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Gao JP, Xu P, Wang M, Zhang X, Yang J, Zhou Y, Murray JD, Song CP, Wang E. Nod factor receptor complex phosphorylates GmGEF2 to stimulate ROP signaling during nodulation. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3538-3550.e5. [PMID: 34216556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of the symbiotic interaction between rhizobia and legumes involves the Nod factor signaling pathway. Nod factor recognition occurs through two plant receptors, NFR1 and NFR5. However, the signal transduction mechanisms downstream of NFR1-NFR5-mediated Nod factor perception remain largely unknown. Here, we report that a small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), GmROP9, and a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, GmGEF2, are involved in the soybean-rhizobium symbiosis. We show that GmNFR1α phosphorylates GmGEF2a at its N-terminal S86, which stimulates guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-to-GTP exchange to activate GmROP9 and that the active form of GmROP9 can associate with both GmNFR1α and GmNFR5α. We further show that a scaffold protein, GmRACK1, interacts with active GmROP9 and contributes to root nodule symbiosis. Collectively, our results highlight the symbiotic role of GmROP9-GmRACK1 and support the hypothesis that rhizobial signals promote the formation of a protein complex comprising GmNFR1, GmNFR5, GmROP9, and GmRACK1 for symbiotic signal transduction in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Peng Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China; CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Peng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Mingxing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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102
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Roy S, Breakspear A, Cousins D, Torres-Jerez I, Jackson K, Kumar A, Su Y, Liu CW, Krom N, Udvardi M, Xu P, Murray JD. Three Common Symbiotic ABC Subfamily B Transporters in Medicago truncatula Are Regulated by a NIN-Independent Branch of the Symbiosis Signaling Pathway. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:939-951. [PMID: 33779265 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-21-0036-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Several ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters involved in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and nodulation have been identified. We describe three previously unreported ABC subfamily B transporters, named AMN1, AMN2, and AMN3 (ABCB for mycorrhization and nodulation), that are expressed early during infection by rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. These ABCB transporters are strongly expressed in symbiotically infected tissues, including in root-hair cells with rhizobial infection threads and arbusculated cells. During nodulation, the expression of these genes is highly induced by rhizobia and purified Nod factors and is dependent on DMI3 but is not dependent on other known major regulators of infection, such as NIN, NSP1, or NSP2. During mycorrhization their expression is dependent on DMI3 and RAM1 but not on NSP1 and NSP2. Therefore, they may be commonly regulated through a distinct branch of the common symbiotic pathway. Mutants with exonic Tnt1-transposon insertions were isolated for all three genes. None of the single or double mutants showed any differences in colonization by either rhizobia or mycorrhizal fungi, but the triple amn1 amn2 amn3 mutant showed an increase in nodule number. Further studies are needed to identify potential substrates of these transporters and understand their roles in these beneficial symbioses.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Roy
- John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | - Anil Kumar
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yangyang Su
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resource, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | | | - Nick Krom
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | | | - Ping Xu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resource, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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103
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Krönauer C, Radutoiu S. Understanding Nod factor signalling paves the way for targeted engineering in legumes and non-legumes. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102026. [PMID: 33684882 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Legumes evolved LysM receptors for recognition of rhizobial Nod factors and initiation of signalling pathways for nodule organogenesis and infection. Intracellularly hosted bacteria are supplied with carbon resources in exchange for fixed nitrogen. Nod factor recognition is crucial for initial signalling, but is reiterated in growing roots initiating novel symbiotic events, and in developing primordia until symbiosis is well-established. Understanding how this signalling coordinates the entire process from cellular to plant level is key for de novo engineering in non-legumes and for improved efficiency in legumes. Here we discuss how recent studies bring new insights into molecular determinants of specificity and sensitivity in Nod factor signalling in legumes, and present some of the unknowns and challenges for engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Krönauer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds vej 10, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds vej 10, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark.
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104
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Wang Y, Yang F, Zhu PF, Khan A, Xie ZP, Staehelin C. Use of the rhizobial type III effector gene nopP to improve Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of Lotus japonicus. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:66. [PMID: 34162409 PMCID: PMC8220826 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protocols for Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation of the model legume Lotus japonicus have been established previously. However, little efforts were made in the past to quantify and improve the transformation efficiency. Here, we asked whether effectors (nodulation outer proteins) of the nodule bacterium Sinorhizobium sp. NGR234 can promote hairy root transformation of L. japonicus. The co-expressed red fluorescent protein DsRed1 was used for visualization of transformed roots and for estimation of the transformation efficiency. RESULTS Strong induction of hairy root formation was observed when A. rhizogenes strain LBA9402 was used for L. japonicus transformation. Expression of the effector gene nopP in L. japonicus roots resulted in a significantly increased transformation efficiency while nopL, nopM, and nopT did not show such an effect. In nopP expressing plants, more than 65% of the formed hairy roots were transgenic as analyzed by red fluorescence emitted by co-transformed DsRed1. A nodulation experiment indicated that nopP expression did not obviously affect the symbiosis between L. japonicus and Mesorhizobium loti. CONCLUSION We have established a novel protocol for hairy root transformation of L. japonicus. The use of A. rhizogenes LBA9402 carrying a binary vector containing DsRed1 and nopP allowed efficient formation and identification of transgenic roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Asaf Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Christian Staehelin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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105
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How membrane receptors tread the fine balance between symbiosis and immunity signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2106567118. [PMID: 34083375 PMCID: PMC8214661 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106567118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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106
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Acosta-Jurado S, Fuentes-Romero F, Ruiz-Sainz JE, Janczarek M, Vinardell JM. Rhizobial Exopolysaccharides: Genetic Regulation of Their Synthesis and Relevance in Symbiosis with Legumes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6233. [PMID: 34207734 PMCID: PMC8227245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobia are soil proteobacteria able to engage in a nitrogen-fixing symbiotic interaction with legumes that involves the rhizobial infection of roots and the bacterial invasion of new organs formed by the plant in response to the presence of appropriate bacterial partners. This interaction relies on a complex molecular dialogue between both symbionts. Bacterial N-acetyl-glucosamine oligomers called Nod factors are indispensable in most cases for early steps of the symbiotic interaction. In addition, different rhizobial surface polysaccharides, such as exopolysaccharides (EPS), may also be symbiotically relevant. EPS are acidic polysaccharides located out of the cell with little or no cell association that carry out important roles both in free-life and in symbiosis. EPS production is very complexly modulated and, frequently, co-regulated with Nod factors, but the type of co-regulation varies depending on the rhizobial strain. Many studies point out a signalling role for EPS-derived oligosaccharides in root infection and nodule invasion but, in certain symbiotic couples, EPS can be dispensable for a successful interaction. In summary, the complex regulation of the production of rhizobial EPS varies in different rhizobia, and the relevance of this polysaccharide in symbiosis with legumes depends on the specific interacting couple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Acosta-Jurado
- Department of Microbiology, University of Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Seville, Spain; (S.A.-J.); (F.F.-R.); (J.-E.R.-S.)
| | - Francisco Fuentes-Romero
- Department of Microbiology, University of Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Seville, Spain; (S.A.-J.); (F.F.-R.); (J.-E.R.-S.)
| | - Jose-Enrique Ruiz-Sainz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Seville, Spain; (S.A.-J.); (F.F.-R.); (J.-E.R.-S.)
| | - Monika Janczarek
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - José-María Vinardell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Seville, Spain; (S.A.-J.); (F.F.-R.); (J.-E.R.-S.)
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107
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Kamal N, Mun T, Reid D, Lin JS, Akyol TY, Sandal N, Asp T, Hirakawa H, Stougaard J, Mayer KFX, Sato S, Andersen SU. Insights into the evolution of symbiosis gene copy number and distribution from a chromosome-scale Lotus japonicus Gifu genome sequence. DNA Res 2021; 27:5870829. [PMID: 32658273 PMCID: PMC7508351 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsaa015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lotus japonicus is a herbaceous perennial legume that has been used extensively as a genetically tractable model system for deciphering the molecular genetics of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Our aim is to improve the L. japonicus reference genome sequence, which has so far been based on Sanger and Illumina sequencing reads from the L. japonicus accession MG-20 and contained a large fraction of unanchored contigs. Here, we use long PacBio reads from L. japonicus Gifu combined with Hi-C data and new high-density genetic maps to generate a high-quality chromosome-scale reference genome assembly for L. japonicus. The assembly comprises 554 megabases of which 549 were assigned to six pseudomolecules that appear complete with telomeric repeats at their extremes and large centromeric regions with low gene density. The new L. japonicus Gifu reference genome and associated expression data represent valuable resources for legume functional and comparative genomics. Here, we provide a first example by showing that the symbiotic islands recently described in Medicago truncatula do not appear to be conserved in L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Kamal
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Plant Genome and Systems Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Terry Mun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Dugald Reid
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jie-Shun Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Turgut Yigit Akyol
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Niels Sandal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Torben Asp
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Hideki Hirakawa
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0816, Japan
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Klaus F X Mayer
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Plant Genome and Systems Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Shusei Sato
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Stig Uggerhøj Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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108
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Yu TY, Sun MK, Liang LK. Receptors in the Induction of the Plant Innate Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:587-601. [PMID: 33512246 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0173-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants adjust amplitude and duration of immune responses via different strategies to maintain growth, development, and resistance to pathogens. Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) play vital roles. Pattern recognition receptors, comprising a large number of receptor-like protein kinases and receptor-like proteins, recognize related ligands and trigger immunity. PTI is the first layer of the innate immune system, and it recognizes PAMPs at the plasma membrane to prevent infection. However, pathogens exploit effector proteins to bypass or directly inhibit the PTI immune pathway. Consistently, plants have evolved intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins to detect pathogenic effectors and trigger a hypersensitive response to activate ETI. PTI and ETI work together to protect plants from infection by viruses and other pathogens. Diverse receptors and the corresponding ligands, especially several pairs of well-studied receptors and ligands in PTI immunity, are reviewed to illustrate the dynamic process of PTI response here.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ying Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Meng-Kun Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Li-Kun Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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109
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Kawaharada Y, Sandal N, Gupta V, Jin H, Kawaharada M, Taniuchi M, Ruman H, Nadzieja M, Andersen KR, Schneeberger K, Stougaard J, Andersen SU. Natural variation identifies a Pxy gene controlling vascular organisation and formation of nodules and lateral roots in Lotus japonicus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2459-2473. [PMID: 33759450 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Forward and reverse genetics using the model legumes Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula have been instrumental in identifying the essential genes governing legume-rhizobia symbiosis. However, little information is known about the effects of intraspecific variation on symbiotic signalling. Here, we use quantitative trait locus sequencing (QTL-seq) to investigate the genetic basis of the differentiated phenotypic responses shown by the Lotus accessions Gifu and MG20 to inoculation with the Mesorhizobium loti exoU mutant that produces truncated exopolysaccharides. We identified through genetic complementation the Pxy gene as a component of this differential exoU response. Lotus Pxy encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase similar to Arabidopsis thaliana PXY, which regulates stem vascular development. We show that Lotus pxy insertion mutants displayed defects in root and stem vascular organisation, as well as lateral root and nodule formation. Our work links Pxy to de novo organogenesis in the root, highlights the genetic overlap between regulation of lateral root and nodule formation, and demonstrates that natural variation in Pxy affects nodulation signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Kawaharada
- Department of Plant BioSciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Niels Sandal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Vikas Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Haojie Jin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maya Kawaharada
- Department of Plant BioSciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Makoto Taniuchi
- Department of Plant BioSciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hafijur Ruman
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Marcin Nadzieja
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kasper R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Korbinian Schneeberger
- Department for Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stig U Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Huo H, Wang X, Liu Y, Chen J, Wei G. A Nod factor- and type III secretion system-dependent manner for Robinia pseudoacacia to establish symbiosis with Mesorhizobium amorphae CCNWGS0123. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:817-835. [PMID: 33219377 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, symbiotic nodulation promotes the growth of legume plants via the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia by rhizobia in root nodules. The rhizobial Nod factor (NF) and type III secretion system (T3SS) are two key signaling pathways for establishing the legume-rhizobium symbiosis. However, whether NF signaling is involved in the nodulation of Robinia pseudoacacia and Mesorhizobium amorphae CCNWGS0123, and its symbiotic differences compared with T3SS signaling remain unclear. Therefore, to elucidate the function of NF signaling in nodulation, we mutated nodC in M. amorphae CCNWGS0123, which aborted NF synthesis. Compared with the plants inoculated with the wild type strain, the plants inoculated with the NF-deficient strain exhibited shorter shoots with etiolated leaves. These phenotypic characteristics were similar to those of the plants inoculated with the T3SS-deficient strain, which served as a Nod- (non-effective nodulation) control. The plants inoculated with both the NF- and T3SS-deficient strains formed massive root hair swellings, but no normal infection threads were detected. Sections of the nodules showed that inoculation with the NF- and T3SS-deficient strains induced small, white bumps without any rhizobia inside. Analyzing the accumulation of 6 plant hormones and the expression of 10 plant genes indicated that the NF- and T3SS-deficient strains activated plant defense reactions while suppressing plant symbiotic signaling during the perception and nodulation processes. The requirement for NF signaling appeared to be conserved in two other leguminous trees that can establish symbiosis with M. amorphae CCNWGS0123. In contrast, the function of the T3SS might differ among species, even within the same subfamily (Faboideae). Overall, this work demonstrated that nodulation of R. pseudoacacia and M. amorphae CCNWGS0123 was both NF and T3SS dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water conservation, Northwest A&F University, 26 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Gehong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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111
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Costa SR, Ng JLP, Mathesius U. Interaction of Symbiotic Rhizobia and Parasitic Root-Knot Nematodes in Legume Roots: From Molecular Regulation to Field Application. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:470-490. [PMID: 33471549 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-20-0350-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Legumes form two types of root organs in response to signals from microbes, namely, nodules and root galls. In the field, these interactions occur concurrently and often interact with each other. The outcomes of these interactions vary and can depend on natural variation in rhizobia and nematode populations in the soil as well as abiotic conditions. While rhizobia are symbionts that contribute fixed nitrogen to their hosts, parasitic root-knot nematodes (RKN) cause galls as feeding structures that consume plant resources without a contribution to the plant. Yet, the two interactions share similarities, including rhizosphere signaling, repression of host defense responses, activation of host cell division, and differentiation, nutrient exchange, and alteration of root architecture. Rhizobia activate changes in defense and development through Nod factor signaling, with additional functions of effector proteins and exopolysaccharides. RKN inject large numbers of protein effectors into plant cells that directly suppress immune signaling and manipulate developmental pathways. This review examines the molecular control of legume interactions with rhizobia and RKN to elucidate shared and distinct mechanisms of these root-microbe interactions. Many of the molecular pathways targeted by both organisms overlap, yet recent discoveries have singled out differences in the spatial control of expression of developmental regulators that may have enabled activation of cortical cell division during nodulation in legumes. The interaction of legumes with symbionts and parasites highlights the importance of a comprehensive view of root-microbe interactions for future crop management and breeding strategies.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia R Costa
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Jason Liang Pin Ng
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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112
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Tsiknia M, Tsikou D, Papadopoulou KK, Ehaliotis C. Multi-species relationships in legume roots: From pairwise legume-symbiont interactions to the plant - microbiome - soil continuum. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:5957530. [PMID: 33155054 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic relationships of legume plants with, either bacteria (like rhizobia) or fungi (like arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi), have been investigated intensively, usually as bi-partite interactions. However, diverse symbiotic interactions take place simultaneously or sequentially under field conditions. Their collective, but not additive, contribution to plant growth and performance remains hard to predict, and appears to be furthermore affected by crop species and genotype, non-symbiotic microbial interactions and environmental variables. The challenge is: (i) to unravel the complex overlapping mechanisms that operate between the microbial symbionts as well as between them, their hosts and the rhizosphere (ii) to understand the dynamics of the respective mechanisms in evolutionary and ecological terms. The target for agriculture, food security and the environment, is to use this insight as a solid basis for developing new integrated technologies, practices and strategies for the efficient use of beneficial microbes in legumes and other plants. We review recent advances in our understanding of the symbiotic interactions in legumes roots brought about with the aid of molecular and bioinformatics tools. We go through single symbiont-host interactions, proceed to tripartite symbiont-host interactions, appraise interactions of symbiotic and associative microbiomes with plants in the root-rhizoplane-soil continuum of habitats and end up by examining attempts to validate community ecology principles in the legume-microbe-soil biosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Tsiknia
- Soils and Soil Chemistry Lab, Department of Natural Resources and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75 st., Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Daniela Tsikou
- Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Kalliope K Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Constantinos Ehaliotis
- Soils and Soil Chemistry Lab, Department of Natural Resources and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75 st., Athens 11855, Greece
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113
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Montiel J, Reid D, Grønbæk TH, Benfeldt CM, James EK, Ott T, Ditengou FA, Nadzieja M, Kelly S, Stougaard J. Distinct signaling routes mediate intercellular and intracellular rhizobial infection in Lotus japonicus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1131-1147. [PMID: 33793909 PMCID: PMC8133683 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobial infection of legume roots during the development of nitrogen-fixing root nodules can occur intracellularly, through plant-derived infection threads traversing cells, or intercellularly, via bacterial entry between epidermal plant cells. Although it is estimated that around 25% of all legume genera are intercellularly infected, the pathways and mechanisms supporting this process have remained virtually unexplored due to a lack of genetically amenable legumes that exhibit this form of infection. In this study, we report that the model legume Lotus japonicus is infected intercellularly by the IRBG74 strain, recently proposed to belong to the Agrobacterium clade of the Rhizobiaceae. We demonstrate that the resources available for L. japonicus enable insight into the genetic requirements and fine-tuning of the pathway governing intercellular infection in this species. Inoculation of L. japonicus mutants shows that Ethylene-responsive factor required for nodulation 1 (Ern1) and Leu-rich Repeat Receptor-Like Kinase (RinRK1) are dispensable for intercellular infection in contrast to intracellular infection. Other symbiotic genes, including nod factor receptor 5 (NFR5), symbiosis receptor-like kinase (SymRK), Ca2+/calmodulin dependent kinase (CCaMK), exopolysaccharide receptor 3 (Epr3), Cyclops, nodule inception (Nin), nodulation signaling pathway 1 (Nsp1), nodulation signaling pathway 2 (Nsp2), cystathionine-β-synthase (Cbs), and Vapyrin are equally important for both entry modes. Comparative RNAseq analysis of roots inoculated with IRBG74 revealed a distinctive transcriptome response compared with intracellular colonization. In particular, several cytokinin-related genes were differentially regulated. Corroborating this observation, cyp735A and ipt4 cytokinin biosynthesis mutants were significantly affected in their nodulation with IRBG74, whereas lhk1 cytokinin receptor mutants formed no nodules. These results indicate a differential requirement for cytokinin signaling during intercellular rhizobial entry and highlight distinct modalities of inter- and intracellular infection mechanisms in L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Montiel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Dugald Reid
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas H Grønbæk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Caroline M Benfeldt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Euan K James
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Thomas Ott
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franck A Ditengou
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcin Nadzieja
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simon Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Author for ommunication:
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114
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He C, Gao H, Wang H, Guo Y, He M, Peng Y, Wang X. GSK3-mediated stress signaling inhibits legume-rhizobium symbiosis by phosphorylating GmNSP1 in soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:488-502. [PMID: 33359013 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Legumes establish symbiotic associations with rhizobia for biological nitrogen fixation. This process is highly regulated by various abiotic stresses, but the underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we discovered that the glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-like kinase, GmSK2-8, plays an important role in inhibiting symbiotic signaling and nodule formation in soybean (Glycine max) under salt stress. We found that GmSK2-8 is strongly induced in soybean under high-salt conditions, while GmSK2-8 could interact with two G. max Nodulation Signaling Pathway 1 (GmNSP1) proteins, GmNSP1a and GmNSP1b; these key transcription factors are essential for rhizobial infection, nodule initiation, and symbiotic gene expression in soybean. Furthermore, we demonstrated that GmSK2-8 phosphorylates the LHRI domain of GmNSP1a, inhibits its binding to the promoters of symbiotic genes, and thus suppresses nodule formation under salt stress. Knockdown of GmSK2-8 and its close homologs also resulted in reduced plant sensitivity to salt stress during nodule formation. Taken together, our findings indicate that GSK3-like kinases directly regulate the activities of GmNSP1s to mediate salt-inhibited legume-rhizobium symbiosis, providing novel targets for improving symbiotic nitrogen fixation under environmental stress conditions in soybean and possibly other legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei He
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Hui Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haijiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Miao He
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yaqi Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuelu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China.
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115
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Peng Z, Chen H, Tan L, Shu H, Varshney RK, Zhou Z, Zhao Z, Luo Z, Chitikineni A, Wang L, Maku J, López Y, Gallo M, Zhou H, Wang J. Natural polymorphisms in a pair of NSP2 homoeologs can cause loss of nodulation in peanut. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1104-1118. [PMID: 33130897 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbial symbiosis in legumes is achieved through nitrogen-fixing root nodules, and these are important for sustainable agriculture. The molecular mechanisms underlying development of root nodules in polyploid legume crops are largely understudied. Through map-based cloning and QTL-seq approaches, we identified a pair of homoeologous GRAS transcription factor genes, Nodulation Signaling Pathway 2 (AhNSP2-B07 or Nb) and AhNSP2-A08 (Na), controlling nodulation in cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), an allotetraploid legume crop, which exhibited non-Mendelian and Mendelian inheritance, respectively. The segregation of nodulation in the progeny of Nananbnb genotypes followed a 3:1 Mendelian ratio, in contrast to the 5:3~1:1 non-Mendelian ratio for nanaNbnb genotypes. Additionally, a much higher frequency of the nb allele (13%) than the na allele (4%) exists in the peanut germplasm collection, suggesting that Nb is less essential than Na in nodule organogenesis. Our findings reveal the genetic basis of naturally occurred non-nodulating peanut plants, which can be potentially used for nitrogen fixation improvement in peanut. Furthermore, the results have implications for and provide insights into the evolution of homoeologous genes in allopolyploid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Peng
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Huiqiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lubin Tan
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Shu
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India
| | - Zhekai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifan Zhao
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ziliang Luo
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Annapurna Chitikineni
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India
| | - Liping Wang
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - James Maku
- Sciences and Mathematics Department, Glenville State College, Glenville, WV, USA
| | - Yolanda López
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maria Gallo
- Delaware Valley University, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Hai Zhou
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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116
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Shrestha A, Zhong S, Therrien J, Huebert T, Sato S, Mun T, Andersen SU, Stougaard J, Lepage A, Niebel A, Ross L, Szczyglowski K. Lotus japonicus Nuclear Factor YA1, a nodule emergence stage-specific regulator of auxin signalling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1535-1552. [PMID: 32978812 PMCID: PMC7984406 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Organogenesis of legume root nodules begins with the nodulation factor-dependent stimulation of compatible root cells to initiate divisions, signifying an early nodule primordium formation event. This is followed by cellular differentiation, including cell expansion and vascular bundle formation, and we previously showed that Lotus japonicus NF-YA1 is essential for this process, presumably by regulating three members of the SHORT INTERNODES/STYLISH (STY) transcription factor gene family. In this study, we used combined genetics, genomics and cell biology approaches to characterize the role of STY genes during root nodule formation and to test a hypothesis that they mediate nodule development by stimulating auxin signalling. We show here that L. japonicus STYs are required for nodule emergence. This is attributed to the NF-YA1-dependent regulatory cascade, comprising STY genes and their downstream targets, YUCCA1 and YUCCA11, involved in a local auxin biosynthesis at the post-initial cell division stage. An analogous NF-YA1/STY regulatory module seems to operate in Medicago truncatula in association with the indeterminate nodule patterning. Our data define L. japonicus and M. truncatula NF-YA1 genes as important nodule emergence stage-specific regulators of auxin signalling while indicating that the inductive stage and subsequent formation of early nodule primordia are mediated through an independent mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arina Shrestha
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLondon Research and Development CentreLondonONN5V 4T3Canada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONN6A 5BFCanada
| | - Sihui Zhong
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLondon Research and Development CentreLondonONN5V 4T3Canada
| | - Jasmine Therrien
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLondon Research and Development CentreLondonONN5V 4T3Canada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONN6A 5BFCanada
| | - Terry Huebert
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLondon Research and Development CentreLondonONN5V 4T3Canada
| | - Shusei Sato
- Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku University2‐1‐1 KatahiraSendai980‐8577Japan
| | - Terry Mun
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDK‐8000Denmark
| | - Stig U. Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDK‐8000Denmark
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDK‐8000Denmark
| | - Agnes Lepage
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes‐Microorganismes (LIPM)Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculturel’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
| | - Andreas Niebel
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes‐Microorganismes (LIPM)Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculturel’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
| | - Loretta Ross
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLondon Research and Development CentreLondonONN5V 4T3Canada
| | - Krzysztof Szczyglowski
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLondon Research and Development CentreLondonONN5V 4T3Canada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONN6A 5BFCanada
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117
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Chaulagain D, Frugoli J. The Regulation of Nodule Number in Legumes Is a Balance of Three Signal Transduction Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1117. [PMID: 33498783 PMCID: PMC7866212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen is a major determinant of plant growth and productivity and the ability of legumes to form a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria allows legumes to exploit nitrogen-poor niches in the biosphere. But hosting nitrogen-fixing bacteria comes with a metabolic cost, and the process requires regulation. The symbiosis is regulated through three signal transduction pathways: in response to available nitrogen, at the initiation of contact between the organisms, and during the development of the nodules that will host the rhizobia. Here we provide an overview of our knowledge of how the three signaling pathways operate in space and time, and what we know about the cross-talk between symbiotic signaling for nodule initiation and organogenesis, nitrate dependent signaling, and autoregulation of nodulation. Identification of common components and points of intersection suggest directions for research on the fine-tuning of the plant's response to rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Frugoli
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
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118
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Ratu STN, Teulet A, Miwa H, Masuda S, Nguyen HP, Yasuda M, Sato S, Kaneko T, Hayashi M, Giraud E, Okazaki S. Rhizobia use a pathogenic-like effector to hijack leguminous nodulation signalling. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2034. [PMID: 33479414 PMCID: PMC7820406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Legume plants form a root-nodule symbiosis with rhizobia. This symbiosis establishment generally relies on rhizobium-produced Nod factors (NFs) and their perception by leguminous receptors (NFRs) that trigger nodulation. However, certain rhizobia hijack leguminous nodulation signalling via their type III secretion system, which functions in pathogenic bacteria to deliver effector proteins into host cells. Here, we report that rhizobia use pathogenic-like effectors to hijack legume nodulation signalling. The rhizobial effector Bel2-5 resembles the XopD effector of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris and could induce nitrogen-fixing nodules on soybean nfr mutant. The soybean root transcriptome revealed that Bel2-5 induces expression of cytokinin-related genes, which are important for nodule organogenesis and represses ethylene- and defense-related genes that are deleterious to nodulation. Remarkably, Bel2-5 introduction into a strain unable to nodulate soybean mutant affected in NF perception conferred nodulation ability. Our findings show that rhizobia employ and have customized pathogenic effectors to promote leguminous nodulation signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safirah Tasa Nerves Ratu
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Albin Teulet
- Laboratoire Des Symbioses Tropicales Et Méditerranéennes, Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement, UMR Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement/SupAgro/Institut National de Recherche Pour L'Agriculture, L'Alimentation Et L'Environnement, Université de Montpellier/Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour Le Développement, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Hiroki Miwa
- Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Sachiko Masuda
- Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hien P Nguyen
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Michiko Yasuda
- Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shusei Sato
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takakazu Kaneko
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-Ku, 603-8555, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Eric Giraud
- Laboratoire Des Symbioses Tropicales Et Méditerranéennes, Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement, UMR Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement/SupAgro/Institut National de Recherche Pour L'Agriculture, L'Alimentation Et L'Environnement, Université de Montpellier/Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour Le Développement, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Shin Okazaki
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
- Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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119
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Wanke A, Malisic M, Wawra S, Zuccaro A. Unraveling the sugar code: the role of microbial extracellular glycans in plant-microbe interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:15-35. [PMID: 32929496 PMCID: PMC7816849 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To defend against microbial invaders but also to establish symbiotic programs, plants need to detect the presence of microbes through the perception of molecular signatures characteristic of a whole class of microbes. Among these molecular signatures, extracellular glycans represent a structurally complex and diverse group of biomolecules that has a pivotal role in the molecular dialog between plants and microbes. Secreted glycans and glycoconjugates such as symbiotic lipochitooligosaccharides or immunosuppressive cyclic β-glucans act as microbial messengers that prepare the ground for host colonization. On the other hand, microbial cell surface glycans are important indicators of microbial presence. They are conserved structures normally exposed and thus accessible for plant hydrolytic enzymes and cell surface receptor proteins. While the immunogenic potential of bacterial cell surface glycoconjugates such as lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycan has been intensively studied in the past years, perception of cell surface glycans from filamentous microbes such as fungi or oomycetes is still largely unexplored. To date, only few studies have focused on the role of fungal-derived cell surface glycans other than chitin, highlighting a knowledge gap that needs to be addressed. The objective of this review is to give an overview on the biological functions and perception of microbial extracellular glycans, primarily focusing on their recognition and their contribution to plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wanke
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Milena Malisic
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Wawra
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany
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120
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Xu S, Song S, Dong X, Wang X, Wu J, Ren Z, Wu X, Lu J, Yuan H, Wu X, Li X, Wang Z. GmbZIP1 negatively regulates ABA-induced inhibition of nodulation by targeting GmENOD40-1 in soybean. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:35. [PMID: 33421994 PMCID: PMC7796624 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02810-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in plant growth and adaptation through the ABA signaling pathway. The ABA-responsive element binding (AREB/ABF) family transcriptional factors are central regulators that integrate ABA signaling with various signaling pathways. It has long been known that ABA inhibits rhizobial infection and nodule formation in legumes, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. RESULTS Here, we show that nodulation is very sensitive to ABA and exogenous ABA dramatically inhibits rhizobial infection and nodule formation in soybean. In addition, we proved that GmbZIP1, an AREB/ABF transcription factor, is a major regulator in both nodulation and plant response to ABA in soybean. GmbZIP1 was specifically expressed during nodule formation and development. Overexpression of GmbZIP1 resulted in reduced rhizobial infection and decreased nodule number. Furthermore, GmbZIP1 is responsive to ABA, and ectopic overexpression of GmbZIP1 increased sensitivity of Arabidopsis plants to ABA during seed germination and postgerminative growth, and conferred enhanced drought tolerance of plants. Remarkably, we found that GmbZIP1 directly binds to the promoter of GmENOD40-1, a marker gene for nodule formation, to repress its expression. CONCLUSION Our results identified GmbZIP1 as a node regulator that integrates ABA signaling with nodulation signaling to negatively regulate nodule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Song
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Ziyin Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xuesong Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Huifang Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xinying Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xia Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China.
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121
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The Combined Effects of Gibberellic Acid and Rhizobium on Growth, Yield and Nutritional Status in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). AGRONOMY-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy11010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth regulators and Rhizobium are actively involved in the regulation of flowering, pod formation, nodulation, and ultimately the growth and yield of legumes. However, very limited information is available on the combined effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) and Rhizobium on growth attributes and yield of legume crops. This experiment was designed to fill this gap by studying the performance of chickpea under exogenous application of GA3 (10−4 and 10−5 M) alone and in combination with Rhizobium. Exogenous application of GA3 (10−5 M) combined with rhizobium inoculation gave the highest values for number of nodules per plant (16) and their dry biomass (0.22 g). Moreover, GA3 application and seed inoculation with Rhizobium, when applied singly, significantly enhanced chickpea growth. However, the most promising results were obtained by the inoculation of Rhizobium accompanied with GA3 (10−5 M). Plant height, grain and stover yield, and chlorophyll contents were enhanced up to 35%, 39%, 21%, and 51%, respectively. Likewise, the bioaccumulation of macronutrients (N, P and K) was maximum in plants receiving both Rhizobium inoculation and GA3 application. It is concluded that the combined application of Rhizobium and GA3 has synergistic effects on the growth, yield, and nutrient contents of chickpea.
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122
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Ratu STN, Hirata A, Kalaw CO, Yasuda M, Tabuchi M, Okazaki S. Multiple Domains in the Rhizobial Type III Effector Bel2-5 Determine Symbiotic Efficiency With Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:689064. [PMID: 34163515 PMCID: PMC8215712 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.689064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Bradyrhizobium elkanii utilizes the type III effector Bel2-5 for nodulation in host plants in the absence of Nod factors (NFs). In soybean plants carrying the Rj4 allele, however, Bel2-5 causes restriction of nodulation by triggering immune responses. Bel2-5 shows similarity with XopD of the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and possesses two internal repeat sequences, two ethylene (ET)-responsive element-binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motifs, a nuclear localization signal (NLS), and a ubiquitin-like protease (ULP) domain, which are all conserved in XopD except for the repeat domains. By mutational analysis, we revealed that most of the putative domains/motifs in Bel2-5 were essential for both NF-independent nodulation and nodulation restriction in Rj4 soybean. The expression of soybean symbiosis- and defense-related genes was also significantly altered by inoculation with the bel2-5 domain/motif mutants compared with the expression upon inoculation with wild-type B. elkanii, which was mostly consistent with the phenotypic changes of nodulation in host plants. Notably, the functionality of Bel2-5 was mostly correlated with the growth inhibition effect of Bel2-5 expressed in yeast cells. The nodulation phenotypes of the domain-swapped mutants of Bel2-5 and XopD indicated that both the C-terminal ULP domain and upstream region are required for the Bel2-5-dependent nodulation phenotypes. These results suggest that Bel2-5 interacts with and modifies host targets via these multiple domains to execute both NF-independent symbiosis and nodulation restriction in Rj4 soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safirah Tasa Nerves Ratu
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirata
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Christian Oliver Kalaw
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Michiko Yasuda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Tabuchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Shin Okazaki
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shin Okazaki,
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123
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Solovev YV, Igolkina AA, Kuliaev PO, Sulima AS, Zhukov VA, Porozov YB, Pidko EA, Andronov EE. Towards Understanding Afghanistan Pea Symbiotic Phenotype Through the Molecular Modeling of the Interaction Between LykX-Sym10 Receptor Heterodimer and Nod Factors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:642591. [PMID: 34025691 PMCID: PMC8138044 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.642591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The difference in symbiotic specificity between peas of Afghanistan and European phenotypes was investigated using molecular modeling. Considering segregating amino acid polymorphism, we examined interactions of pea LykX-Sym10 receptor heterodimers with four forms of Nodulation factor (NF) that varied in natural decorations (acetylation and length of the glucosamine chain). First, we showed the stability of the LykX-Sym10 dimer during molecular dynamics (MD) in solvent and in the presence of a membrane. Then, four NFs were separately docked to one European and two Afghanistan dimers, and the results of these interactions were in line with corresponding pea symbiotic phenotypes. The European variant of the LykX-Sym10 dimer effectively interacts with both acetylated and non-acetylated forms of NF, while the Afghanistan variants successfully interact with the acetylated form only. We additionally demonstrated that the length of the NF glucosamine chain contributes to controlling the effectiveness of the symbiotic interaction. The obtained results support a recent hypothesis that the LykX gene is a suitable candidate for the unidentified Sym2 allele, the determinant of pea specificity toward Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strains producing NFs with or without an acetylation decoration. The developed modeling methodology demonstrated its power in multiple searches for genetic determinants, when experimental detection of such determinants has proven extremely difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav V. Solovev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- TheoMAT Research Group, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna A. Igolkina
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- *Correspondence: Anna A. Igolkina,
| | - Pavel O. Kuliaev
- TheoMAT Research Group, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton S. Sulima
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Zhukov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
| | - Yuri B. Porozov
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny A. Pidko
- TheoMAT Research Group, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Inorganic Systems Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Evgeny E. Andronov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Institute, Moscow, Russia
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124
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Ma Y, Chen R. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Signaling and Transport During Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:683601. [PMID: 34239527 PMCID: PMC8258413 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.683601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the two predominant mineral elements, which are not only essential for plant growth and development in general but also play a key role in symbiotic N fixation in legumes. Legume plants have evolved complex signaling networks to respond to both external and internal levels of these macronutrients to optimize symbiotic N fixation in nodules. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) and nitrate (NO3 -) are the two major forms of P and N elements utilized by plants, respectively. Pi starvation and NO3 - application both reduce symbiotic N fixation via similar changes in the nodule gene expression and invoke local and long-distance, systemic responses, of which N-compound feedback regulation of rhizobial nitrogenase activity appears to operate under both conditions. Most of the N and P signaling and transport processes have been investigated in model organisms, such as Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus, Glycine max, Phaseolus vulgaris, Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, etc. We attempted to discuss some of these processes wherever appropriate, to serve as references for a better understanding of the N and P signaling and transport during symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rujin Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Rujin Chen,
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125
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Ma P, Wu L, Xu Y, Xu H, Zhang X, Wang W, Liu C, Wang B. Bulked Segregant RNA-Seq Provides Distinctive Expression Profile Against Powdery Mildew in the Wheat Genotype YD588. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:764978. [PMID: 34925412 PMCID: PMC8677838 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.764978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Wheat powdery mildew, caused by the fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a destructive disease leading to huge yield losses in production. Host resistance can greatly contribute to the control of the disease. To explore potential genes related to the powdery mildew (Pm) resistance, in this study, we used a resistant genotype YD588 to investigate the potential resistance components and profiled its expression in response to powdery mildew infection. Genetic analysis showed that a single dominant gene, tentatively designated PmYD588, conferred resistance to powdery mildew in YD588. Using bulked segregant RNA-Seq (BSR-Seq) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) association analysis, two high-confidence candidate regions were detected in the chromosome arm 2B, spanning 453,752,054-506,356,791 and 584,117,809-664,221,850 bp, respectively. To confirm the candidate region, molecular markers were developed using the BSR-Seq data and mapped PmYD588 to an interval of 4.2 cM by using the markers YTU588-004 and YTU588-008. The physical position was subsequently locked into the interval of 647.1-656.0 Mb, which was different from those of Pm6, Pm33, Pm51, Pm52, Pm63, Pm64, PmQ, PmKN0816, MlZec1, and MlAB10 on the same chromosome arm in its position, suggesting that it is most likely a new Pm gene. To explore the potential regulatory genes of the R gene, 2,973 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the parents and bulks were analyzed using gene ontology (GO), clusters of orthologous group (COG), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Based on the data, we selected 23 potential regulated genes in the enriched pathway of plant-pathogen interaction and detected their temporal expression patterns using an additional set of wheat samples and time-course analysis postinoculation with Bgt. As a result, six disease-related genes showed distinctive expression profiles after Bgt invasion and can serve as key candidates for the dissection of resistance mechanisms and improvement of durable resistance to wheat powdery mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
- *Correspondence: Pengtao Ma,
| | - Liru Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yufei Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenrui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Cheng Liu,
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
- Bo Wang,
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126
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Yang H, Bayer PE, Tirnaz S, Edwards D, Batley J. Genome-Wide Identification and Evolution of Receptor-Like Kinases (RLKs) and Receptor like Proteins (RLPs) in Brassica juncea. BIOLOGY 2020; 10:biology10010017. [PMID: 33396674 PMCID: PMC7823396 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Brassica juncea, an allotetraploid species, is an important germplasm resource for canola improvement, due to its many beneficial agronomic traits, such as heat and drought tolerance and blackleg resistance. Receptor-like kinase (RLK) and receptor-like protein (RLP) genes are two types of resistance gene analogues (RGA) that play important roles in plant innate immunity, stress response and various development processes. In this study, genome wide analysis of RLKs and RLPs is performed in B. juncea. In total, 493 RLKs (LysM-RLKs and LRR-RLKs) and 228 RLPs (LysM-RLPs and LRR-RLPs) are identified in the genome of B. juncea, using RGAugury. Only 13.54% RLKs and 11.79% RLPs are observed to be grouped within gene clusters. The majority of RLKs (90.17%) and RLPs (52.83%) are identified as duplicates, indicating that gene duplications significantly contribute to the expansion of RLK and RLP families. Comparative analysis between B. juncea and its progenitor species, B. rapa and B. nigra, indicate that 83.62% RLKs and 41.98% RLPs are conserved in B. juncea, and RLPs are likely to have a faster evolution than RLKs. This study provides a valuable resource for the identification and characterisation of candidate RLK and RLP genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (H.Y.); (P.E.B.); (S.T.); (D.E.)
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Philipp E. Bayer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (H.Y.); (P.E.B.); (S.T.); (D.E.)
| | - Soodeh Tirnaz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (H.Y.); (P.E.B.); (S.T.); (D.E.)
| | - David Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (H.Y.); (P.E.B.); (S.T.); (D.E.)
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (H.Y.); (P.E.B.); (S.T.); (D.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-6488-5929
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127
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Genome-Wide Analysis of LysM-Containing Gene Family in Wheat: Structural and Phylogenetic Analysis during Development and Defense. Genes (Basel) 2020; 12:genes12010031. [PMID: 33383636 PMCID: PMC7823900 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysin motif (LysM) family comprise a number of defense proteins that play important roles in plant immunity. The LysM family includes LysM-containing receptor-like proteins (LYP) and LysM-containing receptor-like kinase (LYK). LysM generally recognizes the chitin and peptidoglycan derived from bacteria and fungi. Approximately 4000 proteins with the lysin motif (Pfam PF01476) are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Our study identified 57 LysM genes and 60 LysM proteins in wheat and renamed these genes and proteins based on chromosome distribution. According to the phylogenetic and gene structure of intron-exon distribution analysis, the 60 LysM proteins were classified into seven groups. Gene duplication events had occurred among the LysM family members during the evolution process, resulting in an increase in the LysM gene family. Synteny analysis suggested the characteristics of evolution of the LysM family in wheat and other species. Systematic analysis of these species provided a foundation of LysM genes in crop defense. A comprehensive analysis of the expression and cis-elements of LysM gene family members suggested that they play an essential role in defending against plant pathogens. The present study provides an overview of the LysM family in the wheat genome as well as information on systematic, phylogenetic, gene duplication, and intron-exon distribution analyses that will be helpful for future functional analysis of this important protein family, especially in Gramineae species.
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128
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Walker L, Lagunas B, Gifford ML. Determinants of Host Range Specificity in Legume-Rhizobia Symbiosis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:585749. [PMID: 33329456 PMCID: PMC7728800 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.585749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Leguminous plants possess the almost unique ability to enter symbiosis with soil-resident, nitrogen fixing bacteria called rhizobia. During this symbiosis, the bacteria physically colonize specialized organs on the roots of the host plant called nodules, where they reduce atmospheric nitrogen into forms that can be assimilated by the host plant and receive photosynthates in return. In order for nodule development to occur, there is extensive chemical cross-talk between both parties during the formative stages of the symbiosis. The vast majority of the legume family are capable of forming root nodules and typically rhizobia are only able to fix nitrogen within the context of this symbiotic association. However, many legume species only enter productive symbiosis with a few, or even single rhizobial species or strains, and vice-versa. Permitting symbiosis with only rhizobial strains that will be able to fix nitrogen with high efficiency is a crucial strategy for the host plant to prevent cheating by rhizobia. This selectivity is enforced at all stages of the symbiosis, with partner choice beginning during the initial communication between the plant and rhizobia. However, it can also be influenced even once nitrogen-fixing nodules have developed on the root. This review sets out current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms employed by both parties to influence host range during legume-rhizobia symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Walker
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Lagunas
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam L Gifford
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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129
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Stoy KS, Gibson AK, Gerardo NM, Morran LT. A need to consider the evolutionary genetics of host-symbiont mutualisms. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1656-1668. [PMID: 33047414 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the ubiquity and importance of mutualistic interactions, we know little about the evolutionary genetics underlying their long-term persistence. As in antagonistic interactions, mutualistic symbioses are characterized by substantial levels of phenotypic and genetic diversity. In contrast to antagonistic interactions, however, we, by and large, do not understand how this variation arises, how it is maintained, nor its implications for future evolutionary change. Currently, we rely on phenotypic models to address the persistence of mutualistic symbioses, but the success of an interaction almost certainly depends heavily on genetic interactions. In this review, we argue that evolutionary genetic models could provide a framework for understanding the causes and consequences of diversity and why selection may favour processes that maintain variation in mutualistic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla S Stoy
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution Program, Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amanda K Gibson
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Levi T Morran
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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130
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Suzuki M, Numazaki R, Nakagawa T, Shibuya N, Kaku H. Cytoplasmic interaction of LysM receptors contributes to the formation of symbiotic receptor complex. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2020; 37:359-362. [PMID: 33088201 PMCID: PMC7557654 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Receptor complex formation at the cell surface is a key step to initiate downstream signaling but the contribution of this process for the regulation of the direction of downstream responses is not well understood. In the plant-microbe interactions, while CERK1, an Arabidopsis LysM-RLK, mediates chitin-induced immune responses, NFR1, a Lotus homolog of CERK1, regulates the symbiotic process with rhizobial bacteria through the recognition of Nod factors. Concerning the mechanistic insight of the regulation of such apparently opposite biological responses by the structurally related RLKs, Nakagawa et al. previously showed that the addition of YAQ sequence, conserved in NFR1 and other symbiotic LysM-RLKs, to the kinase domain of CERK1 switched downstream responses from defense to symbiosis using a set of chimeric receptors, NFR1-CERK1s. These results indicated that such a subtle difference in the cytoplasmic domain of LysM-RLKs could determine the direction of host responses from defense to symbiosis. On the other hand, it is still not understood how such structural differences in the cytoplasmic domains determine the direction of host responses. We here analyzed the interaction between chimeric NFR1s and NFR5, a partner receptor of NFR1, by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) of these proteins transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. These results indicated that the cytoplasmic interaction between the LysM-RLKs is important for the symbiotic receptor complex formation and the YAQ containing region of NFR1 contributes to trigger symbiotic signaling through the successful formation of NFR1/NFR5 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruya Suzuki
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Ryota Numazaki
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakagawa
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
- E-mail: Tel: +81-44-934-7805 Fax: +81-44-934-7902
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131
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Capstaff NM, Morrison F, Cheema J, Brett P, Hill L, Muñoz-García JC, Khimyak YZ, Domoney C, Miller AJ. Fulvic acid increases forage legume growth inducing preferential up-regulation of nodulation and signalling-related genes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5689-5704. [PMID: 32599619 PMCID: PMC7501823 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of potential biostimulants is of broad interest in plant science for improving yields. The application of a humic derivative called fulvic acid (FA) may improve forage crop production. FA is an uncharacterized mixture of chemicals and, although it has been reported to increase growth parameters in many species including legumes, its mode of action remains unclear. Previous studies of the action of FA have lacked appropriate controls, and few have included field trials. Here we report yield increases due to FA application in three European Medicago sativa cultivars, in studies which include the appropriate nutritional controls which hitherto have not been used. No significant growth stimulation was seen after FA treatment in grass species in this study at the treatment rate tested. Direct application to bacteria increased Rhizobium growth and, in M. sativa trials, root nodulation was stimulated. RNA transcriptional analysis of FA-treated plants revealed up-regulation of many important early nodulation signalling genes after only 3 d. Experiments in plate, glasshouse, and field environments showed yield increases, providing substantial evidence for the use of FA to benefit M. sativa forage production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Capstaff
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Freddie Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Jitender Cheema
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul Brett
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Lionel Hill
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Juan C Muñoz-García
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Yaroslav Z Khimyak
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Claire Domoney
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Anthony J Miller
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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132
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Lin J, Frank M, Reid D. No Home without Hormones: How Plant Hormones Control Legume Nodule Organogenesis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100104. [PMID: 33367261 PMCID: PMC7747975 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of symbiotic nitrogen fixation requires the coordination of both nodule development and infection events. Despite the evolution of a variety of anatomical structures, nodule organs serve a common purpose in establishing a localized area that facilitates efficient nitrogen fixation. As in all plant developmental processes, the establishment of a new nodule organ is regulated by plant hormones. During nodule initiation, regulation of plant hormone signaling is one of the major targets of symbiotic signaling. We review the role of major developmental hormones in the initiation of the nodule organ and argue that the manipulation of plant hormones is a key requirement for engineering nitrogen fixation in non-legumes as the basis for improved food security and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieshun Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manuel Frank
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dugald Reid
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Corresponding author
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133
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Brousseau L, Fine PVA, Dreyer E, Vendramin GG, Scotti I. Genomic and phenotypic divergence unveil microgeographic adaptation in the Amazonian hyperdominant tree Eperua falcata Aubl. (Fabaceae). Mol Ecol 2020; 30:1136-1154. [PMID: 32786115 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant populations can undergo very localized adaptation, allowing widely distributed populations to adapt to divergent habitats in spite of recurrent gene flow. Neotropical trees-whose large and undisturbed populations often span a variety of environmental conditions and local habitats-are particularly good models to study this process. Here, we explore patterns of adaptive divergence from large (i.e., regional) to small (i.e., microgeographic) spatial scales in the hyperdominant Amazonian tree Eperua falcata Aubl. (Fabaceae) under a replicated design involving two microhabitats (~300 m apart) in two study sites (~300 km apart). A three-year reciprocal transplant illustrates that, beyond strong maternal effects and phenotypic plasticity, genetically driven divergence in seedling growth and leaf traits was detected both between seedlings originating from different regions, and between seedlings from different microhabitats. In parallel, a complementary genome scan for selection was carried out through whole-genome sequencing of tree population pools. A set of 290 divergence outlier SNPs was detected at the regional scale (between study sites), while 185 SNPs located in the vicinity of 106 protein-coding genes were detected as replicated outliers between microhabitats within regions. Outlier-surrounding genomic regions are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including plant responses to stress (e.g., oxidative stress, hypoxia and metal toxicity) and biotic interactions. Together with evidence of microgeographic divergence in functional traits, the discovery of genomic candidates for microgeographic adaptive divergence represents a promising advance in our understanding of local adaptation, which probably operates across multiple spatial scales and underpins divergence and diversification in Neotropical trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Brousseau
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Guyane, Université des Antilles, Kourou Cedex, France.,AMAP, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Paul V A Fine
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Erwin Dreyer
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Nancy, France
| | - Giovanni G Vendramin
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR-CNR), National Research Council, Division of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Ivan Scotti
- UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), INRAE, Avignon, France
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134
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Shu H, Luo Z, Peng Z, Wang J. The application of CRISPR/Cas9 in hairy roots to explore the functions of AhNFR1 and AhNFR5 genes during peanut nodulation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:417. [PMID: 32894045 PMCID: PMC7487912 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut is an important legume crop growing worldwide. With the published allotetraploid genomes, further functional studies of the genes in peanut are very critical for crop improvement. CRISPR/Cas9 system is emerging as a robust tool for gene functional study and crop improvement, which haven't been extensively utilized in peanut yet. Peanut plant forms root nodules to fix nitrogen through a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia. In model legumes, the response of plants to rhizobia is initiated by Nod factor receptors (NFRs). However, information about the function of NFRs in peanut is still limited. In this study, we applied the CRISPR/Cas9 tool in peanut hairy root transformation system to explore the function of NFR genes. RESULTS We firstly identified four AhNFR1 genes and two AhNFR5 genes in cultivated peanut (Tifrunner). The gene expression analysis showed that the two AhNFR1 and two AhNFR5 genes had high expression levels in nodulating (Nod+) line E5 compared with non-nodulating (Nod-) line E4 during the process of nodule formation, suggesting their roles in peanut nodulation. To further explore their functions in peanut nodulation, we applied CRISPR technology to create knock-out mutants of AhNFR1 and AhNFR5 genes using hairy root transformation system. The sequencing of these genes in transgenic hairy roots showed that the selected AhNFR1 and AhNFR5 genes were successfully edited by the CRISPR system, demonstrating its efficacy for targeted mutation in allotetraploid peanut. The mutants with editing in the two AhNFR5 genes showed Nod- phenotype, whereas mutants with editing in the two selected AhNFR1 genes could still form nodules after rhizobia inoculation. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that CRISPR-Cas9 could be used in peanut hairy root transformation system for peanut functional genomic studies, specifically on the gene function in roots. By using CRISPR-Cas9 targeting peanut AhNFR genes in hairy root transformation system, we validated the function of AhNFR5 genes in nodule formation in peanut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Shu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014 China
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
| | - Ziliang Luo
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
| | - Ze Peng
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
| | - Jianping Wang
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
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135
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Jia X, Rajib MR, Yin H. Recognition Pattern, Functional Mechanism and Application of Chitin and Chitosan Oligosaccharides in Sustainable Agriculture. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:3508-3521. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200617165915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Application of chitin attracts much attention in the past decades as the second abundant
polysaccharides in the world after cellulose. Chitin oligosaccharides (CTOS) and its deacetylated derivative chitosan
oligosaccharides (COS) were shown great potentiality in agriculture by enhancing plant resistance to abiotic
or biotic stresses, promoting plant growth and yield, improving fruits quality and storage, etc. Those applications
have already served huge economic and social benefits for many years. However, the recognition mode and functional
mechanism of CTOS and COS on plants have gradually revealed just in recent years.
Objective:
Recognition pattern and functional mechanism of CTOS and COS in plant together with application
status of COS in agricultural production will be well described in this review. By which we wish to promote
further development and application of CTOS and COS–related products in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Jia
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mijanur R. Rajib
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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Bozsoki Z, Gysel K, Hansen SB, Lironi D, Krönauer C, Feng F, de Jong N, Vinther M, Kamble M, Thygesen MB, Engholm E, Kofoed C, Fort S, Sullivan JT, Ronson CW, Jensen KJ, Blaise M, Oldroyd G, Stougaard J, Andersen KR, Radutoiu S. Ligand-recognizing motifs in plant LysM
receptors are major determinants of
specificity. Science 2020; 369:663-670. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abb3377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants evolved lysine motif (LysM)
receptors to recognize and parse microbial
elicitors and drive intracellular signaling to
limit or facilitate microbial colonization. We
investigated how chitin and nodulation (Nod)
factor receptors of Lotus
japonicus initiate differential
signaling of immunity or root nodule symbiosis.
Two motifs in the LysM1 domains of these receptors
determine specific recognition of ligands and
discriminate between their in planta functions.
These motifs define the ligand-binding site and
make up the most structurally divergent regions in
cognate Nod factor receptors. An adjacent motif
modulates the specificity for Nod factor
recognition and determines the selection of
compatible rhizobial symbionts in legumes. We also
identified how binding specificities in LysM
receptors can be altered to facilitate Nod factor
recognition and signaling from a chitin receptor,
advancing the prospects of engineering rhizobial
symbiosis into nonlegumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Bozsoki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kira Gysel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simon B. Hansen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Damiano Lironi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christina Krönauer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Feng Feng
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Noor de Jong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maria Vinther
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Manoj Kamble
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel B. Thygesen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ebbe Engholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christian Kofoed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sébastien Fort
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - John T. Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Clive W. Ronson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Knud J. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mickaël Blaise
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Giles Oldroyd
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kasper R. Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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137
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Dephosphorylation of LjMPK6 by Phosphatase LjPP2C is Involved in Regulating Nodule Organogenesis in Lotus japonicus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155565. [PMID: 32756503 PMCID: PMC7432216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) LjMPK6 is a phosphorylation target of SIP2, a MAPK kinase that interacts with SymRK (symbiosis receptor-like kinase) for regulation of legume-rhizobia symbiosis. Both LjMPK6 and SIP2 are required for nodulation in Lotus japonicus. However, the dephosphorylation of LjMPK6 and its regulatory components in nodule development remains unexplored. By yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified a type 2C protein phosphatase, LjPP2C, that specifically interacts with and dephosphorylates LjMPK6 in vitro. Physiological and biochemical assays further suggested that LjPP2C phosphatase is required for dephosphorylation of LjMPK6 in vivo and for fine-tuning nodule development after rhizobial inoculation. A non-phosphorylatable mutant variant LjMPK6 (T224A Y226F) could mimic LjPP2C functioning in MAPK dephosphorylation required for nodule development in hairy root transformed plants. Collectively, our study demonstrates that interaction with LjPP2C phosphatase is required for dephosphorylation of LjMPK6 to fine tune nodule development in L. japonicus.
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138
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Isidra-Arellano MC, Pozas-Rodríguez EA, Del Rocío Reyero-Saavedra M, Arroyo-Canales J, Ferrer-Orgaz S, Del Socorro Sánchez-Correa M, Cardenas L, Covarrubias AA, Valdés-López O. Inhibition of legume nodulation by Pi deficiency is dependent on the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1125-1139. [PMID: 32344464 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of nodule development is one of the main adverse effects of phosphate (Pi) deficiency in legumes. Despite all of the efforts made over the last decades to understand how root nodules cope with Pi deficiency, the molecular mechanisms leading to the reduction in nodule number under Pi deficiency remain elusive. In the present study, we provide experimental evidence indicating that Pi deficiency activates the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway, leading to a reduction in nodule numbers in both common bean and soybean. A transcriptional profile analysis revealed that the expression of the AON-related genes PvNIN, PvRIC1, PvRIC2, and PvTML is upregulated under Pi deficiency conditions. The downregulation of the MYB transcription factor PvPHR1 in common bean roots significantly reduced the expression of these four AON-related genes. Physiological analyses indicated that Pi deficiency does not affect the establishment of the root nodule symbiosis in the supernodulation mutant lines Pvnark and Gmnark. Reciprocal grafting and split-roots analyses determined that the activation of the AON pathway was required for the inhibitory effect of Pi deficiency. Altogether, these data improve our understanding of the genetic mechanisms controlling the establishment of the root nodule symbiosis under Pi deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel C Isidra-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Coyoacan, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Eithan A Pozas-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
| | - María Del Rocío Reyero-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
| | - Jazmin Arroyo-Canales
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
| | - Susana Ferrer-Orgaz
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
| | - María Del Socorro Sánchez-Correa
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
| | - Luis Cardenas
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Alejandra A Covarrubias
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
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139
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Wong JEMM, Gysel K, Birkefeldt TG, Vinther M, Muszyński A, Azadi P, Laursen NS, Sullivan JT, Ronson CW, Stougaard J, Andersen KR. Structural signatures in EPR3 define a unique class of plant carbohydrate receptors. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3797. [PMID: 32732998 PMCID: PMC7392887 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17568-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-mediated perception of surface-exposed carbohydrates like lipo- and exo-polysaccharides (EPS) is important for non-self recognition and responses to microbial associated molecular patterns in mammals and plants. In legumes, EPS are monitored and can either block or promote symbiosis with rhizobia depending on their molecular composition. To establish a deeper understanding of receptors involved in EPS recognition, we determined the structure of the Lotus japonicus (Lotus) exopolysaccharide receptor 3 (EPR3) ectodomain. EPR3 forms a compact structure built of three putative carbohydrate-binding modules (M1, M2 and LysM3). M1 and M2 have unique βαββ and βαβ folds that have not previously been observed in carbohydrate binding proteins, while LysM3 has a canonical βααβ fold. We demonstrate that this configuration is a structural signature for a ubiquitous class of receptors in the plant kingdom. We show that EPR3 is promiscuous, suggesting that plants can monitor complex microbial communities though this class of receptors. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are perceived by legumes and regulate symbiosis with rhizobia. Here the authors describe the structure of the Lotus EPS receptor, EPR3 and show that it has atypical βαββ and βαβ folds that represent a structural signature for a unique class of EPS receptors in the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaslyn E M M Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Kira Gysel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thea G Birkefeldt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maria Vinther
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Artur Muszyński
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Nick S Laursen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - John T Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Clive W Ronson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kasper R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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140
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Wu Y, Li YH, Shang JY, Wang ET, Chen L, Huo B, Sui XH, Tian CF, Chen WF, Chen WX. Multiple Genes of Symbiotic Plasmid and Chromosome in Type II Peanut Bradyrhizobium Strains Corresponding to the Incompatible Symbiosis With Vigna radiata. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1175. [PMID: 32655513 PMCID: PMC7324677 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobia are capable of establishing compatible symbiosis with their hosts of origin and plants in the cross-nodulation group that the hosts of origin belonged to. However, different from the normal peanut Bradyrhizobium (Type I strains), the Type II strains showed incompatible symbiosis with Vigna radiata. Here, we employed transposon mutagenesis to identify the genetic loci related to this incompatibility in Type II strain CCBAU 53363. As results, seven Tn5 transposon insertion mutants resulted in an increase in nodule number on V. radiata. By sequencing analysis of the sequence flanking Tn5 insertion, six mutants were located in the chromosome of CCBAU 53363, respectively encoding acyltransferase (L265) and hypothetical protein (L615)—unique to CCBAU 53363, two hypothetical proteins (L4 and L82), tripartite tricarboxylate transporter substrate binding protein (L373), and sulfur oxidation c-type cytochrome SoxA (L646), while one mutant was in symbiotic plasmid encoding alanine dehydrogenase (L147). Significant differences were observed in L147 gene sequences and the deduced protein 3D structures between the Type II (in symbiotic plasmid) and Type I strains (in chromosome). Conversely, strains in both types shared high homologies in the chromosome genes L373 and L646 and in their protein 3D structures. These data indicated that the symbiotic plasmid gene in Type II strains might have directly affected their symbiosis incompatibility, whereas the chromosome genes might be indirectly involved in this process by regulating the plasmid symbiosis genes. The seven genes may initially explain the complication associated with symbiotic incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Ying Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - En Tao Wang
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - La Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Huo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Hua Sui
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Fu Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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141
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Costa SR, Chin S, Mathesius U. Infection of Medicago truncatula by the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica Does Not Require Early Nodulation Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1050. [PMID: 32733526 PMCID: PMC7363973 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Because of the developmental similarities between root nodules induced by symbiotic rhizobia and root galls formed by parasitic nematodes, we investigated the involvement of nodulation genes in the infection of Medicago truncatula by the root knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne javanica. We found that gall formation, including giant cell formation, pericycle and cortical cell division, as well as egg laying, occurred successfully in the non-nodulating mutants nfp1 (nod factor perception1), nin1 (nodule inception1) and nsp2 (nodulation signaling pathway2) and the cytokinin perception mutant cre1 (cytokinin receptor1). Gall and egg formation were significantly reduced in the ethylene insensitive, hypernodulating mutant skl (sickle), and to a lesser extent, in the low nodulation, abscisic acid insensitive mutant latd/nip (lateral root-organ defective/numerous infections and polyphenolics). Despite its supernodulation phenotype, the sunn4 (super numeric nodules4) mutant, which has lost the ability to autoregulate nodule numbers, did not form excessive numbers of galls. Co-inoculation of roots with nematodes and rhizobia significantly reduced nodule numbers compared to rhizobia-only inoculated roots, but only in the hypernodulation mutant skl. Thus, this effect is likely to be influenced by ethylene signaling, but is not likely explained by resource competition between galls and nodules. Co-inoculation with rhizobia also reduced gall numbers compared to nematode-only infected roots, but only in the wild type. Therefore, the protective effect of rhizobia on nematode infection does not clearly depend on nodule number or on Nod factor signaling. Our study demonstrates that early nodulation genes that are essential for successful nodule development are not necessary for nematode-induced gall formation, that gall formation is not under autoregulation of nodulation control, and that ethylene signaling plays a positive role in successful RKN parasitism in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia R. Costa
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- CBMA—Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sabrina Chin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Hashimoto S, Goto K, Pyromyou P, Songwattana P, Greetatorn T, Tittabutr P, Boonkerd N, Teaumroong N, Uchiumi T. Type III Secretion System of Bradyrhizobium sp. SUTN9-2 Obstructs Symbiosis with Lotus spp. Microbes Environ 2020; 35. [PMID: 32611950 PMCID: PMC7511788 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me20041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhizobial type III secretion system secretes effector proteins into host plant cells, which may either promote or inhibit symbiosis with legumes. We herein demonstrated that the type III secretion system of Bradyrhizobium sp. SUTN9-2 obstructed symbiosis with Lotus japonicus Miyakojima, L. japonicus Gifu, and Lotus burttii. A mutant of SUTN9-2 that is unable to secrete effector proteins showed better nodulation and plant growth promotion than wild-type SUTN9-2 when paired with these Lotus spp. We propose that SUTN9-2 is a useful strain for understanding the mechanisms by which effector proteins obstruct symbiosis between Bradyrhizobium and Lotus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | - Kohki Goto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | - Pongdet Pyromyou
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology
| | - Pongpan Songwattana
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology
| | - Teerana Greetatorn
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology
| | - Panlada Tittabutr
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology
| | - Nantakorn Boonkerd
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology
| | - Neung Teaumroong
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology
| | - Toshiki Uchiumi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
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143
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Restrepo-Montoya D, Brueggeman R, McClean PE, Osorno JM. Computational identification of receptor-like kinases "RLK" and receptor-like proteins "RLP" in legumes. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:459. [PMID: 32620079 PMCID: PMC7333395 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In plants, the plasma membrane is enclosed by the cell wall and anchors RLK and RLP proteins, which play a fundamental role in perception of developmental and environmental cues and are crucial in plant development and immunity. These plasma membrane receptors belong to large gene/protein families that are not easily classified computationally. This detailed analysis of these plasma membrane proteins brings a new source of information to the legume genetic, physiology and breeding research communities. Results A computational approach to identify and classify RLK and RLP proteins is presented. The strategy was evaluated using experimentally-validated RLK and RLP proteins and was determined to have a sensitivity of over 0.85, a specificity of 1.00, and a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.91. The computational approach can be used to develop a detailed catalog of plasma membrane receptors (by type and domains) in several legume/crop species. The exclusive domains identified in legumes for RLKs are WaaY, APH Pkinase_C, LRR_2, and EGF, and for RLP are L-lectin LPRY and PAN_4. The RLK-nonRD and RLCK subclasses are also discovered by the methodology. In both classes, less than 20% of the total RLK predicted for each species belong to this class. Among the 10-species evaluated ~ 40% of the proteins in the kinome are RLKs. The exclusive legume domain combinations identified are B-Lectin/PR5K domains in G. max, M. truncatula, V. angularis, and V. unguiculata and a three-domain combination B-lectin/S-locus/WAK in C. cajan, M. truncatula, P. vulgaris, V. angularis. and V. unguiculata. Conclusions The analysis suggests that about 2% of the proteins of each genome belong to the RLK family and less than 1% belong to RLP family. Domain diversity combinations are greater for RLKs compared with the RLP proteins and LRR domains, and the dual domain combination LRR/Malectin were the most frequent domain for both groups of plasma membrane receptors among legume and non-legume species. Legumes exclusively show Pkinase extracellular domains, and atypical domain combinations in RLK and RLP compared with the non-legumes evaluated. The computational logic approach is statistically well supported and can be used with the proteomes of other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Restrepo-Montoya
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105-6050, USA. .,Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
| | - Robert Brueggeman
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, PO Box 6050, Dept. 7660, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Phillip E McClean
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105-6050, USA. .,Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
| | - Juan M Osorno
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
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144
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Takashima T, Sunagawa R, Uechi K, Taira T. Antifungal activities of LysM-domain multimers and their fusion chitinases. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:1295-1302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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145
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Cannon AE, Yan C, Burks DJ, Rao X, Azad RK, Chapman KD. Lipophilic signals lead to organ-specific gene expression changes in Arabidopsis seedlings. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00242. [PMID: 32775951 PMCID: PMC7403840 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In plants, N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are most abundant in desiccated seeds and their levels decline during germination and early seedling establishment. However, endogenous NAE levels rise in seedlings when ABA or environmental stress is applied, and this results in an inhibition of further seedling development. When the most abundant, polyunsaturated NAEs of linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) were exogenously applied, seedling development was affected in an organ-specific manner. NAE 18:2 primarily affected primary root elongation and NAE 18:3 primarily affected cotyledon greening and expansion and overall seedling growth. The molecular components and signaling mechanisms involved in this pathway are not well understood. In addition, the bifurcating nature of this pathway provides a unique system in which to study the spatial aspects and interaction of these lipid-specific and organ-targeted signaling pathways. Using whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and differential expression analysis, we identified early (1-3 hr) transcriptional changes induced by the exogenous treatment of NAE 18:2 and NAE 18:3 in cotyledons, roots, and seedlings. These two treatments led to a significant enrichment in ABA-response and chitin-response genes in organs where the treatments led to changes in development. In Arabidopsis seedlings, NAE 18:2 treatment led to the repression of genes involved in cell wall biogenesis and organization in roots and seedlings. In addition, cotyledons, roots, and seedlings treated with NAE 18:3 also showed a decrease in transcripts that encode proteins involved in growth processes. NAE 18:3 also led to changes in the abundance of transcripts involved in the modulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis and catabolism in cotyledons. Overall, NAE 18:2 and NAE 18:3 treatment led to lipid-type and organ-specific gene expression changes that include overlapping and non-overlapping gene sets. These data will provide future, rich opportunities to examine the genetic pathways involved in transducing early signals into downstream physiological changes in seedling growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E. Cannon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Chengshi Yan
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - David J. Burks
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Xiaolan Rao
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Rajeev K. Azad
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
- Department of MathematicsUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
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146
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Fürst-Jansen JMR, de Vries S, de Vries J. Evo-physio: on stress responses and the earliest land plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3254-3269. [PMID: 31922568 PMCID: PMC7289718 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Embryophytes (land plants) can be found in almost any habitat on the Earth's surface. All of this ecologically diverse embryophytic flora arose from algae through a singular evolutionary event. Traits that were, by their nature, indispensable for the singular conquest of land by plants were those that are key for overcoming terrestrial stressors. Not surprisingly, the biology of land plant cells is shaped by a core signaling network that connects environmental cues, such as stressors, to the appropriate responses-which, thus, modulate growth and physiology. When did this network emerge? Was it already present when plant terrestrialization was in its infancy? A comparative approach between land plants and their algal relatives, the streptophyte algae, allows us to tackle such questions and resolve parts of the biology of the earliest land plants. Exploring the biology of the earliest land plants might shed light on exactly how they overcame the challenges of terrestrialization. Here, we outline the approaches and rationale underlying comparative analyses towards inferring the genetic toolkit for the stress response that aided the earliest land plants in their conquest of land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M R Fürst-Jansen
- University of Göttingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sophie de Vries
- Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- University of Göttingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Göttingen, Germany
- University of Göttingen, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
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147
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Skiada V, Avramidou M, Bonfante P, Genre A, Papadopoulou KK. An endophytic Fusarium-legume association is partially dependent on the common symbiotic signalling pathway. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1429-1444. [PMID: 31997356 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Legumes interact with a wide range of microbes in their root systems, ranging from beneficial symbionts to pathogens. Symbiotic rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal glomeromycetes trigger a so-called common symbiotic signalling pathway (CSSP), including the induction of nuclear calcium spiking in the root epidermis. By combining gene expression analysis, mutant phenotypic screening and analysis of nuclear calcium elevations, we demonstrate that recognition of an endophytic Fusarium solani strain K (FsK) in model legumes is initiated via perception of chitooligosaccharidic molecules and is, at least partially, CSSP-dependent. FsK induced the expression of Lysin-motif receptors for chitin-based molecules, CSSP members and CSSP-dependent genes in Lotus japonicus. In LysM and CSSP mutant/RNAi lines, root penetration and fungal intraradical progression was either stimulated or limited, whereas FsK exudates triggered CSSP-dependent nuclear calcium spiking, in epidermal cells of Medicago truncatula root organ cultures. Our results corroborate CSSP being involved in the perception of signals from other microbes beyond the restricted group of symbiotic interactions sensu stricto.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Skiada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, 41500, Greece
| | - Marianna Avramidou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, 41500, Greece
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Kalliope K Papadopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, 41500, Greece
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148
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Dievart A, Gottin C, Périn C, Ranwez V, Chantret N. Origin and Diversity of Plant Receptor-Like Kinases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:131-156. [PMID: 32186895 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-073019-025927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Because of their high level of diversity and complex evolutionary histories, most studies on plant receptor-like kinase subfamilies have focused on their kinase domains. With the large amount of genome sequence data available today, particularly on basal land plants and Charophyta, more attention should be paid to primary events that shaped the diversity of the RLK gene family. We thus focus on the motifs and domains found in association with kinase domains to illustrate their origin, organization, and evolutionary dynamics. We discuss when these different domain associations first occurred and how they evolved, based on a literature review complemented by some of our unpublished results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Dievart
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France;
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Gottin
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France;
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Périn
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France;
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Ranwez
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Chantret
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
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149
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Lin B, Qing X, Liao J, Zhuo K. Role of Protein Glycosylation in Host-Pathogen Interaction. Cells 2020; 9:E1022. [PMID: 32326128 PMCID: PMC7226260 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions are fundamental to our understanding of infectious diseases. Protein glycosylation is one kind of common post-translational modification, forming glycoproteins and modulating numerous important biological processes. It also occurs in host-pathogen interaction, affecting host resistance or pathogen virulence often because glycans regulate protein conformation, activity, and stability, etc. This review summarizes various roles of different glycoproteins during the interaction, which include: host glycoproteins prevent pathogens as barriers; pathogen glycoproteins promote pathogens to attack host proteins as weapons; pathogens glycosylate proteins of the host to enhance virulence; and hosts sense pathogen glycoproteins to induce resistance. In addition, this review also intends to summarize the roles of lectin (a class of protein entangled with glycoprotein) in host-pathogen interactions, including bacterial adhesins, viral lectins or host lectins. Although these studies show the importance of protein glycosylation in host-pathogen interaction, much remains to be discovered about the interaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xue Qing
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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150
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Bu F, Rutten L, Roswanjaya YP, Kulikova O, Rodriguez‐Franco M, Ott T, Bisseling T, van Zeijl A, Geurts R. Mutant analysis in the nonlegume Parasponia andersonii identifies NIN and NF-YA1 transcription factors as a core genetic network in nitrogen-fixing nodule symbioses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:541-554. [PMID: 31863481 PMCID: PMC7154530 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
●Nitrogen-fixing nodulation occurs in 10 taxonomic lineages, with either rhizobia or Frankia bacteria. To establish such an endosymbiosis, two processes are essential: nodule organogenesis and intracellular bacterial infection. In the legume-rhizobium endosymbiosis, both processes are guarded by the transcription factor NODULE INCEPTION (NIN) and its downstream target genes of the NUCLEAR FACTOR Y (NF-Y) complex. ●It is hypothesized that nodulation has a single evolutionary origin c. 110 Ma, followed by many independent losses. Despite a significant body of knowledge of the legume-rhizobium symbiosis, it remains elusive which signalling modules are shared between nodulating species in different taxonomic clades. We used Parasponia andersonii to investigate the role of NIN and NF-YA genes in rhizobium nodulation in a nonlegume system. ●Consistent with legumes, P. andersonii PanNIN and PanNF-YA1 are coexpressed in nodules. By analyzing single, double and higher-order CRISPR-Cas9 knockout mutants, we show that nodule organogenesis and early symbiotic expression of PanNF-YA1 are PanNIN-dependent and that PanNF-YA1 is specifically required for intracellular rhizobium infection. ●This demonstrates that NIN and NF-YA1 have conserved symbiotic functions. As Parasponia and legumes diverged soon after the birth of the nodulation trait, we argue that NIN and NF-YA1 represent core transcriptional regulators in this symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Bu
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyDepartment of Plant ScienceWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Luuk Rutten
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyDepartment of Plant ScienceWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Yuda Purwana Roswanjaya
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyDepartment of Plant ScienceWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
- Center of Technology for Agricultural ProductionAgency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT)10340JakartaIndonesia
| | - Olga Kulikova
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyDepartment of Plant ScienceWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Ott
- Cell BiologyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
| | - Ton Bisseling
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyDepartment of Plant ScienceWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Arjan van Zeijl
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyDepartment of Plant ScienceWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Rene Geurts
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyDepartment of Plant ScienceWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
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