101
|
Ahrazem O, Diretto G, Argandoña J, Rubio-Moraga Á, Julve JM, Orzáez D, Granell A, Gómez-Gómez L. Evolutionarily distinct carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases are responsible for crocetin production in Buddleja davidii. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4663-4677. [PMID: 28981773 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Crocetin, one of the few colored apocarotenoids known in nature, is present in flowers and fruits and has long been used medicinally and as a colorant. Saffron is the main source of crocetin, although a few other plants produce lower amounts of this apocarotenoid. Notably, Buddleja davidii accumulates crocetin in its flowers. Recently, a carotenoid dioxygenase cleavage enzyme, CCD2, has been characterized as responsible for crocetin production in Crocus species. We searched for CCD2 homologues in B. davidii and identified several CCD enzymes from the CCD1 and CCD4 subfamilies. Unexpectedly, two out of the three CCD4 enzymes, namely BdCCD4.1 and BdCCD4.3, showed 7,8;7',8' activity in vitro and in vivo over zeaxanthin. In silico analyses of these enzymes and CCD2 allowed the determination of key residues for this activity. Both BdCCD4 genes are highly expressed during flower development and transcripts levels parallel the accumulation of crocins in the petals. Phylogenetic analysis showed that BdCCD4.2 grouped with almost all the characterized CCD4 enzymes, while BdCCD4.1 and BdCCD4.3 form a new sub-cluster together with CCD4 enzymes from certain Lamiales species. The present study indicates that convergent evolution led to the acquisition of 7,8;7',8' apocarotenoid cleavage activity in two separate CCD enzyme families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Ahrazem
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Tecnológico de la Fábrica de Armas, Avda, Carlos III s/n, E-45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Javier Argandoña
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Ángela Rubio-Moraga
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - José Manuel Julve
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Diego Orzáez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Sereshti H, Poursorkh Z, Aliakbarzadeh G, Zarre S, Ataolahi S. An image analysis of TLC patterns for quality control of saffron based on soil salinity effect: A strategy for data (pre)-processing. Food Chem 2017; 239:831-839. [PMID: 28873641 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Quality of saffron, a valuable food additive, could considerably affect the consumers' health. In this work, a novel preprocessing strategy for image analysis of saffron thin layer chromatographic (TLC) patterns was introduced. This includes performing a series of image pre-processing techniques on TLC images such as compression, inversion, elimination of general baseline (using asymmetric least squares (AsLS)), removing spots shift and concavity (by correlation optimization warping (COW)), and finally conversion to RGB chromatograms. Subsequently, an unsupervised multivariate data analysis including principal component analysis (PCA) and k-means clustering was utilized to investigate the soil salinity effect, as a cultivation parameter, on saffron TLC patterns. This method was used as a rapid and simple technique to obtain the chemical fingerprints of saffron TLC images. Finally, the separated TLC spots were chemically identified using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Accordingly, the saffron quality from different areas of Iran was evaluated and classified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Sereshti
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Poursorkh
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahin Zarre
- Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, and Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Ataolahi
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Moradzadeh M, Sadeghnia HR, Tabarraei A, Sahebkar A. Anti-tumor effects of crocetin and related molecular targets. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2170-2182. [PMID: 28407293 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have gained a wide popularity as chemopreventive and anti-cancer agents owing to their multi-mechanistic mode of action, availability and synergism with several conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Crocetin is a carotenoid compound isolated from the stigma of Crocus sativus L. (saffron). Crocetin has shown promising effects as an anti-tumor agent in animal models and cell culture systems. Crocetin retards the growth of cancer cells via inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis, enhancing anti-oxidative system, and inducing apoptosis and differentiation pathways. The present review outlines natural sources of crocetin, and its pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties relevant to the prevention and treatment of cancer. Also, we discuss molecular targets underlying the putative anti-tumor effects of crocetin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Moradzadeh
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of New Sciences and Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Sadeghnia
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of New Sciences and Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurocognitive Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Díez-Méndez A, Rivas R. Improvement of saffron production using Curtobacterium herbarum as a bioinoculant under greenhouse conditions. AIMS Microbiol 2017; 3:354-364. [PMID: 31294166 PMCID: PMC6604984 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2017.3.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) are natural soil bacteria which establish a beneficial relationship with their host. This microbiota community exists in the rhizosphere and inside plant tissues and stimulates plant growth by a variety of direct or indirect mechanisms. These bacterial plant promoters are frequently present in different environments, and are associated with many plant species, both wild and agricultural. Saffron is the dried stigmas of Crocus sativus (L.) and is the most expensive spice in the world. Remarkably, saffron cultivation and collection is carried out by hand and does not involve the use of machines. Additionally, 150 flowers are needed to produce one gram of dried stigmas. Hence, a slight increase in the size of the saffron filaments per plant would result in a significant increase in the production of this spice. In this study, we report the improved production of saffron using Curtobacterium herbarum Cs10, isolated from Crocus seronitus subs clusii, as a bioinoculant. The bacterial strain was selected owing to its multifunctional ability to produce siderophores, solubilize phosphate and to produce plant growth hormones like IAA. Furthermore, the isolate was tested on saffron producing plants under greenhouse conditions. The results indicate that Curtobacterium herbarum Cs10 improves the number of flowers and significantly enhances the length of the saffron filaments and overall saffron production compared to the control treated plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Díez-Méndez
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Edificio Departamental de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, (USAL) Dres. de la Reina s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raul Rivas
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Edificio Departamental de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, (USAL) Dres. de la Reina s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Salamanca, Spain.,Associated Unit USAL-CSIC (IRNASA), Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Ni Y, Li L, Zhang W, Lu D, Zang C, Zhang D, Yu Y, Yao X. Discovery and LC-MS Characterization of New Crocins in Gardeniae Fructus and Their Neuroprotective Potential. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2936-2946. [PMID: 27936687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ten new crocins, neocrocins B-J (1-9) and 13-cis-crocetin-8'-O-β-d-gentiobioside (14), along with 10 known crocins, were isolated from the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Gardeniae Fructus). The structures of these compounds were elucidated by analyzing HRESIMS, UV/vis, and 1D and 2D NMR spectra, and their neuroprotective effects against hydrogen peroxide- and l-glutamic acid-induced SH-SY5Y cell injury were evaluated. The UPLC-Q/TOF-MS chromatogram of a crocin-rich fraction derived from gardenia fruit extracts was established using the obtained crocin compounds as references. Most of the peaks were identified (the total integral area of the identified peaks accounted for 95% of total peak areas), and bioactive crocins were a large portion of this fraction (the areas of peaks from the neuroprotective compounds accounted for 70% of the total).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ni
- College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of TCM & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology , Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Lu
- Institute of TCM & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Zang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of TCM & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Institute of TCM & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
- College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Razak SIA, Anwar Hamzah MS, Yee FC, Kadir MRA, Nayan NHM. A Review on Medicinal Properties of Saffron toward Major Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10496475.2016.1272522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Syahir Anwar Hamzah
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Foong Choi Yee
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | | | - Nadirul Hasraf Mat Nayan
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Guijarro-Díez M, Castro-Puyana M, Crego AL, Marina ML. Detection of saffron adulteration with gardenia extracts through the determination of geniposide by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
108
|
Shahi T, Assadpour E, Jafari SM. Main chemical compounds and pharmacological activities of stigmas and tepals of ‘red gold’; saffron. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
109
|
Han J, Wanrooij J, van Bommel M, Quye A. Characterisation of chemical components for identifying historical Chinese textile dyes by ultra high performance liquid chromatography - photodiode array - electrospray ionisation mass spectrometer. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1479:87-96. [PMID: 27986289 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This research makes the first attempt to apply Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to both Photodiode Array detection (PDA) and Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometer (ESI-MS) to the chemical characterisation of common textile dyes in ancient China. Three different extraction methods, respectively involving dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-oxalic acid, DMSO and hydrochloric acid, are unprecedentedly applied together to achieve an in-depth understanding of the chemical composition of these dyes. The first LC-PDA-MS database of the chemical composition of common dyes in ancient China has been established. The phenomena of esterification and isomerisation of the dye constituents of gallnut, gardenia and saffron, and the dye composition of acorn cup dyed silk are clarified for the first time. 6-Hydroxyrubiadin and its glycosides are first reported on a dyed sample with Rubia cordifolia from China. UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS with a C18 BEH shield column shows significant advantages in the separation and identification of similar dye constituents, particularly in the cases of analysing pagoda bud and turmeric dyed sample extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Centre for Textile Conservation and Technical Art History, School of Cultural and Creative Arts, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QH, United Kingdom.
| | - Jantien Wanrooij
- Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands, Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten van Bommel
- Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands, Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC Amsterdam, The Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, Johannes Vermeerplein 1, 1071 DV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anita Quye
- Centre for Textile Conservation and Technical Art History, School of Cultural and Creative Arts, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QH, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
García-Rodríguez MV, López-Córcoles H, Alonso GL, Pappas CS, Polissiou MG, Tarantilis PA. Comparative evaluation of an ISO 3632 method and an HPLC-DAD method for safranal quantity determination in saffron. Food Chem 2016; 221:838-843. [PMID: 27979282 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was a comparison of the ISO 3632 (2011) method and an HPLC-DAD method for safranal quantity determination in saffron. Samples from different origins were analysed by UV-vis according to ISO 3632 (2011) and by HPLC-DAD. Both methods were compared, and there was no correlation between the safranal content obtained by UV-vis and HPLC-DAD. An over-estimation in the UV-vis experiment was observed, which was related to the cis-crocetin esters content, as well as other compounds. The results demonstrated that there was no relationship between ISO quality categories and safranal content using HPLC-DAD. Therefore, HPLC-DAD might be preferable to UV-vis for determining the safranal content and the classification of saffron for commercial purposes. In addition, HPLC-DAD was adequate for determining the three foremost parameters that define the quality of saffron (crocetin esters, picrocrocin and safranal); therefore, this approach could be included in the ISO 3632 method (2011).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Valle García-Rodríguez
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Horacio López-Córcoles
- Instituto Técnico Agronómico Provincial (ITAP), S.A. Avda. Gregorio Arcos, s/n., 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Gonzalo L Alonso
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Christos S Pappas
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Moschos G Polissiou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Petros A Tarantilis
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Condurso C, Cincotta F, Tripodi G, Verzera A. Bioactive volatiles in Sicilian (South Italy) saffron: safranal and its related compounds. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2016.1244115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
112
|
D'Archivio AA, Maggi MA. Geographical identification of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) by linear discriminant analysis applied to the UV-visible spectra of aqueous extracts. Food Chem 2016; 219:408-413. [PMID: 27765245 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We attempted geographical classification of saffron using UV-visible spectroscopy, conventionally adopted for quality grading according to the ISO Normative 3632. We investigated 81 saffron samples produced in L'Aquila, Città della Pieve, Cascia, and Sardinia (Italy) and commercial products purchased in various supermarkets. Exploratory principal component analysis applied to the UV-vis spectra of saffron aqueous extracts revealed a clear differentiation of the samples belonging to different quality categories, but a poor separation according to the geographical origin of the spices. On the other hand, linear discriminant analysis based on 8 selected absorbance values, concentrated near 279, 305 and 328nm, allowed a good distinction of the spices coming from different sites. Under severe validation conditions (30% and 50% of saffron samples in the evaluation set), correct predictions were 85 and 83%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Antonio D'Archivio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
113
|
Huang Z, Nan C, Wang H, Su Q, Xue W, Chen Y, Shan X, Duan J, Chen G, Tao W. Crocetin ester improves myocardial ischemia via Rho/ROCK/NF-κB pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 38:186-93. [PMID: 27285672 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Crocetin ester (CE) is the active ingredient of Crocus sativus L. stigmas and Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruit. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of CE on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced acute myocardial ischemia (AMI) through Rho/ROCK/NF-κB pathway and explore its underlying mechanism. Administration of CE (25 and 50mg/kg) could significantly reduce the serum contents of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). In addition, pretreatment with CE attenuated the contents of creatine kinase (CK), malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum. Treatment with CE also improved the histopathological alteration and decreased the ST elevation. Furthermore, CE could ameliorate the cardiac expressions of Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1), MDA5, Rho, ROCK, p-IκB and p-NF-κBp65 in ISO-induced rats. It was assumed that CE might be a new therapeutic candidate for the treatment of AMI possibly through the inhibition of Rho/ROCK/NF-κB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Huang
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, School of Basic Biomedical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chen Nan
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Hanqing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Qiang Su
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, School of Basic Biomedical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenda Xue
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, School of Basic Biomedical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, School of Basic Biomedical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Shan
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, School of Basic Biomedical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, School of Basic Biomedical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weiwei Tao
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, School of Basic Biomedical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Heidarbeigi K, Mohtasebi S, Serrano-Diaz J, Medina-Plaza C, Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti M, Alonso G, Garcia-Rodriguez M, Rafiee S, Rezaei K, Garcia-Hernandez C, de Saja J, Rodriguez-Mendez M. Flavour characteristics of Spanish and Iranian saffron analysed by electronic tongue. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2015.0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Heidarbeigi
- Department of Mechanics of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Engineers School, Universidad of Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce, 59, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - S.S. Mohtasebi
- Department of Mechanics of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - J. Serrano-Diaz
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agronomos de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - C. Medina-Plaza
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Engineers School, Universidad of Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce, 59, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - G.L. Alonso
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agronomos de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - M.V. Garcia-Rodriguez
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agronomos de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - S. Rafiee
- Department of Mechanics of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - K. Rezaei
- Department of Food Science, Engineering and Technology Faculty of Agricultural and Engineering Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - C. Garcia-Hernandez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Engineers School, Universidad of Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce, 59, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - J.A. de Saja
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Valladolid, Spain
| | - M.L. Rodriguez-Mendez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Engineers School, Universidad of Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce, 59, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
D'Archivio AA, Giannitto A, Maggi MA, Ruggieri F. Geographical classification of Italian saffron (Crocus sativus L.) based on chemical constituents determined by high-performance liquid-chromatography and by using linear discriminant analysis. Food Chem 2016; 212:110-6. [PMID: 27374513 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
One hundred and forty-four Italian saffron samples produced in the years from 2009 to 2015 in five distinct areas located in four different regions, Abruzzo (L'Aquila), Tuscany (Florence), Umbria (Cascia and Città della Pieve) and Sardinia, have been analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Intensities of the chromatographic peaks attributed to crocins, safranal, picrocrocin and its derivatives and flavonoids were considered as variables in linear discriminant analysis to attempt geographical classification. The results revealed that spices produced at different sites of the Italian territory can be discriminated with good accuracy. The differentiation of saffron cultivated in Sardinia from those produced in Central Italy was mainly attributed to different contents of the most abundant crocins. Good differentiation of spices produced in close sites of Central Italy was also observed, 88% of validation samples being correctly classified; some minor crocins are responsible for such discrimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Antonio D'Archivio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67010 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Andrea Giannitto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67010 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Ruggieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67010 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Consonni R, Ordoudi SA, Cagliani LR, Tsiangali M, Tsimidou MZ. On the Traceability of Commercial Saffron Samples Using ¹H-NMR and FT-IR Metabolomics. Molecules 2016; 21:286. [PMID: 26938515 PMCID: PMC6274441 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous works on authentic samples of saffron of known history (harvest and processing year, storage conditions, and length of time) some biomarkers were proposed using both FT-IR and NMR metabolomics regarding the shelf life of the product. This work addresses the difficulties to trace back the "age" of commercial saffron samples of unknown history, sets a limit value above which these products can be considered substandard, and offers a useful tool to combat saffron mislabeling and fraud with low-quality saffron material. Investigations of authentic and commercial saffron samples of different origin and harvest year, which had been stored under controlled conditions for different lengths of time, allowed a clear-cut clustering of samples in two groups according to the storage period irrespectively of the provenience. In this respect, the four-year cut off point proposed in our previous work assisted to trace back the "age" of unknown samples and to check for possible mislabeling practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Consonni
- Institute for Macromolecular Studies, NMR Laboratory, National Research Council, v. Corti 12, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Stella A Ordoudi
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology (LFCT), School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Laura R Cagliani
- Institute for Macromolecular Studies, NMR Laboratory, National Research Council, v. Corti 12, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Tsiangali
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology (LFCT), School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Maria Z Tsimidou
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology (LFCT), School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Kim EK, Choi EJ, Debnath T. Role of phytochemicals in the inhibition of epithelial–mesenchymal transition in cancer metastasis. Food Funct 2016; 7:3677-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00901h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) development is controlled by several signaling pathways including Hedgehog, Wnt, fibroblast growth factors (FGF), hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF),etc. Phytochemicals is very promising therapeutic candidate that inhibit the progression of EMT by inhibiting the signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Kim
- Division of Food BioScience
- College of Biomedical and Health Sciences
- Konkuk University
- Chungju 27478
- Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Choi
- Division of Sport Science
- College of Science and Technology
- Konkuk University
- Chungju 27478
- Republic of Korea
| | - Trishna Debnath
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Dongguk University
- Goyang 10326
- Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Rajabi H, Ghorbani M, Jafari SM, Sadeghi Mahoonak A, Rajabzadeh G. Retention of saffron bioactive components by spray drying encapsulation using maltodextrin, gum Arabic and gelatin as wall materials. Food Hydrocoll 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
119
|
Enhanced Bioaccessibility of Crocetin Sugar Esters from Saffron in Infusions Rich in Natural Phenolic Antioxidants. Molecules 2015; 20:17760-74. [PMID: 26404216 PMCID: PMC6332399 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201017760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to examine whether and to what extent the bioaccessibility of the major saffron apocarotenoids, namely crocetin sugar esters (CRTSEs), is affected by the presence of strong water-soluble antioxidants, ingredients of the herbs found in commercial tea blends with saffron. An in vitro digestion model was applied to infusions from these products to investigate the possible changes. All of the studied infusions were rich in total phenols (9.9–22.5 mg caffeic acid equivalents/100 mg dry infusion) and presented strong DPPH radical scavenging activity regardless of the composition of the corresponding herbal blends. RP-HPLC-DAD and LC-MS analysis enabled the grouping of the infusions into hydroxycinnamic acid-rich and in flavan-3-ol-rich ones. CRTSEs in herbal tea infusions were found to be significantly more bioaccessible (66.3%–88.6%) than those in the reference saffron infusion (60.9%). The positive role of strong phenolic antioxidants (caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid) on the stability of CRTSEs was also evidenced in model binary mixtures. On the contrary, cinnamic acid, exerting no antioxidant activity, did not have such an effect. Our findings suggest that strong radical scavengers may protect the crocetin sugar esters from oxidation during digestion when present in excess.
Collapse
|
120
|
Llorens S, Mancini A, Serrano-Díaz J, D'Alessandro AM, Nava E, Alonso GL, Carmona M. Effects of Crocetin Esters and Crocetin from Crocus sativus L. on Aortic Contractility in Rat Genetic Hypertension. Molecules 2015; 20:17570-84. [PMID: 26402666 PMCID: PMC6332434 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200917570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Endothelial dysfunction, characterized by an enhancement in vasoconstriction, is clearly associated with hypertension. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) bioactive compounds have been recognized to have hypotensive properties. Recently, we have reported that crocetin exhibits potent vasodilator effects on isolated aortic rings from hypertensive rats. In this work, we have aimed to analyze the anticontractile ability of crocetin or crocetin esters pool (crocins) isolated from saffron. Thus, we have studied the effects of saffron carotenoids on endothelium-dependent and -independent regulation of smooth muscle contractility in genetic hypertension. Methods: We have measured the isometric responses of aortic segments with or without endothelium obtained from spontaneously hypertensive rats. The effects of carotenoids were studied by assessing the endothelial modulation of phenylephrine-induced contractions (10−9–10−5 M) in the presence or absence of crocetin or crocins. The role of nitric oxide and prostanoids was analyzed by performing the experiments with L-NAME (NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester) or indomethacin (both 10−5 M), respectively. Results: Crocetin, and to a minor extent crocins, diminished the maximum contractility of phenylephrine in intact rings, while crocins, but not crocetin, increased this contractility in de-endothelizated vessels. In the intact vessels, the effect of crocetin on contractility was unaffected by indomethacin but was abolished by L-NAME. However, crocetin but not crocins, lowered the already increased contractility caused by L-NAME. Conclusions: Saffron compounds, but especially crocetin have endothelium-dependent prorelaxing actions. Crocins have procontractile actions that take place via smooth muscle cell mechanisms. These results suggest that crocetin and crocins activate different mechanisms involved in the vasoconstriction pathway in hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Llorens
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02006, Spain.
| | - Andrea Mancini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila 67100, Italy.
| | - Jessica Serrano-Díaz
- School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain.
| | - Anna Maria D'Alessandro
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila 67100, Italy.
| | - Eduardo Nava
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02006, Spain.
| | - Gonzalo Luis Alonso
- School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain.
| | - Manuel Carmona
- School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain.
- Albacete Science and Technology Park, Paseo de la Innovación 1, Albacete 02006, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Gardner PR, Gardner DP, Gardner AP. Globins Scavenge Sulfur Trioxide Anion Radical. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27204-27214. [PMID: 26381408 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.679621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferrous myoglobin was oxidized by sulfur trioxide anion radical (STAR) during the free radical chain oxidation of sulfite. Oxidation was inhibited by the STAR scavenger GSH and by the heme ligand CO. Bimolecular rate constants for the reaction of STAR with several ferrous globins and biomolecules were determined by kinetic competition. Reaction rate constants for myoglobin, hemoglobin, neuroglobin, and flavohemoglobin are large at 38, 120, 2,600, and ≥ 7,500 × 10(6) m(-1) s(-1), respectively, and correlate with redox potentials. Measured rate constants for O2, GSH, ascorbate, and NAD(P)H are also large at ∼100, 10, 130, and 30 × 10(6) m(-1) s(-1), respectively, but nevertheless allow for favorable competition by globins and a capacity for STAR scavenging in vivo. Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking sulfite oxidase and deleted of flavohemoglobin showed an O2-dependent growth impairment with nonfermentable substrates that was exacerbated by sulfide, a precursor to mitochondrial sulfite formation. Higher O2 exposures inactivated the superoxide-sensitive mitochondrial aconitase in cells, and hypoxia elicited both aconitase and NADP(+)-isocitrate dehydrogenase activity losses. Roles for STAR-derived peroxysulfate radical, superoxide radical, and sulfo-NAD(P) in the mechanism of STAR toxicity and flavohemoglobin protection in yeast are suggested.
Collapse
|
122
|
Tong Y, Yan Y, Zhu X, Liu R, Gong F, Zhang L, Wang P. Simultaneous quantification of crocetin esters and picrocrocin changes in Chinese saffron by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector during 15 years of storage. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:540-5. [PMID: 26246729 PMCID: PMC4522840 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.160467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Saffron, which is made up of the dried stigmas of Crocus sativus L., has been successfully cultivated in China since 1970s and Zhejiang province is now the largest producing area in China, but the contents of crocetin esters and picrocrocin in saffron from Zhejiang province has not been determined simultaneously by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and changes of these constituents in Chinese saffron during storage for years has not been studied. Object: To establish a simple method quantification of the five main compounds including picrocrocin and four crocetin esters in saffron from main producing areas of China and study the influence of storage time on the changes of saffron constituents. Materials and Methods: A simple, sensitive, and accurate HPLC method was developed for simultaneous determination of five major active components in saffron and eight samples which collected from the same farm of Zhejiang province in different years were analyzed. Results: The correlation coefficient values (R2 > 0.9997) indicated good correlations between the investigated compounds’ concentrations and their peak areas within the test ranges. The limits of quantification and detection of the five compounds were 0.53–2.76 μg/mL and 0.11–0.77 μg/mL, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 94.67% to 101.31%, and the overall relative standard deviations for intra-day and inter-day were lower than 3.49%. The method was applied to study the changes of crocetin esters and picrocrocin contents in saffron samples during 15 years of storage. The losses of crocetin esters and picrocrocin in saffron with 1 -year storage were 52.2% and 54.3%, respectively. The trend then declined during subsequent storage. Conclusion: The developed method can be applied to the intrinsic quality control of saffron.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingpeng Tong
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongqiu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingyi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruoxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Miami Leonard of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Miami Leonard of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Guijarro-Díez M, Nozal L, Marina ML, Crego AL. Metabolomic fingerprinting of saffron by LC/MS: novel authenticity markers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8882-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
124
|
Hong IK, Jeon H, Lee SB. Extraction of natural dye from Gardenia and chromaticity analysis according to chi parameter. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
125
|
Kyriakoudi A, Tsimidou MZ. A Food-Grade Approach to Isolate Crocetin from Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Extracts. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
126
|
Mancini A, Serrano-Díaz J, Nava E, D'Alessandro AM, Alonso GL, Carmona M, Llorens S. Crocetin, a Carotenoid Derived from Saffron ( Crocus sativus L.), Improves Acetylcholine-Induced Vascular Relaxation in Hypertension. J Vasc Res 2014; 51:393-404. [DOI: 10.1159/000368930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
127
|
Rodríguez-Neira L, Lage-Yusty MA, López-Hernández J. Influence of culinary processing time on saffron's bioactive compounds (Crocus sativus L.). PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 69:291-296. [PMID: 25373843 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-014-0447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Saffron, the dried stigmas of Crocus sativus L., is used as a condiment spice. The major bioactive compounds are crocins, picrocrocin and safranal, which are responsible for the sensory profile of saffron (color, flavor and aroma, respectively), and also health-promoting properties. In this paper, the effect on the bioactive compounds of different cooking times in boiling water at 100 °C in samples of Saffron from La Mancha (safranal, picrocrocin, trans-crocin 4, cis-crocin 4 and trans-crocin 3) was investigated. Performance characteristics of High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Variable Wavelength Detector method, parameters of linearity, limits of detection and quantification are reported. High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photo Diode Array-Mass Spectrometry was used as a confirmatory technique in crocins identification. When the samples are subjected to different cooking times, they present different behaviors, depending on the bioactive compound. In this way, no changes were observed in the concentration of picrocrocin, while heat culinary treatment adversely affects the concentrations of crocins and safranal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Rodríguez-Neira
- Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
128
|
Inoue K, Tanada C, Nishikawa H, Matsuda S, Tada A, Ito Y, Min JZ, Todoroki K, Sugimoto N, Toyo'oka T, Akiyama H. Evaluation of gardenia yellow using crocetin from alkaline hydrolysis based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography and high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3619-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Inoue
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Chihiro Tanada
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nishikawa
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
| | | | - Atsuko Tada
- National Institute of Health Sciences; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yusai Ito
- National Institute of Health Sciences; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; Faculty of Home Economics; Kyoritsu Women's University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Jun Zhe Min
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Kenichiro Todoroki
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Naoki Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
Petrakis EA, Cagliani LR, Polissiou MG, Consonni R. Evaluation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) adulteration with plant adulterants by (1)H NMR metabolite fingerprinting. Food Chem 2014; 173:890-6. [PMID: 25466103 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a preliminary study for the detection of adulterated saffron and the identification of the adulterant used by means of (1)H NMR and chemometrics is reported. Authentic Greek saffron and four typical plant-derived materials utilised as bulking agents in saffron, i.e., Crocus sativus stamens, safflower, turmeric, and gardenia were investigated. A two-step approach, relied on the application of both OPLS-DA and O2PLS-DA models to the (1)H NMR data, was adopted to perform authentication and prediction of authentic and adulterated saffron. Taking into account the deficiency of established methodologies to detect saffron adulteration with plant adulterants, the method developed resulted reliable in assessing the type of adulteration and could be viable for dealing with extensive saffron frauds at a minimum level of 20% (w/w).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios A Petrakis
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Laura R Cagliani
- Institute for the Study of Macromolecules, NMR Laboratory, National Council of Research, v. Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Moschos G Polissiou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Roberto Consonni
- Institute for the Study of Macromolecules, NMR Laboratory, National Council of Research, v. Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Valle García-Rodríguez M, Serrano-Díaz J, Tarantilis PA, López-Córcoles H, Carmona M, Alonso GL. Determination of saffron quality by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:8068-74. [PMID: 25075549 DOI: 10.1021/jf5019356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to propose a high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method for determining the three main compounds responsible for determining the quality of saffron (crocetin esters, picrocrocin, and safranal) by preparing an aqueous extract according to the ISO 3632 standard to solve the difficulty that this standard has for aroma and taste determination by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Toward this aim, laboratory-isolated picrocrocin, a safranal standard with a purity of ≥ 88%, trans-crocetin di(β-D-gentiobiosyl) ester (trans-4-GG) and trans-crocetin (β-D-glucosyl)-(β-D-gentiobiosyl) ester (trans-3-Gg) standards, both with a purity of ≥ 99%, and 50 different saffron spice samples from Italy, Iran, Greece, and Spain were used in the intralaboratory validation of the HPLC method. The analytical method proposed was adequate in terms of linearity, selectivity, sensitivity, and accuracy for determining the three foremost parameters that define the quality of saffron using only a saffron solution prepared according to the ISO 3632 standard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Valle García-Rodríguez
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros (ETSI) Agrónomos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Antitumor effects of saffron-derived carotenoids in prostate cancer cell models. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:135048. [PMID: 24900952 PMCID: PMC4037572 DOI: 10.1155/2014/135048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Crocus sativus L. extracts (saffron) are rich in carotenoids. Preclinical studies have shown that dietary intake of carotenoids has antitumor effects suggesting their potential preventive and/or therapeutic roles. We have recently reported that saffron (SE) and crocin (CR) exhibit anticancer activity by promoting cell cycle arrest in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. It has also been demonstrated that crocetin esters are produced after SE gastrointestinal digestion by CR hydrolysis. The aim of the present report was to investigate if SE, crocetin (CCT), and CR affected in vivo tumor growth of two aggressive PCa cell lines (PC3 and 22rv1) which were xenografted in male nude mice treated by oral gavage with SE, CR, and CCT. We demonstrated that the antitumor effects of CCT were higher when compared to CR and SE and treatments reverted the epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT) as attested by the significant reduction of N-cadherin and beta-catenin expression and the increased expression of E-cadherin. Additionally, SE, CR, and CCT inhibited PCa cell invasion and migration through the downmodulation of metalloproteinase and urokinase expression/activity suggesting that these agents may affect metastatic processes. Our findings suggest that CR and CCT may be dietary phytochemicals with potential antitumor effects in biologically aggressive PCa cells.
Collapse
|
132
|
Fu Z, Xue R, Li Z, Chen M, Sun Z, Hu Y, Huang C. Fragmentation patterns study of iridoid glycosides in Fructus Gardeniae by HPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1795-807. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Fu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 501 Haike Rd. Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Shuguang hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 1200 Cailun Rd Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Xue
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 501 Haike Rd. Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiong Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 501 Haike Rd. Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingcang Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 501 Haike Rd. Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaolin Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 501 Haike Rd. Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyang Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Shuguang hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 1200 Cailun Rd Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Chenggang Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 501 Haike Rd. Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Shariatifar N, Shoeibi S, Sani MJ, Jamshidi AH, Zarei A, Mehdizade A, Dadgarnejad M. Study on diuretic activity of saffron (stigma of Crocus sativus L.) Aqueous extract in rat. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2014; 5:17-20. [PMID: 24696813 PMCID: PMC3960788 DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.126982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron is the most expensive spice in the world and consists of the dried stigmas of Crocus sativus L. It is used as food coloring and flavoring in food industry and traditional cooking and also in folk medicine as antispasmodic, carminative, stomachic, expectorant, aphrodisiac and cardiotonic. The present study has evaluated the diuretic activity of aqueous extract of dried saffron (stigma of Crocussativus) in rat. Aqueous extracts of saffron were administered to experimental rats orally as doses of 60, 120 and 240 mg/kg body weight (BW) and compared with hydrochlorothiazide (10 mg/kg B.W., intraperitoneally), a potent diuretic as positive control and normal saline solution as placebo for control group. The measured parameters for diuretic activity were total urine volume, urine electrolytes concentration such as sodium and potassium, creatinine and urea concentration. The treated rats with aqueous extract of saffron as doses of 120 and 240 mg/kg BW showed higher urine output when compared to the control group. Also, it has shown a significant dose-dependent increase in the excretion of electrolytes when compared to the control group. Our findings proved the diuretic activity of saffron which is used in traditional medicine, it can be an effective and safe strategy for related dysfunction. Also further studies are needed to identify the mechanisms of action, probably other effects and interactions with other medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabi Shariatifar
- Department of Environment Health, School of Public Health, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Shoeibi
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Centre (FDLRC), Food and Drug Organization (FDO), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moslem Jaferi Sani
- Department of Biochemistry, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Semnan Province, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Jamshidi
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Centre (FDLRC), Food and Drug Organization (FDO), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zarei
- Department of Biochemistry, Baghiatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Mehdizade
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Centre (FDLRC), Food and Drug Organization (FDO), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manouchehr Dadgarnejad
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Centre (FDLRC), Food and Drug Organization (FDO), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Red pepper (Capsicum annuum) carotenoids as a source of natural food colors: analysis and stability-a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2014; 52:1258-71. [PMID: 25745195 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are increasingly drawing the attention of researchers as a major natural food color due to their inherent nutritional characteristics and the implicated possible role in prevention and protection against degenerative diseases. In this report, we review the role of red pepper as a source for natural carotenoids. The composition of the carotenoids in red pepper and the application of different methodologies for their analysis were discussed in this report. The stability of red pepper carotenoids during post-harvest processing and storage is also reviewed. This review highlights the potential of red pepper carotenoids as a source of natural food colors and also discusses the need for a standardized approach for the analysis and reporting of composition of carotenoids in plant products and designing model systems for stability studies.
Collapse
|
135
|
Characterisation of secondary metabolites in saffron from central Italy (Cascia, Umbria). Food Chem 2014; 143:446-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
136
|
Pittenauer E, Koulakiotis NS, Tsarbopoulos A, Allmaier G. In-chain neutral hydrocarbon loss from crocin apocarotenoid ester glycosides and the crocetin aglycon (Crocus sativus L.) by ESI-MS(n) (n=2, 3). JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:1299-1307. [PMID: 24338885 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The stigmas of Crocus sativus L. have been used as spice and colorant agent (i.e. saffron) for more than 4000 years. For an updated structural investigation of the aglycon present in the glycosylated crocetin apocarotenoids (i.e. crocins), seven representative derivatives ranging from one up to five glucosyl-residues with a maximum number of three monosaccharides per glycosylation site (glucose, gentiobiose, gentiotriose and neapolitanose) were isolated and purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The compounds selected for further mass spectrometric investigation include glucosyl-, bis-glucosyl-, gentiobiosyl-, gentiobiosyl-glucosyl-, bis-gentiobiosyl-, gentiobiosyl-gentiotriosyl- and gentiobiosyl-neapolitanosyl-crocetin. Electrospray ionization in combination with low-energy collision-induced dissociation/tandem mass spectrometry of sodiated crocin precursor ions utilizing either a 3D-ion trap (MS(n) , n = 2, 3) or a QqTOF instrument, with the latter providing accurate mass determination with an accuracy of ±1-3 ppm or better at a resolution of 10,000 (full width at half maximum), was used. Major fragmentation pathways included loss of either one or two carbohydrate substituents leading to the sodiated aglycon without interglycosidic bond cleavage during in MS(2) -experiments. All sodiated precursor ions and major product ions were accompanied by a loss of 92 Da, which was elucidated as C7 H8 -loss from the aglycon by skeletal rearrangement via an eight-membered transition state as previously described for intact C40-carotenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Pittenauer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
137
|
Alavizadeh SH, Hosseinzadeh H. Bioactivity assessment and toxicity of crocin: a comprehensive review. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 64:65-80. [PMID: 24275090 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Since ancient times, saffron, the dried stigma of the plant Crocus sativus L. has been extensively used as a spice and food colorant; in folk medicine it has been reputed to be efficacious for the alleviation and treatment of ailments. In addition to the three founded major constituents including crocin, picrocrocin and safranal, presence of carotenoids, carbohydrates, proteins, anthocyanins, vitamins and minerals provide valuable insights into the health benefits and nutritional value of saffron. Of the carotenoids present in saffron, highly water-soluble crocin (mono and diglycosyl esters of a polyene dicarboxylic acid, named crocetin) is responsible for the majority of its color, and appears to possess various health-promoting properties, as an antioxidant, antitumor, memory enhancer, antidepressant, anxiolytic and aphrodisiac. It is also worth noting that the crocin principle of saffron exhibited high efficacy along with no major toxicity in experimental models. We would be remiss to not consider the great potential of saffron and crocin, which benefits the cuisine and health of human life throughout the world. The present study provides a comprehensive and updated report of empirical investigations on bioactivities and biological characteristics of crocin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Kyriakoudi A, Tsimidou MZ, O'Callaghan YC, Galvin K, O'Brien NM. Changes in total and individual crocetin esters upon in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of saffron aqueous extracts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5318-5327. [PMID: 23654200 DOI: 10.1021/jf400540y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Changes that may be expected in crocetin esters (crocins) upon digestion were examined in saffron aqueous extracts for the first time. Chemical characterization of total and individual crocins and other bioactive compounds was achieved by UV-vis spectrophotometry, RP-HPLC-DAD, and LC-ESI-MS. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using in vitro assays and the comet assay. The observed loss for both total and trans-crocins was higher in saffron (∼50%) than in gardenia extracts (∼30%), which were also examined for comparison. Loss was lower than that reported for hydrophobic carotenoids. cis-Isomers were less affected, leading to the hypothesis that trans/cis isomerization may occur in parallel to degradation reactions. Monitoring changes in the extracts at oral, gastric, or intestinal phases, separately, verified this view pointing out the critical effect of pH, temperature, and duration of process but not of digestive enzymes. No isomerization and less degradation (<20% loss) was evidenced when pure trans-crocetin (di-β-D-gentiobiosyl) ester was subjected to gastric or intestinal conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kyriakoudi
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Serrano-Díaz J, Sánchez AM, Maggi L, Martínez-Tomé M, García-Diz L, Murcia MA, Alonso GL. Increasing the applications of Crocus sativus flowers as natural antioxidants. J Food Sci 2012; 77:C1162-8. [PMID: 23057806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Large amounts of floral bio-residues (92.6 g per 100 g of flowers) are generated and wasted in the production of saffron (Crocus sativus) spice. Progress in mechanization of saffron crop offer the opportunity to expand the uses of C. sativus flowers, beyond the spice (dried stigmas). The antioxidant potential of flowers of saffron, their separate parts (tepals, stamens, styles, and stigmas) and floral bio-residues were evaluated by 4 in vitro assays: lipid peroxidation, deoxyribose assay, Rancimat test, and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity. Phenolic content and crocetin ester composition were also determined. All the samples studied showed to be potential antioxidants. The highest phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents were observed in tepals. Stamens showed lower phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents than those of whole flowers, tepals, and floral bio-residues. Crocetin esters were not found in tepals or stamens. Stamens exhibited the most potent LOO(•) and OH(•) radicals scavenging activity, being higher than those of food antioxidant propyl gallate. Flowers of saffron, tepals, stamens, styles, and floral bio-residues showed LOO(•), OH(•), and ABTS(•-) radicals scavenging activity, while stigmas showed LOO(•) and ABTS(•-) radicals scavenging activity. All samples studied improved the oxidative stability of sunflower oil in Rancimat test. These antioxidant properties could suggest the application of this floral material as functional ingredients with the subsequent added value. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Saffron spice, the most valuable spice worldwide, is the dried stigma that only represents 7.4% of Crocus sativus flowers. Other parts of the flowers different to stigmas are discarded. Flower harvest and all the postharvest steps to produce saffron spice are performed manually. Mechanization of flower collection, stigma separation, and dehydration process is a revolution in saffron spice production, which increases the productive capacity making it possible to extend the uses of C. sativus flowers, beyond the production of saffron spice. Flowers possessed high-phenolic content and excellent antioxidant properties that could contribute to their application as functional ingredients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Serrano-Díaz
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETS Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Amin B, Hosseinzadeh H. Evaluation of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of saffron, Crocus sativus L., and its constituents, safranal and crocin in allodynia and hyperalgesia induced by chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain in rats. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:888-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
141
|
Koulakiotis NS, Pittenauer E, Halabalaki M, Tsarbopoulos A, Allmaier G. Comparison of different tandem mass spectrometric techniques (ESI-IT, ESI- and IP-MALDI-QRTOF and vMALDI-TOF/RTOF) for the analysis of crocins and picrocrocin from the stigmas of Crocus sativus L. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:670-678. [PMID: 22328221 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The expensive spice saffron originating from the stigmas of Crocus sativus L. and also applied in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) constitutes a complex mixture of glycoconjugates varying not only in the aglycon structure, but also in glycosylation pattern. Therefore, various tandem mass spectrometric techniques were evaluated for their usefulness in structural elucidation. METHODS Three selected constituents of the stigmas of Crocus sativus L., trans- and cis-crocin-4 as well as picrocrocin, were isolated and purified by HPLC and finally analyzed by ESI-MS (ion trap, QqRTOF), IP-MALDI-MS (QqRTOF) and vMALDI-MS (TOF/RTOF) in combination with tandem mass spectrometry in collision energy regimes ranging from a few eV (LE) to 20 keV (HE) collisions for the first time. These data aid in structurally elucidating minor, unknown glycoconjugates originating from this plant-derived spice. RESULTS LE-CID of isomeric crocins on either an ion trap with ESI or a QqRTOF-instrument with ESI or IP-MALDI as desorption/ionization technique only yielded a limited number of structurally diagnostic sodiated product ions related to the carbohydrate moiety as well as to the intact aglycon in contrast to true HE-CID. The low MW constituent picrocrocin did not yield useful LE-CID spectra, but showed a high number of structurally diagnostic product ions by HE-CID utilizing a vMALDI TOF/RTOF-instrument. CONCLUSIONS The highest number of structurally diagnostic product ions allowing also determination of the carbohydrate linkage of the gentiobiose-moiety of isomeric crocins ((0,4)A(2), (3,5)A(2) product ions indicating a 1→6 carbohydrate linkage) was only achievable by HE-CID. Fragmentation of the aglycon was not observed by any collision energy regime applied.
Collapse
|
142
|
Sabatino L, Scordino M, Gargano M, Belligno A, Traulo P, Gagliano G. HPLC/PDA/ESI-MS Evaluation of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Adulteration. Nat Prod Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1100601220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the reliability of the ISO/TS 3632-2 UV-Vis spectrometric method for saffron classification, making experiments on saffron samples to which were added increasing concentrations of common saffron spice adulterants (safflower, marigold and turmeric). The results showed that the ISO/TS 3632-2 method is not able to detect addition of up to 10-20%, w/w, of saffron adulterants. For additions from 20 to 50%, w/w, of the three adulterants, saffron was classified in a wrong category; addition of higher than 50%, w/w, determined variations in the investigated parameters that did not allow identification of the product as “saffron”. In all cases, the method did not permit the recognition of the nature of the adulterant. On the contrary, the specificity of the HPLC/PDA/MS technique allowed the unequivocal identification of adulterant characteristic marker molecules that could be recognized by the values of absorbance and mass. The selection of characteristic ions of each marker molecule has revealed concentrations of up to 5%, w/w, for safflower and marigold and up to 2% for turmeric. In addition, the high dyeing power of turmeric allowed the determination of 2%, w/w, addition using exclusively the HPLC/PDA technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Sabatino
- Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali, Dipartimento dell'Ispettorato Centrale della Tutela della Qualità e della Repressione Frodi dei Prodotti Agroalimentari (ICQRF) - Laboratorio di Catania, Via A. Volta 19, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Monica Scordino
- Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali, Dipartimento dell'Ispettorato Centrale della Tutela della Qualità e della Repressione Frodi dei Prodotti Agroalimentari (ICQRF) - Laboratorio di Catania, Via A. Volta 19, 95122 Catania, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Catania, Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie e Alimentari (DISPA) – Sezione Scienze Agrochimiche, Via S. Sofia 98, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Gargano
- Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali, Dipartimento dell'Ispettorato Centrale della Tutela della Qualità e della Repressione Frodi dei Prodotti Agroalimentari (ICQRF) - Laboratorio di Catania, Via A. Volta 19, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Adalgisa Belligno
- Università degli Studi di Catania, Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie e Alimentari (DISPA) – Sezione Scienze Agrochimiche, Via S. Sofia 98, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Pasqualino Traulo
- Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali, Dipartimento dell'Ispettorato Centrale della Tutela della Qualità e della Repressione Frodi dei Prodotti Agroalimentari (ICQRF) - Laboratorio di Catania, Via A. Volta 19, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Giacomo Gagliano
- Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali, Dipartimento dell'Ispettorato Centrale della Tutela della Qualità e della Repressione Frodi dei Prodotti Agroalimentari (ICQRF) - Laboratorio di Catania, Via A. Volta 19, 95122 Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Zhao J, Lv GP, Chen YW, Li SP. Advanced development in analysis of phytochemicals from medicine and food dual purposes plants used in China. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7453-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
144
|
Serrano-Díaz J, Sánchez AM, Maggi L, Carmona M, Alonso GL. Synergic effect of water-soluble components on the coloring strength of saffron spice. J Food Compost Anal 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
145
|
Maggi L, Carmona M, Kelly SD, Marigheto N, Alonso GL. Geographical origin differentiation of saffron spice (Crocus sativus L. stigmas) – Preliminary investigation using chemical and multi-element (H, C, N) stable isotope analysis. Food Chem 2011; 128:543-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
146
|
Yu Y, Gao H, Dai Y, Xiao GK, Zhu HJ, Yao XS. Guaiane-type sesquiterpenoid glucosides from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2011; 49:258-261. [PMID: 21491483 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Two new guaiane-type sesquiterpenoid glucosides (1 and 2) were isolated from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Their structures were elucidated to be (1R,7R,10S)-11-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4-guaien-3-one (1) and (1R,7R,10S)-7-hydroxy-11-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4-guaien-3-one (2) by one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques ((1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY), MS, CD spectrometry and chemical methods.
Collapse
|
147
|
|
148
|
A new method research for determination of natural pigment crocin yellow in foods by solid-phase extraction ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1423-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
149
|
Walter MH, Strack D. Carotenoids and their cleavage products: biosynthesis and functions. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:663-92. [PMID: 21321752 DOI: 10.1039/c0np00036a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on plant carotenoids, but it also includes progress made on microbial and animal carotenoid metabolism to better understand the functions and the evolution of these structurally diverse compounds with a common backbone. Plants have evolved isogenes for specific key steps of carotenoid biosynthesis with differential expression profiles, whose characteristic features will be compared. Perhaps the most exciting progress has been made in studies of carotenoid cleavage products (apocarotenoids) with an ever-expanding variety of novel functions being discovered. This review therefore covers structural, molecular genetic and functional aspects of carotenoids and apocarotenoids alike. Apocarotenoids are specifically tailored from carotenoids by a family of oxidative cleavage enzymes, but whether there are contributions to their generation from chemical oxidation, photooxidation or other mechanisms is largely unknown. Control of carotenoid homeostasis is discussed in the context of biosynthetic and degradative reactions but also in the context of subcellular environments for deposition and sequestration within and outside of plastids. Other aspects of carotenoid research, including metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches, will only be covered briefly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Walter
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Abteilung Sekundärstoffwechsel, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
150
|
Sánchez AM, Carmona M, Jarén-Galán M, Mosquera MIM, Alonso GL. Picrocrocin kinetics in aqueous saffron spice extracts (Crocus sativus L.) upon thermal treatment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:249-255. [PMID: 21141822 DOI: 10.1021/jf102828v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of picrocrocin degradation in aqueous extracts of saffron upon thermal treatment from 5 to 70 °C have been studied, together with the degradation of purified picrocrocin in water at 100 °C. The best fits to experimental data were found for a second-order kinetics model. Picrocrocin showed high stability with half-life periods (t(1/2)) ranging from >3400 h at 5 °C in saffron extracts to 9 h in the experiments with purified picrocrocin at 100 °C. In saffron extracts, the evolution of the rate constant (k) with temperature showed maximum values at 35 °C, and filtration of the extracts contributed to picrocrocin stability. In the case of purified picrocrocin, the generation of safranal in the first 5 h (yield up to 7.4%) was confirmed. Spectrometric parameters used in saffron quality control (E(1cm)(1%) 257 nm and ΔΕ(pic)) were not appropriate for documenting the evolution of picrocrocin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Sánchez
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agrónomos de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|