101
|
Chirichella R, De Marinis AM, Pokorny B, Apollonio M. Dentition and body condition: tooth wear as a correlate of weight loss in roe deer. Front Zool 2021; 18:47. [PMID: 34544436 PMCID: PMC8454088 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-021-00433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In many mammalian species, once the permanent teeth have erupted, the only change to dentition is a gradual loss of tooth surface/height through wear. The crown of the teeth cannot be repaired once worn. When dental crown tissue has been depleted due to wear, the animal is expected to have a suboptimal body condition. We evaluated the role of tooth wear in causing a reduction of physical condition in adult roe deer females (Capreolus capreolus). Results The progressive wearing of the lower cheek teeth was assessed in a Northern Apennines (Italy) population with a new scoring scheme based on objectively described tooth characteristics (morphotypes) being either present or absent. Eviscerated body mass and mandible length, which is a good proxy for body size in roe deer, were related to the tooth wear score by the use of linear regressions. The sum of wear scores for molariform teeth correlated most strongly with body condition (i.e., eviscerated body mass/mandible length), showing the importance of the entire chewing surface for acquiring energy by food comminution, chewing, and digestion. In comparison with individuals of comparable size experiencing minor tooth wear, the body mass of those with the most advanced stage of tooth wear was decreased by 33.7%. This method was compared to the height and the hypsodonty index of the first molar, the most commonly used indices of tooth wear. The sum of molariform wear scoring scheme resulted in a more suitable index to describe the variation in body condition of roe deer. Conclusions Describing tooth wear patterns in hunted populations and monitoring at which tooth wear level (and therefore dental morphotype) an animal is no longer able to sustain its physical condition (i.e. when it begins to lose body mass) can be a useful tool for improving the management of the most widespread and abundant deer species in Europe. At the same time, such an approach can clarify the role of tooth wear as a proximate cause of senescence in ungulates. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12983-021-00433-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Chirichella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria De Marinis
- Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Via Ca' Fornacetta 9, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Boštjan Pokorny
- Environmental Protection College, Trg mladosti 7, 3320, Velenje, Slovenia.,Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marco Apollonio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Han X, Ding C, Sang X, Peng M, Yang Q, Ning Y, Lv Q, Shan Q, Hao M, Wang K, Wu X, Zhang H, Cao G. Targeting Sirtuin1 to treat aging-related tissue fibrosis: From prevention to therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 229:107983. [PMID: 34480962 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis, which is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, is a wound-healing response to organ injury and may promote cancer and failure in various organs, such as the heart, liver, lung, and kidney. Aging associated with oxidative stress and inflammation exacerbates cellular dysfunction, tissue failure, and body function disorders, all of which are closely related to fibrosis. Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) is a class III histone deacetylase that regulates growth, transcription, aging, and metabolism in various organs. This protein is downregulated in organ injury and fibrosis associated with aging. Its expression and distribution change with age in different organs and play critical roles in tissue oxidative stress and inflammation. This review first described the background on fibrosis and regulatory functions of SIRT1. Second, we summarized the relationships of SIRT1 with other proteins and its protective action during fibrosis in the heart, liver, lung and kidney. Third, the activation of SIRT1 in therapies of tissue fibrosis, especially in liver fibrosis and aging-related tissue injury, was analyzed. In conclusion, SIRT1 targeting may be a new therapeutic strategy in fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Han
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - XiaNan Sang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - MengYun Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Ning
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - QiYuan Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - KuiLong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Cancer Hospital of The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Gems D, de Magalhães JP. The hoverfly and the wasp: A critique of the hallmarks of aging as a paradigm. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101407. [PMID: 34271186 PMCID: PMC7611451 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
With the goal of representing common denominators of aging in different organisms López-Otín et al. in 2013 described nine hallmarks of aging. Since then, this representation has become a major reference point for the biogerontology field. The template for the hallmarks of aging account originated from landmark papers by Hanahan and Weinberg (2000, 2011) defining first six and later ten hallmarks of cancer. Here we assess the strengths and weaknesses of the hallmarks of aging account. As a checklist of diverse major foci of current aging research, it has provided a useful shared overview for biogerontology during a time of transition in the field. It also seems useful in applied biogerontology, to identify interventions (e.g. drugs) that impact multiple symptomatic features of aging. However, while the hallmarks of cancer provide a paradigmatic account of the causes of cancer with profound explanatory power, the hallmarks of aging do not. A worry is that as a non-paradigm the hallmarks of aging have obscured the urgent need to define a genuine paradigm, one that can provide a useful basis for understanding the mechanistic causes of the diverse aging pathologies. We argue that biogerontology must look and move beyond the hallmarks to understand the process of aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Gems
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - João Pedro de Magalhães
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Schafer MJ, Campisi J, Niedernhofer LJ. A conversation with Judith Campisi: Leader in the field of aging research. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 69:101366. [PMID: 34015525 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa J Schafer
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Judith Campisi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Laura J Niedernhofer
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Di Cesare F, Tenori L, Meoni G, Gori AM, Marcucci R, Giusti B, Molino-Lova R, Macchi C, Pancani S, Luchinat C, Saccenti E. Lipid and metabolite correlation networks specific to clinical and biochemical covariate show differences associated with sexual dimorphism in a cohort of nonagenarians. GeroScience 2021; 44:1109-1128. [PMID: 34324142 PMCID: PMC9135919 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study defines and estimates the metabolite-lipidic component association networks constructed from an array of 20 metabolites and 114 lipids identified and quantified via NMR spectroscopy in the serum of a cohort of 355 Italian nonagenarians and ultra-nonagenarian. Metabolite-lipid association networks were built for men and women and related to an array of 101 clinical and biochemical parameters, including the presence of diseases, bio-humoral parameters, familiarity diseases, drugs treatments, and risk factors. Different connectivity patterns were observed in lipids, branched chains amino acids, alanine, and ketone bodies, suggesting their association with the sex-related and sex-clinical condition-related intrinsic metabolic changes. Furthermore, our results demonstrate, using a holistic system biology approach, that the characterization of metabolic structures and their dynamic inter-connections is a promising tool to shed light on the dimorphic pathophysiological mechanisms of aging at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Cesare
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Leonardo Tenori
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Gori
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Atherothrombotic Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Rossella Marcucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Atherothrombotic Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Betti Giusti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Atherothrombotic Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Macchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Edoardo Saccenti
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Roper M, Capdevila P, Salguero-Gómez R. Senescence: why and where selection gradients might not decline with age. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210851. [PMID: 34284628 PMCID: PMC8292751 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of ageing across the tree of life are much more diverse than previously thought. Yet, we still do not adequately understand how, why and where across the tree of life a particular pattern of ageing will evolve. An ability to predict ageing patterns requires a firmer understanding of how and why different ecological and evolutionary factors alter the sensitivity of fitness to age-related changes in mortality and reproduction. From this understanding, we can ask why and where selection gradients might not decline with age. Here, we begin by summarizing the recent breadth of literature that is unearthing, empirically and theoretically, the mechanisms that drive variation in patters of senescence. We focus on the relevance of two key parameters, population structure and reproductive value, as key to understanding selection gradients, and therefore senescence. We discuss how growth form, individual trade-offs, stage structure and social interactions may all facilitate differing distributions of these two key parameters than those predicted by classical theory. We argue that these four key aspects can help us understand why patterns of negligible and negative senescence can actually be explained under the same evolutionary framework as classical senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Roper
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Pol Capdevila
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Roberto Salguero-Gómez
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4071, Australia
- Evolutionary Demography Laboratory, Max Plank Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock 18057, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Schofield G, Dickson LCD, Westover L, Dujon AM, Katselidis KA. COVID-19 disruption reveals mass-tourism pressure on nearshore sea turtle distributions and access to optimal breeding habitat. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2516-2526. [PMID: 34548882 PMCID: PMC8444759 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the extent to which animals detect and respond to human presence allows us to identify pressure (disturbance) and inform conservation management objectively; however, obtaining baselines against which to compare human impact is hindered in areas where human activities are already well established. For example, Zakynthos Island (Greece, Mediterranean) receives around 850,000 visitors each summer, while supporting an important loggerhead sea turtle rookery (~300 individuals/season). The coronavirus (COVID-19)-driven absence of tourism in May-June 2020 provided an opportunity to evaluate the distribution dynamics of this population in the absence (2020) vs. presence (2018 and 2019) of visitors using programmed unmanned aerial system (UAS) surveys. Ambient sea temperature transitioned from suboptimal for breeding in May to optimal in late June, with turtle distribution appearing to shift from shallow (to benefit from waters 3-5°C above ambient) to deeper waters in 2018 and 2019, but not 2020. The 2020 data set demonstrated that increased tourism pressure, not temperature, drives turtles offshore. Specifically, >50% of turtles remained within 100 m of shore at densities of 25-50 visitors/km, even when sea temperature rose, with 2018 and 2019 data supporting this trend. Reduced access to warmer, nearshore waters by tourism could delay the onset of nesting and increase the length of the egg maturation period between nesting events (internesting interval) at this site. A coastal refuge zone could be delimited in May-June where touristic infrastructure is minimal, but also where turtles frequently aggregate. In conclusion, sea turtles appear capable of perceiving changes in the level of human pressure at fine spatial and temporal scales and adjusting their distribution accordingly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gail Schofield
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Liam C D Dickson
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Lucy Westover
- School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Antoine M Dujon
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Geelong Vic. Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
108
|
Cellular Senescence in Lung Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137012. [PMID: 34209809 PMCID: PMC8267738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are chronic and ultimately fatal age-related lung diseases characterized by the progressive and irreversible accumulation of scar tissue in the lung parenchyma. Over the past years, significant progress has been made in our incomplete understanding of the pathobiology underlying fibrosing ILDs, in particular in relation to diverse age-related processes and cell perturbations that seem to lead to maladaptation to stress and susceptibility to lung fibrosis. Growing evidence suggests that a specific biological phenomenon known as cellular senescence plays an important role in the initiation and progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Cellular senescence is defined as a cell fate decision caused by the accumulation of unrepairable cellular damage and is characterized by an abundant pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic secretome. The senescence response has been widely recognized as a beneficial physiological mechanism during development and in tumour suppression. However, recent evidence strengthens the idea that it also drives degenerative processes such as lung fibrosis, most likely by promoting molecular and cellular changes in chronic fibrosing processes. Here, we review how cellular senescence may contribute to lung fibrosis pathobiology, and we highlight current and emerging therapeutic approaches to treat fibrosing ILDs by targeting cellular senescence.
Collapse
|
109
|
Frungieri MB, Calandra RS, Bartke A, Matzkin ME. Male and female gonadal ageing: its impact on health span and life span. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 197:111519. [PMID: 34139215 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is linked to changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and a progressive decline in gonadal function. While women become infertile when they enter menopause, fertility decline in ageing men does not necessarily involve a complete cessation of spermatogenesis. Gonadal dysfunction in elderly people is characterized by morphological, endocrine and metabolic alterations affecting the reproductive function and quality of life. With advancing age, sexuality turns into a critical emotional and physical factor actually defining the number of years that ageing people live a healthy life. Gonadal ageing correlates with comorbidities and an increased risk of age-related diseases including diabetes, kidney problems, cardiovascular failures and cancer. This article briefly summarizes the current state of knowledge on ovarian and testicular senescence, explores the experimental models used in the study of gonadal ageing, and describes the local pro-inflammatory, oxidative and apoptotic events and the associated signalling pathways that take place in the gonads while people get older. Overall, literature reports that ageing exacerbates a mutual crosstalk among oxidative stress, apoptosis and the inflammatory response in the gonads leading to detrimental effects on fertility. Data also highlight the clinical implications of novel therapeutic interventions using antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory drugs on health span and life span.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica B Frungieri
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina; Cátedra de Química, Ciclo Básico Común, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1405CAE, Argentina.
| | - Ricardo S Calandra
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Division of Geriatrics Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
| | - María E Matzkin
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina; Cátedra de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Farrelly C. Responsible biology, aging populations and the 50th anniversary of the "War on Cancer". Biogerontology 2021; 22:429-440. [PMID: 34086164 PMCID: PMC8175930 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-021-09925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The 50th Anniversary of the National Cancer Act of 1971 is the opportune time to critically reflect on the determinates of what the philosopher of science Philip Kitcher calls “responsible biology”. Responsible biology entails that scientists have an obligation to reflect on the ends, and not just the means, of scientific research and to conceive of themselves as artisans working for the public good. Taking stock of the successes and limits of the half a century “war on cancer” reveals the importance of attending to the most significant risk factor for cancer and other chronic diseases- aging itself. The case is made for considering the biology of aging, and the aspiration to slow the rate of biological aging, as critical components of responsible biology in an aging world. As growing numbers of humans survive into late life, the primacy the goal of disease elimination occupies within biomedical research must be revised, and greater effort should be directed towards the goal of increasing the human healthspan and delaying and compressing disease, frailty and disability in late life.
Collapse
|
111
|
Eigenfeld M, Kerpes R, Becker T. Understanding the Impact of Industrial Stress Conditions on Replicative Aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:665490. [PMID: 37744109 PMCID: PMC10512339 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.665490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
In yeast, aging is widely understood as the decline of physiological function and the decreasing ability to adapt to environmental changes. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has become an important model organism for the investigation of these processes. Yeast is used in industrial processes (beer and wine production), and several stress conditions can influence its intracellular aging processes. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on applied stress conditions, such as osmotic pressure, primary metabolites (e.g., ethanol), low pH, oxidative stress, heat on aging indicators, age-related physiological changes, and yeast longevity. There is clear evidence that yeast cells are exposed to many stressors influencing viability and vitality, leading to an age-related shift in age distribution. Currently, there is a lack of rapid, non-invasive methods allowing the investigation of aspects of yeast aging in real time on a single-cell basis using the high-throughput approach. Methods such as micromanipulation, centrifugal elutriator, or biotinylation do not provide real-time information on age distributions in industrial processes. In contrast, innovative approaches, such as non-invasive fluorescence coupled flow cytometry intended for high-throughput measurements, could be promising for determining the replicative age of yeast cells in fermentation and its impact on industrial stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roland Kerpes
- Research Group Beverage and Cereal Biotechnology, Institute of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Aging as a consequence of selection to reduce the environmental risk of dying. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2102088118. [PMID: 34031251 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102088118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Each animal in the Darwinian theater is exposed to a number of abiotic and biotic risk factors causing mortality. Several of these risk factors are intimately associated with the act of energy acquisition as such and with the amount of reserve the organism has available from this acquisition for overcoming temporary distress. Because a considerable fraction of an individual's lifetime energy acquisition is spent on somatic maintenance, there is a close link between energy expenditure on somatic maintenance and mortality risk. Here, we show, by simple life-history theory reasoning backed up by empirical cohort survivorship data, how reduction of mortality risk might be achieved by restraining allocation to somatic maintenance, which enhances lifetime fitness but results in aging. Our results predict the ubiquitous presence of senescent individuals in a highly diverse group of natural animal populations, which may display constant, increasing, or decreasing mortality with age. This suggests that allocation to somatic maintenance is primarily tuned to expected life span by stabilizing selection and is not necessarily traded against reproductive effort or other traits. Due to this ubiquitous strategy of modulating the somatic maintenance budget so as to increase fitness under natural conditions, it follows that individuals kept in protected environments with very low environmental mortality risk will have their expected life span primarily defined by somatic damage accumulation mechanisms laid down by natural selection in the wild.
Collapse
|
113
|
Stazione L, Norry FM, Sambucetti P. Do Longevity and Fecundity Change by Selection on Mating Success at Elevated Temperature? Correlated Selection Responses in Drosophila buzzatii. Evol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-021-09540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
114
|
Utilizing Developmentally Essential Secreted Peptides Such as Thymosin Beta-4 to Remind the Adult Organs of Their Embryonic State-New Directions in Anti-Aging Regenerative Therapies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061343. [PMID: 34071596 PMCID: PMC8228050 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Our dream of defeating the processes of aging has occupied the curious and has challenged scientists globally for hundreds of years. The history is long, and sadly, the solution is still elusive. Our endeavors to reverse the magnitude of damaging cellular and molecular alterations resulted in only a few, yet significant advancements. Furthermore, as our lifespan increases, physicians are facing more mind-bending questions in their routine practice than ever before. Although the ultimate goal is to successfully treat the body as a whole, steps towards regenerating individual organs are even considered significant. As our initial approach to enhance the endogenous restorative capacity by delivering exogenous progenitor cells appears limited, we propose, utilizing small molecules critical during embryonic development may prove to be a powerful tool to increase regeneration and to reverse the processes associated with aging. In this review, we introduce Thymosin beta-4, a 43aa secreted peptide fulfilling our hopes and capable of numerous regenerative achievements via systemic administration in the heart. Observing the broad capacity of this small, secreted peptide, we believe it is not the only molecule which nature conceals to our benefit. Hence, the discovery and postnatal administration of developmentally relevant agents along with other approaches may result in reversing the aging process.
Collapse
|
115
|
Restoration of energy homeostasis by SIRT6 extends healthy lifespan. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3208. [PMID: 34050173 PMCID: PMC8163764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging leads to a gradual decline in physical activity and disrupted energy homeostasis. The NAD+-dependent SIRT6 deacylase regulates aging and metabolism through mechanisms that largely remain unknown. Here, we show that SIRT6 overexpression leads to a reduction in frailty and lifespan extension in both male and female B6 mice. A combination of physiological assays, in vivo multi-omics analyses and 13C lactate tracing identified an age-dependent decline in glucose homeostasis and hepatic glucose output in wild type mice. In contrast, aged SIRT6-transgenic mice preserve hepatic glucose output and glucose homeostasis through an improvement in the utilization of two major gluconeogenic precursors, lactate and glycerol. To mediate these changes, mechanistically, SIRT6 increases hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression, de novo NAD+ synthesis, and systemically enhances glycerol release from adipose tissue. These findings show that SIRT6 optimizes energy homeostasis in old age to delay frailty and preserve healthy aging.
Collapse
|
116
|
Gottlieb MGV, Borges CA, Closs VE, Seibel R, Schneider RH, Schwanke CH, Gomes I. Association of Val16Ala Polymorphism of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD) with Food Intake and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in the Elderly in Primary Care in Porto Alegre. Curr Aging Sci 2021; 15:49-58. [PMID: 34042042 DOI: 10.2174/1874609814666210526115150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aging process causes physiological changes on its own. The combination of an unhealthy lifestyle with the presence of genetic polymorphisms, such as the Val16Ala of the antioxidant enzyme manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) may contribute to a greater occurrence of cardiometabolic risk factors. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to verify the association of Val16Ala-MnSOD polymorphism with food intake, caloric expenditure, and cardiometabolic risk factors in the elderly. METHODS A cross-sectional study with a sample size of 270 elderly individuals assisted in primary health care in the city of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Val16Ala polymorphism, glucose, lipid profile, insulin, HOMA-IR, blood pressure, waist circumference, PCR-us, IL-6, food consumption, and caloric expenditure were evaluated. RESULTS The average age of the elderly was 68.6 ± 7.6 years. There were statistically significant differences regarding the consumption of two or more servings of fruits and vegetables daily between the elderly VV versus AV (P=0.017). There were also statistically significant differences regarding the consumption of two or more daily servings of legumes and eggs between the elderly AA versus VV (P=0.002). The median of insulin was higher in the elderly AA versus AV (P=0.025) and the median of HOMA-IR was higher in the elderly VV versus AV (P=0.029). AA elderly individuals had higher means of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c) compared to AV (P=0.029). CONCLUSION The results suggest that Val16Ala -MnSOD polymorphism is associated with the consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, and eggs, as well as with cardiometabolic risk factors in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriela Valle Gottlieb
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology. School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Alves Borges
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology. School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vera Elizabeth Closs
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology. School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Raquel Seibel
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology. School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Herberto Schneider
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology. School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carla Helena Schwanke
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology. School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Irenio Gomes
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology. School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Pigeon G, Landes J, Festa-Bianchet M, Pelletier F. Do Early-Life Conditions Drive Variation in Senescence of Female Bighorn Sheep? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:637692. [PMID: 34095112 PMCID: PMC8173223 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.637692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The rate of senescence may vary among individuals of a species according to individual life histories and environmental conditions. According to the principle of allocation, changes in mortality driven by environmental conditions influence how organisms allocate resources among costly functions. In several vertebrates, environmental conditions during early life impose trade-offs in allocation between early reproduction and maintenance. The effects of conditions experienced during early life on senescence, however, remain poorly documented in wild populations. We examined how several early-life environmental conditions affected reproductive and survival senescence in wild bighorn sheep. We found long-term effects of high population density at birth, precipitations during the winter before birth, and temperature during the winter following birth that decreased survival after 7 years of age. High temperature during the first summer and autumn of life and high Pacific decadal oscillation decreased reproductive success at old ages. However, harsh early-life environment did not influence the rate of senescence in either survival or reproduction. Contrary to our expectation, we found no trade-off between reproductive allocation prior to senescence and senescence. Our results do show that early-life environmental conditions are important drivers of later survival and reproductive success and contribute to intra-specific variation in late-life fitness, but not aging patterns. These conditions should therefore be considered when studying the mechanisms of senescence and the determinants of variation in both survival and reproductive senescence at older ages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Pigeon
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Nature Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Julie Landes
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Vieillissement, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Fanie Pelletier
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Vieillissement, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Lenart P, Bienertová-Vašků J, Berec L. Predation has small, short-term, and in certain conditions random effects on the evolution of aging. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:87. [PMID: 34000997 PMCID: PMC8130161 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pace of aging varies considerably in nature. The best-known explanation of the evolution of specific rates of aging is the Williams’ hypothesis suggesting that the aging rate should correlate with the level of extrinsic mortality. However, the current evidence is inconclusive with various examples where the Williams' hypothesis seems to be correct and where it doesn’t. Here we explore the relationship between extrinsic mortality and aging rate by developing a simulation model of the evolution of aging rate in prey subject to predation. Results Our results suggest that more intense predation leads to the evolution of faster pace of aging in prey. However, this effect slowly vanishes when the predator diet breadth is allowed to evolve, too. Furthermore, in our model, the evolution of a specific aging rate is driven mainly by a single parameter, the strength of a trade-off between aging and fecundity. Indeed, in the absence of this trade-off the evolutionary impacts of predation on the prey aging rate appear random. Conclusions We show that the William’s hypothesis appears valid when there is a trade-off between aging and fecundity and predators and prey do not coevolve. However, we also show that when the prey and predators coevolve or if there is no trade-off between aging and fecundity the William`s hypothesis is no longer applicable. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01815-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lenart
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Building A29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Julie Bienertová-Vašků
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Building A29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Berec
- Centre for Mathematical Biology, Institute of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. .,Department of Ecology, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Harrison MC, Niño LMJ, Rodrigues MA, Ryll J, Flatt T, Oettler J, Bornberg-Bauer E. Gene Coexpression Network Reveals Highly Conserved, Well-Regulated Anti-Ageing Mechanisms in Old Ant Queens. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6263858. [PMID: 33944936 PMCID: PMC8214412 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary theories of ageing predict a reduction in selection efficiency with age, a so-called “selection shadow,” due to extrinsic mortality decreasing effective population size with age. Classic symptoms of ageing include a deterioration in transcriptional regulation and protein homeostasis. Understanding how ant queens defy the trade-off between fecundity and lifespan remains a major challenge for the evolutionary theory of ageing. It has often been discussed that the low extrinsic mortality of ant queens, that are generally well protected within the nest by workers and soldiers, should reduce the selection shadow acting on old queens. We tested this by comparing strength of selection acting on genes upregulated in young and old queens of the ant, Cardiocondyla obscurior. In support of a reduced selection shadow, we find old-biased genes to be under strong purifying selection. We also analyzed a gene coexpression network (GCN) with the aim to detect signs of ageing in the form of deteriorating regulation and proteostasis. We find no evidence for ageing. In fact, we detect higher connectivity in old queens indicating increased transcriptional regulation with age. Within the GCN, we discover five highly correlated modules that are upregulated with age. These old-biased modules regulate several antiageing mechanisms such as maintenance of proteostasis, transcriptional regulation, and stress response. We observe stronger purifying selection on central hub genes of these old-biased modules compared with young-biased modules. These results indicate a lack of transcriptional ageing in old C. obscurior queens, possibly facilitated by strong selection at old age and well-regulated antiageing mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Harrison
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Judith Ryll
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Flatt
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jan Oettler
- Institut für Zoologie/Evolutionsbiologie, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Erich Bornberg-Bauer
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland.,Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Tasaki E, Takata M, Matsuura K. Why and how do termite kings and queens live so long? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190740. [PMID: 33678028 PMCID: PMC7938161 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifespan varies greatly across the tree of life. Of the various explanations for this phenomenon, those that involve trade-offs between reproduction and longevity have gained considerable support. There is an important exception: social insect reproductives (queens and in termites, also kings) exhibit both high reproductive outputs and extraordinarily long lives. As both the ultimate and proximate mechanisms underlying the absence of the fecundity/longevity trade-off could shed light on the unexpected dynamics and molecular mechanisms of extended longevity, reproductives of social insects have attracted much attention in the field of ageing research. Here, we highlight current ecological and physiological studies on ageing and discuss the various possible evolutionary and molecular explanations of the extended lifespans of termite reproductives. We integrate these findings into a coherent framework revealing the evolution of longevity in these reproductives. Studies on termites may explain why and how ageing is shaped by natural selection. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?'
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Tasaki
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mamoru Takata
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuura
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Development of novel anti-infective and antioxidant azole hybrids using a wet and dry approach. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:975-991. [PMID: 33896215 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Considering emerging drug resistance in microbes, this work is focused on the synthesis of azole hybrids as novel antimicrobials. Materials & methods: The triazole derivatives were prepared using azide alkyne cycloaddition reaction. The antimicrobial potential of these compounds was evaluated by serial dilution method. Results: A series of azole hybrids containing benzimidazole-1,2,3-triazole skeleton was designed and synthesized via click reaction. Compound 4s showed notable antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans (MIC 0.0165 μmol/ml), and 4q gives remarkable radical scavenging activity (IC50 0.0092 μmol/ml). The compounds 4a, 4k, 4o, 4s, 4x. 4m, 4n, 4s, 4t and 4x are commendable antibacterial and antifungal molecules, even better than established drugs. Molecular docking reveals that compound 4s binds with tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase residues through two H-bonds. Conclusion: Compounds 4s and 4k may be considered valuable lead compounds for further optimization as antimicrobial drugs.
Collapse
|
122
|
Pen I, Flatt T. Asymmetry, division of labour and the evolution of ageing in multicellular organisms. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190729. [PMID: 33678014 PMCID: PMC7938170 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Between the 1930s and 1960s, evolutionary geneticists worked out the basic principles of why organisms age. Despite much progress in the evolutionary biology of ageing since that time, however, many puzzles remain. The perhaps most fundamental of these is the question of which organisms should exhibit senescence and which should not (or which should age rapidly and which should not). The evolutionary origin of ageing from a non-senescent state has been conceptually framed, for example, in terms of the separation between germ-line and soma, the distinction between parents and their offspring, and-in unicellular organisms-the unequal distribution of cellular damage at cell division. These ideas seem to be closely related to the concept of 'division of labour' between reproduction and somatic maintenance. Here, we review these concepts and develop a toy model to explore the importance of such asymmetries for the evolution of senescence. We apply our model to the simplest case of a multicellular system: an organism consisting of two totipotent cells. Notably, we find that in organisms which reproduce symmetrically and partition damage equally, senescence is still able to evolve, contrary to previous claims. Our results might have some bearing on understanding the origin of the germ-line-soma separation and the evolution of senescence in multicellular organisms and in colonial species consisting of multiple types of individuals, such as, for example, eusocial insects with their different castes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?'
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ido Pen
- Theoretical Research in Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Flatt
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Network analysis in aged C. elegans reveals candidate regulatory genes of ageing. Biogerontology 2021; 22:345-367. [PMID: 33871732 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-021-09920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is a biological process guided by genetic and environmental factors that ultimately lead to adverse outcomes for organismal lifespan and healthspan. Determination of molecular pathways that are affected with age and increase disease susceptibility is crucial. The gene expression profile of the ideal ageing model, namely the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans mapped with the microarray technology initially led to the identification of age-dependent gene expression alterations that characterize the nematode's ageing process. The list of differentially expressed genes was then utilized to construct a network of molecular interactions with their first neighbors/interactors using the interactions listed in the WormBase database. The subsequent network analysis resulted in the unbiased selection of 110 candidate genes, among which well-known ageing regulators appeared. More importantly, our approach revealed candidates that have never been linked to ageing before, thus suggesting promising potential targets/ageing regulators.
Collapse
|
124
|
Heinen VK, Pitera AM, Sonnenberg BR, Benedict LM, Branch CL, Bridge ES, Pravosudov VV. Specialized spatial cognition is associated with reduced cognitive senescence in a food-caching bird. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20203180. [PMID: 33784865 PMCID: PMC8059976 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.3180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence, the gradual reduction and loss of function as organisms age, is a widespread process that is especially pronounced in cognitive abilities. Senescence appears to have a genetic basis and can be affected by evolutionary processes. If cognitive senescence is shaped by natural selection, it may be linked with selection on cognitive abilities needed for survival and reproduction, such that species where fitness is directly related to cognitive abilities should evolve delayed cognitive senescence likely resulting in higher lifetime fitness. We used wild food-caching mountain chickadees, which rely on specialized spatial cognition to recover thousands of food caches annually, to test for cognitive senescence in spatial learning and memory and reversal spatial learning and memory abilities. We detected no signs of age-related senescence in spatial cognitive performance on either task in birds ranging from 1 to 6 years old; older birds actually performed better on spatial learning and memory tasks. Our results therefore suggest that cognitive senescence may be either delayed (potentially appearing after 6 years) or negligible in species with strong selection on cognitive abilities and that food-caching species may present a useful model to investigate mechanisms associated with cognitive senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia K Heinen
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Angela M Pitera
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | | | - Lauren M Benedict
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Carrie L Branch
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Eli S Bridge
- University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Biological Survey, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
125
|
Kumari R, Jat P. Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence: Cell Cycle Arrest and Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:645593. [PMID: 33855023 PMCID: PMC8039141 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.645593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 218.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a stable cell cycle arrest that can be triggered in normal cells in response to various intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, as well as developmental signals. Senescence is considered to be a highly dynamic, multi-step process, during which the properties of senescent cells continuously evolve and diversify in a context dependent manner. It is associated with multiple cellular and molecular changes and distinct phenotypic alterations, including a stable proliferation arrest unresponsive to mitogenic stimuli. Senescent cells remain viable, have alterations in metabolic activity and undergo dramatic changes in gene expression and develop a complex senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Cellular senescence can compromise tissue repair and regeneration, thereby contributing toward aging. Removal of senescent cells can attenuate age-related tissue dysfunction and extend health span. Senescence can also act as a potent anti-tumor mechanism, by preventing proliferation of potentially cancerous cells. It is a cellular program which acts as a double-edged sword, with both beneficial and detrimental effects on the health of the organism, and considered to be an example of evolutionary antagonistic pleiotropy. Activation of the p53/p21WAF1/CIP1 and p16INK4A/pRB tumor suppressor pathways play a central role in regulating senescence. Several other pathways have recently been implicated in mediating senescence and the senescent phenotype. Herein we review the molecular mechanisms that underlie cellular senescence and the senescence associated growth arrest with a particular focus on why cells stop dividing, the stability of the growth arrest, the hypersecretory phenotype and how the different pathways are all integrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Kumari
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Parmjit Jat
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Sholl J. Can aging research generate a theory of health? HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 43:45. [PMID: 33768353 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-021-00402-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
While aging research and policy aim to promote 'health' at all ages, there remains no convincing explanation of what this 'health' is. In this paper, I investigate whether we can find, implicit within the sciences of aging, a way to know what health is and how to measure it, i.e. a theory of health. To answer this, I start from scientific descriptions of aging and its modulators and then try to develop some generalizations about 'health' implicit within this research. After discussing some of the core aspects of aging and the ways in which certain models describe spatial and temporal features specific to both aging and healthy phenotypes, I then extract, explicate, and evaluate one potential construct of health in these models. This suggests a theory of health based on the landscape of optimized phenotypic trajectories. I conclude by considering why it matters for more candidate theories to be proposed and evaluated by philosophers and scientists alike.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sholl
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Libertini G, Corbi G, Nicola F. Importance and Meaning of TERRA Sequences for Aging Mechanisms. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:1505-1517. [PMID: 33705290 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920120044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Any theory suggesting an adaptive meaning for aging implicitly postulates the existence of specific mechanisms, genetically determined and modulated, causing progressive decline of an organism. According to the subtelomere-telomere theory, each telomere is covered by a hood formed in the first cell of an organism having a size preserved at each subsequent duplication. Telomere shortening, which is quantitatively different for each cell type according to the telomerase regulation, causes the hood to slide on the subtelomere repressing it by the telomeric position effect. At this point, the theory postulates existence of subtelomeric regulatory sequences, whose progressive transcriptional repression by the hood should cause cellular alterations that would be the likely determinant of aging manifestations. However, sequences with characteristics of these hypothetical sequences have already been described and documented. They are the [sub]TElomeric Repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) sequences. The repression of TERRA sequences causes progressively: (i) down- or up-regulation of many other regulatory sequences; (ii) increase in the probability of activation of cell senescence program (blockage of the ability to replicate and very significant alterations of the cellular functions). When cell senescence program has not been triggered and the repression is partial, there is a partial alteration of the cellular functions that is easily reversible by telomerase activation. Location of the extremely important sequences in chromosomal parts that are most vulnerable to repression by the telomeric hood is evolutionarily unjustifiable if aging is not considered adaptive: this location must be necessarily adaptive with the specific function of determining aging of the cell and consequently of the whole organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Libertini
- Independent researcher, member of the Italian Society for Evolutionary Biology, Asti, 14100, Italy.
| | - G Corbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, 86100, Italy.,Italian Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics (SIGG), Firenze, 50129, Italy
| | - F Nicola
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, 80131, Italy.,Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SPA - Società Benefit, IRCCS, Telese Terme, BN, 82037, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Zhang K, Mizuma H, Zhang X, Takahashi K, Jin C, Song F, Gao Y, Kanayama Y, Wu Y, Li Y, Ma L, Tian M, Zhang H, Watanabe Y. PET imaging of neural activity, β-amyloid, and tau in normal brain aging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:3859-3871. [PMID: 33674892 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Normal brain aging is commonly associated with neural activity alteration, β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition, and tau aggregation, driving a progressive cognitive decline in normal elderly individuals. Positron emission tomography (PET) with radiotracers targeting these age-related changes has been increasingly employed to clarify the sequence of their occurrence and the evolution of clinically cognitive deficits. Herein, we reviewed recent literature on PET-based imaging of normal human brain aging in terms of neural activity, Aβ, and tau. Neural hypoactivity reflected by decreased glucose utilization with PET imaging has been predominately reported in the frontal, cingulate, and temporal lobes of the normal aging brain. Aβ PET imaging uncovers the pathophysiological association of Aβ deposition with cognitive aging, as well as the potential mechanisms. Tau-associated cognitive changes in normal aging are likely independent of but facilitated by Aβ as indicated by tau and Aβ PET imaging. Future longitudinal studies using multi-radiotracer PET imaging combined with other neuroimaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) morphometry, functional MRI, and magnetoencephalography, are essential to elucidate the neuropathological underpinnings and interactions in normal brain aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan. .,Interntional Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Mizuma
- Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.,Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Kashiwa, 277-8583, Japan
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Kayo Takahashi
- Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Chentao Jin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Fahuan Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Province People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Yuanxue Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yousuke Kanayama
- Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.,Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Kashiwa, 277-8583, Japan
| | - Yuping Wu
- Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yuting Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Lijuan Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Mei Tian
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China. .,Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310007, China. .,The College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310007, China.
| | - Yasuyoshi Watanabe
- Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Griffin JS, Dent SC, Berger SM. Pathways linking activity, adiposity, and inflammation to bone mineral density in women and men from NHANES 2007 to 2010. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 33:e23583. [PMID: 33645876 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Age, sedentary activity, central adiposity, and inflammation have all been independently associated with bone mineral density (BMD). We assessed how the effects of sedentary activity and central adiposity on BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck change across early to late adulthood and whether these relationships are mediated by inflammation. METHODS We analyzed data from 7135 women and men 20 years of age and older from NHANES 2007 to 2010. Anthropometrics, sedentary activity (min/day), serum CRP (mg/dl), and BMD (gm/cm2 measured by DXA scans) at the femoral neck and lumbar spine. Data were compared by age and sex groups and through causal mediation analysis. RESULTS The effect of waist circumference on BMD was significantly mediated by serum CRP at both skeletal sites in men and at the femoral neck in women. Sedentary activity did not have a direct relationship to BMD but was mediated by waist circumference in men. Least square means differed significantly by sex and age groups with a general age-related decline in BMD at both skeletal sites. CONCLUSIONS We found that central adiposity, independent of overall body size and composition as measured through BMI, has an inverse relationship with BMD that is mediated by serum CRP. In addition, the negative impact of increased sedentism acted through changes in central adiposity (waist circumference) but only in men. Although low bone density and osteoporosis are often considered degenerative diseases that primarily impact postmenopausal women, our findings show that sedentary activity and central adiposity impact bone density beginning in early adulthood in both women and men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Griffin
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sophia C Dent
- Department of Anthropology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steph M Berger
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Mackenbach JP. The rise and fall of diseases: reflections on the history of population health in Europe since ca. 1700. Eur J Epidemiol 2021; 36:1199-1205. [PMID: 33611677 PMCID: PMC7896827 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-021-00719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This essay explores the amazing phenomenon that in Europe since ca. 1700 most diseases have shown a pattern of 'rise-and-fall'. It argues that the rise of so many diseases indicates that their ultimate cause is not to be sought within the body, but in the interaction between humans and their environment. In their tireless pursuit of a better life, Europeans have constantly engaged in new activities which exposed them to new health risks, at a pace that evolution could not keep up with. Fortunately, most diseases have also declined again, mainly as a result of human interventions, in the form of public health interventions or improvements in medical care. The virtually continuous succession of diseases starting to fall in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries suggests that the concept of an “epidemiological transition” has limited usefulness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan P Mackenbach
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Spinellis D, Louridas P, Kechagia M. Software evolution: the lifetime of fine-grained elements. PeerJ Comput Sci 2021; 7:e372. [PMID: 33817021 PMCID: PMC7959608 DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A model regarding the lifetime of individual source code lines or tokens can estimate maintenance effort, guide preventive maintenance, and, more broadly, identify factors that can improve the efficiency of software development. We present methods and tools that allow tracking of each line's or token's birth and death. Through them, we analyze 3.3 billion source code element lifetime events in 89 revision control repositories. Statistical analysis shows that code lines are durable, with a median lifespan of about 2.4 years, and that young lines are more likely to be modified or deleted, following a Weibull distribution with the associated hazard rate decreasing over time. This behavior appears to be independent from specific characteristics of lines or tokens, as we could not determine factors that influence significantly their longevity across projects. The programing language, and developer tenure and experience were not found to be significantly correlated with line or token longevity, while project size and project age showed only a slight correlation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diomidis Spinellis
- Department of Management Science and Technology, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece
- Department of Software Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Panos Louridas
- Department of Management Science and Technology, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Kechagia
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Garbino GST, Feijó A, Beltrão-Mendes R, Da Rocha PA. Evolution of litter size in bats and its influence on longevity and roosting ecology. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Litter size varies in mammals, with about half of the species producing at least two offspring per gestation (polytocy). In bats, however, the modal litter size is one (monotocy), and polytocy is restricted to family Vespertilionidae. Here, we reconstruct the evolutionary history of polytocy in chiropterans and use phylogenetically informed regressions to investigate its relationship to roost type, longevity and group size. Our phylogenetic reconstructions suggested that production of multiple offspring was the ancestral condition in family Vespertilionidae. The distribution of monotocy/polytocy in Chiroptera was best explained by a minimum of two evolutionary transitions from monotocy to polytocy and by ≥ 18 transitions from polytocy to monotocy. The regression models showed that longevity and roost type explained the variation in litter size, whereas group size did not. Our analyses also revealed a greater diversity of polytocous bats in the Northern Hemisphere, in both temperate and tropical regions. We suggest that the high resource allocation to reproduction in polytocous bats limited their lifespan. The absence of a relationship between polytocy and group size indicates that the benefits of cooperative breeding surpass the costs of intrasexual competition in bats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Siniciato Terra Garbino
- Laboratório de Mamíferos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson Feijó
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road, Beijing, China
| | - Raone Beltrão-Mendes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Patrício Adriano Da Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
- Laboratório de Mamíferos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Garratt M, Try H, Brooks RC. Access to females and early life castration individually extend maximal but not median lifespan in male mice. GeroScience 2021; 43:1437-1446. [PMID: 33420707 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Investment in reproduction is predicted to accelerate ageing, but the link between reproductive investment and lifespan can be sex- and context-specific. In mammals, female reproductive costs are linked to pregnancy and lactation, but in males substantial reproductive allocation is required for a range of pre- and post-copulatory reproductive traits. Such traits include male-specific increased body size, olfactory signalling and territory defence-traits often expressed under androgen-dependent control. In this experimental study, we explored how reproduction influences lifespan in male mice, contrasting this to the established lifespan costs of reproduction in females. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, we gave either castrated or intact males (factor 1) access to a female or a male cage-mate across their entire life (factor 2). Neither castration nor access to females influenced median lifespan in male mice, but maximal lifespan was increased by either castration or reproduction when compared to intact males housed in male groups (standard male housing conditions). In females, mating significantly reduced lifespan, and while both sexes had similar lifespans in non-reproductive environments, males had a much longer lifespan when allowed mating. This data highlights the sex-specific nature of social environments and reproduction on lifespan, and the role of these conditions in promoting sexual dimorphism in ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Garratt
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Heather Try
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Robert C Brooks
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Oka M, Suzuki E, Asada A, Saito T, Iijima KM, Ando K. Increasing neuronal glucose uptake attenuates brain aging and promotes life span under dietary restriction in Drosophila. iScience 2021; 24:101979. [PMID: 33490892 PMCID: PMC7806808 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain neurons play a central role in organismal aging, but there is conflicting evidence about the role of neuronal glucose availability because glucose uptake and metabolism are associated with both aging and extended life span. Here, we analyzed metabolic changes in the brain neurons of Drosophila during aging. Using a genetically encoded fluorescent adenosine triphosphate (ATP) biosensor, we found decreased ATP concentration in the neuronal somata of aged flies, correlated with decreased glucose content, expression of glucose transporter and glycolytic enzymes and mitochondrial quality. The age-associated reduction in ATP concentration did not occur in brain neurons with suppressed glycolysis or enhanced glucose uptake, suggesting these pathways contribute to ATP reductions. Despite age-associated mitochondrial damage, increasing glucose uptake maintained ATP levels, suppressed locomotor deficits, and extended the life span. Increasing neuronal glucose uptake during dietary restriction resulted in the longest life spans, suggesting an additive effect of enhancing glucose availability during a bioenergetic challenge on aging. Imaging of Drosophila brain reveals aged neurons suffer from energy deficits Increased neuronal glucose uptake attenuates age-dependent declines in ATP Increased glucose uptake is beneficial despite age-dependent mitochondrial damage Increased neuronal glucose uptake and dietary restriction further extend life span
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Oka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emiko Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.,Gene Network Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.,Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akiko Asada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Saito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi M Iijima
- Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Experimental Gerontology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kanae Ando
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Anagnostou M, Chung C, McGann E, Verheijen B, Kou Y, Chen L, Vermulst M. Transcription errors in aging and disease. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE OF AGING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tma.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
136
|
Ferreira-Gonzalez S, Rodrigo-Torres D, Gadd VL, Forbes SJ. Cellular Senescence in Liver Disease and Regeneration. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:50-66. [PMID: 33764485 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an irreversible cell cycle arrest implemented by the cell as a result of stressful insults. Characterized by phenotypic alterations, including secretome changes and genomic instability, senescence is capable of exerting both detrimental and beneficial processes. Accumulating evidence has shown that cellular senescence plays a relevant role in the occurrence and development of liver disease, as a mechanism to contain damage and promote regeneration, but also characterizing the onset and correlating with the extent of damage. The evidence of senescent mechanisms acting on the cell populations of the liver will be described including the role of markers to detect cellular senescence. Overall, this review intends to summarize the role of senescence in liver homeostasis, injury, disease, and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Rodrigo-Torres
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria L Gadd
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Belyi AA, Alekseev AA, Fedintsev AY, Balybin SN, Proshkina EN, Shaposhnikov MV, Moskalev AA. The Resistance of Drosophila melanogaster to Oxidative, Genotoxic, Proteotoxic, Osmotic Stress, Infection, and Starvation Depends on Age According to the Stress Factor. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121239. [PMID: 33297320 PMCID: PMC7762242 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied how aging affects the ability of Drosophila melanogaster to tolerate various types of stress factors. Data were obtained on the resistance of D. melanogaster to oxidative and genotoxic (separately paraquat, Fe3+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ ions), proteotoxic (hyperthermia, Cd2+ ions), and osmotic (NaCl) stresses, starvation, and infection with the pathological Beauveria bassiana fungus at different ages. In all cases, we observed a strong negative correlation between age and stress tolerance. The largest change in the age-dependent decline in survival occurred under oxidative and osmotic stress. In most experiments, we observed that young Drosophila females have higher stress resistance than males. We checked whether it is possible to accurately assess the biological age of D. melanogaster based on an assessment of stress tolerance. We have proposed a new approach for assessing a biological age of D. melanogaster using a two-parameter survival curve model. For the model, we used an algorithm that evaluated the quality of age prediction for different age and gender groups. The best predictions were obtained for females who were exposed to CdCl2 and ZnCl2 with an average error of 0.32 days and 0.36 days, respectively. For males, the best results were observed for paraquat and NaCl with an average error of 0.61 and 0.68 days, respectively. The average accuracy for all stresses in our model was 1.73 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexei A. Belyi
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (A.A.B.); (A.Y.F.); (E.N.P.); (M.V.S.)
| | - Alexey A. Alekseev
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.A.); (S.N.B.)
| | - Alexander Y. Fedintsev
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (A.A.B.); (A.Y.F.); (E.N.P.); (M.V.S.)
| | - Stepan N. Balybin
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.A.); (S.N.B.)
| | - Ekaterina N. Proshkina
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (A.A.B.); (A.Y.F.); (E.N.P.); (M.V.S.)
| | - Mikhail V. Shaposhnikov
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (A.A.B.); (A.Y.F.); (E.N.P.); (M.V.S.)
| | - Alexey A. Moskalev
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (A.A.B.); (A.Y.F.); (E.N.P.); (M.V.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +78-21-231-2894
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Andrews PW, Maslej MM, Thomson Jr. JA, Hollon SD. Disordered doctors or rational rats? Testing adaptationist and disorder hypotheses for melancholic depression and their relevance for clinical psychology. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 82:101927. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
139
|
Grosiak M, Koteja P, Bauchinger U, Sadowska ET. Age-Related Changes in the Thermoregulatory Properties in Bank Voles From a Selection Experiment. Front Physiol 2020; 11:576304. [PMID: 33329026 PMCID: PMC7711078 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.576304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
As with many physiological performance traits, the capacity of endotherms to thermoregulate declines with age. Aging compromises both the capacity to conserve or dissipate heat and the thermogenesis, which is fueled by aerobic metabolism. The rate of metabolism, however, not only determines thermogenic capacity but can also affect the process of aging. Therefore, we hypothesized that selection for an increased aerobic exercise metabolism, which has presumably been a crucial factor in the evolution of endothermic physiology in the mammalian and avian lineages, affects not only the thermoregulatory traits but also the age-related changes of these traits. Here, we test this hypothesis on bank voles (Myodes glareolus) from an experimental evolution model system: four lines selected for high swim-induced aerobic metabolism (A lines), which have also increased the basal, average daily, and maximum cold-induced metabolic rates, and four unselected control (C) lines. We measured the resting metabolic rate (RMR), evaporative water loss (EWL), and body temperature in 72 young adult (4 months) and 65 old (22 months) voles at seven ambient temperatures (13-32°C). The RMR was 6% higher in the A than in the C lines, but, regardless of the selection group or temperature, it did not change with age. However, EWL was 12% higher in the old voles. An increased EWL/RMR ratio implies either a compromised efficiency of oxygen extraction in the lungs or increased skin permeability. This effect was more profound in the A lines, which may indicate their increased vulnerability to aging. Body temperature did not differ between the selection and age groups below 32°C, but at 32°C it was markedly higher in the old A-line voles than in those from other groups. As expected, the thermogenic capacity, measured as the maximum cold-induced oxygen consumption, was decreased by about 13% in the old voles from both selection groups, but the performance of old A-line voles was the same as that of the young C-line ones. Thus, the selection for high aerobic exercise metabolism attenuated the adverse effects of aging on cold tolerance, but this advantage has been traded off by a compromised coping with hot conditions by aged voles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Grosiak
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Koteja
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ulf Bauchinger
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta T. Sadowska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Žák J, Reichard M. Reproductive senescence in a short-lived fish. J Anim Ecol 2020; 90:492-502. [PMID: 33159690 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive senescence is an age-associated decline in reproductive performance, which often arises as a trade-off between current and future reproduction. Given that mortality is inevitable, increased allocation into current reproduction is favoured despite costs paid later in life. This assumption is violated in organisms with post-maturity growth whose reproductive output increases long after maturity. While reproductive senescence is frequently studied in animals with determinate growth at maturity, such as insects or mammals, we have very limited understanding of reproductive senescence in organisms with an extensive post-maturity growth period. The fact that many post-maturity growers experience strong adult mortality leads to conflicting expectations for reproductive senescence. The aim of this study was to investigate how co-occurrence of rapid life history and post-maturity growth mould reproductive senescence in a short-lived killifish, Nothobranchius furzeri, using longitudinal data on laboratory and wild-type populations. We followed the individual fecundity, fertility and fertilization of 132 singly housed fish from the perspectives of chronological and biological age. At the onset of senescence, the sex-specific contribution to decrease in fertilization capacity was investigated. Allocation trade-offs were estimated through the association between reproductive parameters and life span, and between early-life and late-life fecundity. We demonstrate that female fecundity increased steadily after maturity and reproductive senescence occurred long after the growth asymptote. The prime age for fecundity coincided with 50% female survival and consequent decline in fecundity implies an association with somatic deterioration. Reproductive senescence in fertilization rate was stronger in females than in males. Females with high early fecundity experienced a long life span and high late-life fecundity, discounting the role of allocation trade-offs in reproductive senescence. The present study reports a clear case of reproductive senescence in a fish with a long post-maturation growth period, unusually rapid development and short life span. The onset of reproductive senescence was postponed compared to animals that cease growing at sexual maturity. Fish and other animals with post-maturity growth have long been considered insusceptible to ageing but this conclusion may be related to the previous lack of longitudinal data rather than to the absence of reproductive senescence in such organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Žák
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Reichard
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Salnikov L, Baramiya MG. The Ratio of the Genome Two Functional Parts Activity as the Prime Cause of Aging. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2020; 1:608076. [PMID: 35822167 PMCID: PMC9261360 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2020.608076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The
metazoan genome composes of sets of housekeeping genes (HG) for fundamental cellular autonomous processes and integrative genes (IntG) that provide integrative functions and form the body as an integrated whole. The main paradigm for multicellularity development which has been improved in evolution, is the submission of the cellular autonomy to the interests of the integrated whole. Permanent increase of the “functional tax” of IntG-genome (IntG-shift) and epigenetic restriction of autonomy in phylogenesis/ontogenesis is the essence and root cause of aging, inherent in the very nature of highly integrated multicellularity. The regulation of the balance shift toward HG can be managed to eliminate aging and avoid carcinogenesis, which is only due to the irreversibility of this shift. Here we propose the criterion for measuring the functional and biological age of cells and the body as a whole for assessing the effectiveness of any type of palliative geroprotective or radical anti-aging intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lev Salnikov
- SibEnzyme US LLC,
West Roxbury,
MA,
United States
- *Correspondence: Lev Salnikov,
Mamuka G. Baramiya,
| | - Mamuka G. Baramiya
- AntiCancer, Inc.,
San Diego,
CA,
United States
- *Correspondence: Lev Salnikov,
Mamuka G. Baramiya,
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Jasienska G. Costs of reproduction and ageing in the human female. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190615. [PMID: 32951546 PMCID: PMC7540952 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary theories of ageing point to reproduction as a significant factor to consider when asking why ageing occurs and why there is inter-individual variation in its progression. Reproduction in human females is costly, in terms of energy, nutrients and metabolic adjustments. Thus, it is expected that women who experienced high reproductive effort resulting from multiple reproductive events will age faster. However, the evidence for long-term negative effects of reproduction is not conclusive. The lack of understanding of whether there are trade-offs between reproduction and ageing in women is partly due to methodological challenges. The costs of reproduction are often calculated based only on parity, while other elements contributing to these costs (e.g. breastfeeding, timing of reproduction) are neglected, which may significantly underestimate the total costs and obscure the all-important inter-individual variation in such costs. Costs must be evaluated in relation to individual characteristics, including developmental conditions, nutritional status and social support that a mother receives during reproduction. Furthermore, ageing and health must be assessed based on comprehensive markers rather than arbitrarily assembled variables. Finally, longitudinal rather than cross-sectional studies and new statistical approaches are needed to reveal how much of a decline in health and progressing ageing can actually be attributed to past reproductive processes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolution of the primate ageing process'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Jasienska
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Ahmadi M, Rezaie J. Ageing and mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes: Molecular insight and challenges. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 39:60-66. [PMID: 33164248 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ageing induces a great risk factor that participates in progressing various degenerative diseases morbidities. The main characteristic of ageing is the failure in maintaining homeostasis in the organs with a cellular senescence. Senescence is characterized by reduced cell growth, evade cellular death, and acquiring a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are advantageous cells in regenerative medicine, exerting pleiotropic functions by producing soluble factors, such as exosomes. MSCs and their exosomes (MSCs-Exo) kinetic are affected by ageing and other aged exosomes. Exosomes biogenesis from aged MSCs is accelerated and their exosomal cargoes, such as miRNAs, vary as compared to those of normal cells. Besides, exosomes from aged MSCs loss their regenerative potential and may negatively influence the function of recipient cells. MSCs-Exo can improve ageing and age-related diseases; however, the detailed mechanisms remain yet elusive. Although exosomes-therapy may serve as a new approach to combat ageing, the translation of preclinical results to clinic needs more extensive investigation on exosomes both on their biology and related techniques. Overall, scrutiny on the effect of ageing on MSCs and vice versa is vital for designing novel therapy using MSCs with focus on the management of older individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ahmadi
- Tuberculosis and lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Schacht R, Macfarlan SJ, Meeks H, Cervantes PL, Morales F. Male survival advantage on the Baja California peninsula. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20200600. [PMID: 33142089 PMCID: PMC7728671 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A consistent finding from contemporary Western societies is that women outlive men. However, what is unclear is whether sex differences in survival are constant across varying socio-ecological conditions. We test the universality of the female survival advantage with mortality data from a nineteenth century population in the Baja California peninsula of Mexico. When examined simply, we find evidence for a male-biased survival advantage. However, results from Cox regression clearly show the importance of age intervals for variable survival patterns by sex. Our key findings are that males: (i) experience significantly lower mortality risk than females during the ages 15-30 (RR = 0.69), (ii) are at a significantly increased risk of dying in the 61+ category (RR = 1.30) and (iii) do not experience significantly different mortality risk at any other age interval (0-14, 31-45, 46-60). We interpret our results to stem from differing intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for sex-biased mortality across age intervals, highlighting the relevance of a lifecourse approach to the study of survival advantage. Ultimately, our results make clear the need to more broadly consider variability in mortality risk factors across time and place to allow for a clearer understanding of human survival differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Schacht
- Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Shane J Macfarlan
- Department of , University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Center for Latin American Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Huong Meeks
- Population Science, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Fernando Morales
- Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Taylor RC, Hetz C. Mastering organismal aging through the endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis network. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13265. [PMID: 33128506 PMCID: PMC7681052 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging process is characterized by a progressive decline in the function of most tissues, representing the main risk factor in the development of a variety of human diseases. Studies in multiple animal models have demonstrated that interventions that improve the capacity to maintain endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis prolong life and healthspan. ER stress is monitored by the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signaling pathway that mediates adaptive processes to restore proteostasis or the elimination of damaged cells by apoptosis. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the significance of the UPR to aging and its implications for the maintenance of cell physiology of various cell types and organs. The possible benefits of targeting the UPR to extend healthspan and reduce the risk of developing age-related diseases are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Center for GeroscienceBrain Health and MetabolismSantiagoChile
- Biomedical Neuroscience InstituteFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiagoChile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular BiologyInstitute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of ChileSantiagoChile
- Buck Institute for Research on AgingNovatoCAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Abstract
Aging occurs in all sexually reproducing organisms. That is, physical degradation over time occurs from conception until death. While the life span of a species is often viewed as a benchmark of aging, the pace and intensity of physical degradation over time varies owing to environmental influences, genetics, allocation of energetic investment, and phylogenetic history. Significant variation in aging within mammals, primates, and great apes, including humans, is therefore common across species. The evolution of aging in the hominin lineage is poorly known; however, clues can be derived from the fossil record. Ongoing advances continue to shed light on the interactions between life-history variables such as reproductive effort and aging. This review presents our current understanding of the evolution of aging in humans, drawing on population variation, comparative research, trade-offs, and sex differences, as well as tissue-specific patterns of physical degradation. Implications for contemporary health challenges and the future of human evolutionary anthropology research are also discussed.
Collapse
|
147
|
Mikuła-Pietrasik J, Pakuła M, Markowska M, Uruski P, Szczepaniak-Chicheł L, Tykarski A, Książek K. Nontraditional systems in aging research: an update. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1275-1304. [PMID: 33034696 PMCID: PMC7904725 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03658-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Research on the evolutionary and mechanistic aspects of aging and longevity has a reductionist nature, as the majority of knowledge originates from experiments on a relatively small number of systems and species. Good examples are the studies on the cellular, molecular, and genetic attributes of aging (senescence) that are primarily based on a narrow group of somatic cells, especially fibroblasts. Research on aging and/or longevity at the organismal level is dominated, in turn, by experiments on Drosophila melanogaster, worms (Caenorhabditis elegans), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and higher organisms such as mice and humans. Other systems of aging, though numerous, constitute the minority. In this review, we collected and discussed a plethora of up-to-date findings about studies of aging, longevity, and sometimes even immortality in several valuable but less frequently used systems, including bacteria (Caulobacter crescentus, Escherichia coli), invertebrates (Turritopsis dohrnii, Hydra sp., Arctica islandica), fishes (Nothobranchius sp., Greenland shark), reptiles (giant tortoise), mammals (blind mole rats, naked mole rats, bats, elephants, killer whale), and even 3D organoids, to prove that they offer biogerontologists as much as the more conventional tools. At the same time, the diversified knowledge gained owing to research on those species may help to reconsider aging from a broader perspective, which should translate into a better understanding of this tremendously complex and clearly system-specific phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mikuła-Pietrasik
- Department of Pathophysiology of Ageing and Civilization Diseases, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland
| | - Martyna Pakuła
- Department of Hypertensiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Markowska
- Department of Hypertensiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Uruski
- Department of Hypertensiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Tykarski
- Department of Hypertensiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Książek
- Department of Pathophysiology of Ageing and Civilization Diseases, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Evolutionary History of Alzheimer Disease-Causing Protein Family Presenilins with Pathological Implications. J Mol Evol 2020; 88:674-688. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-020-09966-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
149
|
Kinzina ED, Podolskiy DI, Dmitriev SE, Gladyshev VN. Patterns of Aging Biomarkers, Mortality, and Damaging Mutations Illuminate the Beginning of Aging and Causes of Early-Life Mortality. Cell Rep 2020; 29:4276-4284.e3. [PMID: 31875539 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in the probability of death has been a defining feature of aging, yet human perinatal mortality starts high and decreases with age. Previous evolutionary models suggested that organismal aging begins after the onset of reproduction. However, we find that mortality and incidence of diseases associated with aging follow a U-shaped curve with the minimum before puberty, whereas quantitative biomarkers of aging, including somatic mutations and DNA methylation, do not, revealing that aging starts early but is masked by early-life mortality. Moreover, our genetic analyses point to the contribution of damaging mutations to early mortality. We propose that mortality patterns are governed, in part, by negative selection against damaging mutations in early life, manifesting after the corresponding genes are first expressed. Deconvolution of mortality patterns suggests that deleterious changes rather than mortality are the defining characteristic of aging and that aging begins in very early life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvira D Kinzina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia; Computational and Systems Biology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dmitriy I Podolskiy
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sergey E Dmitriev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Skariah G, Todd PK. Translational control in aging and neurodegeneration. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2020; 12:e1628. [PMID: 32954679 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein metabolism plays central roles in age-related decline and neurodegeneration. While a large body of research has explored age-related changes in protein degradation, alterations in the efficiency and fidelity of protein synthesis with aging are less well understood. Age-associated changes occur in both the protein synthetic machinery (ribosomal proteins and rRNA) and within regulatory factors controlling translation. At the same time, many of the interventions that prolong lifespan do so in part by pre-emptively decreasing protein synthesis rates to allow better harmonization to age-related declines in protein catabolism. Here we review the roles of translation regulation in aging, with a specific focus on factors implicated in age-related neurodegeneration. We discuss how emerging technologies such as ribosome profiling and superior mass spectrometric approaches are illuminating age-dependent mRNA-specific changes in translation rates across tissues to reveal a critical interplay between catabolic and anabolic pathways that likely contribute to functional decline. These new findings point to nodes in posttranscriptional gene regulation that both contribute to aging and offer targets for therapy. This article is categorized under: Translation > Translation Regulation Translation > Ribosome Biogenesis Translation > Translation Mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geena Skariah
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter K Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Ann Arbor VA Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|