101
|
Rowland B, Abraham C, Carter R, Abimanyi-Ochom J, Kelly AB, Kremer P, Williams JW, Smith R, Hall JK, Wagner D, Renner H, Hosseini T, Osborn A, Mohebbi M, Toumbourou JW. Trial protocol: a clustered, randomised, longitudinal, type 2 translational trial of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm among adolescents in Australia. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:559. [PMID: 29703187 PMCID: PMC5921968 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This cluster randomised control trial is designed to evaluate whether the Communities That Care intervention (CTC) is effective in reducing the proportion of secondary school age adolescents who use alcohol before the Australian legal purchasing age of 18 years. Secondary outcomes are other substance use and antisocial behaviours. Long term economic benefits of reduced alcohol use by adolescents for the community will also be assessed. Methods Fourteen communities and 14 other non-contiguous communities will be matched on socioeconomic status (SES), location, and size. One of each pair will be randomly allocated to the intervention in three Australian states (Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia). A longitudinal survey will recruit grade 8 and 10 students (M = 15 years old, N = 3500) in 2017 and conduct follow-up surveys in 2019 and 2021 (M = 19 years old). Municipal youth populations will also be monitored for trends in alcohol-harms using hospital and police administrative data. Discussion Community-led interventions that systematically and strategically implement evidence-based programs have been shown to be effective in producing population-level behaviour change, including reduced alcohol and drug use. We expect that the study will be associated with significant effects on alcohol use amongst adolescents because interventions adopted within communities will be based on evidence-based practices and target specific problems identified from surveys conducted within each community. Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered in September, 2017 (ACTRN12616001276448), as communities were selected prior to trial registration; however, participants were recruited after registration. Findings will be disseminated in peer-review journals and community fora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Rowland
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. .,School of Psychology, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia.
| | - C Abraham
- Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter Medical School St Luke's Campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - R Carter
- Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.,School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - J Abimanyi-Ochom
- Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.,School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - A B Kelly
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P Kremer
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - J W Williams
- Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.,School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - R Smith
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - J K Hall
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychology, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - D Wagner
- Murdoch Children Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Road Parkville Victoria, Flemington, Australia
| | - H Renner
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychology, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - T Hosseini
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychology, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - A Osborn
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychology, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - M Mohebbi
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Biostatistics unit, Faculty of Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J W Toumbourou
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychology, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Cecilione JL, Rappaport LM, Hahn SE, Anderson AE, Hazlett LE, Burchett JR, Moore AA, Savage JE, Hettema JM, Roberson-Nay R. Genetic and Environmental Contributions of Negative Valence Systems to Internalizing Pathways. Twin Res Hum Genet 2018; 21:12-23. [PMID: 29369039 PMCID: PMC5884079 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2017.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The genetic and environmental contributions of negative valence systems (NVS) to internalizing pathways study (also referred to as the Adolescent and Young Adult Twin Study) was designed to examine varying constructs of the NVS as they relate to the development of internalizing disorders from a genetically informed perspective. The goal of this study was to evaluate genetic and environmental contributions to potential psychiatric endophenotypes that contribute to internalizing psychopathology by studying adolescent and young adult twins longitudinally over a 2-year period. This report details the sample characteristics, study design, and methodology of this study. The first wave of data collection (i.e., time 1) is complete; the 2-year follow-up (i.e., time 2) is currently underway. A total of 430 twin pairs (N = 860 individual twins; 166 monozygotic pairs; 57.2% female) and 422 parents or legal guardians participated at time 1. Twin participants completed self-report surveys and participated in experimental paradigms to assess processes within the NVS. Additionally, parents completed surveys to report on themselves and their twin children. Findings from this study will help clarify the genetic and environmental influences of the NVS and their association with internalizing risk. The goal of this line of research is to develop methods for early internalizing disorder risk detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lance M Rappaport
- Department of Psychiatry,Virginia Commonwealth University,Richmond,Virginia,USA
| | - Shannon E Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry,Virginia Commonwealth University,Richmond,Virginia,USA
| | - Audrey E Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry,Virginia Commonwealth University,Richmond,Virginia,USA
| | - Laura E Hazlett
- Department of Psychiatry,Virginia Commonwealth University,Richmond,Virginia,USA
| | - Jason R Burchett
- Department of Psychiatry,Virginia Commonwealth University,Richmond,Virginia,USA
| | - Ashlee A Moore
- Department of Psychiatry,Virginia Commonwealth University,Richmond,Virginia,USA
| | - Jeanne E Savage
- Department of Psychiatry,Virginia Commonwealth University,Richmond,Virginia,USA
| | - John M Hettema
- Department of Psychiatry,Virginia Commonwealth University,Richmond,Virginia,USA
| | - Roxann Roberson-Nay
- Department of Psychiatry,Virginia Commonwealth University,Richmond,Virginia,USA
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Lewis G, Neary M, Polek E, Flouri E, Lewis G. The association between paternal and adolescent depressive symptoms: evidence from two population-based cohorts. Lancet Psychiatry 2017; 4:920-926. [PMID: 29153626 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incidence of depression increases markedly around age 13 years, and nearly three-quarters of adults report that their mental health problems started in adolescence. Although maternal depression is a risk factor for adolescent depression, evidence about the association between paternal and adolescent depression is inconclusive, and many studies have methodological limitations. We aimed to assess the association between paternal and adolescent depressive symptoms in two large population-based cohort studies. METHODS We used data for two-parent families from two representative prospective cohorts in Ireland (Growing up in Ireland [GUI]) and the UK (Millennium Cohort Study [MCS]). Parental depressive symptoms were measured with the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale in the GUI cohort when children were 9 years old, and the Kessler six-item psychological distress scale in the MCS cohort when children were 7 years old. Adolescent depressive symptoms were measured with the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) at age 13 years in the GUI cohort and age 14 years in the MCS cohort. We analysed data using linear regression models, before and after adjustment for confounders, in both multiply imputed and complete case samples. FINDINGS There were 6070 families in GUI and 7768 in MCS. After all adjustments, a 1 SD (three-point) increase in paternal depressive symptoms was associated with an increase of 0·24 SMFQ points (95% CI 0·03-0·45; p=0·023) in the GUI cohort and 0·18 SMFQ points (0·01-0·36; p=0·041) in the MCS cohort. This association was independent of, and not different in magnitude to, the association between maternal and adolescent depressive symptoms (Wald test p=0·435 in the GUI cohort and 0·470 in the MCS cohort). INTERPRETATION Our results show an association between depressive symptoms in fathers and depressive symptoms in their adolescent offspring. These findings support the involvement of fathers as well as mothers in early interventions to reduce the prevalence of adolescent depression, and highlight the importance of treating depression in both parents. FUNDING Department of Children and Youth Affairs and Economic and Social Research Council.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Martha Neary
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ela Polek
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eirini Flouri
- UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Bøe T, Skogen JC, Sivertsen B, Hysing M, Petrie KJ, Dearing E, Zachrisson HD. Economic volatility in childhood and subsequent adolescent mental health problems: a longitudinal population-based study of adolescents. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017030. [PMID: 28928191 PMCID: PMC5623474 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the current paper was to investigate the association between the patterns of duration, timing and sequencing of exposure to low family income during childhood, and symptoms of mental health problems in adolescence. SETTING Survey administered to a large population-based sample of Norwegian adolescents. PARTICIPANTS Survey data from 9154 participants of 16-19 years age (53% participation rate; 52.7% girls) were linked to registry-based information about childhood family income from tax return data. OUTCOME MEASURES Mental health outcomes were symptoms of emotional, conduct, hyperactivity, peer problems and general mental health problems measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, symptoms of depression measured with Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) measured with the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale. RESULTS Latent class analysis and the BCH approach in Mplus were used to examine associations between patterns of poverty exposure and mental health outcomes. Four latent classes of poverty exposure emerged from the analysis. Participants moving into poverty (2.3%), out of poverty (3.5%) or those chronically poor (3.1%) had more symptoms of mental health problems (Cohen's d=16-.50) than those with no poverty exposure (91.1%). This pattern was, however, not found for symptoms of ADHD. The pattern of results was confirmed in robustness checks using observed data. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to poverty in childhood was found to be associated with most mental health problems in adolescence. There was no strong suggestion of any timing or sequencing effects in the patterns of associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tormod Bøe
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Uni Research Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jens Christoffer Skogen
- Alcohol and Drug Research Western Norway, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Børge Sivertsen
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Uni Research Health, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Research and Innovation, Helse Fonna HF, Haugesund, Norway
| | - Mari Hysing
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Uni Research Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Keith J Petrie
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eric Dearing
- Department of Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology, Boston college, Boston, USA
- Norwegian Center for Child Behavioral Development, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Daae Zachrisson
- Norwegian Center for Child Behavioral Development, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Educational Measurement, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Solmi F, Colman I, Weeks M, Lewis G, Kirkbride JB. Trajectories of Neighborhood Cohesion in Childhood, and Psychotic and Depressive Symptoms at Age 13 and 18 Years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 56:570-577. [PMID: 28647008 PMCID: PMC5493518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to adverse social environments has been associated with psychotic and depressive symptoms in adolescence in cross-sectional studies, but the longitudinal relation is unclear. This study examined whether longitudinal trajectories of exposure to adverse social environments across childhood are associated with psychotic experiences and depressive symptoms in adolescence. METHOD Data on participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) were used to estimate longitudinal trajectories of childhood exposure to neighborhood cohesion (NC), discord (ND), and stress (NS) using latent class growth modeling. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between these trajectories and psychotic experiences and depressive symptoms at 13 and 18 years of age, adjusting for maternal psychopathology, participant sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics, and area-level deprivation. RESULTS A dose-response association was observed between higher NS and the odds of psychotic experiences at 13 years (medium NS, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.25, 95% CI 1.05-1.49; high NS, aOR 1.77, 95% CI 1.30-2.40), whereas high levels of ND predicted psychotic experiences at 18 years (aOR 1.50, 95% CI 1.10-2.07). High levels of NC (aOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.02-1.71) and NS (aOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.07-2.26) were associated with increased odds of high depressive symptoms at 18 years in a dose-response fashion. CONCLUSION Prolonged and more severe exposure to adverse social environments is associated with greater odds of developing psychotic and depressive symptoms in late adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Solmi
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Ian Colman
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Murray Weeks
- Directorate of Force Health Protection, Canadian Forces Health Services Group, Ottawa
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
Norris T, Collin SM, Tilling K, Nuevo R, Stansfeld SA, Sterne JAC, Heron J, Crawley E. Natural course of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis in adolescents. Arch Dis Child 2017; 102:522-528. [PMID: 28104625 PMCID: PMC5466925 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-311198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about persistence of or recovery from chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) in adolescents. Previous studies have small sample sizes, short follow-up or have focused on fatigue rather than CFS/ME or, equivalently, chronic fatigue, which is disabling. This work aimed to describe the epidemiology and natural course of CFS/ME in adolescents aged 13-18 years. DESIGN Longitudinal follow-up of adolescents enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. SETTING Avon, UK. PARTICIPANTS We identified adolescents who had disabling fatigue of >6 months duration without a known cause at ages 13, 16 and 18 years. We use the term 'chronic disabling fatigue' (CDF) because CFS/ME was not verified by clinical diagnosis. We used multiple imputation to obtain unbiased estimates of prevalence and persistence. RESULTS The estimated prevalence of CDF was 1.47% (95% CI 1.05% to 1.89%) at age 13, 2.22% (1.67% to 2.78%) at age 16 and 2.99% (2.24% to 3.75%) at age 18. Among adolescents with CDF of 6 months duration at 13 years 75.3% (64.0% to 86.6%) were not classified as such at age 16. Similar change was observed between 16 and 18 years (75.0% (62.8% to 87.2%)). Of those with CDF at age 13, 8.02% (0.61% to 15.4%) presented with CDF throughout the duration of adolescence. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of CDF lasting 6 months or longer (a proxy for clinically diagnosed CFS/ME) increases from 13 to 18 years. However, persistent CDF is rare in adolescents, with approximately 75% recovering after 2-3 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Norris
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Simon M Collin
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kate Tilling
- School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Roberto Nuevo
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen A Stansfeld
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Jonathan AC Sterne
- School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jon Heron
- School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Esther Crawley
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Effects of urinary incontinence on psychosocial outcomes in adolescence. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:649-658. [PMID: 27943057 PMCID: PMC5446552 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-016-0928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To examine whether daytime wetting and bedwetting urinary incontinence (UI) in childhood and adolescence are associated with psychosocial problems in adolescence. We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children to examine the association between trajectories of UI from 4 to 9 years and self-reported psychosocial problems in adolescence (13-14 years) including depressive symptoms, peer victimisation, poor self-image and school experiences (negative perception of school and teachers, problems with peer relationships). Sample sizes ranged from 5162 (perception of teachers) to 5887 (self-image). We also examined associations between self-reported UI at 14 years and psychosocial problems. Relative to normative development, adolescents who experienced delayed development of bladder control had poorer self-image [standardised mean difference = 0.18 (95% CI 0.04, 0.32)], more negative perceptions of school [0.18 (0.02, 0.34)] and more problems with peer relationships at school [0.25 (0.10, 0.40)]. Persistent wetting (bedwetting with daytime wetting) in childhood was associated with increased problems with peer relationships in adolescence [0.19 (0.03, 0.34)]. The strongest associations between adolescent UI and psychosocial problems were found for daytime wetting (reference = no UI at 14 years): depressive symptoms [OR = 3.04 (95% CI 1.91-4.84)], peer victimisation [2.14 (1.48-3.10)], poor self-image (t = -8.49, p < 0.001) and problems with peer relationships (t = -4.69, p < 0.001). Children with delayed development of bladder control and persistent wetting have increased psychosocial problems in adolescence. Adolescents with UI reported a range of psychosocial problems and clinicians should be aware that they might require support from psychological services.
Collapse
|
108
|
Sequeira ME, Lewis SJ, Bonilla C, Smith GD, Joinson C. Association of timing of menarche with depressive symptoms and depression in adolescence: Mendelian randomisation study. Br J Psychiatry 2017; 210:39-46. [PMID: 27491534 PMCID: PMC5209630 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.115.168617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies report associations between early menarche and higher levels of depressive symptoms and depression. However, no studies have investigated whether this association is causal. AIMS To determine whether earlier menarche is a causal risk factor for depressive symptoms and depression in adolescence. METHOD The associations between a genetic score for age at menarche and depressive symptoms at 14, 17 and 19 years, and depression at 18 years, were examined using Mendelian randomisation analysis techniques. RESULTS Using a genetic risk score to indicate earlier timing of menarche, we found that early menarche is associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms at 14 years (odds ratio per risk allele 1.02, 95% CI 1.005-1.04, n = 2404). We did not find an association between the early menarche risk score and depressive symptoms or depression after age 14. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence for a causal effect of age at menarche on depressive symptoms at age 14.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maija-Eliina Sequeira
- Maija-Eliina Sequeira, MSc, Sarah J. Lewis, PhD, Carolina Bonilla, PhD, George Davey Smith, PhD, School of Social and Community Medicine, and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Carol Joinson, PhD, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah J Lewis
- Maija-Eliina Sequeira, MSc, Sarah J. Lewis, PhD, Carolina Bonilla, PhD, George Davey Smith, PhD, School of Social and Community Medicine, and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Carol Joinson, PhD, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Carolina Bonilla
- Maija-Eliina Sequeira, MSc, Sarah J. Lewis, PhD, Carolina Bonilla, PhD, George Davey Smith, PhD, School of Social and Community Medicine, and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Carol Joinson, PhD, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Maija-Eliina Sequeira, MSc, Sarah J. Lewis, PhD, Carolina Bonilla, PhD, George Davey Smith, PhD, School of Social and Community Medicine, and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Carol Joinson, PhD, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Carol Joinson
- Maija-Eliina Sequeira, MSc, Sarah J. Lewis, PhD, Carolina Bonilla, PhD, George Davey Smith, PhD, School of Social and Community Medicine, and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Carol Joinson, PhD, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Joinson C, Kounali D, Lewis G. Family socioeconomic position in early life and onset of depressive symptoms and depression: a prospective cohort study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2017; 52:95-103. [PMID: 27837235 PMCID: PMC5226994 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-016-1308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether low parental socioeconomic position (SEP) at birth is associated only with early-onset depressive symptoms in offspring. METHODS This prospective cohort study used data on 9193 individuals (4768 females, 4425 males) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Depressive symptoms during three age periods (10-12, 12-16, 16-20 years) were assessed using the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, and ICD-10 depression at age 18 was assessed using the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised. RESULTS Low SEP was associated with increased incidence rates of depressive symptoms in all age periods, with indicators of low standard of living showing the strongest associations. For instance, incidence rate ratios for material hardship were 1.75 (95% CI [1.42-2.15]) at 10-12 years, 1.36 (1.16-1.61) at 12-16 years and 1.39 (1.21-1.59) at 16-20 years. Low SEP was also associated with increased odds of ICD-10 depression at 18 years, ranging from OR = 1.20 (95% CI [0.94-1.52]) for manual social class to 1.74 (1.35-2.24) for material hardship. CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence that depressive symptoms can be "subtyped" by the age of onset, because the association with low SEP was evident for early- and later-onset symptoms. If socioeconomic inequalities in early life have long-term adverse impacts on mental health, policies addressing these inequalities could benefit the mental health of the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Joinson
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 2BN, England, UK.
| | - Daphne Kounali
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 2BN England, UK
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 67-73 Riding House St, London, W1W 7EJ England, UK
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Roseman M, Kloda LA, Saadat N, Riehm KE, Ickowicz A, Baltzer F, Katz LY, Patten SB, Rousseau C, Thombs BD. Accuracy of Depression Screening Tools to Detect Major Depression in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2016; 61:746-757. [PMID: 27310247 PMCID: PMC5564894 DOI: 10.1177/0706743716651833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression screening among children and adolescents is controversial, and no clinical trials have evaluated benefits and harms of screening programs. A requirement for effective screening is a screening tool with demonstrated high accuracy. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the accuracy of depression screening instruments to detect major depressive disorder (MDD) in children and adolescents. METHOD Data sources included the MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, EMBASE, PsycINFO, HaPI, and LILACS databases from 2006 to September 30, 2015. Eligible studies compared a depression screening tool to a validated diagnostic interview for MDD and reported accuracy data for children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years. Risk of bias was assessed with QUADAS-2. RESULTS We identified 17 studies with data on 20 depression screening tools. Few studies examined the accuracy of the same screening tools. Cut-off scores identified as optimal were inconsistent across studies. Width of 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for sensitivity ranged from 9% to 55% (median 32%), and only 1 study had a lower bound 95% CI ≥80%. For specificity, 95% CI width ranged from 2% to 27% (median 9%), and 3 studies had a lower bound ≥90%. Methodological limitations included small sample sizes, exploratory data analyses to identify optimal cut-offs, and the failure to exclude children and adolescents already diagnosed or treated for depression. CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence that any depression screening tool and cut-off accurately screens for MDD in children and adolescents. Screening could lead to overdiagnosis and the consumption of scarce health care resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Roseman
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec
| | | | - Nazanin Saadat
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Kira E. Riehm
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Abel Ickowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Franziska Baltzer
- Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal, Quebec
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | | | | | | | - Brett D. Thombs
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Gregory AM, Rijsdijk FV, Eley TC, Buysse DJ, Schneider MN, Parsons M, Barclay NL. A Longitudinal Twin and Sibling Study of Associations between Insomnia and Depression Symptoms in Young Adults. Sleep 2016; 39:1985-1992. [PMID: 27634812 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.6228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To estimate genetic and environmental influences on the associations between insomnia and depression symptoms concurrently and longitudinally. METHODS Behavioral genetic analyses were conducted on data from the British longitudinal G1219 twin/sibling study. One thousand five hundred fiftysix twins and siblings participated at Time 1 (mean age = 20.3 years, SD = 1.76). Eight hundred sixty-two participated at Time 2 (mean age = 25.2 years, SD = 1.73 years). Participants completed the Insomnia Symptoms Questionnaire and the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire to assess symptoms of insomnia and depression respectively. RESULTS Genetic effects accounted for 33% to 41% of the variance of the phenotypes. The phenotypic correlations were moderate (r = 0.34 to r = 0.52). The genetic correlations between the variables were high (0.73-1.00). Genetic effects accounted for a substantial proportion of the associations between variables (50% to 90%). Non-shared environmental effects explained the rest of the variance and covariance of the traits. CONCLUSIONS While genetic effects play a modest role in insomnia and depression symptoms separately, they appear to play a more central role in concurrent and longitudinal associations between these phenotypes. This should be acknowledged in theories explaining these common associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Gregory
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
| | - Fruhling V Rijsdijk
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London UK
| | - Thalia C Eley
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London UK
| | - Daniel J Buysse
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
| | | | | | - Nicola L Barclay
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Rowe SL, French RS, Henderson C, Ougrin D, Slade M, Moran P. Decisional support for young people who self-harm: protocol for a feasibility trial. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e012161. [PMID: 27683517 PMCID: PMC5051504 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-harm is common in adolescents, and it is the strongest predictor of suicide. Young people who self-harm are often unsure of how and where to get help. Decision aids (DAs) have been shown to help with decisional conflict where there is uncertainty around different options. We have developed an online DA to support young people in help-seeking for self-harm. A feasibility trial will examine the acceptability of the online intervention and the ability to recruit and follow-up participants within a school setting. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In this parallel arm, single-blind feasibility trial, 60 participants aged 12-18 years who have self-harmed in the past 12 months, will be randomised to either (1) a group receiving the online DA or (2) a control group receiving general information about feelings and emotions. Both groups will complete measures assessing decision-making and help-seeking behaviour. The school counsellor will be notified of any participants who have been randomised to ensure safeguarding for the young person. Participants in both groups will be followed up at 4 weeks, and the measures will be repeated. Qualitative interviews will be conducted with a subset of participants to explore their views and experiences of the DA and of participation in the study. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was granted by King's College London (KCL) College Research Ethics Committee. Results of this study will help to clarify if we can recruit and administer an online decisional support intervention within a school setting for young people who self-harm. The study will inform the design and implementation of a larger randomised controlled trial to test the effectiveness of the DA. Dissemination of the study findings will target publication in peer-reviewed journals of general and special interest. The funder will be sent a report outlining the major findings of the study. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN11230559.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Rowe
- Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,London, UK
| | - Rebecca S French
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,London, UK
| | - Claire Henderson
- Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,London, UK
| | - Dennis Ougrin
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Mike Slade
- School of Health Sciences, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Paul Moran
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Scourfield J, Culpin I, Gunnell D, Dale C, Joinson C, Heron J, Collin SM. The association between characteristics of fathering in infancy and depressive symptoms in adolescence: A UK birth cohort study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 58:119-128. [PMID: 27376651 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the quality of fathers' parenting has an impact on psychological outcomes during adolescence, but less is known about which aspects of fathering have the strongest effects. This study, using the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), considers which paternal attitudes towards and experiences of child care in infancy are most strongly associated with depressive symptoms in adolescence, and whether father effects are independent of maternal influence and other risk factors. Primary exposures were fathers' attitudes to and experiences of child care at 8 weeks, 8 months and 21 months coded as continuous scores; the primary outcome was self-reported depressive symptoms at 16 years (Short Moods and Feelings Questionnaire score ≥11). Multivariable logistic regression models showed reasonably strong evidence that parental reports indicating potential paternal abuse when children were toddlers were associated with a 22% increased odds of depressive symptoms at age 16 (odds ratio [OR] 1.22 [95% CI 1.11, 1.34] per SD). There was some evidence for an interaction with social class (p=0.04): for children living in higher social class households (professional, managerial and technical classes), an increase in the potential abuse scale increased the odds of depressive symptoms by 31% (OR 1.31 [1.13, 1.53] per SD), whereas there was no effect in the lower social class categories. The potential paternal abuse measure needs to be validated and research is needed on what circumstances predict anger and frustration with child care. Effective interventions are needed to help fathers cope better with parenting stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iryna Culpin
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David Gunnell
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carol Joinson
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Heron
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Simon M Collin
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Waszczuk MA, Leonard HC, Hill EL, Rowe R, Gregory AM. Coordination difficulty and internalizing symptoms in adults: A twin/sibling study. Psychiatry Res 2016; 239:1-8. [PMID: 27137955 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Increased anxiety and depression symptoms have been reported in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, and have been found to be associated with motor coordination difficulties, but little is known about the etiology of these associations. This study aimed to assess genetic, shared (making twins/siblings alike) and non-shared (individual-specific) environmental influences on the association between poor coordination and symptoms of anxiety and depressed mood using a sample of adult twin and sibling pairs. Participants were asked about their coordination skill and anxiety and depression symptoms. About half of the variance in coordination difficulty was explained by familial (combined genetic and shared environmental) influences, with the remaining variance explained by non-shared environmental influences. Phenotypic associations between coordination and anxiety (r=.46) and depression symptoms (r=.44) were largely underpinned by shared familial liability for the three traits. Non-shared environment accounted for about a third of the phenotypic association. Results suggest that both familial and non-shared environmental influences play a role in the etiology of coordination difficulty and its association with internalizing symptoms. The current study highlights that both biological and environmental pathways shared between these symptoms should be examined in future research to inform prevention and treatment approaches in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Waszczuk
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Hayley C Leonard
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
| | - Elisabeth L Hill
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
| | - Richard Rowe
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alice M Gregory
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Hoare E, Millar L, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Skouteris H, Nichols M, Malakellis M, Swinburn B, Allender S. Depressive symptomatology, weight status and obesogenic risk among Australian adolescents: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010072. [PMID: 26975934 PMCID: PMC4800126 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adolescence is a period of increased risk for mental health problems and development of associated lifestyle risk behaviours. This study examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between obesogenic risk factors, weight status, and depressive symptomatology in a cohort of Australian adolescents. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING The study used repeated measures data from the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) It's Your Move project, an Australian community-based obesity prevention intervention. Intervention effect was non-significant therefore intervention and comparison groups were combined in this study. PARTICIPANTS Total sample was 634 secondary school students (female n=338, male n=296) with mean age 13 years (SD=0.6) at baseline (2012) and 15 years (SD=0.6) at follow-up (2014) recruited from 6 government secondary schools in the ACT. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES MEASURES Primary outcome was depressive symptomatology measured by Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes were weight status, physical activity, screen time and diet related measures. RESULTS Increased physical activity was associated to lower depressive symptomatology among males (OR=0.35, p<0.05). Sweet drink (OR=1.15, p<0.05) and takeaway consumption (OR=1.84, p<0.05) were associated with higher levels of depressive symptomatology among females at follow-up. Males who were classified as overweight or obese at baseline, and remained so over the study period, were at increased risk of depressive symptomatology at follow-up (b=1.63, 95% CI 0.33 to 2.92). Inactivity among males over the 2-year study period was predictive of higher depressive symptomatology scores at follow-up (b=2.55, 95% CI 0.78 to 4.32). For females, those who increased their consumption of takeaway foods during the study period were at increased risk for developing depressive symptomatology (b=1.82, 95% CI -0.05 to 3.71). CONCLUSIONS There are multiple, probably complex, relationships between diet, physical activity and outcomes of obesity and mental health as well as between the outcomes themselves. Healthier diets and increased physical activity should be foundations for healthier body weight and mental health. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12615000842561; Results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Hoare
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lynne Millar
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Skouteris
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie Nichols
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary Malakellis
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Boyd Swinburn
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Population Nutrition and Global Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Steven Allender
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Collin SM, Norris T, Nuevo R, Tilling K, Joinson C, Sterne JAC, Crawley E. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome at Age 16 Years. Pediatrics 2016; 137:e20153434. [PMID: 26810786 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort, chronic disabling fatigue lasting ≥6 months affected 1.3% of 13-year-olds, was equally common in boys and girls, and became more prevalent with increasing family adversity. METHODS ALSPAC data were used to estimate the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) at age 16 years, defined by parental report of unexplained disabling fatigue lasting ≥6 months. We investigated gender and a composite 14-item family adversity index as risk factors. School absence data were obtained from the National Pupil Database. Multiple imputation was used to address bias caused by missing data. RESULTS The prevalence of CFS was 1.86% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.47 to 2.24). After excluding children with high levels of depressive symptoms, the prevalence was 0.60% (95% CI: 0.37 to 0.84). Authorized school absences were much higher (mean difference: 35.6 [95% CI: 26.4 to 44.9] half-day sessions per academic year) and reported depressive symptoms were much more likely (odds ratio [OR]: 11.0 [95% CI: 5.92 to 20.4]) in children with CFS than in those without CFS. Female gender (OR: 1.95 [95% CI: 1.33 to 2.86]) and family adversity (OR: 1.20 [95% CI: 1.01 to 1.42] per unit family adversity index) were also associated with CFS. CONCLUSIONS CFS affected 1.9% of 16-year-olds in a UK birth cohort and was positively associated with higher family adversity. Gender was a risk factor at age 16 years but not at age 13 years or in 16-year-olds without high levels of depressive symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Collin
- School of Social & Community Medicine and Centre for Child & Adolescent Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Norris
- School of Social & Community Medicine and Centre for Child & Adolescent Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Nuevo
- School of Social & Community Medicine and Centre for Child & Adolescent Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carol Joinson
- School of Social & Community Medicine and Centre for Child & Adolescent Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Esther Crawley
- School of Social & Community Medicine and Centre for Child & Adolescent Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Jeffreys M, Rozenman M, Gonzalez A, Warnick EM, Dauser C, Scahill L, Woolston J, Robin Weersing V. Factor Structure of the Parent-Report Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) in an Outpatient Mental Health Sample. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 44:1111-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-0108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
118
|
Bowes L, Carnegie R, Pearson R, Mars B, Biddle L, Maughan B, Lewis G, Fernyhough C, Heron J. Risk of depression and self-harm in teenagers identifying with goth subculture: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry 2015; 2:793-800. [PMID: 26321233 PMCID: PMC4698805 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has suggested that deliberate self-harm is associated with contemporary goth subculture in young people; however, whether this association is confounded by characteristics of young people, their families, and their circumstances is unclear. We aimed to test whether self-identification as a goth is prospectively associated with emergence of clinical depression and self-harm in early adulthood. METHODS We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a UK community-based birth cohort of 14 541 pregnant women with expected delivery between April 1, 1991, and Dec 31, 1992. All children in the study were invited to attend yearly follow-up visits at the research clinic from age 7 years. At 15 years of age, participants reported the extent to which they self-identified as a goth. We assessed depressive mood and self-harm at 15 years with the Development and Wellbeing Assessment (DAWBA) questionnaire, and depression and self-harm at 18 years using the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised. We calculated the prospective association between goth identification at 15 years and depression and self-harm at 18 years using logistic regression analyses. FINDINGS Of 5357 participants who had data available for goth self-identification, 3694 individuals also had data for depression and self-harm outcomes at 18 years. 105 (6%) of 1841 adolescents who did not self-identify as goths met criteria for depression compared with 28 (18%) of 154 who identified as goths very much; for self-harm, the figures were 189 (10%) of 1841 versus 57 (37%) of 154. We noted a dose-response association with goth self-identification both for depression and for self-harm. Compared with young people who did not identify as a goth, those who somewhat identified as being a goth were 1·6 times more likely (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] 1·63, 95% CI 1·14-2·34, p<0·001), and those who very much identified as being a goth were more than three times more likely (unadjusted OR 3·67, 2·33-4·79, p<0·001) to have scores in the clinical range for depression at 18 years; findings were similar for self-harm. Associations were not attenuated after adjustment for a range of individual, family, and social confounders. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that young people identifying with goth subculture might be at an increased risk for depression and self-harm. Although our results suggest that some peer contagion operates within the goth community, our observational findings cannot be used to claim that becoming a goth increases risk of self-harm or depression. Working with young people in the goth community to identify those at increased risk of depression and self-harm and provide support might be effective. FUNDING Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council Programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Bowes
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Rebecca Carnegie
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Addiction and Suicide Research, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rebecca Pearson
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Addiction and Suicide Research, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Becky Mars
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Addiction and Suicide Research, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lucy Biddle
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Addiction and Suicide Research, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Barbara Maughan
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jon Heron
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Addiction and Suicide Research, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort as a resource for studying psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: a summary of findings for depression and psychosis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015; 50:1017-27. [PMID: 26002411 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-015-1072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to highlight the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) as a resource to study psychopathology. To demonstrate this, we review the studies related to depression and psychosis in childhood and adolescence and discuss the results in relation to the aetiology of depression and psychotic experiences (PEs) and possible underlying mechanisms. METHODS We examined the list of publications from ALSPAC and then classified them as examining (a) the course and risk factors of maternal and paternal depression, (b) the effects of maternal and paternal depression on child development, (c) risk factors for depression in childhood and adolescence, (d) the frequency, clinical relevance and risk factors of PEs, and (e) shared risk factors for depression and PEs. RESULTS There was evidence that environmental stressors and the way these are interpreted contribute to risk of depression and evidence that biological factors related to puberty are also likely to play a role. With regards to PEs, the findings further support the existence of 'a continuum of psychosis' while they also suggest that PEs might be of limited clinical utility in predicting psychotic disorder during adolescence and early adulthood. Finally, most risk factors examined were found to be shared between depression and PEs. CONCLUSIONS The ALSPAC birth cohort has provided important insights for our understanding of the aetiological mechanisms underlying depression and PEs. Future research could aim to incorporate measures of automatic psychological mechanisms to provide insights into the brain mechanisms that underlie these clinical phenomena.
Collapse
|
120
|
Pearson R, Heron J, Button K, Bentall R, Fernyhough C, Mahedy L, Bowes L, Lewis G. Cognitive styles and future depressed mood in early adulthood: the importance of global attributions. J Affect Disord 2015; 171:60-7. [PMID: 25285900 PMCID: PMC4222738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive theories of depression suggest that beliefs of low self-worth and the tendency to attribute negative events to causes that are global (widespread rather than specific) and stable (will persist rather than change in the future) are associated with the development of depressed mood. Such theories are supported by evidence from prospective studies and have guided the development of successful treatment and prevention strategies such as CBT. However, the relative importance of different psychological constructs within cognitive theories is unknown. This is important to refine cognitive theories and develop more efficient prevention strategies. METHOD We used prospective data from over 3500 young adults from the Avon Longitudinal Study for Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort in the UK to investigate the association between cognitive style, measured by short forms of the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS) and Cognitive Styles Questionnaire-Short Form (CSQ-SF) at age 18, and future depressed mood at age 19. Structural equation modelling techniques were used to separate cognitive style constructs. RESULTS Cognitive styles were associated with future depressed mood, independently of baseline mood, both as measured by the DAS-SF and the CSQ-SF. Of the different CSQ-SF constructs, only global attributions were associated with both baseline and future mood independently of other constructs. LIMITATIONS The study was subject to attrition and the follow-up was relatively short (10 months). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that the tendency to attribute negative events specifically to global causes could be particularly important for depression. Reducing global attributions is potentially important in the prevention and treatment of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R.M. Pearson
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK,Corresponding author.
| | - J. Heron
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
| | - K. Button
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
| | - R.P. Bentall
- Institute of psychology health and society, University of Liverpool, UK
| | | | - L. Mahedy
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - L. Bowes
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Bould H, Araya R, Pearson RM, Stapinski L, Carnegie R, Joinson C. Association between early temperament and depression at 18 years. Depress Anxiety 2014; 31:729-36. [PMID: 25111741 DOI: 10.1002/da.22294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood temperament, particularly negative emotionality (high tendency to show distress), may be a risk factor for subsequent depression. METHODS Using data from a large UK cohort (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children), we examined the association between temperament on the Emotionality Activity Sociability Questionnaire at age 6 and ICD-10 depression at 18. Results were adjusted for a range of confounders. RESULTS Children with high emotionality scores at age 6 had a 20% (7-36%) increase in the odds of being diagnosed with depression at age 18. CONCLUSIONS Depression at 18 years has an early developmental diathesis, which means we may be able to identify children at risk of developing depression in young adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Bould
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|