101
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Lutzke A, Neufeld BH, Neufeld MJ, Reynolds MM. Nitric oxide release from a biodegradable cysteine-based polyphosphazene. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:1987-1998. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
First report of nitric oxide (NO) release from a biodegradable polyphosphazene containing theS-nitrosothiol NO donor group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Lutzke
- Department of Chemistry
- Colorado State University
- Fort Collins
- USA
| | | | | | - Melissa M. Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry
- Colorado State University
- Fort Collins
- USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering
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102
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HNO/Thiol Biology as a Therapeutic Target. OXIDATIVE STRESS IN APPLIED BASIC RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30705-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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103
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104
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Yapor JP, Lutzke A, Pegalajar-Jurado A, Neufeld BH, Damodaran VB, Reynolds MM. Biodegradable citrate-based polyesters with S-nitrosothiol functional groups for nitric oxide release. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:9233-9241. [PMID: 32262922 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01625h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a biologically-active free radical involved in numerous physiological processes such as regulation of vasodilation, promotion of cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and modulation of the inflammatory and immune responses. Furthermore, NO has demonstrated the ability to mitigate the foreign body response that often results in the failure of implanted biomedical devices. Although NO has promising therapeutic value, the short physiological half-life of exogenous NO complicates its effective delivery. For this reason, the development of NO-releasing materials that permit the localized delivery of NO is an advantageous method of utilizing this molecule for biomedical applications. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of biodegradable NO-releasing polyesters prepared from citric acid, maleic acid, and 1,8-octanediol. NO release was achieved by incorporation of S-nitrosothiol donor groups through conjugation of cysteamine and ethyl cysteinate to the polyesters, followed by S-nitrosation with tert-butyl nitrite. The extent of NO loading and the release properties under physiological conditions (pH 7.4 PBS, 37 °C) were determined by chemiluminesence-based NO detection. The average total NO content of poly(citric-co-maleic acid-co-1,8-octanediol)-cysteamine was determined to be 0.45 ± 0.07 mol NO g-1 polymer, while the NO content for poly(citric-co-maleic acid-co-1,8-octanediol)-ethyl cysteinate was 0.16 ± 0.04 mol NO g-1 polymer. Continuous NO release under physiological conditions was observed for at least 6 days for the cysteamine analog and 4 days for the ethyl cysteinate analog. Cell viability assays and morphological studies with human dermal fibroblasts indicated an absence of toxic leachates at a cytotoxic level, and suggested that these citrate-based polyesters may be suitable for future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Yapor
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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105
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Suchyta DJ, Schoenfisch MH. Encapsulation of N-Diazeniumdiolates within Liposomes for Enhanced Nitric Oxide Donor Stability and Delivery. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:3569-74. [PMID: 26287799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rapid decomposition of nitric oxide (NO) donors in aqueous environments remains a limitation for applications requiring extended NO release. Herein, we report the synthesis of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-based liposomes capable of extended NO release using low molecular weight NO donors and a reverse-phase evaporation technique. The encapsulation of the NO donors within the liposomes enabled both prolonged NO release and enhanced storage compared to free NO donors alone. The NO-releasing liposomes also demonstrated enhanced efficacy against human pancreatic cancer cells. These NO-release vehicles represent attractive anticancer therapeutics due to their potential to store the majority of their NO payload until reaching cancerous tissue at which time the lower pH inherent to such environments will trigger an avalanche of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota J Suchyta
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mark H Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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106
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Ren H, Colletta A, Koley D, Wu J, Xi C, Major TC, Bartlett RH, Meyerhoff ME. Thromboresistant/anti-biofilm catheters via electrochemically modulated nitric oxide release. Bioelectrochemistry 2015; 104:10-6. [PMID: 25588885 PMCID: PMC4480771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Inexpensive nitric oxide (NO) release strategies to prevent thrombosis and bacterial infections are desirable for implantable medical devices. Herein, we demonstrate the utility of electrochemically modulated NO release from a catheter model using an inner copper wire working electrode and an inorganic nitrite salt solution reservoir. These catheters generate NO surface fluxes of >1.0 × 10(-10)mol min(-1) cm(-2) for more than 60 h. Catheters with an NO flux of 1.1 × 10(-10)mol min(-1) cm(-2) are shown to significantly reduce surface thrombus formation when implanted in rabbit veins for 7h. Further, the ability of these catheters to exhibit anti-biofilm properties against bacterial species commonly causing bloodstream and urinary catheter infections is examined. Catheters releasing NO continuously during the 2d growth of Staphylococcus aureus exhibit a 6 log-unit reduction in viable surface bacteria. We also demonstrate that catheters generating NO for only 3h at a flux of 1.0 × 10(-10)mol min(-1) cm(-2) lower the live bacterial counts of both 2d and 4d pre-formed Escherichia coli biofilms by >99.9%. Overall, the new electrochemical NO-release devices could provide a cost-effective strategy to greatly enhance the biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties of intravascular and urinary catheters, as well as other implantable medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Alessandro Colletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Dipankar Koley
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331-4003, USA
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Chuanwu Xi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Terry C Major
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5686, USA
| | - Robert H Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5686, USA
| | - Mark E Meyerhoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA.
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107
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State of the art, challenges and perspectives in the design of nitric oxide-releasing polymeric nanomaterials for biomedical applications. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1370-9. [PMID: 25636971 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, an increasing number of publications have demonstrated the importance of the small molecule nitric oxide (NO) in several physiological and pathophysiological processes. NO acts as a key modulator in cardiovascular, immunological, neurological, and respiratory systems, and deficiencies in the production of NO or its inactivation has been associated with several pathologic conditions, ranging from hypertension to sexual dysfunction. Although the clinical administration of NO is still a challenge owing to its transient chemical nature, the combination of NO and nanocarriers based on biocompatible polymeric scaffolds has emerged as an efficient approach to overcome the difficulties associated with the biomedical administration of NO. Indeed, significant progress has been achieved by designing NO-releasing polymeric nanomaterials able to promote the spatiotemporal generation of physiologically relevant amounts of NO in diverse pharmacological applications. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the preparation of versatile NO-releasing nanocarriers based on polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers and micelles. Despite the significant innovative progress achieved using nanomaterials to tailor NO release, certain drawbacks still need to be overcome to successfully translate these research innovations into clinical applications. In this regard, this review discusses the state of the art regarding the preparation of innovative NO-releasing polymeric nanomaterials, their impact in the biological field and the challenges that need to be overcome. We hope to inspire new research in this exciting area based on NO and nanotechnology.
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108
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Fu J, Zou Y, Huang Z, Yan C, Zhou Q, Zhang H, Lai Y, Peng S, Zhang Y. Identification of nitric oxide-releasing derivatives of oleanolic acid as potential anti-colon cancer agents. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00270b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NO-releasing hybrid 6 regulates colon cancer-related signaling pathways, exhibiting potent anti-colon cancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Yu Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Zhangjian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Chang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Qimeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Huibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Yisheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Sixun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
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109
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Nitric oxide release from polydimethylsiloxane-based polyurethanes. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2014; 12:172-82. [PMID: 24744231 PMCID: PMC6161757 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.5000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Localized nitric oxide (NO) release from polymeric materials holds much promise for the prevention of coagulation often associated with implantable and extracorporeal blood-contacting devices. Films of polyurethane (PU) containing incorporated polyethyleneimine were thus exposed to NO gas to form diazeniumdiolates (NONOates) in situ. Donor incorporation and NO gas exposure did not affect the mechanical properties of the films. The NO release capacity increased with increasing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) content in the soft segment of the PU: total capacity could be more than doubled (P<0.05) from 0.093 ± 0.028 to 0.225 ± 0.004 mmol/g when the PDMS content was increased from 0 to 100%. Release kinetics were best approximated using a modified Korsemeyer-Peppas power law (R2=0.95-0.99). Despite the resultant rapid initial decrease in NO release rates, values above that observed for quiescent endothelial cells (0.83 pmol·cm−2·s−1) were maintained for extended periods of 5-10 days, while rates above that of a stimulated endothelium (2.7-6.8 pmol·cm−2·s−1) were achieved for the first 24 hours. This method of NONOate formation may be advantageous, as potential premature NO release by exposure of diazeniumdiolated donors during incorporation, processing and storage, can be avoided by in situ diazoniumdiolation closer to the time of implantation.
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110
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Shaikh N, Valiev M, Lymar SV. Decomposition of amino diazeniumdiolates (NONOates): Molecular mechanisms. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 141:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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111
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Holland RJ, Klose JR, Deschamps J, Cao Z, Keefer LK, Saavedra JE. Direct reaction of amides with nitric oxide to form diazeniumdiolates. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9389-93. [PMID: 25210948 PMCID: PMC4184460 DOI: 10.1021/jo501670e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We report the apparently unprecedented direct reaction of nitric oxide (NO) with amides to generate ions of structure R(C═O)NH-N(O)═NO(-), with examples including R = Me (1a) or 3-pyridyl (1b). The sodium salts of both released NO in pH 7.4 buffer, with 37 °C half-lives of 1-3 min. As NO-releasing drug candidates, diazeniumdiolated amides would have the advantage of generating only 1 equiv of base on hydrolyzing exhaustively to NO, in contrast to their amine counterparts, which generate 2 equiv of base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Holland
- Drug Design Section, Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - John R. Klose
- Frederick
National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Jeffrey
R. Deschamps
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Zhao Cao
- Frederick
National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Larry K. Keefer
- Drug Design Section, Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Joseph E. Saavedra
- Frederick
National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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112
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Bharadwaj G, Benini PGZ, Basudhar D, Ramos-Colon CN, Johnson GM, Larriva MM, Keefer LK, Andrei D, Miranda KM. Analysis of the HNO and NO donating properties of alicyclic amine diazeniumdiolates. Nitric Oxide 2014; 42:70-8. [PMID: 25192820 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitroxyl (HNO) donors have been shown to elicit a variety of pharmacological responses, ranging from tumoricidal effects to treatment of heart failure. Isopropylamine-based diazeniumdiolates have been shown to produce HNO on decomposition under physiological conditions. Herein, we report the synthesis and HNO release profiles of primary alicyclic amine-based diazeniumdiolates. These compounds extend the range of known diazeniumdiolate-based HNO donors. Acetoxymethyl ester-protected diazeniumdiolates were also synthesized to improve purification and cellular uptake. The acetoxymethyl derivative of cyclopentylamine diazeniumdiolate not only showed higher cytotoxicity toward cancer cells as compared to the parent anion but was also effective in combination with tamoxifen for targeting estrogen receptor α-negative breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Bharadwaj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Patricia G Z Benini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Debashree Basudhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Cyf N Ramos-Colon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Gail M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Marti M Larriva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Larry K Keefer
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Daniela Andrei
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Katrina M Miranda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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113
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Cheng RYS, Basudhar D, Ridnour LA, Heinecke JL, Kesarwala AH, Glynn S, Switzer CH, Ambs S, Miranda KM, Wink DA. Gene expression profiles of NO- and HNO-donor treated breast cancer cells: insights into tumor response and resistance pathways. Nitric Oxide 2014; 43:17-28. [PMID: 25153034 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) synthase 2 (NOS2), a major inflammatory protein, modulates disease progression via NO in a number of pathologies, including cancer. The role of NOS2-derived NO is not only flux-dependent, which is higher in mouse vs human cells, but also varies based on spatial and temporal distribution both within tumor cells and in the tumor microenvironment. NO donors have been utilized to mimic NO flux conditions and to investigate the effects of varied NO concentrations. As a wide range of effects mediated by NO and other nitrogen oxides such as nitroxyl (HNO) have been elucidated, multiple NO- and HNO-releasing compounds have been developed as potential therapeutics, including as tumor modulators. One of the challenges is to determine differences in biomarker expression from extracellular vs intracellular generation of NO or HNO. Taking advantage of new NO and HNO releasing agents, we have characterized the gene expression profile of estrogen receptor-negative human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells following exposure to aspirin, the NO donor DEA/NO, the HNO donor IPA/NO andtheir intracellularly-activated prodrug conjugates DEA/NO-aspirin and IPA/NO-aspirin. Comparison of the gene expression profiles demonstrated that several genes were uniquely expressed with respect to NO or HNO, such as miR-21, HSP70, cystathionine γ-lyase and IL24. These findings provide insight into targets and pathways that could be therapeutically exploited by the redox related species NO and HNO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y S Cheng
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Debashree Basudhar
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Lisa A Ridnour
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julie L Heinecke
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aparna H Kesarwala
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Christopher H Switzer
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katrina M Miranda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - David A Wink
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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114
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Biswas D, Hrabie JA, Saavedra JE, Cao Z, Keefer LK, Ivanic J, Holland RJ. Aminolysis of an N-diazeniumdiolated amidine as an approach to diazeniumdiolated ammonia. J Org Chem 2014; 79:4512-6. [PMID: 24766285 PMCID: PMC4033653 DOI: 10.1021/jo500551n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Recent theoretical studies have suggested
that the parent diazeniumdiolate
ion, H2N–N(O)=NO– (“diazeniumdiolated
ammonia”), might be stable enough to be isolated and that it
could potentially serve as a uniquely advantageous prodrug form of
bioactive nitroxyl (HNO). Here, we report on an attempt to isolate
its O2-benzylated derivative by aminolysis of the C=N
bond in PhC(NH2)=N–N(O)=NOBn. The
reaction proved remarkably sluggish in comparison to aminolysis of
unsubstituted benzamidine, and the desired product could not be isolated,
apparently because of base sensitivity of the NH2 group.
Consistent with this interpretation, O-benzylhydroxylamine
and N2O were recovered from the reaction mixture in high
yields, along with N,N′-dibutylbenzamidine.
Theoretical calculations rationalize the observed slow aminolysis
by demonstrating that the diazeniumdiolate group greatly suppresses
the electrophilicity of the adjacent C=N carbon center, rendering
attack at that position endothermic. The data provide significant
insights into the challenges inherent to the pursuit of diazeniumdiolated
ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Biswas
- Drug Design Section, Chemical Biology Laboratory, and ‡Basic Science Program and §Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Information Systems Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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115
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Dharmaraja AT, Ravikumar G, Chakrapani H. Arylboronate Ester Based Diazeniumdiolates (BORO/NO), a Class of Hydrogen Peroxide Inducible Nitric Oxide (NO) Donors. Org Lett 2014; 16:2610-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol5010643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allimuthu T. Dharmaraja
- Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Govindan Ravikumar
- Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harinath Chakrapani
- Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India
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116
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Suchyta DJ, Handa H, Meyerhoff ME. A nitric oxide-releasing heparin conjugate for delivery of a combined antiplatelet/anticoagulant agent. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:645-50. [PMID: 24423090 PMCID: PMC3993940 DOI: 10.1021/mp400501c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Heparin is a widely used anticoagulant
due to its ability to inhibit
key components in the coagulation cascade such as Factor Xa and thrombin
(Factor IIa). Its potential to preferentially bind to antithrombin
(ATIII) results in a conformational change and activation that leads
to the prevention of fibrin formation from fibrinogen and ultimately
obstructs a hemostatic plug from forming. Nitric oxide (NO) exhibits
potent antiplatelet activity attributed to its capacity to increase
the amount of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) within platelets,
which decreases the Ca2+ concentration required for platelet
activation. Currently there is no single agent that combines the functions
of both antiplatelet and anticoagulant (anti-Xa and anti-IIa) activities
to effectively block both the extrinsic and the intrinsic coagulation
pathways. The research reported herein demonstrates the ability to
combine the physiological capabilities of both heparin and NO into
one functional compound via use of a spermine derivative of heparin,
thus enabling formation of a novel diazeniumdiolate (NONOate). The
heparin–spermine NONOate has a half-life of 85 min at 25 °C
(pH 7.4). The heparin backbone of the conjugate maintains its anticoagulant
activity as demonstrated via an anti-Xa assay, providing an anticoagulant
conversion of 3.6 μg/mL of the heparin–spermine–NONO
conjugate being equivalent to 2.5 μg/mL (0.50 IU/mL) of underivatized
heparin in terms of anti-Xa activity. Using standard platelet aggregometry,
it is shown that the functionality of the NO release portion of the
heparin conjugate prevents (nearly 100%) platelet aggregation in the
presence of adenosine diphosphate (ADP, platelet agonist).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota J Suchyta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States
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117
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Wang B, Nishiura M, Cheng J, Hou Z. Half-sandwich scandium boryl complexes bearing a silylene-linked cyclopentadienyl-amido ligand. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:14215-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01725k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A boryl scandium complex supported by the silylene-linked cyclopentadienyl-amido ligand was synthesized for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoli Wang
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory
- RIKEN
- Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nishiura
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory
- RIKEN
- Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory
- RIKEN
- Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory
- RIKEN
- Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science
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118
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119
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Holland RJ, Paulisch R, Cao Z, Keefer LK, Saavedra JE, Donzelli S. Enzymatic generation of the NO/HNO-releasing IPA/NO anion at controlled rates in physiological media using β-galactosidase. Nitric Oxide 2013; 35:131-6. [PMID: 24126017 PMCID: PMC3881966 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a strategy for generating mixtures of nitric oxide (NO) and nitroxyl (HNO) at tunable rates in physiological media. The approach involves converting a spontaneously HNO/NO-generating ion to a caged (prodrug) form that is essentially stable in neutral media, but that can be activated for HNO/NO release by adding an enzyme capable of efficiently opening the cage to regenerate the ion. By judiciously choosing the enzyme, substrate, and reaction conditions, unwanted scavenging of the HNO and NO by the protein can be minimised and the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme can be maintained. We illustrate this approach with a proof-of-concept study wherein the prodrug is Gal-IPA/NO, a diazeniumdiolate of structure iPrHN-N(O)NOR, with R=β-d-galactosyl. Escherichia coli-derived β-d-galactosidase at concentrations of 1.9-15nM hydrolysed 56μM substrate with half-lives of 140-19min, respectively, producing the IPA/NO anion (iPrHN-N(O)NO(-), half-life ∼3min), which in turn spontaneously hydrolysed to mixtures of HNO with NO. Using saturating substrate concentrations furnished IPA/NO generation rates that were directly proportional to enzyme concentration. Consistent with these data, the enzyme/substrate combination applied to ventricular myocytes isolated from wild-type mouse hearts resulted not only in a significant positive inotropic effect, but also rescued the cells from the negative inotropy, hypercontractions, and occasional cell death seen with the enzyme alone. This mechanism represents an alternate approach for achieving controlled fluxes of NO/HNO to investigate their biological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Holland
- Drug Design Section, Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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120
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Sharma K, Sengupta K, Chakrapani H. Nitroreductase-activated nitric oxide (NO) prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5964-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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121
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Sudhesh P, Tamilarasan K, Arumugam P, Berchmans S. Nitric oxide releasing photoresponsive nanohybrids as excellent therapeutic agent for cervical cancer cell lines. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:8263-8266. [PMID: 23952053 DOI: 10.1021/am402086m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) that can release nitric oxide (NO) on visible-light irradiation were prepared using 2-mercapto-5-nitro benzimidazole (MNBI) as stabilizer. These nanoparticles meet overall prerequisites for biomedical applications like small sizes, water solubility, and stability. It was found that even a very low dosage of MNBI-stabilized GNPs exhibit appreciable tumor cell mortality against cervical cancer cell lines, demonstrating the role of NO in killing cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Sudhesh
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute , Karaikudi, Tamilnadu 630006, India
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122
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Wang YN, Collins J, Holland RJ, Keefer LK, Ivanic J. Decoding nitric oxide release rates of amine-based diazeniumdiolates. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:6671-7. [PMID: 23834533 PMCID: PMC3763926 DOI: 10.1021/jp404589p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Amine-based diazeniumdiolates (NONOates) have garnered widespread use as nitric oxide (NO) donors, and their potential for nitroxyl (HNO) release has more recently been realized. While NO release rates can vary significantly with the type of amine, half-lives of seconds to days under physiological conditions, there is as yet no way to determine a priori the NO or HNO production rates of a given species, and no discernible trends have manifested other than that secondary amines produce only NO (i.e., no HNO). As a step to understanding these complex systems, here we describe a procedure for modeling amine-based NONOates in water solvent that provides an excellent correlation (R(2) = 0.94) between experimentally measured dissociation rates of seven secondary amine species and their computed NO release activation energies. The significant difference in behavior of NONOates in the gas and solvent phases is also rigorously demonstrated via explicit additions of quantum mechanical water molecules. The presented results suggest that the as-yet unsynthesized simplest amine-based NONOate, the diazeniumdiolated ammonia anion [H2N-N(O)═NO(-)], could serve as an unperturbed HNO donor. These results provide a step forward toward the accurate modeling of general NO and/or HNO donors as well as for the identification of tailored prodrug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ni Wang
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Information Systems Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Jack Collins
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Information Systems Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Ryan J. Holland
- Drug Design Section, Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Larry K. Keefer
- Drug Design Section, Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Joseph Ivanic
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Information Systems Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702
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123
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Williams KD, Cardenas AJP, Oliva JD, Warren TH. CopperC-Nitroso Compounds: Activation of Hydroxylamines and NO Reactivity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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124
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Sharma K, Iyer A, Sengupta K, Chakrapani H. INDQ/NO, a Bioreductively Activated Nitric Oxide Prodrug. Org Lett 2013; 15:2636-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol400884v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Sharma
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aishwarya Iyer
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kundan Sengupta
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harinath Chakrapani
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India
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125
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Filipovic MR, Eberhardt M, Prokopovic V, Mijuskovic A, Orescanin-Dusic Z, Reeh P, Ivanovic-Burmazovic I. Beyond H2S and NO Interplay: Hydrogen Sulfide and Nitroprusside React Directly to Give Nitroxyl (HNO). A New Pharmacological Source of HNO. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1499-508. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3012036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana Mijuskovic
- Institute
for Biological Research Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade,
Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorana Orescanin-Dusic
- Institute
for Biological Research Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade,
Belgrade, Serbia
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126
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Reynolds MM, Witzeling SD, Damodaran VB, Medeiros TN, Knodle RD, Edwards MA, Lookian PP, Brown MA. Applications for nitric oxide in halting proliferation of tumor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 431:647-51. [PMID: 23337501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumor resistance to cytotoxic therapeutics coupled with dose-limiting toxicity is a serious hurdle in the field of medical oncology. In the face of this obstacle, nitric oxide has emerged as a powerful adjuvant for the hypersensitization of tumors to more traditional chemo- and radio-therapeutics. Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that nitric oxide donors have the potential to function independently in the clinical management of cancer. Herein, we discuss the role of nitric oxide in cancer and the potential for nitric oxide donors to support conventional therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1052, USA
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127
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Abstract
Platforms able to storage, release or scavenge NO in a controlled and specific manner is interesting for biological applications. Among the possible matrices for these purposes, dendrimers are excellent candidates for that. These molecules have been used as drug delivery systems and exhibit interesting properties, like the possibility to perform chemical modifications on dendrimers surface, the capacity of storage high concentrations of compounds of interest in the same molecule and the ability to improve the solubility and the biocompatibility of the compounds bonded to it. This review emphasizes the recent progress in the development and in the biological applications of different NO-releasing dendrimers and the nitric oxide release pathways in these compounds.
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128
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Biswas D, Holland RJ, Deschamps JR, Cao Z, Keefer LK, Saavedra JE. O2-functionalized methylamine diazeniumdiolates: evidence for E ⇄ Z equilibration in an acyclic system. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10804-10. [PMID: 23137026 PMCID: PMC7243909 DOI: 10.1021/jo3020837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diazeniumdiolates that have the structure RHN-N(O)═NOR' are of interest as prodrug (caged) forms of the bioeffectors nitric oxide (NO) and nitroxyl (HNO). Previous work has focused on examples possessing α-branched R groups, with isopropylamine (IPA)/NO (R = isopropyl) being the smallest examined to date. To probe the effect of minimizing the alkyl-group size on the chemistry of IPA/NO, we prepared the corresponding methylamine derivative as a sodium salt that was highly unstable but could be trapped in very low overall yield as the stable O(2)-benzyl derivative. To prepare enough for efficient characterization, we devised an alternate synthesis involving a novel N-dealkylation route. CH(3)HN-N(O)═NOBn, synthesized in high yield and crystallized as the Z isomer as determined by X-ray crystallography, was observed to exist as a 11:1 mixture of two isomeric forms in dynamic equilibrium in solution. Similar results were seen for the O(2)-ethyl derivative, whose two equilibrium constituents were partially separated by HPLC to reveal essentially identical UV and mass spectra, indicating them to be Z and E isomers of CH(3)HN-N(O)═NOEt. The results could lead the way to a fuller understanding of the chemistry of the acyclic (E)-diazeniumdiolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Biswas
- Drug Design Section, Chemical Biology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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129
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Arulsamy N, Bohle DS, Holman CL, Perepichka I. E versus Z diazeniumdiolation of acetoacetate-derived carbanions. J Org Chem 2012; 77:7313-8. [PMID: 22852822 DOI: 10.1021/jo301025k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide adds to methyl acetoacetate in the presence of KOH in methanol at room temperature to form potassium acetylsydnonate N-oxide (K1) with an (E)-diazeniumdiolation and potassium acetate diazenium diolate (K(2)2) from a (Z)-diazeniumdiolation. A study of the reaction with LiOH, NaOH, and NMe(4)OH and with ethyl acetate substrate reveals that the temperature of the reaction greatly influences the nitric oxide reactivity. At 23 °C, nitric oxide adds to give both E and Z products, whereas at -5 °C the gas reacts almost exclusively to give Z addition. The (Z)-diazeniumdiolation products, namely, the alkali metal and NMe(4)(+) salts of methyl and ethylbutenoate-2-diazeniumdiolate-3-hydroxylate (3(2-) and 4(2-)), are isolated in good yields. The alkali metal salts are not amenable for recrystallization because of their ready decomposition in aqueous solutions. However, [NMe(4)](2)[MeC(O)C(N(2)O(2))CO(2)Me] is readily recrystallized from a methanol/acetonitrile solvent mixture. The crystals are unambiguously characterized by X-ray crystallography. NMR spectra for all of the 3(2-) and 4(2-) salts reveal the presence of two isomers in aq solutions. But the structure of the NMe(4)(+) salt contains only one of the isomers. Our attempts to cyclize the isolated and purified butenoatediazeniumdiolates from the (Z)-diazeniumdiolation to the E-containing sydnonate products were unsuccessful. TGA/DSC data for all of the products demonstrate the thermal instability of the salts at high temperatures. The salts decompose exothermally possibly with the release of N(2)O among other gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navamoney Arulsamy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82072-2000, USA.
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130
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Biswas D, Cao Z, Keefer LK, Saavedra JE. Nitrous oxide as a primary product in base-mediated β-elimination reactions of diazeniumdiolated benzylamine derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:5931-3. [PMID: 22572739 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32284f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report an unexpected β-elimination pathway by which diazeniumdiolated benzylamines of structure Bn-N(R)-N(O)=N-OR' undergo base-mediated fragmentation to generate N(2)O as the only gaseous product. The reaction is especially rapid for R = 2-hydroxyethyl, in which the hydroxyl group anchimerically assists benzylic proton removal with concomitant expulsion of PhCH=NR and R'OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Biswas
- Drug Design Section, Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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131
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Nandurdikar RS, Maciag AE, Cao Z, Keefer LK, Saavedra JE. Diazeniumdiolated carbamates: a novel class of nitric oxide donors. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2025-9. [PMID: 22356735 PMCID: PMC3298570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We report an indirect method for synthesis of previously inaccessible diazeniumdiolated carbamates. Synthesis involves use of previously reported triisopropylsilyloxymethylated isopropylamine diazeniumdiolate (TOM-ylated IPA/NO). These novel diazeniumdiolated carbamate prodrugs upon activation release nitric oxide (NO) similar to their secondary amine counterparts. They are also efficient sources of intracellular NO. These prodrugs may have potential applications as therapeutic NO-donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S. Nandurdikar
- Drug Design Section, Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Anna E. Maciag
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Zhao Cao
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Larry K. Keefer
- Drug Design Section, Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Joseph E. Saavedra
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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132
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Review of companies and drug classes in the 2007–2011 antihypertensive patent literature. Pharm Pat Anal 2012; 1:45-64. [DOI: 10.4155/ppa.12.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension, defined as elevated systolic blood pressure and/or diastolic blood pressure generally greater than 140/90 mmHg, is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes such as arterial aneurysm, myocardial infarction and stroke, and for nonvascular conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. The prevalence of the disease is rapidly increasing both in the USA and in the rest of the world. Hypertension can be managed to a degree through behavioral changes (e.g., reduction in salt intake and loss of excess body weight). When lifestyle changes fail, pharmacological therapy provides benefits, with combination drug therapy often required for many patients to reach their blood pressure-reduction goals. Approximately one-third of hypertensive patients who seek treatment fail to reach their goals, either because they are resistant to drug therapy or stop treatment due to side-effect issues. A medical need exists for new antihypertensive agents with improved risk–benefit profiles. However, within the past decade, the economics of bringing a new antihypertensive agent to market have become challenging due to the plethora of generic drugs available, the advent of polypharmacology, and the difficulty of identifying agents that are better than the standard of care. Only a few new mechanistic classes of antihypertensive agents have been recently approved, suggesting a lack of innovation within the industry. In this review, we describe the results of a survey of drug companies and drug classes in the 2007–2009 antihypertensive patent literature and comment on the current state of innovation in antihypertensive drug discovery.
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133
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Wang J, O'Sullivan S, Harmon S, Keaveny R, Radomski MW, Medina C, Gilmer JF. Design of barbiturate-nitrate hybrids that inhibit MMP-9 activity and secretion. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2154-62. [PMID: 22248361 DOI: 10.1021/jm201352k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new type of barbiturate-based matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor incorporating a nitric oxide (NO) donor/mimetic group (series 1). The compounds were designed to inhibit MMP at enzyme level and to attenuate MMP-9 secretion arising from inflammatory signaling. To detect effects related to the nitrate, we prepared and studied an analogous series of barbiturate C5-alkyl alcohols that were unable to release NO (series 2). Both series inhibited recombinant human MMP-2/9 activity with nanomolar potency. Series 1 consistently inhibited the secretion of MMP-9 from TNFα/IL1β stimulated Caco-2 cells at 10 μM, which could be attributed to NO related effects because the non-nitrate panel did not affect enzyme levels. Several compounds from series 1 (10 μM) inhibited tumor cell invasion but none from the non-nitrate panel did. The work shows that MMP-inhibitory barbiturates are suitable scaffolds for hybrid design, targeting additional facets of MMP pathophysiology, with potential to improve risk-benefit ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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