101
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Reardon DA, Desjardins A, Rich JN, Vredenburgh JJ. The Emerging Role of Anti-Angiogenic Therapy for Malignant Glioma†. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2008; 9:1-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s11864-008-0052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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102
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Shahrzad S, Shirasawa S, Sasazuki T, Rak JW, Coomber BL. Low-dose metronomic cyclophosphamide treatment mediates ischemia-dependent K-ras mutation in colorectal carcinoma xenografts. Oncogene 2008; 27:3729-38. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1211031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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103
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Chi A, Norden AD, Wen PY. Inhibition of angiogenesis and invasion in malignant gliomas. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2008; 7:1537-60. [PMID: 18020923 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.7.11.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas confer a dismal prognosis. As the molecular events that underlie tumor angiogenesis are elucidated, angiogenesis inhibition is emerging as a promising therapy for recurrent and newly diagnosed tumors. Data from animal studies suggest that angiogenesis inhibition may promote an invasive phenotype in tumor cells. This may represent an important mechanism of resistance to antiangiogenic therapies. Recent studies have begun to clarify the mechanisms by which glioma cells detach from the tumor mass, remodel the extracellular matrix and infiltrate normal brain. An array of potential therapeutic targets exists. Combination therapy with antiangiogenic and novel anti-invasion agents is a promising approach that may produce a synergistic antitumor effect and a survival benefit for patients with these devastating tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chi
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham & Women's Cancer Center, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, SW430D, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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104
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Recent Advances in Angiogenesis Drug Development. Angiogenesis 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-71518-6_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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105
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Collinson FJ, Hall GD, Perren TJ, Jayson GC. Development of antiangiogenic agents for ovarian cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2008; 8:21-32. [PMID: 18095880 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.8.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains a major source of cancer morbidity and mortality, despite advances in surgical and chemotherapeutic management. The molecular pathways that control angiogenesis have been demonstrated to be key to the pathogenesis of EOC, and have been shown to have prognostic significance. Increased understanding of the pathways and molecules involved in angiogenesis has allowed the identification of a number of targets for antiangiogenic therapies and the development of a variety of antiangiogenic drugs. There is now significant preclinical evidence, and a growing body of clinical data, demonstrating promising results with antiangiogenic drugs in the treatment of EOC. Single-agent VEGF inhibitor response rates in pretreated patients of between 15 and 20% have been reported, with much higher response rates when used in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. These benefits, however, must be balanced with the toxicities associated with these drugs, particularly the more serious ones, such as gastrointestinal perforation. The results of ongoing and future randomized clinical trials will confirm if, and how, antiangiogenic therapies should be integrated into the routine management of EOC. However, critical issues, such as the relative importance of combination remission induction regimens and maintenance therapy, remain poorly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J Collinson
- Department of Medical Oncology, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
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106
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107
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Miller K, Wang M, Gralow J, Dickler M, Cobleigh M, Perez EA, Shenkier T, Cella D, Davidson NE. Paclitaxel plus bevacizumab versus paclitaxel alone for metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:2666-76. [PMID: 18160686 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa072113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2278] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In an open-label, randomized, phase 3 trial, we compared the efficacy and safety of paclitaxel with that of paclitaxel plus bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor, as initial treatment for metastatic breast cancer. METHODS We randomly assigned patients to receive 90 mg of paclitaxel per square meter of body-surface area on days 1, 8, and 15 every 4 weeks, either alone or with 10 mg of bevacizumab per kilogram of body weight on days 1 and 15. The primary end point was progression-free survival; overall survival was a secondary end point. RESULTS From December 2001 through May 2004, a total of 722 patients were enrolled. Paclitaxel plus bevacizumab significantly prolonged progression-free survival as compared with paclitaxel alone (median, 11.8 vs. 5.9 months; hazard ratio for progression, 0.60; P<0.001) and increased the objective response rate (36.9% vs. 21.2%, P<0.001). The overall survival rate, however, was similar in the two groups (median, 26.7 vs. 25.2 months; hazard ratio, 0.88; P=0.16). Grade 3 or 4 hypertension (14.8% vs. 0.0%, P<0.001), proteinuria (3.6% vs. 0.0%, P<0.001), headache (2.2% vs. 0.0%, P=0.008), and cerebrovascular ischemia (1.9% vs. 0.0%, P=0.02) were more frequent in patients receiving paclitaxel plus bevacizumab. Infection was more common in patients receiving paclitaxel plus bevacizumab (9.3% vs. 2.9%, P<0.001), but febrile neutropenia was uncommon (<1% overall). CONCLUSIONS Initial therapy of metastatic breast cancer with paclitaxel plus bevacizumab prolongs progression-free survival, but not overall survival, as compared with paclitaxel alone. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00028990 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Miller
- Indiana University Cancer Center, Indianapolis, USA.
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108
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Wang D, Zhong ZY, Li MX, Xiang DB, Li ZP. Vector-based Ape1 small interfering RNA enhances the sensitivity of human osteosarcoma cells to endostatin in vivo. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:1993-2001. [PMID: 17892509 PMCID: PMC11159197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a highly vascular and extremely destructive malignancy, and the survival of patients with osteosarcoma has not improved significantly in recent years. Antiangiogenic therapy currently holds great potential in conjunction with conventional treatment modalities for osteosarcoma. However, there are examples of gradual loss of response, and perhaps acquired resistance to antiangiogenic drugs. The acquired resistance of antiangiogenesis may be associated with a lot of hypoxia-response genes. The human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (Ape1) protein, a bifunctional redox factor and apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease, plays a crucial role in protecting against cell death due to hypoxia. We therefore hypothesized that Ape1 may contribute to the resistance of antiangiogenic therapy. To investigate the effect of Ape1 on the sensitivity of human osteosarcoma cells to endostatin, we constructed an Ape1 small interfering RNA expression vector, pSilenceApe1. Transfection of human osteosarcoma 9901 and HOS cells with pSilenceApe1 resulted in a dose-dependent loss of Ape1 protein. pSilenceApe1 also significantly suppressed the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein in the 9901 cells. Combined treatment with pSilenceApe1 and recombinant human endostatin (rhES) showed potent antiangiogenic effects in the transwell chamber invasion assay. Then, 20 nude mice bearing 9901 xenografts were divided into four groups: the phosphate-buffered saline treatment control group; the rhES treatment group (1.5 mg/kg, daily); the pSilenceApe1 treatment group (20 microg, once every 3 days); and the combination of rhES and pSilenceApe1 treatment group. pSilenceApe1 significantly suppressed the expression of Ape1 and VEGF protein in the 9901 xenografts. The tumor-inhibition rate of the pSilenceApe1, rhES, and combination of rhES and pSilenceApe1 treatment groups was 38.23, 35.29, and 62.18%, respectively. Furthermore, a significant decrease in microvessel density with an increase in apoptosis was observed following combined treatment with pSilenceApe1 and rhES, compared with control and either agent alone in 9901 xenografts. These results indicate that Ape1 small interfering RNA could enhance the sensitivity of osteosarcoma cells to endostatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Cancer Center, and Department of Pathology, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
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109
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Ko E, Luo W, Peng L, Wang X, Ferrone S. Mouse dendritic-endothelial cell hybrids and 4-1BB costimulation elicit antitumor effects mediated by broad antiangiogenic immunity. Cancer Res 2007; 67:7875-84. [PMID: 17699794 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antiangiogenic immunotherapy, which targets molecules critical to tumor angiogenesis, is expected to counteract the negative effect of tumor cell genetic instability on the outcome of immunotherapy targeting tumor antigens. Previously, targeting of individual angiogenic molecules has been shown to inhibit tumor angiogenesis and limit tumor growth. Nevertheless, this approach may be bypassed by redundant angiogenic pathways. To overcome this limitation, we have developed an immunization strategy targeting multiple molecules critical to angiogenesis. To this end, hybrids of dendritic cells (DC) and syngeneic endothelial cells (EC) were used as immunogens, because (a) whole EC express multiple molecules involved in angiogenesis and (b) DC tumor cell hybrids are effective in generating self-antigen-specific immune responses. The immunization strategy included the administration of an agonist 4-1BB-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb), because it augments self-antigen-specific immune responses elicited by DC hybrids. Immunization of mice with DC-EC hybrids and 4-1BB-specific mAb inhibited the growth of B16.F10 melanoma and MC38 colon adenocarcinoma tumors. This effect is mediated by EC-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, which markedly inhibited tumor angiogenesis. No therapy-related side effects, except minor and transient hematologic changes, were observed. Our findings represent a useful background for the design of antiangiogenic immunotherapeutic strategies to control tumor growth in a clinical setting.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/blood supply
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/therapy
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibody Specificity
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/blood supply
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/therapy
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Female
- Hybrid Cells
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Melanoma, Experimental/blood supply
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/therapy
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ko
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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110
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d'Onofrio A. Rapidly acting antitumoral antiangiogenic therapies. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2007; 76:031920. [PMID: 17930284 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.76.031920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We deal with a biophysical description of antitumor antiangiogenic therapies. In particular, by means of some simple models, we study the possible effects of the delay between the drug consumption by endothelial cells and their death on the outcome of the therapy. We have found that this time lag implies an increase in the minimal dose guaranteeing tumor eradication and, if the delay is greater than a meaningful threshold, it may preclude the total regression. These results might be of interest in better understanding the causes underlying the contradictory literature on the clinical trials of antiangiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto d'Onofrio
- European Institute of Oncology, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Via Ripamonti 435, I20141 Milano, Italy.
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111
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Dings RP, Loren M, Heun H, McNiel E, Griffioen AW, Mayo KH, Griffin RJ. Scheduling of radiation with angiogenesis inhibitors anginex and Avastin improves therapeutic outcome via vessel normalization. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:3395-402. [PMID: 17545548 PMCID: PMC2914684 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test whether a direct antiangiogenic peptide (anginex) and a vascular endothelial growth factor antibody (bevacizumab, Avastin) can transiently normalize vasculature within tumors to improve oxygen delivery, alleviate hypoxia, and increase the effect of radiation therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tumor oxygenation levels, microvessel density and pericyte coverage were monitored in three different solid tumor models (xenograft human ovarian carcinoma MA148, murine melanoma B16F10, and murine breast carcinoma SCK) in mice. Multiple treatment schedules were tested in these models to assess the influence on the effect of radiation therapy. RESULTS In all three tumor models, we found that tumor oxygenation levels, monitored daily in real time, were increased during the first 4 days of treatment with both anginex and bevacizumab. From treatment day 5 onward, tumor oxygenation in treated mice decreased significantly to below that in control mice. This "tumor oxygenation window" occurred in all three tumor models varying in origin and growth rate. Moreover, during the treatment period, tumor microvessel density decreased and pericyte coverage of vessels increased, supporting the idea of vessel normalization. We also found that the transient modulation of tumor physiology caused by either antiangiogenic therapy improved the effect of radiation treatment. Tumor growth delay was enhanced when single dose or fractionated radiotherapy was initiated within the tumor oxygenation window as compared with other treatment schedules. CONCLUSIONS The results are of immediate translational importance because the clinical benefits of bevacizumab therapy might be increased by more precise treatment scheduling to ensure radiation is given during periods of peak radiosensitivity. The oxygen elevation in tumors by non-growth factor-mediated peptide anginex suggests that vessel normalization might be a general phenomenon of agents directed at disrupting the tumor vasculature by a variety of mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud P.M. Dings
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Melissa Loren
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hanke Heun
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Elizabeth McNiel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Arjan W. Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Research Institute for Growth and Development, Department of Pathology, Maastricht University and University Hospital, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin H. Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Robert J. Griffin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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112
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Shojaei F, Wu X, Malik AK, Zhong C, Baldwin ME, Schanz S, Fuh G, Gerber HP, Ferrara N. Tumor refractoriness to anti-VEGF treatment is mediated by CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid cells. Nat Biotechnol 2007; 25:911-20. [PMID: 17664940 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 673] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an essential regulator of normal and abnormal blood vessel growth. A monoclonal antibody (mAb) that targets VEGF suppresses tumor growth in murine cancer models and human patients. We investigated cellular and molecular events that mediate refractoriness of tumors to anti-angiogenic therapy. Inherent anti-VEGF refractoriness is associated with infiltration of the tumor tissue by CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid cells. Recruitment of these myeloid cells is also sufficient to confer refractoriness. Combining anti-VEGF treatment with a mAb that targets myeloid cells inhibits growth of refractory tumors more effectively than anti-VEGF alone. Gene expression analysis in CD11b+Gr1+ cells isolated from the bone marrow of mice bearing refractory tumors reveals higher expression of a distinct set of genes known to be implicated in active mobilization and recruitment of myeloid cells. These findings indicate that, in our models, refractoriness to anti-VEGF treatment is determined by the ability of tumors to prime and recruit CD11b+Gr1+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farbod Shojaei
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, S. San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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113
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Dong Z, Zeitlin BD, Song W, Sun Q, Karl E, Spencer DM, Jain HV, Jackson T, Núñez G, Nör JE. Level of endothelial cell apoptosis required for a significant decrease in microvessel density. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:3645-57. [PMID: 17720154 PMCID: PMC2080879 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell apoptosis plays a critical role in the disruption of blood vessels mediated by natural inhibitors of angiogenesis and by anti-vascular drugs. However, the proportion of endothelial cells required to mediate a significant decrease in microvessel density is unknown. A system based on an inducible caspase (iCaspase-9) offers a unique opportunity to address this question. The dimerizer drug AP20187 induces apoptosis of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells stably transduced with iCaspase-9 (HDMEC-iCaspase-9), but not control cells (HDMEC-LXSN). Here, we generated blood vessels containing several HDMEC-iCaspase-9:HDMEC-LXSN ratios, and developed a mathematical modeling involving a system of differential equations to evaluate experimentally inaccessible ratios. A significant decrease in capillary sprouts was observed when at least 17% of the endothelial cells underwent apoptosis in vitro. Exposure to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF(165)) did not prevent apoptosis of HDMEC-iCaspase-9, but increased the apoptotic requirement for sprout disruption. In vivo experiments showed the requirement of at least 22% apoptotic endothelial cells for a significant decrease in microvascular density. The combined use of biological experimentation with mathematical modeling allowed us to conclude that apoptosis of a relatively small proportion of endothelial cells is sufficient to mediate a significant decrease in microvessel density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Dong
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Zeitlin
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wenying Song
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Qinghua Sun
- School of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Elisabeta Karl
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David M. Spencer
- Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Harsh V. Jain
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan College of Literature, Sciences, and Arts, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Trachette Jackson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan College of Literature, Sciences, and Arts, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jacques E. Nör
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Columbus, OH, USA
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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114
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Hassouneh B, Islam M, Nagel T, Pan Q, Merajver SD, Teknos TN. Tetrathiomolybdate promotes tumor necrosis and prevents distant metastases by suppressing angiogenesis in head and neck cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:1039-45. [PMID: 17363496 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is well recognized as an essential process that influences not only the growth of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) but also promotes its invasive and metastatic behavior. The critical role of copper in multiple facets of angiogenesis makes it an important therapeutic target. Tetrathiomolybdate is a potent copper chelator, which has shown remarkable ability to suppress angiogenesis. Although this may involve multiple mechanisms, the effects on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are pivotal. In previous work, tetrathiomolybdate suppressed production of several proangiogenic cytokines by HNSCC cell lines. Given these results, we hypothesized that tetrathiomolybdate would impair tumor growth and metastasis by HNSCC. To test this concept, we evaluated the effects of long-term tetrathiomolybdate treatment on the growth and metastatic progression of HNSCC using a xenograft animal model. The results showed that tetrathiomolybdate treatment is able to maintain effective inhibition of angiogenesis. There was a significant reduction in the tumor size and vascularity with evident gross necrosis in the tetrathiomolybdate-treated animals. These effects were highly correlated with suppression of human VEGF expressed in the developing tumors as well as the mouse VEGF levels detected in the plasma. Moreover, tetrathiomolybdate treatment drastically suppressed the development of lung metastases. Taken together, these results show that tetrathiomolybdate can act long-term as a suppressor of vascularity and inhibit the growth of metastasis in this model of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil Hassouneh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Centre Drive, 1904 Taubman Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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115
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Thurston G, Noguera-Troise I, Yancopoulos GD. The Delta paradox: DLL4 blockade leads to more tumour vessels but less tumour growth. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7:327-31. [PMID: 17457300 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Anti-angiogenesis therapies have emerged as important treatment options for several types of tumours. To date, these therapies have focused on blocking the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. A recent series of papers have shown that one ligand for the Notch receptors, Delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4), is normally induced by VEGF and is a negative-feedback regulator that restrains vascular sprouting and branching. Consistent with this role, the deletion or inhibition of DLL4 results in excessive, non-productive angiogenesis. This unrestrained angiogenesis unexpectedly and paradoxically decreases tumour growth, even in tumours resistant to anti-VEGF therapies. Can too much angiogenesis be bad for tumours but good for patients?
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Thurston
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA.
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116
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Bussolati B, Grange C, Tei L, Deregibus MC, Ercolani M, Aime S, Camussi G. Targeting of human renal tumor-derived endothelial cells with peptides obtained by phage display. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:897-906. [PMID: 17384922 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic and molecular diversity of tumor-associated vasculature provides a basis for the development of targeted diagnostics and therapeutics. In the present study, we have developed a peptide-based targeting of human tumor endothelial cells (TEC) derived from renal carcinomas. We used a murine model of human tumor angiogenesis, in which TEC injected subcutaneously in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice organized in vascular structures connected with the mouse circulation, to screen in vivo a phage display library of random peptides. Using this approach, we identified cyclic peptides showing specific binding to TEC and not to normal human endothelial cells or to murine tumor endothelial cells. In particular, the peptide CVGNDNSSC (BB1) bound to TEC in vitro and in vivo. Using BB1 peptide conjugated with the ribosome-inactivating toxin saporin, we targeted TEC in vivo. Injection of BB1-saporin but not saporin alone or control modified BB-1ala saporin induced a selective cell apoptosis and disruption of the TEC vessel network. No increase in cell apoptosis was found in other murine organs. In conclusion, the identification of peptide sequences able to bind selectively human tumor-derived endothelial cells may represent a tool to deliver antiangiogenic or antitumor agents within the neoplastic vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Bussolati
- Cattedra di Nefrologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
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117
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Noguera-Troise I, Daly C, Papadopoulos NJ, Coetzee S, Boland P, Gale NW, Lin HC, Yancopoulos GD, Thurston G. Blockade of Dll4 inhibits tumour growth by promoting non-productive angiogenesis. Nature 2007; 444:1032-7. [PMID: 17183313 DOI: 10.1038/nature05355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 801] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumour growth requires accompanying expansion of the host vasculature, with tumour progression often correlated with vascular density. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the best-characterized inducer of tumour angiogenesis. We report that VEGF dynamically regulates tumour endothelial expression of Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4), which was previously shown to be absolutely required for normal embryonic vascular development. To define Dll4 function in tumour angiogenesis, we manipulated this pathway in murine tumour models using several approaches. Here we show that blockade resulted in markedly increased tumour vascularity, associated with enhanced angiogenic sprouting and branching. Paradoxically, this increased vascularity was non-productive-as shown by poor perfusion and increased hypoxia, and most importantly, by decreased tumour growth-even for tumours resistant to anti-VEGF therapy. Thus, VEGF-induced Dll4 acts as a negative regulator of tumour angiogenesis; its blockade results in a striking uncoupling of tumour growth from vessel density, presenting a novel therapeutic approach even for tumours resistant to anti-VEGF therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Noguera-Troise
- Regeneron Research Laboratories, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
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118
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Pan Q, Chanthery Y, Liang WC, Stawicki S, Mak J, Rathore N, Tong RK, Kowalski J, Yee SF, Pacheco G, Ross S, Cheng Z, Le Couter J, Plowman G, Peale F, Koch AW, Wu Y, Bagri A, Tessier-Lavigne M, Watts RJ. Blocking neuropilin-1 function has an additive effect with anti-VEGF to inhibit tumor growth. Cancer Cell 2007; 11:53-67. [PMID: 17222790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) guides the development of the nervous and vascular systems. Binding to either semaphorins or VEGF, NRP1 acts with plexins to regulate neuronal guidance, or with VEGFR2 to mediate vascular development. We have generated two monoclonal antibodies that bind to the Sema- and VEGF-binding domains of NRP1, respectively. Both antibodies reduce angiogenesis and vascular remodeling, while having little effect on other VEGFR2-mediated events. Importantly, anti-NRP1 antibodies have an additive effect with anti-VEGF therapy in reducing tumor growth. Vessels from tumors treated with anti-VEGF show a close association with pericytes, while tumors treated with both anti-NRP1 and anti-VEGF lack this organization. We propose that blocking NRP1 function inhibits vascular remodeling, rendering vessels more susceptible to anti-VEGF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Pan
- Tumor Biology and Angiogenesis, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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119
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Dong X, Han ZC, Yang R. Angiogenesis and antiangiogenic therapy in hematologic malignancies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2006; 62:105-18. [PMID: 17188504 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the generation of new blood capillaries from preexisting blood vessels, is tightly regulated in the adult organism. Although many of the initial studies were performed on solid tumors, increasing evidence indicates that angiogenesis also plays an important role in hematologic malignancies. Overexpression of angiogenic factors in particular VEGF and bFGF in most hematologic malignancies may explain the increased angiogenesis found in these malignancies and correlate with poor prognosis as well as decreased overall survival. In this review, we focus on the current literature of angiogenesis and antiangiogenic therapy in hematologic malignancies, and finally describe advances and potential challenges in antiangiogenic treatment in hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
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120
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Liang WC, Dennis MS, Stawicki S, Chanthery Y, Pan Q, Chen Y, Eigenbrot C, Yin J, Koch AW, Wu X, Ferrara N, Bagri A, Tessier-Lavigne M, Watts RJ, Wu Y. Function blocking antibodies to neuropilin-1 generated from a designed human synthetic antibody phage library. J Mol Biol 2006; 366:815-29. [PMID: 17196977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-immune (naïve) antibody phage libraries have become an important source of human antibodies. The synthetic phage antibody library described here utilizes a single human framework with a template containing human consensus complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). Diversity of the libraries was introduced at select CDR positions using tailored degenerate and trinucleotide codons that mimic natural human antibodies. Neuropilin-1 (NRP1), a cell-surface receptor for both vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and class 3 semaphorins, is expressed on endothelial cells and neurons. NRP1 is required for vascular development and is expressed widely in the developing vasculature. To investigate the possibility of function blocking antibodies to NRP1 as potential therapeutics, and study the consequence of targeting NRP1 in murine tumor models, panels of antibodies that cross-react with human and murine NRP1 were generated from a designed antibody phage library. Antibody (YW64.3) binds to the CUB domains (a1a2) of NRP1 and completely blocks Sema3A induced neuron collapse; antibody (YW107.4.87) binds to the coagulation factor V/VIII domains (b1b2) of NRP1 and blocks VEGF binding and VEGF induced cell migration. YW107.4.87 inhibits tumor growth in animal xenograft models. These antibodies have provided valuable tools to study the roles of NRP1 in vascular and tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ching Liang
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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121
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McClelland MR, Carskadon SL, Zhao L, White ES, Beer DG, Orringer MB, Pickens A, Chang AC, Arenberg DA. Diversity of the angiogenic phenotype in non-small cell lung cancer. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 36:343-50. [PMID: 17079777 PMCID: PMC1899317 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0311oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is crucial for tumor biology. There are many mechanisms by which tumors induce angiogenesis. We hypothesize that each individual tumor develops a unique mechanism to induce angiogenesis, and that activation of a particular angiogenic pathway suppresses the evolution of alternative pathways. We characterized 168 human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) specimens for levels of angiogenic factors (angiogenic CXC chemokines, basic fibroblast growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor). We also induced lung tumor formation in A/J mice by injecting the tobacco carcinogen NNK. We dissected individual lung tumors and measured expression of angiogenic factors from three distinct families using real-time PCR. Finally, we controlled the angiogenic milieu using in vivo models to determine the resultant phenotype of the angiogenic factors expressed by NSCLC cells. Human tumors displayed marked variation in the expression of angiogenic factors. Individual mouse tumors, even from within the same mouse, displayed variability in their pattern of expression of angiogenic factors. In a sponge model of angiogenesis using murine lung cancer cells, implanting LLC cells with an angiogenic factor suppressed the expression of other angiogenic factors in implanted sponges. This suppressive effect was not seen in vitro. We conclude that lung cancer tumors evolve a unique and dominant angiogenic phenotype. Once an angiogenic pathway is activated, it may allow for tumor growth to proceed in the absence of a selection pressure to activate a second pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenic Proteins/genetics
- Angiogenic Proteins/metabolism
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Demography
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, ras
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- Lung/blood supply
- Lung/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/blood supply
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mutation/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R McClelland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0642, USA
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122
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Fischer C, Schneider M, Carmeliet P. Principles and therapeutic implications of angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and arteriogenesis. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2006:157-212. [PMID: 16999228 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36028-x_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The vasculature is the first organ to arise during development. Blood vessels run through virtually every organ in the body (except the avascular cornea and the cartilage), assuring metabolic homeostasis by supplying oxygen and nutrients and removing waste products. Not surprisingly therefore, vessels are critical for organ growth in the embryo and for repair of wounded tissue in the adult. Notably, however, an imbalance in angiogenesis (the growth of blood vessels) contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous malignant, inflammatory, ischaemic, infectious and immune disorders. During the last two decades, an explosive interest in angiogenesis research has generated the necessary insights to develop the first clinically approved anti-angiogenic agents for cancer and blindness. This novel treatment is likely to change the face of medicine in the next decade, as over 500 million people worldwide are estimated to benefit from pro- or anti-angiogenesis treatment. In this following chapter, we discuss general key angiogenic mechanisms in health and disease, and highlight recent developments and perspectives of anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fischer
- Centre for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, KULeuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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123
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Orlando L, Cardillo A, Rocca A, Balduzzi A, Ghisini R, Peruzzotti G, Goldhirsch A, D'Alessandro C, Cinieri S, Preda L, Colleoni M. Prolonged clinical benefit with metronomic chemotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2006; 17:961-7. [PMID: 16940806 DOI: 10.1097/01.cad.0000224454.46824.fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The clinical efficacy and antiangiogenic effect of low-dose, metronomic administration of cyclophosphamide (CTX) and methotrexate (MTX) (CM) have been demonstrated. The authors report results and long-term follow-up for patients with metastatic breast carcinoma who obtained prolonged clinical benefit with CM. Prospectively collected data from two successive clinical trials were evaluated. From July 1997 to October 2003, patients with metastatic breast carcinoma were treated with low-dose oral chemotherapy (MTX 2.5 mg, twice daily on day 1 and day 2 or 4, and CTX 50 mg daily). Patients who achieved prolonged clinical benefit for a duration of 12 months or more (complete remission, partial remission or stabilization of disease) were considered for the analysis. Median follow-up was 23 months. A total of 153 patients were enrolled and are evaluable: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-1 in 90 patients, two or more sites of metastatic disease in 97 patients, zero regimen for metastatic breast carcinoma in 48 patients. Among 153 patients, five demonstrated complete remission and 25 partial remission. The proportion of patients who achieved prolonged clinical benefit was 15.7% (95% confidence interval 9.9-21.4%). Median time to progression for patients with prolonged clinical benefit was 21 months (range 12-37+ months). One patient maintained complete remission 42 months after therapy discontinuation. At the multivariate analysis endocrine responsiveness and the achievement of an objective response significantly correlated with the achievement of prolonged clinical benefit. Metronomic chemotherapy can induce prolonged clinical benefit in metastatic breast cancer, supporting its role as an additional therapeutic tool in the treatment of patients with metastatic breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Orlando
- Unit of Research in Medical Senology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy.
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124
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Hong J, Zhao Y, Huang W. Blocking c-myc and stat3 by E. coli expressed and enzyme digested siRNA in mouse melanoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 348:600-5. [PMID: 16890193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumour cells often show alteration in the signal-transduction pathways, leading to proliferation in response to external signals. Oncogene overexpression and constitutive expression is a common phenomenon in the development and progression of many human cancers. Therefore oncogenes provide potential targets for cancer therapy. RNA interference (RNAi), mediated by small interfering RNA (siRNA), silences genes with a high degree of specificity and potentially represents a general approach for molecularly targeted anti-cancer therapy. The data presented in this report evaluated the method of systemically administering combined esiRNAs to multiple targets as compared with the method of using a single kind of esiRNA to a single target. Our experimental data revealed that the mixed treatment of esiC-MYC and esiSTAT3 had a better inhibition effect than the single treatment of esiC-MYC or esiSTAT3 on mouse B16 melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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125
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Hafner C, Landthaler M, Vogt T. [Stroma-targeted palliative tumor therapy with biomodulators]. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2006; 4:242-53; quiz 254-5. [PMID: 16626322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2006.05908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In search of new strategies for the therapy of advanced tumors stroma-targeted approaches have been discussed recently, especially antiangiogenic therapies. It has turned out that some biomodulating drugs exhibit also effects against tumors beyond their original non-oncologic indication. Among these drugs are for example thalidomide,COX-2 inhibitors, PPARgamma agonists (thiazolidindiones) and mTOR antagonists (rapamycin). The antitumor efficacy of these therapeutics is fundamentally based on indirect effects on the stroma of the tumors. Combination therapies of these therapeutics seem to be superior to the use of single agents. These new biomodulating therapy approaches represent an interesting option for the palliative treatment of advanced tumors, especially as a supplement or extension of established chemo- and immunotherapeutic therapies, since they can be performed in an outpatient setting, the observed side effects are usually mild, and the therapies are therefore well accepted by the patients.
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126
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Hwang LH. Gene therapy strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Biomed Sci 2006; 13:453-68. [PMID: 16633742 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-006-9085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide. Effective therapy to this cancer is currently lacking, creating an urgent need for new therapeutic strategies for HCC. Gene therapy approach that relies on the transduction of cells with genetic materials, such as apoptotic genes, suicide genes, genes coding for antiangiogenic factors or immunomodulatory molecules, small interfering RNA (siRNA), or oncolytic viral vectors, may provide a promising strategy. The aforementioned strategies have been largely evaluated in the animal models with HCC or liver metastasis. Due to the diversity of vectors and therapeutic genes, being used alone or in combination, gene therapy approach may generate great beneficial effects to control the growth of tumors within the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Hwa Hwang
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital and Graduate Institute of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 7 Chung-Shan S. Road, Taipei 10016, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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127
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Citrin D, Ménard C, Camphausen K. Combining radiotherapy and angiogenesis inhibitors: clinical trial design. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 64:15-25. [PMID: 16377411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) plays a vital role in the multimodality treatment of cancer. Recent advances in RT have primarily involved improvements in dose delivery. Future improvements in tumor control and disease outcomes will likely involve the combination of RT with targeted therapies. Preclinical evaluations of angiogenesis inhibitors in combination with RT have yielded promising results with increased tumor "cure." It remains to be seen whether these improvements in tumor control in the laboratory will translate into improved outcomes in the clinic. Multiple differences between these agents and cytotoxic chemotherapy must be taken into account when designing clinical trials evaluating their effectiveness in combination with RT. We discuss important considerations for designing clinical trials of angiogenesis inhibitors with RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Citrin
- Radiation Oncology Branch, NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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128
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Emmenegger U, Morton GC, Francia G, Shaked Y, Franco M, Weinerman A, Man S, Kerbel RS. Low-Dose Metronomic Daily Cyclophosphamide and Weekly Tirapazamine: A Well-Tolerated Combination Regimen with Enhanced Efficacy That Exploits Tumor Hypoxia. Cancer Res 2006; 66:1664-74. [PMID: 16452226 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The recent clinical successes of antiangiogenic drug-based therapies have also served to highlight the problem of acquired resistance because, similar to other types of cancer therapy, tumors that initially respond eventually stop doing so. Consequently, strategies designed to delay resistance or treat resistant subpopulations when they arise have assumed considerable importance. This requires a better understanding of the various possible mechanisms for resistance. In this regard, reduced oxygenation is thought to be a key mediator of the antitumor effects of antiangiogenic therapies; accordingly, increased hypoxia tolerance of the tumor cells presents a potential mechanism of resistance. However, hypoxia can also be exploited therapeutically through the use of hypoxic cell cytotoxins, such as tirapazamine. With this in mind, we measured the oxygenation of PC-3 human prostate cancer xenografts subjected to chronic low-dose metronomic (LDM) antiangiogenic chemotherapy using cyclophosphamide given through the drinking water. We found that LDM cyclophosphamide impairs the oxygenation of PC-3 xenografts even during relapse, coinciding with reduced microvessel density. Combination of LDM cyclophosphamide with tirapazamine results in significantly improved tumor control in the PC-3, HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma, and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer human xenograft models without having a negative effect on the favorable toxicity profile of LDM cyclophosphamide. These results provide further evidence that reduced vascular dependence/increased hypoxia tolerance may be a basis for eventual resistance of tumors exposed to long-term LDM chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Emmenegger
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Research and Toronto-Sunnybrook Regional Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5
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129
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Abstract
Inhibiting angiogenesis is a promising strategy for treatment of cancer and several other disorders, including age-related macular degeneration. Major progress towards a treatment has been achieved over the past few years, and the first antiangiogenic agents have been recently approved for use in several countries. Therapeutic angiogenesis (promoting new vessel growth to treat ischaemic disorders) is an exciting frontier of cardiovascular medicine, but further understanding of the mechanisms of vascular morphogenesis is needed first.
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130
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Fassnacht M, Lee J, Milazzo C, Boczkowski D, Su Z, Nair S, Gilboa E. Induction of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses to the human stromal antigen, fibroblast activation protein: implication for cancer immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 11:5566-71. [PMID: 16061874 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The propensity of tumor cells to escape immune elimination could limit, if not defeat, the long-term benefits of effective immunotherapeutic protocols. Immunologic targeting of tumor stroma could significantly reduce the ability of tumors to evade immune elimination. Murine studies have shown that inducing immunity against angiogenesis-associated products engenders potent antitumor immunity without significant pathology. It is, however, not known whether T cells corresponding to stromal products are present in humans. In this study, we describe a method to screen for human stromal products that have not triggered significant tolerance and could therefore serve as candidate antigens for cancer immunotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To identify candidates for human stromal antigens, we used an in vitro-screening method to determine whether dendritic cells transfected with mRNA encoding products, which are overexpressed in the tumor stroma, are capable of stimulating cytotoxic CD8(+) (CTL) responses from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS CTL responses could be consistently generated against fibroblast activation protein (FAP) but not against matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) or MMP-14. To enhance the immunogenicity of the mRNA-translated FAP product, a lysosomal targeting signal derived from lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) was fused to the COOH terminus of FAP to redirect the translated product into the class II presentation pathway. Dendritic cells transfected with mRNA encoding the FAP-LAMP fusion product stimulated enhanced CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses. CONCLUSION This study identifies FAP, a protease preferentially expressed in tumor-associated fibroblasts, as a candidate human stromal antigen to target in the setting of cancer immunotherapy, and shows that differential expression of stromal products is not a sufficient criteria to indicate its immunogenicity in a vaccination setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fassnacht
- Center for Translational Research, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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131
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Hoffmann S, Wunderlich A, Celik I, Maschuw K, Hassan I, Hofbauer LC, Zielke A. Paneling human thyroid cancer cell lines for candidate proteins for targeted anti-angiogenic therapy. J Cell Biochem 2006; 98:954-65. [PMID: 16475167 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is believed to result from an imbalance of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, some of which are candidates for targeted therapy. Such therapy has raised hopes for patients with undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas, who are facing a grave prognosis with a survival of only months. In this study, in vivo growth of xenografted human thyroid carcinomas unexpectedly responded quite differently to neutralizing anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody. In particular, lasting inhibition as well as accelerated growth occurred after treatment. Consequently, a panel of anti-angiogenic factors was addressed in a representative sample of thyroid carcinoma lines. VEGF, fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), and endostatin were demonstrated by Western blotting and EIA, whereas PDGF-A, PDGF-B, and IL-6 were negative. Quantification of VEGF, FGF-2, and endostatin revealed a wide range of concentrations from 500 to 4,200 pg/ml VEGF, 5 to 60 pg/ml FGF-2, and 50 to 300 pg/ml endostatin, not related to a particular histologic thyroid carcinoma background. Angiostatin (kringles 1-3) was detected in all, but one of the cell lines. Finally, aaATIII was confirmed in FTC133 cells. These data highlight the complex regulation of angiogenesis in thyroid carcinoma cell lines and suggest that the array of angiogenic factors differs markedly between individual cell lines. For the first time, angiostatin, endostatin, and possibly also aaATIII are identified as novel candidate regulators of angiogenesis in thyroid carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hoffmann
- Department of Surgery, Philipps University of Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, D-35039 Marburg, Germany.
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132
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Mestas J, Burdick MD, Reckamp K, Pantuck A, Figlin RA, Strieter RM. The role of CXCR2/CXCR2 ligand biological axis in renal cell carcinoma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5351-7. [PMID: 16210641 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 3% of new cancer incidence and mortality in the United States. Studies in RCC have predominantly focused on VEGF in promoting tumor-associated angiogenesis. However, other angiogenic factors may contribute to the overall angiogenic milieu of RCC. We hypothesized that the CXCR2/CXCR2 ligand biological axis represents a mechanism by which RCC cells promote angiogenesis and facilitate tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, we first examined tumor biopsies and plasma of patients with metastatic RCC for levels of CXCR2 ligands, and RCC tumor biopsies for the expression of CXCR2. The proangiogenic CXCR2 ligands CXCL1, CXCL3, CXCL5, and CXCL8, as well as VEGF were elevated in the plasma of these patients and found to be expressed within the tumors. CXCR2 was found to be expressed on endothelial cells within the tumors. To assess the role of ELR(+) CXC chemokines in RCC, we next used a model of syngeneic RCC (i.e., RENCA) in BALB/c mice. CXCR2 ligand and VEGF expression temporally increased in direct correlation with RENCA growth in CXCR2(+/+) mice. However, there was a marked reduction of RENCA tumor growth in CXCR2(-/-) mice, which correlated with decreased angiogenesis and increased tumor necrosis. Furthermore, in the absence of CXCR2, orthotopic RENCA tumors demonstrated a reduced potential to metastasize to the lungs of CXCR2(-/-) mice. These data support the notion that CXCR2/CXCR2 ligand biology is an important component of RCC tumor-associated angiogenesis and tumorigenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasm Metastasis/genetics
- Neoplasm Metastasis/immunology
- Neoplasm Metastasis/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/physiology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Mestas
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1786, USA
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133
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Lee J, Fassnacht M, Nair S, Boczkowski D, Gilboa E. Tumor immunotherapy targeting fibroblast activation protein, a product expressed in tumor-associated fibroblasts. Cancer Res 2005; 65:11156-63. [PMID: 16322266 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Murine studies have shown that immunologic targeting of the tumor vasculature, a key element of the tumor stroma, can lead to protective immunity in the absence of significant pathology. In the current study, we expand the scope of stroma-targeted immunotherapy to antigens expressed in tumor-associated fibroblasts, the predominant component of the stroma in most types of cancer. Mice were immunized against fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a product up-regulated in tumor-associated fibroblasts, using dendritic cells transfected with FAP mRNA. Using melanoma, carcinoma, and lymphoma models, we show that tumor growth was inhibited in tumor-bearing mice vaccinated against FAP and that the magnitude of the antitumor response was comparable to that of vaccination against tumor cell-expressed antigens. Both s.c. implanted tumors and lung metastases were susceptible to anti-FAP immunotherapy. The antitumor response could be further enhanced by augmenting the CD4+ T-cell arm of the anti-FAP immune response, achieved by using a lysosomal targeting sequence to redirect the translated FAP product into the class II presentation pathway, or by covaccination against FAP and a tumor cell-expressed antigen, tyrosinase-related protein 2. No morbidity or mortality was associated with anti-FAP vaccination except for a small delay in wound healing. The study suggests that FAP, a product which is preferentially expressed in tumor-associated fibroblasts, could function as a tumor rejection antigen in a broad range of cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Growth Processes/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Endopeptidases
- Fibroblasts/immunology
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Gelatinases
- Immunotherapy
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Serine Endopeptidases/biosynthesis
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Serine Endopeptidases/immunology
- Thymoma/genetics
- Thymoma/immunology
- Thymoma/pathology
- Thymoma/therapy
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Lee
- Center for Translational Research, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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134
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Dentelli P, Rosso A, Garbarino G, Calvi C, Lombard E, Di Stefano P, Defilippi P, Pegoraro L, Brizzi MF. The interaction between KDR and interleukin-3 receptor (IL-3R) beta common modulates tumor neovascularization. Oncogene 2005; 24:6394-405. [PMID: 16007196 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), released into the tumor microenvironment stimulates motogenic and mitogenic activity of normal and transformed cells. In the present study, we investigate the effects of IL-3 and VEGF on neoplastic vascular growth. Engagement of IL-3 receptor beta common (IL-3R beta c) contributes to both IL-3- and VEGF-induced Rac1 activation, cell migration and in vitro tube-like structure formation as shown by the expression of the dominant-negative IL-3R beta c construct (Delta455). In normal and transformed endothelial cells (EC) as well as in HEK 293 cells expressing KDR and IL-3R, VEGF and IL-3 treatment induces the formation of a KDR/IL-3R beta c complex. Moreover, as shown by the IL-3R Delta455 mutant or by the kinase dead KDR, functional receptors are required for this interaction. Consistent with the contribution of IL-3R beta c in both IL-3- and VEGF-mediated angiogenic signal, a reduced number of vessels inside tumors are found in mice injected with cells expressing the IL-3R Delta455 mutant. Thus, these findings provide a novel mechanism through which IL-3 and VEGF support cell survival and tumor neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Dentelli
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Torino, Corso Dogliotti 14, Torino 10126, Italy
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135
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Casanovas O, Hicklin DJ, Bergers G, Hanahan D. Drug resistance by evasion of antiangiogenic targeting of VEGF signaling in late-stage pancreatic islet tumors. Cancer Cell 2005; 8:299-309. [PMID: 16226705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1235] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Function-blocking antibodies to VEGF receptors R1 and R2 were used to probe their roles in controlling angiogenesis in a mouse model of pancreatic islet carcinogenesis. Inhibition of VEGFR2 but not VEGFR1 markedly disrupted angiogenic switching, persistent angiogenesis, and initial tumor growth. In late-stage tumors, phenotypic resistance to VEGFR2 blockade emerged, as tumors regrew during treatment after an initial period of growth suppression. This resistance to VEGF blockade involves reactivation of tumor angiogenesis, independent of VEGF and associated with hypoxia-mediated induction of other proangiogenic factors, including members of the FGF family. These other proangiogenic signals are functionally implicated in the revascularization and regrowth of tumors in the evasion phase, as FGF blockade impairs progression in the face of VEGF inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Casanovas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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136
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Dua RS, Gui GPH, Isacke CM. Endothelial adhesion molecules in breast cancer invasion into the vascular and lymphatic systems. Eur J Surg Oncol 2005; 31:824-32. [PMID: 16055299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2005.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Revised: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS It is well recognised that intravasation of tumour cells into the vasculature and/or lymphatics is a key stage in the metastatic process. It is also clear that very little is known about the mechanisms underlying this event. In this review, we will focus on cell surface molecules that may be instrumental in mediating the attachment of tumour cells, and in particular breast carcinoma cells, to the lymphatic and microvascular endothelia and discuss the therapeutic and prognostic value in targeting these receptors in metastatic disease. METHODS A literature search was carried out from PubMed for indexed articles and reviews. Websites containing information on gene expression profiles were located using standard web browser search functions. For articles containing gene expression data, relevant information was frequently located in supplementary tables or in associated websites. FINDINGS The search yielded a very large number of indexed published articles and websites. Important major reports and studies were reviewed, screened and tracked for other relevant publications. The most important articles were analysed and discussed. CONCLUSIONS The lack of knowledge as to the mechanism by which tumour cells intra-vasate into the vasculature and/or lymphatics is perhaps not surprising given the lack of suitable models with which to investigate tumour cell intravasation. However, recent advances in the identification of molecular markers of angiogenic and lymphangiogenic endothelium, the development of techniques to image tumour cells in vivo and a better understanding of the architecture of these vessels is beginning to offer hope that this least well understood event in the metastatic process is becoming more amenable to study.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Dua
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
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137
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Hoeben A, Landuyt B, Highley MS, Wildiers H, Van Oosterom AT, De Bruijn EA. Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis. Pharmacol Rev 2005; 56:549-80. [PMID: 15602010 DOI: 10.1124/pr.56.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1324] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a hallmark of wound healing, the menstrual cycle, cancer, and various ischemic and inflammatory diseases. A rich variety of pro- and antiangiogenic molecules have already been discovered. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an interesting inducer of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, because it is a highly specific mitogen for endothelial cells. Signal transduction involves binding to tyrosine kinase receptors and results in endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and new vessel formation. In this article, the role of VEGF in physiological and pathological processes is reviewed. We also discuss how modulation of VEGF expression creates new therapeutic possibilities and describe recent developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Hoeben
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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138
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Abstract
CONTEXT Angiogenesis has been recognized as an important process contributing to the pathophysiology of many benign and malignant diseases. It is not surprising, therefore, that this complex process is proving to be an important regulator of both benign and malignant disease processes in the thyroid gland. This paper will review the general principles of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, as well as the importance of the balance between angiogenic stimulators and inhibitors in the normal thyroid gland. We will also review how this balance is disturbed in benign and malignant thyroid conditions. Finally, we will address the role manipulation of this process may play in the development of novel treatment strategies for diseases of the thyroid. OBJECTIVE To review the literature concerning the role of angiogenesis in the thyroid gland. CONCLUSIONS Angiogenesis is an important process which has been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of benign and malignant diseases of the thyroid gland. Manipulation of this process holds great promise for the development of novel treatments for these disorders. As the mechanisms regulating angiogenesis in the thyroid become increasingly clear, researchers will come ever closer to turning this promise into clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie C Mitchell
- Department of Surgery, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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139
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Kumar P, Benedict R, Urzua F, Fischbach C, Mooney D, Polverini P. Combination treatment significantly enhances the efficacy of antitumor therapy by preferentially targeting angiogenesis. J Transl Med 2005; 85:756-67. [PMID: 15864318 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the most widely used cancer treatments, but it is often unsuccessful due to the development of radioresistance by tumor cells and endothelial cells (ECs) lining the tumor blood vessels. We have previously shown that ECs are protected against ionizing irradiation primarily via the activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3 K)-Akt-Bcl-2 survival pathway. Here we report that combination treatment with low doses of PI3 K inhibitor (LY294002), cisplatin and gamma-irradiation resulted in significantly higher (61%) EC death as compared to each agent used alone (17, 17 and 11%, respectively). This combination treatment was equally effective in inducing tumor cell death (72%). Combination treatment also significantly inhibited EC tube formation in Matrigel (75%) as compared to each of the agents used alone (8, 8 and 18% for LY294002, cisplatin and gamma-irradiation, respectively). In our in vivo severe combined immunodeficient mouse model of human tumor growth and angiogenesis, combination treatment with low doses of LY294002, cisplatin and irradiation significantly inhibited the growth of human oral squamous carcinoma (OSCC-3) as well as prostate cancer (LnCap). The combination therapy was also very effective in inhibiting tumor angiogenesis where it showed a greater than 90% decrease in neovascularization. In contrast, combination treatment showed only a 29% inhibition of physiological angiogenesis. Taken together, these results suggest a potentially novel strategy to overcome the resistance in ECs lining tumor blood vessels, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of the radiation and chemotherapy. Moreover, this strategy of using a combination of low doses of PI3K/Akt inhibitor, cisplatin and radiation has the potential of significantly decreasing untoward side effects associated with the maximum tolerated doses of radiation and chemotherapy while maintaining their therapeutic efficacy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/radiotherapy
- Caspase 3
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Division
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Mouth Neoplasms/blood supply
- Mouth Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- Mouth Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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140
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Wu MP, Chou CY. Angiogenesis, Thrombospondin-1 and Cervical Carcinogenesis. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1028-4559(09)60124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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141
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Hida K, Klagsbrun M. A new perspective on tumor endothelial cells: unexpected chromosome and centrosome abnormalities. Cancer Res 2005; 65:2507-10. [PMID: 15805239 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that endothelial cells in solid tumors are cytogenetically abnormal. These cells are aneuploid with multiple chromosomes and multiple centrosomes. Unlike normal endothelial cells which remain diploid in long-term culture, the aneuploidy of tumor endothelial cells is exacerbated in culture suggesting that these cells are inherently unstable. It is speculated that this instability might compromise the effectiveness of antiangiogenesis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hida
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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142
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Kremmidiotis G, Lavranos TC. Discovery and validation of drug targets for tumour angiogenesis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005; 9:211-5. [PMID: 15934910 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.9.2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The formation of blood vessels is a key process in the progression of solid tumours, providing the means for tumour growth and metastasis. A number of drugs are currently being developed to exploit inhibition of angiogenesis in the therapy of cancer. An even greater number of genes that are regulated in models of in vitro angiogenesis have been identified. These genes present potential drug targets for the development of novel, more efficient, drugs that will enable the judicious design of drug cocktails that may be able to account for the many different cancer pathologies and their drug resistance properties. Dealing with the validation of hundreds of potential angiogenesis drug targets requires the utilisation of experimental technology platforms that enable concomitant and dynamic target selection filtering and validation. Such platforms should act as a funnel-like medium-to-low throughput processes that enable the sequential short-listing of hundreds of candidates culminating in the selection of only a small number of well-validated targets that are manageable by drug screening regimes.
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143
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Abstract
The development of molecular targeted anticancer drugs is rapidly changing cancer therapeutics. However, drug resistance to these novel agents remains a real clinical concern. Reports now indicate that resistance to many of these molecular targeted agents--including hormone therapies, trastuzumab, imatinib, and gefitinib--occurs via common resistance mechanisms. These include 1) inadequate target blockade due to sub-optimal drug delivery; 2) altered target expression at the DNA (gene amplification), mRNA or protein level; 3) an altered target such as a mutated kinase domain; 4) modified target regulating proteins (e.g. altered expression of co-activators and/or co-repressors for nuclear steroid hormone receptors); 5) signalling by alternative proteins (functional redundancy) or different signalling pathways. It is envisioned that the molecular evaluation of clinical anticancer drug resistance, which requires the detailed study of pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenetics and pharmacodynamics, will allow the development of rational reversal strategies and improved patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vidal
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK
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144
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Graepler F, Verbeek B, Graeter T, Smirnow I, Kong HL, Schuppan D, Bauer M, Vonthein R, Gregor M, Lauer UM. Combined endostatin/sFlt-1 antiangiogenic gene therapy is highly effective in a rat model of HCC. Hepatology 2005; 41:879-86. [PMID: 15739185 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is regarded as a suitable target for antiangiogenic strategies. However, antiangiogenic agents aimed at single targets can be neutralized by upregulation of other proangiogenic factors. Therefore, combined approaches addressing at least two angiogenic targets should be more effective. Employing an appropriate rat hepatoma model, we examined the effects of sFlt-1 (soluble vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] receptor 1 as an indirect inhibitor of angiogenesis) and endostatin (a direct inhibitor of angiogenesis) in both single-agent as well as combined approaches under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Similar to human HCC, rat Morris hepatoma (MH) cells secreted high levels of VEGF, but no endogenous sFlt-1. Parental MH or MHES(r) cells, stably expressing rat endostatin, were adenovirally transduced either with AdsFlt-1 (encoding sFlt-1) or control vector Adnull (containing no transgene), followed by subcutaneous inoculation into syngeneic ACI rats. Compared with MH/Adnull cells, expressing no antiangiogenic factors at all, tumor weights were reduced fourfold in the MHES(r)/Adnull group, 19-fold in the MH/AdsFlt-1-group, and 77-fold in the MHES(r)/AdsFlt-1 combination therapy group. Analysis of variance did not show a significant interaction between the effects of the two factors ES(r) and sFlt-1; their effects multiplied. In conclusion, combined expression of sFlt-1 and endostatin effectively suppresses HCC growth under in vivo conditions. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the HEPATOLOGY website (http://interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0270-9139/suppmat/index.html).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Graepler
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Clinic Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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145
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan P Schneider
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University, 535 Barnhill Dr, RT-473 Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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146
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Brennen WN, Cooper CR, Capitosti S, Brown ML, Sikes RA. Thalidomide and analogues: current proposed mechanisms and therapeutic usage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 3:54-61. [PMID: 15279692 DOI: 10.3816/cgc.2004.n.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microvessel density is a prognostic factor for many cancers, including prostate. For this reason, several studies and therapeutic approaches that target the tumor microvasculature have been attempted. Thalidomide has long been recognized as an antiangiogenic molecule. Recently, this drug has regained favor as an anticancer agent and is in clinical trial for multiple myeloma and prostate cancer, among others. This article will briefly review the proposed mechanisms of action for thalidomide, discuss why these activities are of therapeutic value in diseases currently undergoing clinical trials, and summarize the current status of clinical trials for prostate cancer. The focus will be predominantly on the relationship of thalidomide to angiogenesis, as well as on the future and potential value of thalidomide-inspired structural derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Nathaniel Brennen
- Laboratory for Cancer Ontogeny and Therapeutics, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, USA
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147
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Hicklin DJ, Ellis LM. Role of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in tumor growth and angiogenesis. J Clin Oncol 2004; 23:1011-27. [PMID: 15585754 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2114] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) is a fundamental event in the process of tumor growth and metastatic dissemination. Hence, the molecular basis of tumor angiogenesis has been of keen interest in the field of cancer research. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway is well established as one of the key regulators of this process. The VEGF/VEGF-receptor axis is composed of multiple ligands and receptors with overlapping and distinct ligand-receptor binding specificities, cell-type expression, and function. Activation of the VEGF-receptor pathway triggers a network of signaling processes that promote endothelial cell growth, migration, and survival from pre-existing vasculature. In addition, VEGF mediates vessel permeability, and has been associated with malignant effusions. More recently, an important role for VEGF has emerged in mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells from the bone marrow to distant sites of neovascularization. The well-established role of VEGF in promoting tumor angiogenesis and the pathogenesis of human cancers has led to the rational design and development of agents that selectively target this pathway. Studies with various anti-VEGF/VEGF-receptor therapies have shown that these agents can potently inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth in preclinical models. Recently, an anti-VEGF antibody (bevacizumab), when used in combination with chemotherapy, was shown to significantly improve survival and response rates in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and thus, validate VEGF pathway inhibitors as an important new treatment modality in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hicklin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, ImClone Systems Incorporated, New York, NY 10014, USA.
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148
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Chelouche-Lev D, Miller CP, Tellez C, Ruiz M, Bar-Eli M, Price JE. Different signalling pathways regulate VEGF and IL-8 expression in breast cancer: implications for therapy. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40:2509-18. [PMID: 15519527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 05/27/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Elevated expression of pro-angiogenic cytokines is associated with aggressive tumour growth and decreased survival of patients with breast cancer. In general, the breast cancer cell lines with high vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression also express high levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8). The consequence of inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), both implicated in regulation of these cytokines, was examined in four cell lines. Treatment with the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126 reduced expression of VEGF and IL-8 in MDA-MB-231 cells, partially inhibited expression in MDA-MB-468 and Hs578T cells, with minimal effects in GI101A cells. Treatment with LY294002 reduced cytokine expression in GI101A and MDA-MB-468 cells, with partial reduction in Hs578T and less effect in MDA-MB-231 cells. Thus, IL-8 and VEGF were regulated by different signalling pathways in different cell lines; this suggests that inhibition of the dominantly active pathway can downregulate both angiogenic cytokines. Recognising which signalling pathway is active may identify targets for anti-angiogenic therapy of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Chelouche-Lev
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 173, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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149
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Abstract
Vascular targeting agents (VTAs) for the treatment of cancer are designed to cause a rapid and selective shutdown of the blood vessels of tumors. Unlike antiangiogenic drugs that inhibit the formation of new vessels, VTAs occlude the pre-existing blood vessels of tumors to cause tumor cell death from ischemia and extensive hemorrhagic necrosis. Tumor selectivity is conferred by differences in the pathophysiology of tumor versus normal tissue vessels (e.g., increased proliferation and fragility, and up-regulated proteins). VTAs can kill indirectly the tumor cells that are resistant to conventional antiproliferative cancer therapies, i.e., cells in areas distant from blood vessels where drug penetration is poor, and hypoxia can lead to radiation and drug resistance. VTAs are expected to show the greatest therapeutic benefit as part of combined modality regimens. Preclinical studies have shown VTA-induced enhancement of the effects of conventional chemotherapeutic agents, radiation, hyperthermia, radioimmunotherapy, and antiangiogenic agents. There are broadly two types of VTAs, small molecules and ligand-based, which are grouped together, because they both cause acute vascular shutdown in tumors leading to massive necrosis. The small molecules include the microtubulin destabilizing drugs, combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate, ZD6126, AVE8062, and Oxi 4503, and the flavonoid, DMXAA. Ligand-based VTAs use antibodies, peptides, or growth factors that bind selectively to tumor versus normal vessels to target tumors with agents that occlude blood vessels. The ligand-based VTAs include fusion proteins (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor linked to the plant toxin gelonin), immunotoxins (e.g., monoclonal antibodies to endoglin conjugated to ricin A), antibodies linked to cytokines, liposomally encapsulated drugs, and gene therapy approaches. Combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate, ZD6126, AVE8062, and DMXAA are undergoing clinical evaluation. Phase I monotherapy studies have shown that the agents are tolerated with some demonstration of single agent efficacy. Because efficacy is expected when the agents are used with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs or radiation, the results of Phase II combination studies are eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Thorpe
- Department of Pharmacology and Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
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150
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McCarty MF, Wey J, Stoeltzing O, Liu W, Fan F, Bucana C, Mansfield PF, Ryan AJ, Ellis LM. ZD6474, a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with additional activity against epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, inhibits orthotopic growth and angiogenesis of gastric cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.1041.3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) have been strongly implicated in the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ZD6474, an inhibitor of inhibitor of VEGF receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase with additional activity against EGF receptor (EGFR), on tumor growth and angiogenesis in an orthotopic model of gastric cancer. In vitro, ZD6474 inhibited human umbilical vascular endothelial cell and TMK-1 human gastric tumor cell proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion. EGF-mediated activation of EGFR and Erk-1/2 was decreased in tumor cells after ZD6474 treatment. In addition, VEGF-mediated activation of VEGFR2 and Erk-1/2 was decreased in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. TMK-1 human gastric adenocarcinoma cells were injected into the gastric wall of nude mice. ZD6474 therapy was initiated on day 10. Mice (n = 14 per group) were treated p.o. with (a) 1% Tween 80 (control), (b) 50 mg/kg/d ZD6474, or (c) 100 mg/kg/d ZD6474. Mice were sacrificed on day 33. Tumors from each group were stained for markers of blood vessels, pericytes, proliferation, and apoptosis. ZD6474 at both 50 and 100 mg/kg/d led to marked inhibition of tumor growth (P < 0.05). ZD6474 reduced tumor cell proliferation by 48% in the 50 mg/kg/d group and 65% in the 100 mg/kg/d group (P < 0.03) and increased tumor cell apoptosis (P < 0.001) in vivo. ZD6474 led to a 69% decrease in microvessel density in the 50 mg/kg/d group (P < 0.001) and a 62% decrease in the 100 mg/kg/d group (P < 0.001). Although microvessel density was decreased by ZD6474, the remaining vessels showed a relatively higher percentage of pericyte coverage (3-fold increase; P < 0.001), perhaps reflecting selective loss of uncovered vessels in the ZD6474 group. In conclusion, therapies such as ZD6474 that target two distinct aspects of tumor growth, angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation, warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane Wey
- 1Surgical Oncology and Departments of
| | - Oliver Stoeltzing
- 2Cancer Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
| | - Wenbiao Liu
- 2Cancer Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
| | - Fan Fan
- 2Cancer Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
| | - Corazon Bucana
- 2Cancer Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
| | | | - Anderson J. Ryan
- 3Cancer and Infection Bioscience Department, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Lee M. Ellis
- 1Surgical Oncology and Departments of
- 2Cancer Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
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