101
|
Reddy MM, Vivekanandhan S, Misra M, Bhatia SK, Mohanty AK. Biobased plastics and bionanocomposites: Current status and future opportunities. Prog Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
102
|
Khoshkava V, Kamal MR. Effect of surface energy on dispersion and mechanical properties of polymer/nanocrystalline cellulose nanocomposites. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3155-63. [PMID: 23927495 DOI: 10.1021/bm400784j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dispersion quality and polymer-filler interaction are important factors in determining the final properties of polymer nanocomposites. Surface energy of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and some polymers (polypropylene, PP, and polylactic acid, PLA) was measured at room and high temperatures. NCC had higher polarity and surface energy than PP and PLA at room temperature but had a lower surface energy at higher temperatures. The effect of surface modification with alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) on NCC surface energy at room and high temperature was studied. Total surface energy of NCC was lowered after surface modification. Thermodynamic work of adhesion for PP/NCC and PLA/NCC was lowered by NCC surface modification. A thermodynamic analysis is proposed to estimate the dispersion energy, based on surface energy measurements at room and high temperatures. Also, a dispersion factor is defined to provide a quantitative indication of the dispersibility of nanoparticles in a polymer matrix under various conditions. The required dispersion energy was reduced by lowering the interfacial tension. On the other hand, it increased as the quality of NCC dispersion (i.e., the nanoparticle surface area) in the system was improved. Surface modification of NCC with ASA had a negative effect on the compatibility between NCC and PLA, whereas it had a positive influence on compatibility between PP and NCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Khoshkava
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
103
|
Surface modification of cellulose nanowhisker throughout graft polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 97:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
104
|
Paukszta D, Borysiak S. The Influence of Processing and the Polymorphism of Lignocellulosic Fillers on the Structure and Properties of Composite Materials-A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 6:2747-2767. [PMID: 28811406 PMCID: PMC5521229 DOI: 10.3390/ma6072747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is the most important and the most abundant plant natural polymer. It shows a number of interesting properties including those making it attractive as a filler of composite materials with a thermoplastic polymer matrix. Production of such composite materials, meeting the standards of green technology, has increased from 0.36 million tons in 2007 to 2.33 million tons in 2012. It is predicted that by 2020 their production will reach 3.45 million tons. Production of biocomposites with lignocellulosic components poses many problems that should be addressed. This paper is a review of the lignocellulosic materials currently used as polymer fillers. First, the many factors determining the macroscopic properties of such composites are described, with particular attention paid to the poor interphase adhesion between the polymer matrix and a lignocellulosic filler and to the effects of cellulose occurrence in polymorphic varieties. The phenomenon of cellulose polymorphism is very important from the point of view of controlling the nucleation abilities of the lignocellulosic filler and hence the mechanical properties of composites. Macroscopic properties of green composites depend also on the parameters of processing which determine the magnitude and range of shearing forces. The influence of shearing forces appearing upon processing the supermolecular structure of the polymer matrix is also discussed. An important problem from the viewpoint of ecology is the possibility of composite recycling which should be taken into account at the design stage. The methods for recycling of the composites made of thermoplastic polymers filled with renewable lignocellulosic materials are presented and discussed. This paper is a review prepared on the basis of currently available literature which describes the many aspects of the problems related to the possibility of using lignocellulosic components for production of composites with polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Paukszta
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Sklodowskiej-Curie 1, Poznan 60-965, Poland.
| | - Slawomir Borysiak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Sklodowskiej-Curie 1, Poznan 60-965, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Li W, Guo R, Lan Y, Zhang Y, Xue W, Zhang Y. Preparation and properties of cellulose nanocrystals reinforced collagen composite films. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:1131-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weichang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Department of Chemistry; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Yong Lan
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Wei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Yuanming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Department of Chemistry; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Structure and mechanical properties of new biomass-based nanocomposite: Castor oil-based polyurethane reinforced with acetylated cellulose nanocrystal. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 95:91-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
107
|
Zhang R, Zhu C, Shan X, Xia J, Zhu Q, Hu Y. Study on the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate)-based nanocomposites reinforced by surface modified nanocrystalline cellulose. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Changjiang Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing; Jiangsu; 210037; People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Shan
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety; Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China; Suzhou; Jiangsu; 215123; People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing; Jiangsu; 210037; People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing; Jiangsu; 210037; People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety; Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China; Suzhou; Jiangsu; 215123; People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Roy N, Bhowmick AK. Synthesis and characterization of fibrous nanosilica/polydimethylsiloxane composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabarun Roy
- Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Anil K. Bhowmick
- Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur 721302 India
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology; Patna 800013 India
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Dufresne A. Processing of Polymer Nanocomposites Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals: A Challenge. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals can be prepared by acid hydrolysis of the biomass. Due to their nanoscale dimensions and intrinsic physicochemical properties, these nanoparticles are promising renewable biomaterials. The high mechanical properties and reinforcing capability of these nanoparticles make them attractive for the processing of high performance nanocomposites. The main problem is related to the homogeneous dispersion of these nanoparticles within the polymeric matrix. Because cellulose nanocrystals are obtained as aqueous suspensions, water is the preferred processing medium. However, new strategies are envisaged to broaden the polymeric matrices that can be reinforced with these nanoparticles and avoid the liquid medium processing way. This paper reviews the different processing techniques of cellulose nanocrystals reinforced polymer nanocomposites focusing on the challenging melt processing technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Dufresne
- The International School of Paper, Print Media and Biomaterials (Pagora), Grenoble Institute of Technology, Saint Martin d'Hères, France
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Rosilo H, Kontturi E, Seitsonen J, Kolehmainen E, Ikkala O. Transition to Reinforced State by Percolating Domains of Intercalated Brush-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals and Poly(butadiene) in Cross-Linked Composites Based on Thiol–ene Click Chemistry. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1547-54. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400185z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henna Rosilo
- Molecular Materials, Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University (formerly
Helsinki University of Technology), P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Espoo,
Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Forest
Products
Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box
16300, 00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jani Seitsonen
- Molecular Materials, Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University (formerly
Helsinki University of Technology), P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Espoo,
Finland
| | - Erkki Kolehmainen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Molecular Materials, Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University (formerly
Helsinki University of Technology), P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Espoo,
Finland
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Aulin C, Ström G. Multilayered Alkyd Resin/Nanocellulose Coatings for Use in Renewable Packaging Solutions with a High Level of Moisture Resistance. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie301785a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Aulin
- Innventia AB, Box 5604, SE-11486 Stockholm,
Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood
Science Center, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm,
Sweden
| | - Göran Ström
- Innventia AB, Box 5604, SE-11486 Stockholm,
Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Production of nanocrystalline cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: technology and applications. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 94:154-69. [PMID: 23544524 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of renewables materials for industrial applications is becoming impellent due to the increasing demand of alternatives to scarce and unrenewable petroleum supplies. In this regard, nanocrystalline cellulose, NCC, derived from cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer, is one of the most promising materials. NCC has unique features, interesting for the development of new materials: the abundance of the source cellulose, its renewability and environmentally benign nature, its mechanical properties and its nano-scaled dimensions open a wide range of possible properties to be discovered. One of the most promising uses of NCC is in polymer matrix nanocomposites, because it can provide a significant reinforcement. This review provides an overview on this emerging nanomaterial, focusing on extraction procedures, especially from lignocellulosic biomass, and on technological developments and applications of NCC-based materials. Challenges and future opportunities of NCC-based materials will be are discussed as well as obstacles remaining for their large use.
Collapse
|
113
|
Rebouillat S, Pla F. State of the Art Manufacturing and Engineering of Nanocellulose: A Review of Available Data and Industrial Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2013.42022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
114
|
Abstract
As an environmentally friendly material prepared from renewable natural resources, nano-cellulose demonstrates excellent properties, including high crystallinity, high purity, high surface area, unique optical properties, and high Young's modulus. Furthermore, it has the advantages of bio-based materials such as light-weight, bio-degradable, bio-compatible, and renewable. Therefore, the nano-cellulose shows a great potential for developing new composite materials with high performances. This paper summarizes the ways for chemically modifying nano-cellulose to obtain better dispersion and improve its compatibility with nonpolar or hydrophobic matrices in nano-composites.
Collapse
|
115
|
Kumar S, Hofmann M, Steinmann B, Foster EJ, Weder C. Reinforcement of stereolithographic resins for rapid prototyping with cellulose nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:5399-5407. [PMID: 22992164 DOI: 10.1021/am301321v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on the mechanical properties of optically curable stereolithographic resins (SLRs) which were reinforced through the addition of small amounts of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). The resin/filler mixtures are readily accessible via simple mixing processes. A detailed rheological investigation of such mixtures and the successful processing of these materials on a commercial SLR machine show that at low filler concentrations (below 5%) the processability of the materials is barely impacted. The storage modulus, E', increased steadily with increasing CNC content in the regimes below and above the glass transition. A remarkable modulus enhancement was observed in the rubbery regime, where E' increased by 166, 233, and 587% for CNC/SLR nanocomposites with 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0% w/w CNC, respectively. The modulus increase was less pronounced in the glassy state, where E' increased by 21, 32 and 57%, for the same compositions. The increase in tensile strength was of similar magnitude. In comparison to previously reported CNC and carbon-nanofiller based nanocomposites, the presently investigated nanocomposites display a comparably large increase of stiffness and strength, which appear to originate from the high level of dispersion and the intimate contact of the CNCs with the SLR matrix. Through the fabrication of 3-dimensional parts, it was shown that the CNC-filled resins can be processed with standard equipment in a stereolithographic process that is widely used for rapid prototyping and rapid manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Route de l'Ancienne Papeterie, 1723 Marly, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Loos M, Manas-Zloczower I. Micromechanical models for carbon nanotube and cellulose nanowhisker reinforced composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
117
|
Floros M, Hojabri L, Abraham E, Jose J, Thomas S, Pothan L, Leao AL, Narine S. Enhancement of thermal stability, strength and extensibility of lipid-based polyurethanes with cellulose-based nanofibers. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
118
|
Adsul M, Soni SK, Bhargava SK, Bansal V. Facile Approach for the Dispersion of Regenerated Cellulose in Aqueous System in the Form of Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:2890-5. [DOI: 10.1021/bm3009022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mukund Adsul
- School of Applied Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476 V, Melbourne, Victoria
3001, Australia
| | - Sarvesh K. Soni
- School of Applied Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476 V, Melbourne, Victoria
3001, Australia
| | - Suresh K. Bhargava
- School of Applied Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476 V, Melbourne, Victoria
3001, Australia
| | - Vipul Bansal
- School of Applied Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476 V, Melbourne, Victoria
3001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Miyazaki K, Hamadate M, Terano M, Nakatani H. Syndiotactic polypropylene/microfibrous cellulose composites: Effect of filler size on tensile properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
120
|
Savadekar N, Mhaske S. Synthesis of nano cellulose fibers and effect on thermoplastics starch based films. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:146-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
121
|
Zhong L, Fu S, Peng X, Zhan H, Sun R. Colloidal stability of negatively charged cellulose nanocrystalline in aqueous systems. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:644-9. [PMID: 24751088 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal stability of negatively charged cellulose nanocrystalline (CNC) in the presence of inorganic and organic electrolytes was investigated by means of dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy. CNC could be well dispersed in distilled water due to the electrostatic repulsion among negatively charged sulfate ester groups. Increasing the concentration of inorganic cation ions (Na(+) and Ca(2+)) resulted in CNC aggregation. CNC in divalent cation ion Ca(2+) solution exhibited less stability than that in monovalent cation ion Na(+) solution. Organic low-molecular-weight electrolyte sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) favored the stability of CNC suspension, whereas organic high-molecular-weight electrolyte sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) induced CNC particle aggregation due to intermolecular bridging interaction or entanglement. Cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) caused a serious aggregation of CNC particles even at low concentration of CPAM. At low ionic strength (Na(+), 1 mM), CNC were stable in aqueous solution at the pH range of 2-11.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linxin Zhong
- College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinwen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Huaiyu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Runcang Sun
- College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Bulota M, Kreitsmann K, Hughes M, Paltakari J. Acetylated microfibrillated cellulose as a toughening agent in poly(lactic acid). J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
123
|
Azira AA, Hassim DHAI, Suriani AB, Mahmood MR. Characterization of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Natural Rubber Nanocomposite by Wet Mixing Method. NANO HYBRIDS 2012; 1:81-97. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/nh.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes/natural rubber (MWCNTs/NR) nanocomposites is formed by incorporating nanotubes in a polymer solution and subsequently evaporating the solvent. Using this technique, nanotubes will be dispersed homogeneously in the NR matrix in an attempt to increase the mechanical properties of these nanocomposites. Mechanical test results show an increase in the tensile strength for up to 19 times in relation to pure NR. In addition to mechanical testing, the morphology of the MWNTs into NR was studied by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) in order to understand the morphology of the resulting system. Slight shift noted from FTIR and Raman analyses from each different wt. % of MWCNTs with the NR due to the stress transfer that indicates reinforcement of the nanotubes.
Collapse
|
124
|
Kelley J, Simonsen J, Ding J. Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) nanocomposites incorporating cellulose nanocrystals with potential applications in lithium ion batteries. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
125
|
Fox DM, Lee J, Zammarano M, Katsoulis D, Eldred DV, Haverhals LM, Trulove PC, De Long HC, Gilman JW. Char-forming behavior of nanofibrillated cellulose treated with glycidyl phenyl POSS. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
126
|
|
127
|
Qu P, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Yao S, Zhang L. Surface modification of cellulose nanofibrils for poly(lactic acid) composite application. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
128
|
Bahar E, Ucar N, Onen A, Wang Y, Oksüz M, Ayaz O, Ucar M, Demir A. Thermal and mechanical properties of polypropylene nanocomposite materials reinforced with cellulose nano whiskers. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
129
|
Salajková M, Berglund LA, Zhou Q. Hydrophobic cellulose nanocrystals modified with quaternary ammonium salts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm34355j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
130
|
Silviya EK, Unnikrishnan G, Varghese S, Guthrie JT. Thermal and mechanical characterization of EVA/banana fiber-derived cellulose composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
131
|
Loos MR, Manas-Zloczower I. Reinforcement Efficiency of Carbon Nanotubes - Myth and Reality. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
132
|
Ben Mabrouk A, Rei Vilar M, Magnin A, Belgacem MN, Boufi S. Synthesis and characterization of cellulose whiskers/polymer nanocomposite dispersion by mini-emulsion polymerization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 363:129-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
133
|
Luiz de Paula E, Mano V, Pereira FV. Influence of cellulose nanowhiskers on the hydrolytic degradation behavior of poly(d,l-lactide). Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
134
|
Changsarn S, Mendez JD, Shanmuganathan K, Foster EJ, Weder C, Supaphol P. Biologically inspired hierarchical design of nanocomposites based on poly(ethylene oxide) and cellulose nanofibers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2011; 32:1367-72. [PMID: 21681994 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to create hierarchically structured, uniaxially oriented nanocomposites comprising cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs), which promise anisotropic mechanical properties, are exceedingly rare. We report here the fabrication of uniaxially-oriented arrays of microfibers based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and CNWs by electrospinning. Compared with the neat PEO fibers, the incorporation of CNWs within the fibers increased the storage modulus (E') of arrays along the fiber axis of the PEO/CNW nanocomposite fibers. Successful incorporation of the CNWs within each of the as-spun PEO/CNW nanocomposite fibers in the direction parallel to the fiber axis was verified by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sutheerat Changsarn
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College and The Center for Petroleum, Petrochemicals, and Advanced Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula 12, Phyathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Goffin AL, Raquez JM, Duquesne E, Siqueira G, Habibi Y, Dufresne A, Dubois P. From Interfacial Ring-Opening Polymerization to Melt Processing of Cellulose Nanowhisker-Filled Polylactide-Based Nanocomposites. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:2456-65. [DOI: 10.1021/bm200581h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lise Goffin
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons UMONS, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Raquez
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons UMONS, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Duquesne
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons UMONS, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Gilberto Siqueira
- Grenoble Institute of Technology, The International School of Paper, Print Media and Biomaterials (PAGORA), 461 rue de la Papeterie, BP65, 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères Cedex, France
| | - Youssef Habibi
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons UMONS, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
- Grenoble Institute of Technology, The International School of Paper, Print Media and Biomaterials (PAGORA), 461 rue de la Papeterie, BP65, 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères Cedex, France
| | - Alain Dufresne
- Grenoble Institute of Technology, The International School of Paper, Print Media and Biomaterials (PAGORA), 461 rue de la Papeterie, BP65, 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons UMONS, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Peng BL, Dhar N, Liu HL, Tam KC. Chemistry and applications of nanocrystalline cellulose and its derivatives: A nanotechnology perspective. CAN J CHEM ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.20554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. L. Peng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - N. Dhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - H. L. Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - K. C. Tam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Klemm D, Kramer F, Moritz S, Lindström T, Ankerfors M, Gray D, Dorris A. Nanocelluloses: A New Family of Nature-Based Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5438-66. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3043] [Impact Index Per Article: 234.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
138
|
Klemm D, Kramer F, Moritz S, Lindström T, Ankerfors M, Gray D, Dorris A. Nanocellulosen: eine neue Familie naturbasierter Materialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201001273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
139
|
Moon RJ, Martini A, Nairn J, Simonsen J, Youngblood J. Cellulose nanomaterials review: structure, properties and nanocomposites. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3941-94. [PMID: 21566801 DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00108b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2530] [Impact Index Per Article: 194.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This critical review provides a processing-structure-property perspective on recent advances in cellulose nanoparticles and composites produced from them. It summarizes cellulose nanoparticles in terms of particle morphology, crystal structure, and properties. Also described are the self-assembly and rheological properties of cellulose nanoparticle suspensions. The methodology of composite processing and resulting properties are fully covered, with an emphasis on neat and high fraction cellulose composites. Additionally, advances in predictive modeling from molecular dynamic simulations of crystalline cellulose to the continuum modeling of composites made with such particles are reviewed (392 references).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Moon
- The Forest Products Laboratory, US Forest Service, Madison, WI, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Bao CL, Song L, Guo Y, Hu Y. Preparation and characterization of flame-retardant polypropylene/α-titanium phosphate (nano)composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
141
|
Svagan AJ, Berglund LA, Jensen P. Cellulose nanocomposite biopolymer foam--hierarchical structure effects on energy absorption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:1411-1417. [PMID: 21520887 DOI: 10.1021/am200183u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Starch is an attractive biofoam candidate as replacement of expanded polystyrene (EPS) in packaging materials. The main technical problems with starch foam include its hygroscopic nature, sensitivity of its mechanical properties to moisture content, and much lower energy absorption than EPS. In the present study, a starch-based biofoam is for the first time able to reach comparable mechanical properties (E = 32 MPa, compressive yield strength, 630 kPa) to EPS at 50% relative humidity and similar relative density. The reason is the nanocomposite concept in the form of a cellulose nanofiber network reinforcing the hygroscopic amylopectin starch matrix in the cell wall. The biofoams are prepared by the freezing/freeze-drying technique and subjected to compressive loading. Cell structure is characterized by FE-SEM of cross sections. Mechanical properties are related to cell structure and cell wall nanocomposite composition. Hierarchically structured biofoams are demonstrated to be interesting materials with potential for strongly improved mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Svagan
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center and Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Poly(ɛ-caprolactone) based nanocomposites reinforced by surface-grafted cellulose nanowhiskers via extrusion processing: Morphology, rheology, and thermo-mechanical properties. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
143
|
Jalal Uddin A, Araki J, Gotoh Y. Toward “Strong” Green Nanocomposites: Polyvinyl Alcohol Reinforced with Extremely Oriented Cellulose Whiskers. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:617-24. [DOI: 10.1021/bm101280f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Jalal Uddin
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Jun Araki
- International Young Researcher Empowerment Center, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Yasuo Gotoh
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Zhou C, Wu Q, Yue Y, Zhang Q. Application of rod-shaped cellulose nanocrystals in polyacrylamide hydrogels. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 353:116-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
145
|
Abstract
Cellulose macro- and nanofibers have gained increasing attention due to the high strength and stiffness, biodegradability and renewability, and their production and application in development of composites. Application of cellulose nanofibers for the development of composites is a relatively new research area. Cellulose macro- and nanofibers can be used as reinforcement in composite materials because of enhanced mechanical, thermal, and biodegradation properties of composites. Cellulose fibers are hydrophilic in nature, so it becomes necessary to increase their surface roughness for the development of composites with enhanced properties. In the present paper, we have reviewed the surface modification of cellulose fibers by various methods. Processing methods, properties, and various applications of nanocellulose and cellulosic composites are also discussed in this paper.
Collapse
|
146
|
|
147
|
Cellulosic Bionanocomposites: A Review of Preparation, Properties and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/polym2040728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
148
|
de Mesquita JP, Donnici CL, Pereira FV. Biobased nanocomposites from layer-by-layer assembly of cellulose nanowhiskers with chitosan. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:473-80. [PMID: 20055503 DOI: 10.1021/bm9011985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new biodegradable nanocomposite was obtained from layer-by-layer (LBL) technique using highly deacetylated chitosan and eucalyptus wood cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs). Hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged sulfate groups on the whisker surface and the ammonium groups of chitosan were the driving forces for the growth of the multilayered films. The film growth was followed by UV-vis spectroscopy through the maximum value of the absorption band at 194 nm and showed the deposition of 14.7 mg.m(-2) of chitosan polymer in each cycle. Scanning electron microscopy showed high density and homogeneous distribution of CNWs adsorbed on each chitosan layer. Cross-section characterization of the assembled films indicates an average of approximately 7 nm of thickness per bilayer. The results presented in this work indicate that the methodology used can be extended to different biopolymers for the design of new biobased nanocomposites in a wide range of applications such as biomedical and food packaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João P de Mesquita
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais., Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Processing of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with polysaccharide nanocrystals. Molecules 2010; 15:4111-28. [PMID: 20657431 PMCID: PMC6264559 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15064111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous suspensions of polysaccharide (cellulose, chitin or starch) nanocrystals can be prepared by acid hydrolysis of biomass. The main problem with their practical use is related to the homogeneous dispersion of these nanoparticles within a polymeric matrix. Water is the preferred processing medium. A new and interesting way for the processing of polysaccharide nanocrystals-based nanocomposites is their transformation into a co-continuous material through long chain surface chemical modification. It involves the surface chemical modification of the nanoparticles based on the use of grafting agents bearing a reactive end group and a long compatibilizing tail.
Collapse
|
150
|
Tang L, Weder C. Cellulose whisker/epoxy resin nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:1073-1080. [PMID: 20423128 DOI: 10.1021/am900830h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
New nanocomposites composed of cellulose nanofibers or "whiskers" and an epoxy resin were prepared. Cellulose whiskers with aspect ratios of approximately 10 and approximately 84 were isolated from cotton and sea animals called tunicates, respectively. Suspensions of these whiskers in dimethylformamide were combined with an oligomeric difunctional diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with an epoxide equivalent weight of 185-192 and a diethyl toluenediamine-based curing agent. Thin films were produced by casting these mixtures and subsequent curing. The whisker content was systematically varied between 4 and 24% v/v. Electron microscopy studies suggest that the whiskers are evenly dispersed within the epoxy matrix. Dynamic mechanical thermoanalysis revealed that the glass transition temperature (T(g)) of the materials was not significantly influenced by the incorporation of the cellulose filler. Between room temperature and 150 degrees C, i.e., below T(g), the tensile storage moduli (E') of the nanocomposites increased modestly, for example from 1.6 GPa for the neat polymer to 4.9 and 3.6 GPa for nanocomposites comprising 16% v/v tunicate or cotton whiskers. The relative reinforcement was more significant at 185 degrees C (i.e., above T(g)), where E' was increased from approximately 16 MPa (neat polymer) to approximately 1.6 GPa (tunicate) or approximately 215 MPa (cotton). The mechanical properties of the new materials are well-described by the percolation model and are the result of the formation of a percolating whisker network in which stress transfer is facilitated by strong interactions between the whiskers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liming Tang
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|