101
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Li HL, Fujimoto N, Sasakawa N, Shirai S, Ohkame T, Sakuma T, Tanaka M, Amano N, Watanabe A, Sakurai H, Yamamoto T, Yamanaka S, Hotta A. Precise correction of the dystrophin gene in duchenne muscular dystrophy patient induced pluripotent stem cells by TALEN and CRISPR-Cas9. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 4:143-154. [PMID: 25434822 PMCID: PMC4297888 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe muscle-degenerative disease caused by a mutation in the dystrophin gene. Genetic correction of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by TALENs or CRISPR-Cas9 holds promise for DMD gene therapy; however, the safety of such nuclease treatment must be determined. Using a unique k-mer database, we systematically identified a unique target region that reduces off-target sites. To restore the dystrophin protein, we performed three correction methods (exon skipping, frameshifting, and exon knockin) in DMD-patient-derived iPSCs, and found that exon knockin was the most effective approach. We further investigated the genomic integrity by karyotyping, copy number variation array, and exome sequencing to identify clones with a minimal mutation load. Finally, we differentiated the corrected iPSCs toward skeletal muscle cells and successfully detected the expression of full-length dystrophin protein. These results provide an important framework for developing iPSC-based gene therapy for genetic disorders using programmable nucleases. A unique k-mer database was used to identify unique targetable regions in human genome A dystrophin frameshift was corrected using TALENs or CRISPR-sgRNAs in iPSCs Genomic integrity tests identified minimum off-target mutagenesis by the nucleases Dystrophin protein was detected by myogenic differentiation in the corrected iPSCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Lisa Li
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujimoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; iCeMS, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Noriko Sasakawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Saya Shirai
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tokiko Ohkame
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Michihiro Tanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Naoki Amano
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Sakurai
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; iCeMS, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Akitsu Hotta
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; iCeMS, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan.
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102
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Fox IJ, Daley GQ, Goldman SA, Huard J, Kamp TJ, Trucco M. Stem cell therapy. Use of differentiated pluripotent stem cells as replacement therapy for treating disease. Science 2014; 345:1247391. [PMID: 25146295 PMCID: PMC4329726 DOI: 10.1126/science.1247391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) directed to various cell fates holds promise as source material for treating numerous disorders. The availability of precisely differentiated PSC-derived cells will dramatically affect blood component and hematopoietic stem cell therapies and should facilitate treatment of diabetes, some forms of liver disease and neurologic disorders, retinal diseases, and possibly heart disease. Although an unlimited supply of specific cell types is needed, other barriers must be overcome. This review of the state of cell therapies highlights important challenges. Successful cell transplantation will require optimizing the best cell type and site for engraftment, overcoming limitations to cell migration and tissue integration, and occasionally needing to control immunologic reactivity, as well as a number of other challenges. Collaboration among scientists, clinicians, and industry is critical for generating new stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira J Fox
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - George Q Daley
- Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, The University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johnny Huard
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy J Kamp
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Cellular and Molecular Arrhythmia Research Program, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Division of Immunogenetics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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103
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Shelton M, Metz J, Liu J, Carpenedo RL, Demers SP, Stanford WL, Skerjanc IS. Derivation and expansion of PAX7-positive muscle progenitors from human and mouse embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:516-29. [PMID: 25241748 PMCID: PMC4266001 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapies treating pathological muscle atrophy or damage requires an adequate quantity of muscle progenitor cells (MPCs) not currently attainable from adult donors. Here, we generate cultures of approximately 90% skeletal myogenic cells by treating human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) with the GSK3 inhibitor CHIR99021 followed by FGF2 and N2 supplements. Gene expression analysis identified progressive expression of mesoderm, somite, dermomyotome, and myotome markers, following patterns of embryonic myogenesis. CHIR99021 enhanced transcript levels of the pan-mesoderm gene T and paraxial-mesoderm genes MSGN1 and TBX6; immunofluorescence confirmed that 91% ± 6% of cells expressed T immediately following treatment. By 7 weeks, 47% ± 3% of cells were MYH(+ve) myocytes/myotubes surrounded by a 43% ± 4% population of PAX7(+ve) MPCs, indicating 90% of cells had achieved myogenic identity without any cell sorting. Treatment of mouse ESCs with these factors resulted in similar enhancements of myogenesis. These studies establish a foundation for serum-free and chemically defined monolayer skeletal myogenesis of ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Shelton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jeff Metz
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Richard L Carpenedo
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Simon-Pierre Demers
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - William L Stanford
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Ilona S Skerjanc
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
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104
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WNT3A promotes myogenesis of human embryonic stem cells and enhances in vivo engraftment. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5916. [PMID: 25084050 PMCID: PMC5379990 DOI: 10.1038/srep05916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to differentiate into skeletal muscle cells is an important criterion in using them as a cell source to ameliorate skeletal muscle impairments. However, differentiation of hESCs into skeletal muscle cells still remains a challenge, often requiring introduction of transgenes. Here, we describe the use of WNT3A protein to promote in vitro myogenic commitment of hESC-derived cells and their subsequent in vivo function. Our findings show that the presence of WNT3A in culture medium significantly promotes myogenic commitment of hESC-derived progenitors expressing a mesodermal marker, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRA), as evident from the expression of myogenic markers, including DES, MYOG, MYH1, and MF20. In vivo transplantation of these committed cells into cardiotoxin-injured skeletal muscles of NOD/SCID mice reveals survival and engraftment of the donor cells. The cells contributed to the regeneration of damaged muscle fibers and the satellite cell compartment. In lieu of the limited cell source for treating skeletal muscle defects, the hESC-derived PDGFRA(+) cells exhibit significant in vitro expansion while maintaining their myogenic potential. The results described in this study provide a proof-of-principle that myogenic progenitor cells with in vivo engraftment potential can be derived from hESCs without genetic manipulation.
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105
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Abstract
Generation of a homogeneous and abundant population of skeletal muscle cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is a requirement for cell-based therapies and for a "disease in a dish" model of human neuromuscular diseases. Major hurdles, such as low abundance and heterogeneity of the population of interest, as well as a lack of protocols for the formation of three-dimensional contractile structures, have limited the applications of stem cells for neuromuscular disorders. We have designed a protocol that overcomes these limits by ectopic introduction of defined factors in hESCs--the muscle determination factor MyoD and SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex component BAF60C--that are able to reprogram hESCs into skeletal muscle cells. Here we describe the protocol established to generate hESC-derived myoblasts and promote their clustering into tridimensional miniaturized structures (myospheres) that functionally mimic miniaturized skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Albini
- Muscle Development and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research;
| | - Pier Lorenzo Puri
- Muscle Development and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia;
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106
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Ochiai-Shino H, Kato H, Sawada T, Onodera S, Saito A, Takato T, Shibahara T, Muramatsu T, Azuma T. A novel strategy for enrichment and isolation of osteoprogenitor cells from induced pluripotent stem cells based on surface marker combination. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99534. [PMID: 24911063 PMCID: PMC4050034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed a new method to stimulate osteogenic differentiation in tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP)-positive cells liberated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) with 14 days long TGF-β/IGF-1/FGF-2 treatment. TNAP is a marker protein of osteolineage cells. We analyzed and isolated TNAP-positive and E-cadherin-negative nonepithelial cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Treating the cells with a combination of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 for 14 days greatly enhanced TNAP expression and maximized expression frequency up to 77.3%. The isolated cells expressed high levels of osterix, which is an exclusive osteogenic marker. Culturing these TNAP-positive cells in osteoblast differentiation medium (OBM) led to the expression of runt-related transcription factor 2, type I collagen, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin (OCN). These cells responded to treatment with activated vitamin D3 by upregulating OCN. Furthermore, in OBM they were capable of generating many mineralized nodules with strong expression of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand and sclerostin (SOST). Real-time RT-PCR showed a significant increase in the expression of osteocyte marker genes, including SOST, neuropeptide Y, and reelin. Scanning electron microscopy showed dendritic morphology. Examination of semi-thin toluidine blue-stained sections showed many interconnected dendrites. Thus, TNAP-positive cells cultured in OBM may eventually become terminally differentiated osteocyte-like cells. In conclusion, treating hiPSCs-derived cells with a combination of TGF-β, IGF-1, and FGF-2 generated TNAP-positive cells at high frequency. These TNAP-positive cells had a high osteogenic potential and could terminally differentiate into osteocyte-like cells. The method described here may reveal new pathways of osteogenesis and provide a novel tool for regenerative medicine and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Kato
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Sawada
- Department of Ultrastructural Science, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoko Onodera
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Saito
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Shibahara
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Muramatsu
- Department of Endodontics and Clinical Cariology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Azuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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107
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Zhao C, Farruggio AP, Bjornson CRR, Chavez CL, Geisinger JM, Neal TL, Karow M, Calos MP. Recombinase-mediated reprogramming and dystrophin gene addition in mdx mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96279. [PMID: 24781921 PMCID: PMC4004573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A cell therapy strategy utilizing genetically-corrected induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) may be an attractive approach for genetic disorders such as muscular dystrophies. Methods for genetic engineering of iPSC that emphasize precision and minimize random integration would be beneficial. We demonstrate here an approach in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy that focuses on the use of site-specific recombinases to achieve genetic engineering. We employed non-viral, plasmid-mediated methods to reprogram mdx fibroblasts, using phiC31 integrase to insert a single copy of the reprogramming genes at a safe location in the genome. We next used Bxb1 integrase to add the therapeutic full-length dystrophin cDNA to the iPSC in a site-specific manner. Unwanted DNA sequences, including the reprogramming genes, were then precisely deleted with Cre resolvase. Pluripotency of the iPSC was analyzed before and after gene addition, and ability of the genetically corrected iPSC to differentiate into myogenic precursors was evaluated by morphology, immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, FACS analysis, and intramuscular engraftment. These data demonstrate a non-viral, reprogramming-plus-gene addition genetic engineering strategy utilizing site-specific recombinases that can be applied easily to mouse cells. This work introduces a significant level of precision in the genetic engineering of iPSC that can be built upon in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Alfonso P. Farruggio
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher R. R. Bjornson
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Chavez
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Geisinger
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Tawny L. Neal
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Marisa Karow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Michele P. Calos
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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108
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Berardi E, Annibali D, Cassano M, Crippa S, Sampaolesi M. Molecular and cell-based therapies for muscle degenerations: a road under construction. Front Physiol 2014; 5:119. [PMID: 24782779 PMCID: PMC3986550 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advances achieved in understanding the molecular biology of muscle cells in the past decades, there is still need for effective treatments of muscular degeneration caused by muscular dystrophies and for counteracting the muscle wasting caused by cachexia or sarcopenia. The corticosteroid medications currently in use for dystrophic patients merely help to control the inflammatory state and only slightly delay the progression of the disease. Unfortunately, walkers and wheel chairs are the only options for such patients to maintain independence and walking capabilities until the respiratory muscles become weak and the mechanical ventilation is needed. On the other hand, myostatin inhibition, IL-6 antagonism and synthetic ghrelin administration are examples of promising treatments in cachexia animal models. In both dystrophies and cachectic syndrome the muscular degeneration is extremely relevant and the translational therapeutic attempts to find a possible cure are well defined. In particular, molecular-based therapies are common options to be explored in order to exploit beneficial treatments for cachexia, while gene/cell therapies are mostly used in the attempt to induce a substantial improvement of the dystrophic muscular phenotype. This review focuses on the description of the use of molecular administrations and gene/stem cell therapy to treat muscular degenerations. It reviews previous trials using cell delivery protocols in mice and patients starting with the use of donor myoblasts, outlining the likely causes for their poor results and briefly focusing on satellite cell studies that raise new hope. Then it proceeds to describe recently identified stem/progenitor cells, including pluripotent stem cells and in relationship to their ability to home within a dystrophic muscle and to differentiate into skeletal muscle cells. Different known features of various stem cells are compared in this perspective, and the few available examples of their use in animal models of muscular degeneration are reported. Since non coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), are emerging as prominent players in the regulation of stem cell fates we also provides an outline of the role of microRNAs in the control of myogenic commitment. Finally, based on our current knowledge and the rapid advance in stem cell biology, a prediction of clinical translation for cell therapy protocols combined with molecular treatments is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Berardi
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Department of Development and Reproduction, KUL University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium ; Interuniversity Institute of Myology Italy
| | - Daniela Annibali
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Proliferation, Vesalius Research Center, Vlaamse Institute voor Biotechnologie Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marco Cassano
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology Italy ; School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Crippa
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology Italy ; Department of Medicine, University of Lausanne Medical School Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Department of Development and Reproduction, KUL University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium ; Interuniversity Institute of Myology Italy ; Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
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109
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Rinaldi F, Perlingeiro RCR. Stem cells for skeletal muscle regeneration: therapeutic potential and roadblocks. Transl Res 2014; 163:409-17. [PMID: 24299739 PMCID: PMC3976768 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conditions involving muscle wasting, such as muscular dystrophies, cachexia, and sarcopenia, would benefit from approaches that promote skeletal muscle regeneration. Stem cells are particularly attractive because they are able to differentiate into specialized cell types while retaining the ability to self-renew and, thus, provide a long-term response. This review will discuss recent advancements on different types of stem cells that have been attributed to be endowed with muscle regenerative potential. We will discuss the nature of these cells and their advantages and disadvantages in regards to therapy for muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Rinaldi
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn
| | - Rita C R Perlingeiro
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.
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110
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Meregalli M, Farini A, Sitzia C, Torrente Y. Advancements in stem cells treatment of skeletal muscle wasting. Front Physiol 2014; 5:48. [PMID: 24575052 PMCID: PMC3921573 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders, in which progressive muscle wasting and weakness is often associated with exhaustion of muscle regeneration potential. Although physiological properties of skeletal muscle tissue are now well known, no treatments are effective for these diseases. Muscle regeneration was attempted by means transplantation of myogenic cells (from myoblast to embryonic stem cells) and also by interfering with the malignant processes that originate in pathological tissues, such as uncontrolled fibrosis and inflammation. Taking into account the advances in the isolation of new subpopulation of stem cells and in the creation of artificial stem cell niches, we discuss how these emerging technologies offer great promises for therapeutic approaches to muscle diseases and muscle wasting associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Meregalli
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Centro Dino Ferrari, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Farini
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Centro Dino Ferrari, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Clementina Sitzia
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Centro Dino Ferrari, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Yvan Torrente
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Centro Dino Ferrari, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
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111
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Abujarour R, Bennett M, Valamehr B, Lee TT, Robinson M, Robbins D, Le T, Lai K, Flynn P. Myogenic differentiation of muscular dystrophy-specific induced pluripotent stem cells for use in drug discovery. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:149-60. [PMID: 24396035 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a scalable source of potentially any cell type for disease modeling and therapeutic screening. We have a particular interest in modeling skeletal muscle from various genetic backgrounds; however, efficient and reproducible methods for the myogenic differentiation of iPSCs have not previously been demonstrated. Ectopic myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD) expression has been shown to induce myogenesis in primary cell types, but the same effect has been unexpectedly challenging to reproduce in human iPSCs. In this study, we report that optimization of culture conditions enabled direct MyoD-mediated differentiation of iPSCs into myoblasts without the need for an intermediate step or cell sorting. MyoD induction mediated efficient cell fusion of mature myocytes yielding multinucleated myosin heavy chain-positive myotubes. We applied the same approach to dystrophic iPSCs, generating 16 iPSC lines from fibroblasts of four patients with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies. As seen with iPSCs from healthy donors, within 36 hours from MyoD induction there was a clear commitment toward the myogenic identity by the majority of iPSCs in culture (50%-70%). The patient iPSC-derived myotubes successfully adopted the skeletal muscle program, as determined by global gene expression profiling, and were functionally responsive to treatment with hypertrophic proteins insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 7A (Wnt7a), which are being investigated as potential treatments for muscular dystrophy in clinical and preclinical studies, respectively. Our results demonstrate that iPSCs have no intrinsic barriers preventing MyoD from inducing efficient and rapid myogenesis and thus providing a scalable source of normal and dystrophic myoblasts for use in disease modeling and drug discovery.
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112
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Abstract
Since the seminal discovery of the cell-fate regulator Myod, studies in skeletal myogenesis have inspired the search for cell-fate regulators of similar potential in other tissues and organs. It was perplexing that a similar transcription factor for other tissues was not found; however, it was later discovered that combinations of molecular regulators can divert somatic cell fates to other cell types. With the new era of reprogramming to induce pluripotent cells, the myogenesis paradigm can now be viewed under a different light. Here, we provide a short historical perspective and focus on how the regulation of skeletal myogenesis occurs distinctly in different scenarios and anatomical locations. In addition, some interesting features of this tissue underscore the importance of reconsidering the simple-minded view that a single stem cell population emerges after gastrulation to assure tissuegenesis. Notably, a self-renewing long-term Pax7+ myogenic stem cell population emerges during development only after a first wave of terminal differentiation occurs to establish a tissue anlagen in the mouse. How the future stem cell population is selected in this unusual scenario will be discussed. Recently, a wealth of information has emerged from epigenetic and genome-wide studies in myogenic cells. Although key transcription factors such as Pax3, Pax7, and Myod regulate only a small subset of genes, in some cases their genomic distribution and binding are considerably more promiscuous. This apparent nonspecificity can be reconciled in part by the permissivity of the cell for myogenic commitment, and also by new roles for some of these regulators as pioneer transcription factors acting on chromatin state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Comai
- Stem Cells and Development, CNRS URA 2578, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Stem Cells and Development, CNRS URA 2578, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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113
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Rozkalne A, Adkin C, Meng J, Lapan A, Morgan JE, Gussoni E. Mouse regenerating myofibers detected as false-positive donor myofibers with anti-human spectrin. Hum Gene Ther 2013; 25:73-81. [PMID: 24152287 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Stem cell transplantation is being tested as a potential therapy for a number of diseases. Stem cells isolated directly from tissue specimens or generated via reprogramming of differentiated cells require rigorous testing for both safety and efficacy in preclinical models. The availability of mice with immune-deficient background that carry additional mutations in specific genes facilitates testing the efficacy of cell transplantation in disease models. The muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of disorders, of which Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most severe and common type. Cell-based therapy for muscular dystrophy has been under investigation for several decades, with a wide selection of cell types being studied, including tissue-specific stem cells and reprogrammed stem cells. Several immune-deficient mouse models of muscular dystrophy have been generated, in which human cells obtained from various sources are injected to assess their preclinical potential. After transplantation, the presence of engrafted human cells is detected via immunofluorescence staining, using antibodies that recognize human, but not mouse, proteins. Here we show that one antibody specific to human spectrin, which is commonly used to evaluate the efficacy of transplanted human cells in mouse muscle, detects myofibers in muscles of NOD/Rag1(null)mdx(5cv), NOD/LtSz-scid IL2Rγ(null) mice, or mdx nude mice, irrespective of whether they were injected with human cells. These "reactive" clusters are regenerating myofibers, which are normally present in dystrophic tissue and the spectrin antibody is likely recognizing utrophin, which contains spectrin-like repeats. Therefore, caution should be used in interpreting data based on detection of single human-specific proteins, and evaluation of human stem cell engraftment should be performed using multiple human-specific labeling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anete Rozkalne
- 1 Program in Genomics and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA 02115
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114
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Yamamizu K, Piao Y, Sharov A, Zsiros V, Yu H, Nakazawa K, Schlessinger D, Ko M. Identification of transcription factors for lineage-specific ESC differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2013; 1:545-59. [PMID: 24371809 PMCID: PMC3871400 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A network of transcription factors (TFs) determines cell identity, but identity can be altered by overexpressing a combination of TFs. However, choosing and verifying combinations of TFs for specific cell differentiation have been daunting due to the large number of possible combinations of ∼2,000 TFs. Here, we report the identification of individual TFs for lineage-specific cell differentiation based on the correlation matrix of global gene expression profiles. The overexpression of identified TFs—Myod1, Mef2c, Esx1, Foxa1, Hnf4a, Gata2, Gata3, Myc, Elf5, Irf2, Elf1, Sfpi1, Ets1, Smad7, Nr2f1, Sox11, Dmrt1, Sox9, Foxg1, Sox2, or Ascl1—can direct efficient, specific, and rapid differentiation into myocytes, hepatocytes, blood cells, and neurons. Furthermore, transfection of synthetic mRNAs of TFs generates their appropriate target cells. These results demonstrate both the utility of this approach to identify potent TFs for cell differentiation, and the unanticipated capacity of single TFs directly guides differentiation to specific lineage fates. Lineage-determining single TFs are identified based on the correlation matrix A proof of concept is demonstrated for ESC differentiation by 21 TFs TFs orchestrate global gene expression changes via direct binding to target genes Transfections of synthetic TF mRNAs generate desired differentiated cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Yamamizu
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Yulan Piao
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Alexei A. Sharov
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Veronika Zsiros
- Unit on Genetics of Cognition and Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hong Yu
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kazu Nakazawa
- Unit on Genetics of Cognition and Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Minoru S.H. Ko
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Department of Systems Medicine, Sakaguchi Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo160-8582, Japan
- Corresponding author
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115
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Borchin B, Chen J, Barberi T. Derivation and FACS-mediated purification of PAX3+/PAX7+ skeletal muscle precursors from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2013; 1:620-31. [PMID: 24371814 PMCID: PMC3871395 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) constitute a promising resource for use in cell-based therapies and a valuable in vitro model for studying early human development and disease. Despite significant advancements in the derivation of specific fates from hPSCs, the generation of skeletal muscle remains challenging and is mostly dependent on transgene expression. Here, we describe a method based on the use of a small-molecule GSK3β inhibitor to derive skeletal muscle from several hPSC lines. We show that early GSK3β inhibition is sufficient to create the conditions necessary for highly effective derivation of muscle cells. Moreover, we developed a strategy for stringent fluorescence-activated cell sorting-based purification of emerging PAX3+/PAX7+ muscle precursors that are able to differentiate in postsort cultures into mature myocytes. This transgene-free, efficient protocol provides an essential tool for producing myogenic cells for in vivo preclinical studies, in vitro screenings, and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Borchin
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Joseph Chen
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tiziano Barberi
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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116
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Luo Y, Fan Y, Chen X, Yue L, Yu B, Li Q, Chen Y, Sun X. Modeling induced pluripotent stem cells from fibroblasts of Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:12-21. [PMID: 23528047 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.789514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The generation of disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS cell) lines from patients with incurable diseases is a promising approach for studying disease mechanisms and for drug screening. Such innovation enables us to obtain autologous cell sources for regenerative medicine. Herein, we report the generation and characterization of iPS cells from the fibroblasts of patients with a family history of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD); these fibroblasts were obtained from patients at 22 gestational weeks of age and exhibit exon duplication from exons 16 to 42. The DMD-iPS cells were generated by the ectopic expression of four transcription factors: OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC; the DMD-iPS cells expressed several pluripotency markers and could be differentiated into various somatic cell types both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, DMD-iPSCs showed the differentiation potential to neuronal lineage. Thus, DMD-iPS cells are expected to serve as an in vitro disease model system, which will lay a foundation for the production of autologous cell therapies that avoid immune rejection and enable the correction of gene defects prior to tissue reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Luo
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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117
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Leung M, Cooper A, Jana S, Tsao CT, Petrie TA, Zhang M. Nanofiber-Based in Vitro System for High Myogenic Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:4207-16. [DOI: 10.1021/bm4009843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Leung
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ashleigh Cooper
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Soumen Jana
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ching-Ting Tsao
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Timothy A. Petrie
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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118
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Briggs D, Morgan JE. Recent progress in satellite cell/myoblast engraftment -- relevance for therapy. FEBS J 2013; 280:4281-93. [PMID: 23560812 PMCID: PMC3795440 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no cure for muscular dystrophies, although several promising strategies are in basic and clinical research. One such strategy is cell transplantation with satellite cells (or their myoblast progeny) to repair damaged muscle and provide dystrophin protein with the aim of preventing subsequent myofibre degeneration and repopulating the stem cell niche for future use. The present review aims to cover recent advances in satellite cell/myoblast therapy and to discuss the challenges that remain for it to become a realistic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Briggs
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child HealthLondon, UK
| | - Jennifer E Morgan
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child HealthLondon, UK
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119
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Hwang Y, Suk S, Lin S, Tierney M, Du B, Seo T, Mitchell A, Sacco A, Varghese S. Directed in vitro myogenesis of human embryonic stem cells and their in vivo engraftment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72023. [PMID: 23977197 PMCID: PMC3747108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-based therapy requires derivation of in vitro expandable cell populations that can readily differentiate to specified cell types and engraft upon transplantation. Here, we report that hESCs can differentiate into skeletal muscle cells without genetic manipulation. This is achieved through the isolation of cells expressing a mesodermal marker, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRA), following embryoid body (EB) formation. The ESC-derived cells differentiated into myoblasts in vitro as evident by upregulation of various myogenic genes, irrespective of the presence of serum in the medium. This result is further corroborated by the presence of sarcomeric myosin and desmin, markers for terminally differentiated cells. When transplanted in vivo, these pre-myogenically committed cells were viable in tibialis anterior muscles 14 days post-implantation. These hESC-derived cells, which readily undergo myogenic differentiation in culture medium containing serum, could be a viable cell source for skeletal muscle repair and tissue engineering to ameliorate various muscle wasting diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsung Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel Suk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Susan Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Tierney
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bin Du
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy Seo
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Aaron Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Alessandra Sacco
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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120
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Darabi R, Perlingeiro RC. A Perspective on the Potential of Human iPS Cell-Based Therapies for Muscular Dystrophies: Advancements so far and Hurdles to Overcome. JOURNAL OF STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY 2013; 3:e113. [PMID: 25383240 PMCID: PMC4220265 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7633.1000e113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Radbod Darabi
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 312 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rita C.R. Perlingeiro
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 312 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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121
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Efficient and reproducible myogenic differentiation from human iPS cells: prospects for modeling Miyoshi Myopathy in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61540. [PMID: 23626698 PMCID: PMC3633995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has enabled the production of in vitro, patient-specific cell models of human disease. In vitro recreation of disease pathology from patient-derived hiPSCs depends on efficient differentiation protocols producing relevant adult cell types. However, myogenic differentiation of hiPSCs has faced obstacles, namely, low efficiency and/or poor reproducibility. Here, we report the rapid, efficient, and reproducible differentiation of hiPSCs into mature myocytes. We demonstrated that inducible expression of myogenic differentiation1 (MYOD1) in immature hiPSCs for at least 5 days drives cells along the myogenic lineage, with efficiencies reaching 70–90%. Myogenic differentiation driven by MYOD1 occurred even in immature, almost completely undifferentiated hiPSCs, without mesodermal transition. Myocytes induced in this manner reach maturity within 2 weeks of differentiation as assessed by marker gene expression and functional properties, including in vitro and in vivo cell fusion and twitching in response to electrical stimulation. Miyoshi Myopathy (MM) is a congenital distal myopathy caused by defective muscle membrane repair due to mutations in DYSFERLIN. Using our induced differentiation technique, we successfully recreated the pathological condition of MM in vitro, demonstrating defective membrane repair in hiPSC-derived myotubes from an MM patient and phenotypic rescue by expression of full-length DYSFERLIN (DYSF). These findings not only facilitate the pathological investigation of MM, but could potentially be applied in modeling of other human muscular diseases by using patient-derived hiPSCs.
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122
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Converting pathological cells to therapeutic ones: an odyssey through pluripotency. Mol Ther 2013; 20:2012-4. [PMID: 23131852 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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123
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Albini S, Coutinho P, Malecova B, Giordani L, Savchenko A, Forcales SV, Puri PL. Epigenetic reprogramming of human embryonic stem cells into skeletal muscle cells and generation of contractile myospheres. Cell Rep 2013; 3:661-70. [PMID: 23478022 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct generation of a homogeneous population of skeletal myoblasts from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and formation of three-dimensional contractile structures for disease modeling in vitro are current challenges in regenerative medicine. Previous studies reported on the generation of myoblasts from ESC-derived embryoid bodies (EB), but not from undifferentiated ESCs, indicating the requirement for mesodermal transition to promote skeletal myogenesis. Here, we show that selective absence of the SWI/SNF component BAF60C (encoded by SMARCD3) confers on hESCs resistance to MyoD-mediated activation of skeletal myogenesis. Forced expression of BAF60C enables MyoD to directly activate skeletal myogenesis in hESCs by instructing MyoD positioning and allowing chromatin remodeling at target genes. BAF60C/MyoD-expressing hESCs are epigenetically committed myogenic progenitors, which bypass the mesodermal requirement and, when cultured as floating clusters, give rise to contractile three-dimensional myospheres composed of skeletal myotubes. These results identify BAF60C as a key epigenetic determinant of hESC commitment to the myogenic lineage and establish the molecular basis for the generation of hESC-derived myospheres exploitable for "disease in a dish" models of muscular physiology and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Albini
- Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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124
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Benedetti S, Hoshiya H, Tedesco FS. Repair or replace? Exploiting novel gene and cell therapy strategies for muscular dystrophies. FEBS J 2013; 280:4263-80. [PMID: 23387802 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are genetic disorders characterized by skeletal muscle wasting and weakness. Although there is no effective therapy, a number of experimental strategies have been developed over recent years and some of them are undergoing clinical investigation. In this review, we highlight recent developments and key challenges for strategies based upon gene replacement and gene/expression repair, including exon-skipping, vector-mediated gene therapy and cell therapy. Therapeutic strategies for different forms of muscular dystrophy are discussed, with an emphasis on Duchenne muscular dystrophy, given the severity and the relatively advanced status of clinical studies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Benedetti
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK
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125
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Benabdallah BF, Duval A, Rousseau J, Chapdelaine P, Holmes MC, Haddad E, Tremblay JP, Beauséjour CM. Targeted Gene Addition of Microdystrophin in Mice Skeletal Muscle via Human Myoblast Transplantation. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2013; 2:e68. [PMID: 23360951 PMCID: PMC3564421 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2012.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Zinc finger nucleases (ZFN) can facilitate targeted gene addition to the genome while minimizing the risks of insertional mutagenesis. Here, we used a previously characterized ZFN pair targeting the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5) locus to introduce, as a proof of concept, the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) or the microdystrophin genes into human myoblasts. Using integrase-defective lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) and chimeric adenoviral vectors to transiently deliver template DNA and ZFN respectively, we achieved up to 40% targeted gene addition in human myoblasts. When the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferaseP140K gene was co-introduced with eGFP, the frequency of cells with targeted integration could be increased to over 90% after drug selection. Importantly, gene-targeted myoblasts retained their mitogenic activity and potential to form myotubes both in vitro and in vivo when injected into the tibialis anterior of immune-deficient mice. Altogether, our results could lead to the development of improved cell therapy transplantation protocols for muscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma F Benabdallah
- Centre hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine, Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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