101
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Abstract
Mammalian pancreatic-type ribonucleases (ptRNases) comprise an enzyme family that is remarkably well suited for therapeutic exploitation. ptRNases are robust and prodigious catalysts of RNA cleavage that can naturally access the cytosol. Instilling cytotoxic activity requires endowing them with the ability to evade a cytosolic inhibitor protein while retaining other key attributes. These efforts have informed our understanding of ptRNase-based cytotoxins, as well as the action of protein-based drugs with cytosolic targets. Here, we address the most pressing problems encountered in the design of cytotoxic ptRNases, along with potential solutions. In addition, we describe assays that can be used to evaluate a successful design in vitro, in cellulo, and in vivo. The emerging information validates the continuing development of ptRNases as chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo E Lomax
- Graduate Program in Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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102
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Fernandes A, Hensenne P, Mathy B, Guo W, Nysten B, Jonas AM, Riant O. Increased Catalytic Activity of Surface-Immobilized Palladium Complexes in the Fluorogenic Deprotection of an Alloc-Derivatized Coumarin. Chemistry 2011; 18:788-92. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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103
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Takahashi M, Yamamoto A, Inuzuka T, Sengoku T, Yoda H. Synthesis of lipophilic bisanthracene fluorophores: versatile building blocks toward the synthesis of new light-harvesting dendrimers. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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104
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Abstract
Fluorescent sensors that make use of DNA structures have become widely useful in monitoring enzymatic activities. Early studies focused primarily on enzymes that naturally use DNA or RNA as the substrate. However, recent advances in molecular design have enabled the development of nucleic acid sensors for a wider range of functions, including enzymes that do not normally bind DNA or RNA. Nucleic acid sensors present some potential advantages over classical small-molecule sensors, including water solubility and ease of synthesis. An overview of the multiple strategies under recent development is presented in this critical review, and expected future developments in microarrays, single molecule analysis, and in vivo sensing are discussed (160 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric T. Kool
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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105
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Grimm JB, Lavis LD. Synthesis of rhodamines from fluoresceins using Pd-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling. Org Lett 2011; 13:6354-7. [PMID: 22091952 PMCID: PMC3235915 DOI: 10.1021/ol202618t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A unified, convenient, and efficient strategy for the preparation of rhodamines and N,N'-diacylated rhodamines has been developed. Fluorescein ditriflates were found to undergo palladium-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling with amines, amides, carbamates, and other nitrogen nucleophiles to provide direct access to known and novel rhodamine derivatives, including fluorescent dyes, quenchers, and latent fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Grimm
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
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106
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Wysocki LM, Lavis LD. Advances in the chemistry of small molecule fluorescent probes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2011; 15:752-9. [PMID: 22078994 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule fluorophores are essential tools for chemical biology. A benefit of synthetic dyes is the ability to employ chemical approaches to control the properties and direct the position of the fluorophore. Applying modern synthetic organic chemistry strategies enables efficient tailoring of the chemical structure to obtain probes for specific biological experiments. Chemistry can also be used to activate fluorophores; new fluorogenic enzyme substrates and photoactivatable compounds with improved properties have been prepared that facilitate advanced imaging experiments with low background fluorescence. Finally, chemical reactions in live cells can be used to direct the spatial distribution of the fluorophore, allowing labeling of defined cellular regions with synthetic dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Wysocki
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Dr., Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
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107
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Sundlass NK, Raines RT. Arginine residues are more effective than lysine residues in eliciting the cellular uptake of onconase. Biochemistry 2011; 50:10293-9. [PMID: 21980976 DOI: 10.1021/bi200979k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Onconase is an amphibian member of the pancreatic ribonuclease family of enzymes that is in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. Onconase, which has an abundance of lysine residues, is internalized by cancer cells through endocytosis in a mechanism similar to that of cell-penetrating peptides. Here, we compare the effect of lysine versus arginine residues on the biochemical attributes necessary for Onconase to elicit its cytotoxic activity. In the variant R-Onconase, 10 of the 12 lysine residues in Onconase are replaced with arginine, leaving only the two active-site lysines intact. Cytometric assays quantifying internalization showed a 3-fold increase in the internalization of R-Onconase compared with Onconase. R-Onconase also showed greater affinity for heparin and a 2-fold increase in ribonucleolytic activity. Nonetheless, arginine substitution endowed only a slight increase in toxicity toward human cancer cells. Analysis of denaturation induced with guanidine-HCl showed that R-Onconase has less conformational stability than does the wild-type enzyme; moreover, R-Onconase is more susceptible to proteolytic degradation. These data indicate that arginine residues are more effective than lysine in eliciting cellular internalization but can compromise other aspects of protein structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia K Sundlass
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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108
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Röthlingshöfer M, Gorska K, Winssinger N. Nucleic Acid-Templated Energy Transfer Leading to a Photorelease Reaction and its Application to a System Displaying a Nonlinear Response. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:18110-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2086504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Röthlingshöfer
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS − UMR 7006), Université de Strasbourg − CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Katarzyna Gorska
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS − UMR 7006), Université de Strasbourg − CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS − UMR 7006), Université de Strasbourg − CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F67000 Strasbourg, France
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109
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Chao TY, Raines RT. Mechanism of ribonuclease A endocytosis: analogies to cell-penetrating peptides. Biochemistry 2011; 50:8374-82. [PMID: 21827164 PMCID: PMC3242730 DOI: 10.1021/bi2009079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic-type ribonucleases can exert toxic activity by catalyzing the degradation of cellular RNA. Their ability to enter cells is essential for their cytotoxicity. Here, we determine the mechanism by which bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) enters human cells. Inhibiting clathrin-dependent endocytosis with dynasore or chlorpromazine decreases RNase A-uptake by ~70%. Limited colocalization between RNase A and transferrin indicates that RNase A is not routed through recycling endosomes. Instead, vesicular staining of RNase A overlaps substantially with that of nona-arginine and the cationic peptide corresponding to residues 47-57 of the HIV-1 TAT protein. At low concentrations (<5 μM), internalization of RNase A and these cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) is inhibited by chlorpromazine as well as the macropinocytosis inhibitors cytochalasin D and 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride to a similar extent, indicative of common endocytic mechanism. At high concentrations, CPPs adopt a nonendocytic mechanism of cellular entry that is not shared by RNase A. Collectively, these data suggest that RNase A is internalized via a multipathway mechanism that involves both clathrin-coated vesicles and macropinosomes. The parallel between the uptake of RNase A and CPPs validates reference to RNase A as a "cell-penetrating protein".
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yuan Chao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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110
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Terentyeva TG, Van Rossom W, Van der Auweraer M, Blank K, Hofkens J. Morpholinecarbonyl-Rhodamine 110 Based Substrates for the Determination of Protease Activity with Accurate Kinetic Parameters. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1932-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bc2001038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana G. Terentyeva
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Rossom
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Mark Van der Auweraer
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kerstin Blank
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Materials, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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111
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Abstract
Alteration in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨ(m)) is an important characteristic of cancer. The observation that the enhanced negative mitochondrial potential is prevalent in tumor cell phenotype provides a conceptual basis for development of mitochondrion-targeting therapeutic drugs and molecular imaging probes. Since plasma and mitochondrial potentials are negative, many delocalized organic cations, such as rhodamine-123 and (3)H-tetraphenylphosphonium, are electrophoretically driven through these membranes, and able to localize in the energized mitochondria of tumor cells. Cationic radiotracers, such as (99m)Tc-Sestamibi and (99m)Tc-Tetrofosmin, have been clinically used for diagnosis of cancer by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and noninvasive monitoring of the multidrug resistance (MDR) transport function in tumors of different origin. However, their diagnostic and prognostic values are often limited due to their insufficient tumor localization (low radiotracer tumor uptake) and high radioactivity accumulation in the chest and abdominal regions (low tumor selectivity). In contrast, the (64)Cu-labeled phosphonium cations represent a new class of PET (positron emission tomography) radiotracers with good tumor uptake and high tumor selectivity. This review article will focus on our recent experiences in evaluation of (64)Cu-labeled phosphonium cations as potential PET radiotracers. The main objective is to illustrate the impact of radiometal chelate on physical, chemical, and biological properties of (64)Cu radiotracers. It will also discuss some important issues related to their tumor selectivity and possible tumor localization mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, Phone: 765-494-0236
| | - Shuang Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, Phone: 765-494-0236
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112
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Zhang J, Shibata A, Ito M, Shuto S, Ito Y, Mannervik B, Abe H, Morgenstern R. Synthesis and characterization of a series of highly fluorogenic substrates for glutathione transferases, a general strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:14109-19. [PMID: 21786801 DOI: 10.1021/ja205500y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are used in biotechnology applications as fusion partners for facile purification and are also overexpressed in certain tumors. Consequently, there is a need for sensitive detection of the enzymes. Here we describe a general strategy for the synthesis and characterization of novel fluorogenic substrates for GSTs. The substrates were synthesized by introducing an electrophilic sulfonamide linkage to fluorescent molecules containing an amino group [e.g., 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide (DNs) derivatives of coumarin, cresyl violet, and rhodamine]. The derivatives were essentially nonfluorescent, and upon GST catalyzed cleavage of the dinitrobenzenesulfonamide, free fluorophore is released (and 1-glutathionyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene + SO(2)). All the coumarin-, cresyl violet- and rhodamine-based fluorogenic probes turned out to be good substrates for most GSTs, especially for GSTA(1-1), in terms of strong fluorescence increases (71-1200-fold), high k(cat)/K(m) values (10(4)-10(7) M(-1) s(-1)) and significant rate enhancements (10(6)-10(9)-fold). The substrates were successfully applied to quantitate very low levels of GST activity in cell extracts and DNs-cresyl violet was also successfully applied to the imaging of microsomal MGST(1) activity in living cells. The cresyl violet stained cells retained their fluorescence after fixation, which is a very useful property. In summary, we describe a general and versatile strategy to generate fluorogenic GST substrates, some of them providing the most sensitive assays so far described for GSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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113
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Abstract
The early detection of many human diseases is crucial if they are to be treated successfully. Therefore, the development of imaging techniques that can facilitate early detection of disease is of high importance. Changes in the levels of enzyme expression are known to occur in many diseases, making their accurate detection at low concentrations an area of considerable active research. Activatable fluorescent probes show immense promise in this area. If properly designed they should exhibit no signal until they interact with their target enzyme, reducing the level of background fluorescence and potentially endowing them with greater sensitivity. The mechanisms of fluorescence changes in activatable probes vary. This review aims to survey the field of activatable probes, focusing on their mechanisms of action as well as illustrating some of the in vitro and in vivo settings in which they have been employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Drake
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, Box 0946, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
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114
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Sensitive fluorogenic substrate for alkaline phosphatase. Anal Biochem 2011; 418:247-52. [PMID: 21827735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase serves both as a model enzyme for studies on the mechanism and kinetics of phosphomonoesterases and as a reporter in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and other biochemical methods. The tight binding of the enzyme to its inorganic phosphate product leads to strong inhibition of catalysis and confounds measurements of alkaline phosphatase activity. We have developed an alkaline phosphatase substrate in which the fluorescence of rhodamine is triggered on P-O bond cleavage in a process mediated by a "trimethyl lock." Although this substrate requires a nonenzymatic second step to manifest fluorescence, we demonstrated that the enzymatic first step limits the rate of fluorogenesis. The substrate enables the catalytic activity of alkaline phosphatase to be measured with high sensitivity and accuracy. Its attributes are ideal for enzymatic assays of alkaline phosphatase for both basic research and biotechnological applications.
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115
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Yin M, Feng C, Shen J, Yu Y, Xu Z, Yang W, Knoll W, Müllen K. Dual-responsive interaction to detect DNA on template-based fluorescent nanotubes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1629-1634. [PMID: 21574249 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
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116
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Santos RCD, Faleiro NVDS, Campo LF, Scroferneker ML, Corbellini VA, Rodembusch FS, Stefani V. Synthesis and photophysical properties of novel succinimidyl benzazole derivatives, evaluated by Candida albicans ATCC 10231 fluorescent staining. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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117
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Zhou Y, Kim YS, Yan X, Jacobson O, Chen X, Liu S. 64Cu-labeled lissamine rhodamine B: a promising PET radiotracer targeting tumor mitochondria. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1198-208. [PMID: 21545131 DOI: 10.1021/mp200025m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced mitochondrial potential in carcinoma cells is an important characteristic of cancer. It is of great current interest to develop a radiotracer that is sensitive to mitochondrial potential changes at the early stage of tumor growth. In this report, we present the synthesis and evaluation of (64)Cu-labeled Lissamine rhodamine B (LRB), (64)Cu(DOTA-LRB) (DOTA-LRB = 2-(6-(diethylamino)-3-(diethyliminio)-3H-xanthen-9-yl)-5-(N-(2-(2-(4,7,10-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclo-dodecan-1-yl)acetamido)ethyl)sulfamoyl)benzenesulfonate) as a new radiotracer for imaging tumors in athymic nude mice bearing U87MG human glioma xenografts by positron emission tomography (PET). We also explored its localization mechanism using Cu(DOTA-LRB) as the fluorescent probe in both the U87MG human glioma cell line and the cultured primary U87MG glioma cells. It was found that (64)Cu(DOTA-LRB) had the highest tumor uptake (6.54 ± 1.50, 6.91 ± 1.26, 5.68 ± 1.13, 7.58 ± 1.96, and 5.14 ± 1.50%ID/g at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 24 h postinjection, respectively) among many (64)Cu-labeled organic cations evaluated in the same animal model. The cellular staining study indicated that Cu(DOTA-LRB) was able to localize in mitochondria of U87MG glioma cells due to the enhanced negative mitochondrial potential. This statement is completely supported by the results from decoupling experiment with carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). MicroPET data showed that the U87MG glioma tumors were clearly visualized as early as 30 min postinjection with (64)Cu(DOTA-LRB). (64)Cu(DOTA-LRB) remained stable during renal excretion, but underwent extensive degradation during hepatobiliary excretion. On the basis of the results from this study, it was concluded that (64)Cu(DOTA-LRB) represents a new class of promising PET radiotracers for noninvasive imaging of the MDR-negative tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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118
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Zhang XX, Prata CAH, Berlin JA, McIntosh TJ, Barthelemy P, Grinstaff MW. Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro transfection activity of charge-reversal amphiphiles for DNA delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:690-9. [PMID: 21456532 DOI: 10.1021/bc1004526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of charge-reversal lipids were synthesized that possess varying chain lengths and end functionalities. These lipids were designed to bind and then release DNA based on a change in electrostatic interaction with DNA. Specifically, a cleavable ester linkage is located at the ends of the hydrocarbon chains. The DNA release from the amphiphile was tuned by altering the length and position of the ester linkage in the hydrophobic chains of the lipids through the preparation of five new amphiphiles. The amphiphiles and corresponding lipoplexes were characterized by DSC, TEM, and X-ray, as well as evaluated for DNA binding and DNA transfection. For one specific charge-reversal lipid, stable lipoplexes of approximately 550 nm were formed, and with this amphiphile, effective in vitro DNA transfection activities was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiang Zhang
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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119
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Dai N, Guo J, Teo YN, Kool ET. Protease Probes Built from DNA: Multispectral Fluorescent DNA-Peptide Conjugates as Caspase Chemosensors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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120
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Tobimatsu Y, Davidson CL, Grabber JH, Ralph J. Fluorescence-Tagged Monolignols: Synthesis, and Application to Studying In Vitro Lignification. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:1752-61. [DOI: 10.1021/bm200136x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tobimatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Enzyme Institute, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Christy L. Davidson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Enzyme Institute, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - John H. Grabber
- United States Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARS, 1925 Linden Drive West, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Enzyme Institute, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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121
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Dai N, Guo J, Teo YN, Kool ET. Protease probes built from DNA: multispectral fluorescent DNA-peptide conjugates as caspase chemosensors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5105-9. [PMID: 21455915 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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122
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Gorska K, Manicardi A, Barluenga S, Winssinger N. DNA-templated release of functional molecules with an azide-reduction-triggered immolative linker. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:4364-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc10222b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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123
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Lavis LD, Chao TY, Raines RT. Synthesis and utility of fluorogenic acetoxymethyl ethers. Chem Sci 2011; 2:521-530. [PMID: 21394227 PMCID: PMC3049939 DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00466a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic fluorophores such as fluorescein, Tokyo Green, resorufin, and their derivatives are workhorses of biological science. Acylating the phenolic hydroxyl group(s) in these fluorophores masks their fluorescence. The ensuing ester is a substrate for cellular esterases, which can restore fluorescence. These esters are, however, notoriously unstable to hydrolysis, severely compromising their utility. The acetoxymethyl (AM) group is an esterase-sensitive motif that can mask polar functionalities in small molecules. Here, we report on the use of AM ether groups to mask phenolic fluorophores. The resulting profluorophores have a desirable combination of low background fluorescence, high chemical stability, and high enzymatic reactivity, both in vitro and in cellulo. These simple phenyl ether-based profluorophores could supplement or supplant the use of phenyl esters for imaging biochemical and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D. Lavis
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn VA 20147, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tzu-Yuan Chao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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124
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Silvers WC, Payne AS, McCarley RL. Shedding light by cancer redox—human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 activation of a cloaked fluorescent dye. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:11264-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14578a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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125
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Bag B, Pal A. Water induced chromogenic and fluorogenic signal modulation in a bi-fluorophore appended acyclic amino-receptor system. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:915-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00238k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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126
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Chao TY, Lavis LD, Raines RT. Cellular uptake of ribonuclease A relies on anionic glycans. Biochemistry 2010; 49:10666-73. [PMID: 21062061 DOI: 10.1021/bi1013485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) can enter human cells, even though it lacks a cognate cell-surface receptor protein. Here, we report on the biochemical basis for its cellular uptake. Analyses in vitro and in cellulo revealed that RNase A interacts tightly with abundant cell-surface proteoglycans containing glycosaminoglycans, such as heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, as well as with sialic acid-containing glycoproteins. The uptake of RNase A correlates with cell anionicity, as quantified by measuring electrophoretic mobility. The cellular binding and uptake of RNase A contrast with those of Onconase, an amphibian homologue that does not interact tightly with anionic cell-surface glycans. As anionic glycans are especially abundant on human tumor cells, our data predicate utility for mammalian ribonucleases as cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yuan Chao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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127
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Ellis GA, Hornung ML, Raines RT. Potentiation of ribonuclease cytotoxicity by a poly(amidoamine) dendrimer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 21:2756-8. [PMID: 21144746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Variants of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) engineered to evade the endogenous ribonuclease inhibitor protein (RI) are toxic to human cancer cells. Increasing the basicity of these variants facilitates their entry into the cytosol and thus increases their cytotoxicity. The installation of additional positive charge also has the deleterious consequence of decreasing ribonucleolytic activity or conformational stability. Here, we report that the same benefit can be availed by co-treating cells with a cationic dendrimer. We find that adding the generation 2 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer in trans increases the cytotoxicity of RI-evasive RNase A variants without decreasing their activity or stability. The increased cytotoxicity is not due to increased RI-evasion or cellular internalization, but likely results from improved translocation into the cytosol after endocytosis. These data indicate that co-treatment with highly cationic molecules could enhance the efficacy of ribonucleases as chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Ellis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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128
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Tietze LF, Behrendt F, Major F, Krewer B, von Hof JM. Synthesis of Fluorescence-Labelled Glycosidic Prodrugs Based on the Cytotoxic Antibiotic Duocarmycin. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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129
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Aw J, Shao Q, Yang Y, Jiang T, Ang C, Xing B. Synthesis and characterization of 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-chlorophenyl)-6-chloro-4(3H)-quinazolinone-based fluorogenic probes for cellular imaging of monoamine oxidases. Chem Asian J 2010; 5:1317-21. [PMID: 20397188 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junxin Aw
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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130
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Morris MC. Fluorescent biosensors of intracellular targets from genetically encoded reporters to modular polypeptide probes. Cell Biochem Biophys 2010; 56:19-37. [PMID: 19921468 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-009-9070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the escalation of drug discovery programmes, it has become essential to visualize and monitor biological activities in healthy and pathological cells, with high spatial and temporal resolution. To this aim, the development of probes and sensors, which can report on the levels and activities of specific intracellular targets, has become essential. Together with the discovery of the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), and the development of GFP-based reporters, recent advances in the synthesis of small molecule fluorescent probes, and the explosion of fluorescence-based imaging technologies, the biosensor field has witnessed a dramatic expansion of fluorescence-based reporters which can be applied to complex biological samples, living cells and tissues to probe protein/protein interactions, conformational changes and posttranslational modifications. Here, we review recent developments in the field of fluorescent biosensor technology. We describe different varieties and categories of fluorescent biosensors together with an overview of the technologies commonly employed to image biosensors in cellulo and in vivo. We discuss issues and strategies related to the choice of synthetic fluorescent probes, labelling, quenching, caging and intracellular delivery of biosensors. Finally, we provide examples of some well-characterized genetically encoded FRET reporter systems, peptide and protein biosensors and describe biosensor applications in a wide variety of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- May C Morris
- Interactions and Molecular Mechanisms regulating Cell Cycle Progression, Université de Montpellier, CRBM-CNRS UMR5237, 1919 Route de Mende, IFR122, 34293, Montpellier, France.
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131
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Belov V, Wurm C, Boyarskiy V, Jakobs S, Hell S. Rhodamines NN: A Novel Class of Caged Fluorescent Dyes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:3520-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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132
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Belov V, Wurm C, Boyarskiy V, Jakobs S, Hell S. Rhodamine NN: eine neue Klasse maskierter Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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133
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Dai N, Teo YN, Kool ET. DNA-polyfluorophore excimers as sensitive reporters for esterases and lipases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:1221-3. [PMID: 20449256 DOI: 10.1039/b926338a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA-scaffolded oligodeoxyriboside fluorophores (ODFs) were used as the reporters in turn-on sensing of enzymatic bond-cleaving activity. A tetramer ODF of pyrene deoxynucleosides displayed high quenching efficiency when conjugated via ester linkages with a dabcyl quencher, and yielded large signal increases with several enzymes in vitro and in intact human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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134
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Abstract
Bioconjugation is a burgeoning field of research. Novel methods for the mild and site-specific derivatization of proteins, DNA, RNA, and carbohydrates have been developed for applications such as ligand discovery, disease diagnosis, and high-throughput screening. These powerful methods owe their existence to the discovery of chemoselective reactions that enable bioconjugation under physiological conditions-a tremendous achievement of modern organic chemistry. Here, we review recent advances in bioconjugation chemistry. Additionally, we discuss the stability of bioconjugation linkages-an important but often overlooked aspect of the field. We anticipate that this information will help investigators choose optimal linkages for their applications. Moreover, we hope that the noted limitations of existing bioconjugation methods will provide inspiration to modern organic chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeet Kalia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1544, USA
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1544, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, USA
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135
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Nakazono M, Jinguji A, Nanbu S, Kuwano R, Zheng Z, Saita K, Oshikawa Y, Mikuni Y, Murakami T, Zhao Y, Sasaki S, Zaitsu K. Fluorescence and chemiluminescence properties of indolylmaleimides: experimental and theoretical studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:9783-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c003021j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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136
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Meyer Y, Richard JA, Delest B, Noack P, Renard PY, Romieu A. A comparative study of the self-immolation of para-aminobenzylalcohol and hemithioaminal-based linkers in the context of protease-sensitive fluorogenic probes. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1777-80. [DOI: 10.1039/b926316k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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137
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van den Dungen ETA, Loos B, Klumperman B. Use of a Profluorophore for Visualization of the Rupture of Capsules in Self-Healing Coatings. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 31:625-8. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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138
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Zhang XB, Waibel M, Hasserodt J. An Autoimmolative Spacer Allows First-Time Incorporation of a Unique Solid-State Fluorophore into a Detection Probe for Acyl Hydrolases. Chemistry 2009; 16:792-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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139
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Watkins RW, Lavis LD, Kung VM, Los GV, Raines RT. Fluorogenic affinity label for the facile, rapid imaging of proteins in live cells. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3969-75. [PMID: 19763299 PMCID: PMC2800956 DOI: 10.1039/b907664f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Haloalkane dehalogenase (HD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of haloalkanes via a covalent enzyme-substrate intermediate. Fusing a target protein to an HD variant that cannot hydrolyze the intermediate enables labeling of the target protein with a haloalkane in cellulo. The utility of extant probes is hampered, however, by background fluorescence as well as limited membrane permeability. Here, we report on the synthesis and use of a fluorogenic affinity label that, after unmasking by an intracellular esterase, labels an HD variant in cellulo. Labeling is rapid and specific, as expected from the reliance upon enzymic catalysts and the high membrane permeance of the probe both before and after unmasking. Most notably, even high concentrations of the fluorogenic affinity label cause minimal background fluorescence without a need to wash the cells. We envision that such fluorogenic affinity labels, which enlist catalysis by two cellular enzymes, will find utility in pulse-chase experiments, high-content screening, and numerous other protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex W. Watkins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Luke D. Lavis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Vanessa M. Kung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Georgyi V. Los
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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140
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Kiyose K, Aizawa S, Sasaki E, Kojima H, Hanaoka K, Terai T, Urano Y, Nagano T. Molecular Design Strategies for Near-Infrared Ratiometric Fluorescent Probes Based on the Unique Spectral Properties of Aminocyanines. Chemistry 2009; 15:9191-200. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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141
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A highly sensitive probe detecting low pH area of HeLa cells based on rhodamine B modified β-cyclodextrins. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:6015-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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142
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Abstract
Onconase (ONC) is a member of the ribonuclease A superfamily that is toxic to cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. ONC is now in Phase IIIb clinical trials for the treatment of malignant mesothelioma. Internalization of ONC to the cytosol of cancer cells is essential for its cytotoxic activity, despite the apparent absence of a cell-surface receptor protein. Endocytosis and cytotoxicity do, however, appear to correlate with the net positive charge of ribonucleases. To dissect the contribution made by the endogenous arginine and lysine residues of ONC to its cytotoxicity, 22 variants were created in which cationic residues were replaced with alanine. Variants with the same net charge (+2 to +5) as well as equivalent catalytic activity and conformational stability were found to exhibit large (> 10-fold) differences in toxicity for the cells of a human leukemia line. In addition, a more cationic ONC variant could be either much more or much less cytotoxic than a less cationic variant, again depending on the distribution of its cationic residues. The endocytosis of variants with widely divergent cytotoxic activity was quantified by flow cytometry using a small-molecule fluorogenic label, and was found to vary by twofold or less. This small difference in endocytosis did not account for the large difference in cytotoxicity, implicating the distribution of cationic residues as being critical for lipid-bilayer translocation subsequent to endocytosis. This finding has fundamental implications for understanding the interaction of ribonucleases and other proteins with mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F Turcotte
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
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143
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Pianowski Z, Gorska K, Oswald L, Merten CA, Winssinger N. Imaging of mRNA in Live Cells Using Nucleic Acid-Templated Reduction of Azidorhodamine Probes. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:6492-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja809656k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Pianowski
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS − UMR 7006), Université de Strasbourg – CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Katarzyna Gorska
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS − UMR 7006), Université de Strasbourg – CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Oswald
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS − UMR 7006), Université de Strasbourg – CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christoph A. Merten
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS − UMR 7006), Université de Strasbourg – CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS − UMR 7006), Université de Strasbourg – CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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144
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145
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Beija M, Afonso CAM, Martinho JMG. Synthesis and applications of Rhodamine derivatives as fluorescent probes. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:2410-33. [DOI: 10.1039/b901612k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1095] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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146
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Song HY, Ngai MH, Song ZY, MacAry PA, Hobley J, Lear MJ. Practical synthesis of maleimides and coumarin-linked probes for protein and antibody labelling via reduction of native disulfides. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3400-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b904060a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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147
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Choi MG, Cha S, Lee H, Jeon HL, Chang SK. Sulfide-selective chemosignaling by a Cu2+ complex of dipicolylamine appended fluorescein. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:7390-2. [DOI: 10.1039/b916476f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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148
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Chapter 3 Mapping and Manipulating Neural Circuits in the Fly Brain. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2009; 65:79-143. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(09)65003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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149
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Furukawa K, Abe H, Wang J, Uda M, Koshino H, Tsuneda S, Ito Y. Reduction-triggered red fluorescent probes for dual-color detection of oligonucleotide sequences. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 7:671-7. [PMID: 19194582 DOI: 10.1039/b817228e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new red fluorogenic compound derived from naphthorhodamine for a reduction-triggered fluorescence probe to sense oligonucleotides. The fluorogenic reaction between naphthorhodamine azide derivatives and reducing reagents such as triphenylphosphine (TPP) on the DNA target does not use any enzyme or reagent, and fluoresces at 650 nm. The probes were used for dual color detection of a single nucleotide difference on the leukemia-related bcr/abl gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Furukawa
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, Advance Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-Shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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150
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Yatzeck MM, Lavis LD, Chao TY, Chandran SS, Raines RT. A highly sensitive fluorogenic probe for cytochrome P450 activity in live cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5864-6. [PMID: 18595692 PMCID: PMC2586036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A derivative of rhodamine 110 has been designed and assessed as a probe for cytochrome P450 activity. This probe is the first to utilize a 'trimethyl lock' that is triggered by cleavage of an ether bond. In vitro, fluorescence was manifested by the CYP1A1 isozyme with k(cat)/K(M)=8.8x10(3)M(-1)s(-1) and K(M)=0.09microM. In cellulo, the probe revealed the induction of cytochrome P450 activity by the carcinogen 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and its repression by the chemoprotectant resveratrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Yatzeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1322, USA
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