263112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in numerous cellular processes including brain development. However, the in vivo expression dynamics and molecular pathways regulated by these loci are not well understood. Here, we leveraged a cohort of 13 lncRNAnull mutant mouse models to investigate the spatiotemporal expression of lncRNAs in the developing and adult brain and the transcriptome alterations resulting from the loss of these lncRNA loci. We show that several lncRNAs are differentially expressed both in time and space, with some presenting highly restricted expression in only selected brain regions. We further demonstrate altered regulation of genes for a large variety of cellular pathways and processes upon deletion of the lncRNA loci. Finally, we found that 4 of the 13 lncRNAs significantly affect the expression of several neighboring proteincoding genes in a cis-like manner. By providing insight into the endogenous expression patterns and the transcriptional perturbations caused by deletion of the lncRNA locus in the developing and postnatal mammalian brain, these data provide a resource to facilitate future examination of the specific functional relevance of these genes in neural development, brain function, and disease.
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127
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Villard A, Marchand L, Thivolet C, Rome S. Diagnostic Value of Cell-free Circulating MicroRNAs for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6. [PMID: 27308097 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9929.1000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common metabolic disorder worldwide. Because of population aging and increasing trends toward obesity and sedentary lifestyles, the number of affected individuals is increasing at worrisome rates. While both environmental and genetic factors are known to contribute to the development of T2DM, continuous research is needed to identify specific biomarkers that could aid both in prevention of the disease and development of newer therapeutic options. Circulating miRNAs are considered as potential biomarkers because they are stable and resistant to degradation by blood RNAses and are modified under different pathophysiological conditions. In this study we carried out a systematic electronic search on PubMed to retrieve all articles that have investigated circulating miRNAs for diagnosing obesity andT2DM in human. We also included lifestyle intervention studies known to be highly effective in delaying onset of diabetes, and studies analyzing the effect of bariatric surgery and anti-diabetic treatment. A total of 26 studies were enrolled in the global meta-analysis. Candidate miRNAs were defined as those reported in at least 2 studies with same direction of differential expression. Ten miRNAs altered in blood of patients suffering fromT2DM were identified (increased: miR-320a, miR-142-3p, miR-222, miR-29a, miR-27a, miR-375; decreased: miR-197, miR-20b, miR-17, miR-652) and 7 miRNAs in blood of obese subjects were identified (increased: miR-142-3p, miR-140-5p, miR-222; decreased:miR-21-5p, miR-221-3p, miR-125-5p, mir-103-5p). Both obese and T2DM patients had elevated concentrations of miR-142-3p and miR-222. MiRNAs target genes were predicted and their cellular functions are discussed in relation with the pathologies. Although a significant number of studies were taken into account in this review, we found a strong discrepancy between miRNA detection and quantification indicating that many of pre-analytical variables have yet to be normalized. Pre-analytical and analytical challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Villard
- CarMen laboratory (UMR INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, INSA), University of Lyon, Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Sud, Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69600 Oullins, France
| | - Lucien Marchand
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service d'Endocrinologie Diabète Nutrition, Lyon, France
| | - Charles Thivolet
- CarMen laboratory (UMR INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, INSA), University of Lyon, Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Sud, Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69600 Oullins, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service d'Endocrinologie Diabète Nutrition, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Rome
- CarMen laboratory (UMR INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, INSA), University of Lyon, Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Sud, Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69600 Oullins, France
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A pathophysiological view of the long non-coding RNA world. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10976-96. [PMID: 25428918 PMCID: PMC4294373 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Because cells are constantly exposed to micro-environmental changes, they require the ability to adapt to maintain a dynamic equilibrium. Proteins are considered critical for the regulation of gene expression, which is a fundamental process in determining the cellular responses to stimuli. Recently, revolutionary findings in RNA research and the advent of high-throughput genomic technologies have revealed a pervasive transcription of the human genome, which generates many long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) whose roles are largely undefined. However, there is evidence that lncRNAs are involved in several cellular physiological processes such as adaptation to stresses, cell differentiation, maintenance of pluripotency and apoptosis. The correct balance of lncRNA levels is crucial for the maintenance of cellular equilibrium, and the dysregulation of lncRNA expression is linked to many disorders; certain transcripts are useful prognostic markers for some of these pathologies. This review revisits the classic concept of cellular homeostasis from the perspective of lncRNAs specifically to understand how this novel class of molecules contributes to cellular balance and how its dysregulated expression can lead to the onset of pathologies such as cancer.
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129
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Rome S. Use of miRNAs in biofluids as biomarkers in dietary and lifestyle intervention studies. GENES AND NUTRITION 2015; 10:483. [PMID: 26233309 PMCID: PMC4522245 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-015-0483-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The selection of biomarkers in nutrigenomics needs to reflect subtle changes in homoeostasis representing the relation between nutrition and health, or nutrition and disease. It is believed that noncoding RNAs, such as circulating microRNAs (miRNAs), may represent such a new class of integrative biomarkers. Until now, the most relevant body fluids for miRNA quantification in response to nutrition have not been clearly defined, but recent studies listed in this review indicate that miRNAs from plasma or serum, PBMC and faeces might be relevant biomarkers to quantify the physiological impacts of dietary or lifestyle intervention studies. In addition, a number of recent studies also indicate that miRNAs could permit to monitor the impact of diet on gut microbiota. We also discuss the main preanalytical considerations that are important to take into account before miRNA screening which can affect the reproducibility of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Rome
- CarMeN Laboratory (INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, INSA), Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud, University of Lyon, Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69600, Oullins, France,
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Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is the end result of a diverse set of causes such as genetic cardiomyopathies, coronary artery disease, and hypertension and represents the primary cause of hospitalization in Europe. This serious clinical disorder is mostly associated with pathological remodeling of the myocardium, pump failure, and sudden death. While the survival of HF patients can be prolonged with conventional pharmacological therapies, the prognosis remains poor. New therapeutic modalities are thus needed that will target the underlying causes and not only the symptoms of the disease. Under chronic cardiac stress, small noncoding RNAs, in particular microRNAs, act as critical regulators of cardiac tissue remodeling and represent a new class of therapeutic targets in patients suffering from HF. Here, we focus on the potential use of microRNA inhibitors as a new treatment paradigm for HF.
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131
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Millan MJ. The epigenetic dimension of Alzheimer's disease: causal, consequence, or curiosity? DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015. [PMID: 25364287 PMCID: PMC4214179 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2014.16.3/mmillan] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Early-onset, familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rare and may be attributed to disease-causinq mutations. By contrast, late onset, sporadic (non-Mendelian) AD is far more prevalent and reflects the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors, together with the disruption of epigenetic mechanisms controlling gene expression. Accordingly, abnormal patterns of histone acetylation and methylation, as well as anomalies in global and promoter-specific DNA methylation, have been documented in AD patients, together with a deregulation of noncoding RNA. In transgenic mouse models for AD, epigenetic dysfunction is likewise apparent in cerebral tissue, and it has been directly linked to cognitive and behavioral deficits in functional studies. Importantly, epigenetic deregulation interfaces with core pathophysiological processes underlying AD: excess production of Aβ42, aberrant post-translational modification of tau, deficient neurotoxic protein clearance, axonal-synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis, and cell cycle re-entry. Reciprocally, DNA methylation, histone marks and the levels of diverse species of microRNA are modulated by Aβ42, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In conclusion, epigenetic mechanisms are broadly deregulated in AD mainly upstream, but also downstream, of key pathophysiological processes. While some epigenetic shifts oppose the evolution of AD, most appear to drive its progression. Epigenetic changes are of irrefutable importance for AD, but they await further elucidation from the perspectives of pathogenesis, biomarkers and potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Pole of Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, Institut de Recherche Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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132
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Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that patients with psychiatric disorders have altered microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles in the circulation and brain. Furthermore, animal studies have shown that manipulating the levels of particular miRNAs in the brain can alter behaviour. Here, we review recent studies in humans, animal models, cellular systems and bioinformatics that have advanced our understanding of the contribution of brain miRNAs to the regulation of behaviour in the context of psychiatric conditions. These studies highlight the potential of miRNA levels to be used in the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders and suggest that brain miRNAs could become novel treatment targets for psychiatric disorders.
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133
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Zhang J, Banerjee B. Role of MicroRNA in Visceral Pain. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:159-71. [PMID: 25843071 PMCID: PMC4398244 DOI: 10.5056/jnm15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-lasting nociceptive transmission under various visceral pain conditions involves transcriptional and/or translational alteration in neurotransmitter and receptor expression as well as modification of neuronal function, morphology and synaptic connections. Although it is largely unknown how such changes in posttranscriptional expression induce visceral pain, recent evidence strongly suggests an important role for microRNAs (miRNAs, small non-coding RNAs) in the cellular plasticity underlying chronic visceral pain. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNA endogenously produced in our body and act as a major regulator of gene expression by either through cleavage or translational repression of the target gene. This regulation is essential for the normal physiological function but when disturbed can result in pathological conditions. Usually one miRNA has multiple targets and target mRNAs are regulated in a combinatorial fashion by multiple miRNAs. In recent years, many studies have been performed to delineate the posttranscriptional regulatory role of miRNAs in different tissues under various nociceptive stimuli. In this review, we intend to discuss the recent development in miRNA research with special emphases on miRNAs and their targets responsible for long term sensitization in chronic pain conditions. In addition, we review miRNAs expression and function data for different animal pain models and also the recent progress in research on miRNA-based therapeutic targets for the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI , USA
| | - Banani Banerjee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI , USA
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134
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Nussbacher JK, Batra R, Lagier-Tourenne C, Yeo GW. RNA-binding proteins in neurodegeneration: Seq and you shall receive. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:226-36. [PMID: 25765321 PMCID: PMC4403644 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As critical players in gene regulation, RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are taking center stage in our understanding of cellular function and disease. In our era of bench-top sequencers and unprecedented computational power, biological questions can be addressed in a systematic, genome-wide manner. Development of high-throughput sequencing (Seq) methodologies provides unparalleled potential to discover new mechanisms of disease-associated perturbations of RNA homeostasis. Complementary to candidate single-gene studies, these innovative technologies may elicit the discovery of unexpected mechanisms, and enable us to determine the widespread influence of the multifunctional RBPs on their targets. Given that the disruption of RNA processing is increasingly implicated in neurological diseases, these approaches will continue to provide insights into the roles of RBPs in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Nussbacher
- Department of Cellular and Molecule Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ranjan Batra
- Department of Cellular and Molecule Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Clotilde Lagier-Tourenne
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecule Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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135
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Irizar H, Muñoz-Culla M, Sáenz-Cuesta M, Osorio-Querejeta I, Sepúlveda L, Castillo-Triviño T, Prada A, Lopez de Munain A, Olascoaga J, Otaegui D. Identification of ncRNAs as potential therapeutic targets in multiple sclerosis through differential ncRNA - mRNA network analysis. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:250. [PMID: 25880556 PMCID: PMC4391585 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have revealed a potential role for both small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in the physiopathology of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). This potential implication has been mainly described through differential expression studies. However, it has been suggested that, in order to extract additional information from large-scale expression experiments, differential expression studies must be complemented with differential network studies. Thus, the present work is aimed at the identification of potential therapeutic ncRNA targets for RRMS through differential network analysis of ncRNA – mRNA coexpression networks. ncRNA – mRNA coexpression networks have been constructed from both selected ncRNA (specifically miRNAs, snoRNAs and sdRNAs) and mRNA large-scale expression data obtained from 22 patients in relapse, the same 22 patients in remission and 22 healthy controls. Condition-specific (relapse, remission and healthy) networks have been built and compared to identify the parts of the system most affected by perturbation and aid the identification of potential therapeutic targets among the ncRNAs. Results All the coexpression networks we built present a scale-free topology and many snoRNAs are shown to have a prominent role in their architecture. The differential network analysis (relapse vs. remission vs. controls’ networks) has revealed that, although both network topology and the majority of the genes are maintained, few ncRNA – mRNA links appear in more than one network. We have selected as potential therapeutic targets the ncRNAs that appear in the disease-specific network and were found to be differentially expressed in a previous study. Conclusions Our results suggest that the diseased state of RRMS has a strong impact on the ncRNA – mRNA network of peripheral blood leukocytes, as a massive rewiring of the network happens between conditions. Our findings also indicate that the role snoRNAs have in targeted gene silencing is a widespread phenomenon. Finally, among the potential therapeutic target ncRNAs, SNORA40 seems to be the most promising candidate. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1396-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haritz Irizar
- Multiple Sclerosis group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, San Sebastián, 20001, Spain. .,Spanish Network on Multiple Sclerosis (REEM), San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Maider Muñoz-Culla
- Multiple Sclerosis group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, San Sebastián, 20001, Spain. .,Spanish Network on Multiple Sclerosis (REEM), San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Matías Sáenz-Cuesta
- Multiple Sclerosis group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, San Sebastián, 20001, Spain. .,Spanish Network on Multiple Sclerosis (REEM) and Immunology Department, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Iñaki Osorio-Querejeta
- Multiple Sclerosis group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, San Sebastián, 20001, Spain. .,Spanish Network on Multiple Sclerosis (REEM), San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Lucía Sepúlveda
- Multiple Sclerosis group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, San Sebastián, 20001, Spain. .,Spanish Network on Multiple Sclerosis (REEM), San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Tamara Castillo-Triviño
- Multiple Sclerosis group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, San Sebastián, 20001, Spain. .,Spanish Network on Multiple Sclerosis (REEM) and Neurology Department, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Alvaro Prada
- Multiple Sclerosis group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, San Sebastián, 20001, Spain. .,Immunology Department, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Adolfo Lopez de Munain
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain. .,Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) and Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UVP/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Javier Olascoaga
- Multiple Sclerosis group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, San Sebastián, 20001, Spain. .,Spanish Network on Multiple Sclerosis (REEM) and Neurology Department, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - David Otaegui
- Multiple Sclerosis group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, San Sebastián, 20001, Spain. .,Spanish Network on Multiple Sclerosis (REEM), San Sebastián, Spain.
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136
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play key regulatory roles in diverse biological processes and are frequently dysregulated in human diseases. Thus, miRNAs have emerged as a class of promising targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we describe the current strategies for therapeutic modulation of miRNAs and provide an update on the development of miRNA-based therapeutics for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disease and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva van Rooij
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sakari Kauppinen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark Department of Haematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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137
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Li Q, Wojciechowski R, Simpson CL, Hysi PG, Verhoeven VJM, Ikram MK, Höhn R, Vitart V, Hewitt AW, Oexle K, Mäkelä KM, MacGregor S, Pirastu M, Fan Q, Cheng CY, St Pourcain B, McMahon G, Kemp JP, Northstone K, Rahi JS, Cumberland PM, Martin NG, Sanfilippo PG, Lu Y, Wang YX, Hayward C, Polašek O, Campbell H, Bencic G, Wright AF, Wedenoja J, Zeller T, Schillert A, Mirshahi A, Lackner K, Yip SP, Yap MKH, Ried JS, Gieger C, Murgia F, Wilson JF, Fleck B, Yazar S, Vingerling JR, Hofman A, Uitterlinden A, Rivadeneira F, Amin N, Karssen L, Oostra BA, Zhou X, Teo YY, Tai ES, Vithana E, Barathi V, Zheng Y, Siantar RG, Neelam K, Shin Y, Lam J, Yonova-Doing E, Venturini C, Hosseini SM, Wong HS, Lehtimäki T, Kähönen M, Raitakari O, Timpson NJ, Evans DM, Khor CC, Aung T, Young TL, Mitchell P, Klein B, van Duijn CM, Meitinger T, Jonas JB, Baird PN, Mackey DA, Wong TY, Saw SM, Pärssinen O, Stambolian D, Hammond CJ, Klaver CCW, Williams C, Paterson AD, Bailey-Wilson JE, Guggenheim JA. Genome-wide association study for refractive astigmatism reveals genetic co-determination with spherical equivalent refractive error: the CREAM consortium. Hum Genet 2015; 134:131-46. [PMID: 25367360 PMCID: PMC4291519 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To identify genetic variants associated with refractive astigmatism in the general population, meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies were performed for: White Europeans aged at least 25 years (20 cohorts, N = 31,968); Asian subjects aged at least 25 years (7 cohorts, N = 9,295); White Europeans aged <25 years (4 cohorts, N = 5,640); and all independent individuals from the above three samples combined with a sample of Chinese subjects aged <25 years (N = 45,931). Participants were classified as cases with refractive astigmatism if the average cylinder power in their two eyes was at least 1.00 diopter and as controls otherwise. Genome-wide association analysis was carried out for each cohort separately using logistic regression. Meta-analysis was conducted using a fixed effects model. In the older European group the most strongly associated marker was downstream of the neurexin-1 (NRXN1) gene (rs1401327, P = 3.92E-8). No other region reached genome-wide significance, and association signals were lower for the younger European group and Asian group. In the meta-analysis of all cohorts, no marker reached genome-wide significance: The most strongly associated regions were, NRXN1 (rs1401327, P = 2.93E-07), TOX (rs7823467, P = 3.47E-07) and LINC00340 (rs12212674, P = 1.49E-06). For 34 markers identified in prior GWAS for spherical equivalent refractive error, the beta coefficients for genotype versus spherical equivalent, and genotype versus refractive astigmatism, were highly correlated (r = -0.59, P = 2.10E-04). This work revealed no consistent or strong genetic signals for refractive astigmatism; however, the TOX gene region previously identified in GWAS for spherical equivalent refractive error was the second most strongly associated region. Analysis of additional markers provided evidence supporting widespread genetic co-susceptibility for spherical and astigmatic refractive errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Robert Wojciechowski
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Claire L. Simpson
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Virginie J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Kamran Ikram
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - René Höhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Klinik Pallas, Olten, Switzerland
| | - Veronique Vitart
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Konrad Oexle
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kari-Matti Mäkelä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Filmlab laboratories, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Institute of Population Genetics CNR, Traversa La Crucca, 3-07040 Reg. Baldinca, Li Punti, Sassari, Italy
| | - Qiao Fan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Beaté St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - John P. Kemp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - Kate Northstone
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - Jugnoo S. Rahi
- Centre of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Phillippa M. Cumberland
- Centre of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul G. Sanfilippo
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Yi Lu
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ya Xing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG UK
| | - Goran Bencic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sisters of Mercy University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alan F. Wright
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tanja Zeller
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Clinic for general and interventional Cardiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arne Schillert
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Universität zu Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alireza Mirshahi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Dardenne Eye Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl Lackner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shea Ping Yip
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Maurice K. H. Yap
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Janina S. Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Federico Murgia
- Institute of Population Genetics CNR, Traversa La Crucca, 3-07040 Reg. Baldinca, Li Punti, Sassari, Italy
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG UK
| | - Brian Fleck
- Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, EH3 9HA UK
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - André Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart Karssen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Zhou
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - E. Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eranga Vithana
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders (NBD) Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Veluchamy Barathi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Kumari Neelam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Youchan Shin
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Janice Lam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ekaterina Yonova-Doing
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - S. Mohsen Hosseini
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, PGCRL Rm 12.9835, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4 Canada
| | - Hoi-Suen Wong
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, PGCRL Rm 12.9835, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4 Canada
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Filmlab laboratories, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, 20041 Turku, Finland
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - David M. Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Terri L. Young
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Paul Mitchell
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Western Sydney Local Health Network, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Australia
| | - Barbara Klein
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ocular Epidemiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 610 North Walnut Street, Room 409, Madison, WI 53726 USA
| | | | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jost B. Jonas
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Paul N. Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olavi Pärssinen
- Department of Health Sciences and Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Rm. 314 Stellar Chance Labs, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cathy Williams
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - Andrew D. Paterson
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, PGCRL Rm 12.9835, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4 Canada
- Dala Lanna School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Jeremy A. Guggenheim
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - The CREAM Consortium
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Klinik Pallas, Olten, Switzerland
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Filmlab laboratories, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Population Genetics CNR, Traversa La Crucca, 3-07040 Reg. Baldinca, Li Punti, Sassari, Italy
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- Centre of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sisters of Mercy University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Clinic for general and interventional Cardiology, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Universität zu Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Dardenne Eye Hospital, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, EH3 9HA UK
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders (NBD) Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, PGCRL Rm 12.9835, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4 Canada
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33521 Tampere, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, 20041 Turku, Finland
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD Australia
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Western Sydney Local Health Network, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Australia
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ocular Epidemiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 610 North Walnut Street, Room 409, Madison, WI 53726 USA
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences and Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Rm. 314 Stellar Chance Labs, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
- Dala Lanna School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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138
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Sarvaiya J, Agrawal Y. Chitosan as a suitable nanocarrier material for anti-Alzheimer drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 72:454-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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139
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Shang D, Yang H, Xu Y, Yao Q, Zhou W, Shi X, Han J, Su F, Su B, Zhang C, Li C, Li X. A global view of network of lncRNAs and their binding proteins. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 11:656-63. [PMID: 25483728 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00409d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have obtained wide attention because they have broad and crucial functions in regulating complex biological processes. Many lncRNAs functioned by interfacing with corresponding RNA binding proteins and the complexity of lncRNAs' function was attributed to multiple lncRNA-protein interactions. To gain insights into the global relationship between lncRNAs and their binding proteins, here we constructed a lncRNA-protein network (LPN) based on experimentally determined functional interactions between them. This network included 177 lncRNAs, 92 proteins and 683 relationships between them. Cluster analysis of LPN revealed that some proteins (such as AGO and IGFBP families) and lncRNA (such as XIST and MALAT1) were densely connected, suggesting the potential co-regulated mechanism and functional cross-talk of different lncRNAs. We then characterized the lncRNA functions and found that lncRNA binding proteins (LBPs) enriched in many cancer or cancer-related pathways. Finally, we investigated the different topological properties of LBPs in PPIs network. Compared with disease proteins and average ones, LBPs tend to have significantly higher degree, betweenness, and closeness but a relatively lower clustering coefficient, indicating their centrality and essentiality in the context of a biological network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desi Shang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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140
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Mather KA, Kwok JB, Armstrong N, Sachdev PS. The role of epigenetics in cognitive ageing. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 29:1162-71. [PMID: 25098266 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As the population is ageing, a better understanding of the underlying causes of age-related cognitive decline (cognitive ageing) is required. Epigenetic dysregulation is proposed as one of the underlying mechanisms for cognitive ageing. We review the current knowledge on epigenetics and cognitive ageing and appraise the potential of epigenetic preventative and therapeutic interventions. DESIGN Articles on cognitive ageing and epigenetics in English were identified. RESULTS Epigenetic dysregulation occurs with cognitive ageing, with changes in histone post-translational modifications, DNA methylation and non-coding RNA reported. However, human studies are lacking, with most being cross-sectional using peripheral blood samples. Pharmacological and lifestyle factors have the potential to change aberrant epigenetic profiles; but few studies have examined this in relation to cognitive ageing. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between epigenetic modifications and cognitive ageing is only beginning to be investigated. Epigenetic dysregulation appears to be an important feature in cognitive ageing, but whether it is an epiphenomenon or a causal factor remains to be elucidated. Clarification of the relationship between epigenetic profiles of different cell types is essential and would determine whether epigenetic marks of peripheral tissues can be used as a proxy for changes occurring in the brain. The use of lifestyle and pharmacological interventions to improve cognitive performance and quality of life of older adults needs more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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141
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Kretschmann A, Danis B, Andonovic L, Abnaof K, van Rikxoort M, Siegel F, Mazzuferi M, Godard P, Hanon E, Fröhlich H, Kaminski RM, Foerch P, Pfeifer A. Different microRNA profiles in chronic epilepsy versus acute seizure mouse models. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:466-79. [PMID: 25078263 PMCID: PMC4303710 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy affects around 50 million people worldwide, and in about 65 % of patients, the etiology of disease is unknown. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that have been suggested to play a role in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Here, we compared microRNA expression patterns in the hippocampus using two chronic models of epilepsy characterised by recurrent spontaneous seizures (pilocarpine and self-sustained status epilepticus (SSSE)) and an acute 6-Hz seizure model. The vast majority of microRNAs deregulated in the acute model exhibited increased expression with 146 microRNAs up-regulated within 6 h after a single seizure. In contrast, in the chronic models, the number of up-regulated microRNAs was similar to the number of down-regulated microRNAs. Three microRNAs—miR-142-5p, miR-331-3p and miR-30a-5p—were commonly deregulated in all three models. However, there is a clear overlap of differentially expressed microRNAs within the chronic models with 36 and 15 microRNAs co-regulated at 24 h and at 28 days following status epilepticus, respectively. Pathway analysis revealed that the altered microRNAs are associated with inflammation, innate immunity and cell cycle regulation. Taken together, the identified microRNAs and the pathways they modulate might represent candidates for novel molecular approaches for the treatment of patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kretschmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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142
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Thomas MG, Pascual ML, Maschi D, Luchelli L, Boccaccio GL. Synaptic control of local translation: the plot thickens with new characters. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2219-39. [PMID: 24212248 PMCID: PMC11113725 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The production of proteins from mRNAs localized at the synapse ultimately controls the strength of synaptic transmission, thereby affecting behavior and cognitive functions. The regulated transcription, processing, and transport of mRNAs provide dynamic control of the dendritic transcriptome, which includes thousands of messengers encoding multiple cellular functions. Translation is locally modulated by synaptic activity through a complex network of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and various types of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including BC-RNAs, microRNAs, piwi-interacting RNAs, and small interference RNAs. The RBPs FMRP and CPEB play a well-established role in synaptic translation, and additional regulatory factors are emerging. The mRNA repressors Smaug, Nanos, and Pumilio define a novel pathway for local translational control that affects dendritic branching and spines in both flies and mammals. Recent findings support a role for processing bodies and related synaptic mRNA-silencing foci (SyAS-foci) in the modulation of synaptic plasticity and memory formation. The SyAS-foci respond to different stimuli with changes in their integrity thus enabling regulated mRNA release followed by translation. CPEB, Pumilio, TDP-43, and FUS/TLS form multimers through low-complexity regions related to prion domains or polyQ expansions. The oligomerization of these repressor RBPs is mechanistically linked to the aggregation of abnormal proteins commonly associated with neurodegeneration. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on how specificity in mRNA translation is achieved through the concerted action of multiple pathways that involve regulatory ncRNAs and RBPs, the modification of translation factors, and mRNA-silencing foci dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gabriela Thomas
- Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IIBBA-CONICET, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Malena Lucía Pascual
- Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IIBBA-CONICET, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Darío Maschi
- Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Present Address: Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Luciana Luchelli
- Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IIBBA-CONICET, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Lidia Boccaccio
- Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IIBBA-CONICET, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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143
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Balazs R. Epigenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2014; 4:85-102. [PMID: 32669903 PMCID: PMC7337154 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s37341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide increase in life expectancy is leading to an increase in age-dependent diseases, including nonfamilial, sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is the subject of this review. The etiology and pathophysiology of the disease is not fully understood, but present observations suggest that, in addition to genetic risk factors, environmental influences may be involved via epigenetic mechanisms. Currently, there is no effective treatment, but there are indications that lifestyle has an impact on the development of the disease. This view is supported by preclinical studies not only showing that human lifestyle-equivalent interventions have a positive effect on cognitive function in animal models of AD, but also indicating the involvement of underlying epigenetic mechanisms. After a brief overview of the most characteristic chromatin modifications, ie, DNA methylation and histone modifications, epigenetic changes associated with aging are considered, given that aging is the most important risk factor for AD. This is followed by a description of some epigenetic alterations recognized in AD. The impact of environmental factors and lifestyle on the epigenome is then considered. Epigenetic treatments with HDAC inhibitors and RNA-based drugs are considered, which – while still in preclinical stages – are promising for potential benefit. It is concluded that while awaiting results from clinical trials in progress, focusing on lifestyle adjustments with an epigenetic background are the best way to prevent/delay the onset of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Balazs
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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144
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De Felice B, Mondola P, Sasso A, Orefice G, Bresciamorra V, Vacca G, Biffali E, Borra M, Pannone R. Small non-coding RNA signature in multiple sclerosis patients after treatment with interferon-β. BMC Med Genomics 2014; 7:26. [PMID: 24885345 PMCID: PMC4060096 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-7-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-coding small RNA molecules play pivotal roles in cellular and developmental processes by regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. In human diseases, the roles of the non-coding small RNAs in specific degradation or translational suppression of the targeted mRNAs suggest a potential therapeutic approach of post-transcriptional gene silencing that targets the underlying disease etiology. The involvement of non-coding small RNAs in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s , Parkinson’s disease and Multiple Sclerosis has been demonstrated. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, characterized by chronic inflammation, demyelination and scarring as well as a broad spectrum of signs and symptoms. The current standard treatment for SM is interferon ß (IFNß) that is less than ideal due to side effects. In this study we administered the standard IFN-ß treatment to Relapsing-Remitting MS patients, all responder to the therapy; then examined their sncRNA expression profiles in order to identify the ncRNAs that were associated with MS patients’ response to IFNß. Methods 40 IFNß treated Relapsing-Remitting MS patients were enrolled. We analyzed the composition of the entire small transcriptome by a small RNA cloning method, using peripheral blood from Relapsing-Remitting MS patients at baseline and 3 and 6 months after the start of IFNß therapy. Real-time qPCR from the same patients group and from 20 additional patients was performed to profile miRNAs expression. Results Beside the altered expression of several miRNAs, our analyses revealed the differential expression of small nucleolar RNAs and misc-RNAs.For the first time, we found that the expression level of miR-26a-5p changed related to INF-β response. MiR-26a-5p expression was significantly higher in IFN-β treated RRMS patients at 3 months treatment, keeping quite stable at 6 months treatments. Conclusions Our results might provide insights into the mechanisms of action of IFN-β treatment in MS and provide fundamentals for the development of new biomarkers and/or therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna De Felice
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Naples II, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy.
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145
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Epigenetically regulated microRNAs in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:731-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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146
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Deng Y, Wang CC, Choy KW, Du Q, Chen J, Wang Q, Li L, Chung TKH, Tang T. Therapeutic potentials of gene silencing by RNA interference: Principles, challenges, and new strategies. Gene 2014; 538:217-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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147
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Barry G. Integrating the roles of long and small non-coding RNA in brain function and disease. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:410-6. [PMID: 24468823 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory RNA is emerging as the major architect of cognitive evolution and innovation in the mammalian brain. While the protein machinery has remained largely constant throughout animal evolution, the non protein-coding transcriptome has expanded considerably to provide essential and widespread cellular regulation, partly through directing generic protein function. Both long (long non-coding RNA) and small non-coding RNAs (for example, microRNA) have been demonstrated to be essential for brain development and higher cognitive abilities, and to be involved in psychiatric disease. Long non-coding RNAs, highly expressed in the brain and expanded in mammalian genomes, provide tissue- and activity-specific epigenetic and transcriptional regulation, partly through functional control of evolutionary conserved effector small RNA activity. However, increased cognitive sophistication has likely introduced concomitant psychiatric vulnerabilities, predisposing to conditions such as autism and schizophrenia, and cooperation between regulatory and effector RNAs may underlie neural complexity and concomitant fragility in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Barry
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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148
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Elramah S, Landry M, Favereaux A. MicroRNAs regulate neuronal plasticity and are involved in pain mechanisms. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:31. [PMID: 24574967 PMCID: PMC3920573 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as master regulators of gene expression in the nervous system where they contribute not only to brain development but also to neuronal network homeostasis and plasticity. Their function is the result of a cascade of events including miRNA biogenesis, target recognition, and translation inhibition. It has been suggested that miRNAs are major switches of the genome owing to their ability to regulate multiple genes at the same time. This regulation is essential for normal neuronal activity and, when affected, can lead to drastic pathological conditions. As an example, we illustrate how deregulation of miRNAs can affect neuronal plasticity leading to chronic pain. The origin of pain and its dual role as a key physiological function and a debilitating disease has been highly debated until now. The incidence of chronic pain is estimated to be 20-25% worldwide, thus making it a public health problem. Chronic pain can be considered as a form of maladaptive plasticity. Long-lasting modifications develop as a result of global changes in gene expression, and are thus likely to be controlled by miRNAs. Here, we review the literature on miRNAs and their targets responsible for maladaptive plasticity in chronic pain conditions. In addition, we conduct a retrospective analysis of miRNA expression data published for different pain models, taking into account recent progress in our understanding of the role of miRNAs in neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Elramah
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux Bordeaux, France ; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Landry
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux Bordeaux, France ; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexandre Favereaux
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux Bordeaux, France ; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Bordeaux, France
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149
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Morlando M, Ballarino M, Fatica A, Bozzoni I. The role of long noncoding RNAs in the epigenetic control of gene expression. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:505-10. [PMID: 24488863 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the methodologies employed to deeply analyse the complexity of transcriptomes have unveiled the existence of a new class of transcripts, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). A significant amount of effort has been dedicated to the study of lncRNAs, and a large body of evidence now exists indicating their relevant role in different regulatory steps of gene expression. Given the role of epigenetics in disease development and progression, this Minireview focuses on lncRNAs involved in epigenetic control and provides an overview of the mechanisms used to guide epigenetic-modifying complexes to adjacent (cis-acting) or independent (trans-acting) genomic loci. Furthermore, it describes the activities of these transcripts in controlling the formation and spreading of heterochromatin domains. Just as other RNA molecules have found therapeutic application, though much remains to be elucidated about the structure and function of these lncRNAs, they too could hold potential as biomarkers, targets, and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Morlando
- Dept. of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin; Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome (Italy)
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150
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Higa GSV, de Sousa E, Walter LT, Kinjo ER, Resende RR, Kihara AH. MicroRNAs in neuronal communication. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 49:1309-26. [PMID: 24385256 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short nucleotides sequences that regulate the expression of genes in different eukaryotic cell types. A tremendous amount of knowledge on miRNAs has rapidly accumulated over the last few years, revealing the growing interest in this field of research. On the other hand, clarifying the physiological regulation of gene expression in the central nervous system is important for establishing a reference for comparison to the diseased state. It is well known that the fine tuning of neuronal networks relies on intricate molecular mechanisms, such as the adjustment of the synaptic transmission. As determined by recent studies, regulation of neuronal interactions by miRNAs has critical consequences in the development, adaptation to ambient demands, and degeneration of the nervous system. In contrast, activation of synaptic receptors triggers downstream signaling cascades that generate a vast array of effects, which includes the regulation of novel genes involved in the control of the miRNA life cycle. In this review, we have examined the hot topics on miRNA gene-regulatory activities in the broad field of neuronal communication-related processes. Furthermore, in addition to indicating the newly described effect of miRNAs on the regulation of specific neurotransmitter systems, we have pointed out how these systems affect the expression, transport, and stability of miRNAs. Moreover, we discuss newly described and under-investigation mechanisms involving the intercellular transfer of miRNAs, aided by exosomes and gap junctions. Thus, in the current review, we were able to highlight recent findings related to miRNAs that indisputably contributed towards the understanding of the nervous system in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Shigueto Vilar Higa
- Núcleo de Cognição e Sistemas Complexos, Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. Atlântica 420, 09060-000, Santo André, SP, Brazil
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