101
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Special Issue "Recent Progress in Hepatitis A Virus Research". Viruses 2022; 14:v14061138. [PMID: 35746610 PMCID: PMC9227007 DOI: 10.3390/v14061138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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102
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Morris-Love J, Atwood WJ. Complexities of JC Polyomavirus Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms of Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:1130. [PMID: 35746603 PMCID: PMC9228512 DOI: 10.3390/v14061130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a small non-enveloped virus that establishes lifelong, persistent infection in most of the adult population. Immune-competent patients are generally asymptomatic, but immune-compromised and immune-suppressed patients are at risk for the neurodegenerative disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Studies with purified JCPyV found it undergoes receptor-dependent infectious entry requiring both lactoseries tetrasaccharide C (LSTc) attachment and 5-hydroxytryptamine type 2 entry receptors. Subsequent work discovered the major targets of JCPyV infection in the central nervous system (oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) do not express the required attachment receptor at detectable levels, virus could not bind these cells in tissue sections, and viral quasi-species harboring recurrent mutations in the binding pocket for attachment. While several research groups found evidence JCPyV can use novel receptors for infection, it was also discovered that extracellular vesicles (EVs) can mediate receptor independent JCPyV infection. Recent work also found JCPyV associated EVs include both exosomes and secretory autophagosomes. EVs effectively present a means of immune evasion and increased tissue tropism that complicates viral studies and anti-viral therapeutics. This review focuses on JCPyV infection mechanisms and EV associated and outlines key areas of study necessary to understand the interplay between virus and extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Morris-Love
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Walter J. Atwood
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
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103
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Chu Q, Li J, Chen J, Yuan Z. HBV induced the discharge of intrinsic antiviral miRNAs in HBV-replicating hepatocytes via extracellular vesicles to facilitate its replication. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35604380 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), which can cause chronic hepatitis B, has sophisticated machinery to establish persistent infection. Here, we report a novel mechanism whereby HBV changed miRNA packaging into extracellular vesicles (EVs) to facilitate replication. Disruption of the miRNA machinery in hepatocytes enhanced HBV replication, indicating an intrinsic miRNA-mediated antiviral state. Interference with EV release only decreased HBV replication if there was normal miRNA biogenesis, suggesting a possible link between HBV replication and EV-associated miRNAs. Microarray and qPCR analyses revealed that HBV replication changed miRNA expression in EVs. EV incubation, transfection of miRNA mimics and inhibitors, and functional pathway and network analyses showed that EV miRNAs are associated with antiviral function, suggesting that to promote survival HBV coopts EVs to excrete anti-HBV intracellular miRNAs. These data suggest a novel mechanism by which HBV maintains its replication, which has therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jieliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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104
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Tey SK, Lam H, Wong SWK, Zhao H, To KKW, Yam JWP. ACE2-enriched extracellular vesicles enhance infectivity of live SARS-CoV-2 virus. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12231. [PMID: 35582880 PMCID: PMC9115585 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sze Keong Tey
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Pokfulam, People's Republic of China.,School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hoiyan Lam
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Pokfulam, People's Republic of China
| | - Samuel Wan Ki Wong
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Pokfulam, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Pokfulam, People's Republic of China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Judy Wai Ping Yam
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Pokfulam, People's Republic of China
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105
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Novel flavonoid hybrids as potent antiviral agents against hepatitis A: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114452. [PMID: 35597006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two series of flavonoid hybrids, totaling 42 compounds, were designed, synthesized and evaluated to develop antiviral compounds effective against hepatitis A virus (HAV). A recombinant viral screening system revealed that most of the synthesized derivatives exhibited significant anti-HAV activity, and compounds B2, B3, B5 and B27 were identified as potential inhibitors of HAV. Post-treatment of cells with B2, B3, B5 and B27 after HAV infection strongly suppressed HAV infection, whereas pretreatment or simultaneous treatment were ineffective. Furthermore, these four compounds significantly inhibited HAV (HM175/18f strain) production in a dose-dependent manner. Analyses using HAV subgenomic replicon systems indicated that these compounds specifically inhibit HAV RNA replication. More importantly, the most potent compounds B2 and B27 also showed clear inhibitory effects on two other HAV strains, KRM031 and TKM005, which also isolated from clinical patients. Our study is the first to report these newly designed flavonoid hybrids as lead compounds for the development of novel anti-HAV drugs.
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106
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Perdoncini Carvalho C, Ren R, Han J, Qu F. Natural Selection, Intracellular Bottlenecks of Virus Populations, and Viral Superinfection Exclusion. Annu Rev Virol 2022; 9:121-137. [PMID: 35567296 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100520-114758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural selection acts on cellular organisms by ensuring the genes responsible for an advantageous phenotype consistently reap the phenotypic advantage. This is possible because reproductive cells of these organisms are almost always haploid, separating the beneficial gene from its rival allele at every generation. How natural selection acts on plus-strand RNA viruses is unclear because these viruses frequently load host cells with numerous genome copies and replicate thousands of progeny genomes in each cell. Recent studies suggest that these viruses encode the Bottleneck, Isolate, Amplify, Select (BIAS) mechanism that blocks all but a few viral genome copies from replication, thus creating the environment in which the bottleneck-escaping viral genome copies are isolated from each other, allowing natural selection to reward beneficial mutations and purge lethal errors. This BIAS mechanism also blocks the genomes of highly homologous superinfecting viruses, thus explaining cellular-level superinfection exclusion. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 9 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruifan Ren
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA;
| | - Junping Han
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA;
| | - Feng Qu
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA;
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107
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Wang H, Li W, Zheng SJ. Advances on Innate Immune Evasion by Avian Immunosuppressive Viruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:901913. [PMID: 35634318 PMCID: PMC9133627 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.901913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is not only the first line of host defense against pathogenic infection, but also the cornerstone of adaptive immune response. Upon pathogenic infection, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of host engage pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of pathogens, which initiates IFN production by activating interferon regulatory transcription factors (IRFs), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and/or activating protein-1 (AP-1) signal transduction pathways in host cells. In order to replicate and survive, pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to evade host innate immune responses, including IFN-I signal transduction, autophagy, apoptosis, necrosis, inflammasome and/or metabolic pathways. Some avian viruses may not be highly pathogenic but they have evolved varied strategies to evade or suppress host immune response for survival, causing huge impacts on the poultry industry worldwide. In this review, we focus on the advances on innate immune evasion by several important avian immunosuppressive viruses (infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Marek’s disease virus (MDV), avian leukosis virus (ALV), etc.), especially their evasion of PRRs-mediated signal transduction pathways (IFN-I signal transduction pathway) and IFNAR-JAK-STAT signal pathways. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanism by which avian viruses evade or suppress host immune responses will be of help to the development of novel vaccines and therapeutic reagents for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongnuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shijun J. Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shijun J. Zheng,
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108
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Zhang M, Altan-Bonnet N, Shen Y, Shuai D. Waterborne Human Pathogenic Viruses in Complex Microbial Communities: Environmental Implication on Virus Infectivity, Persistence, and Disinfection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5381-5389. [PMID: 35434991 PMCID: PMC9073700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne human pathogenic viruses challenge global health and economy. Viruses were long believed to transmit among hosts as individual, free particles. However, recent evidence indicates that viruses also transmit in populations, so-called en bloc transmission, by either interacting with coexisting bacteria, free-living amoebas, and other higher organisms through endosymbiosis and surface binding, or by being clustered inside membrane-bound vesicles or simply self-aggregating with themselves. En bloc transmission of viruses and virus-microbiome interactions could enable viruses to enhance their infectivity, increase environmental persistence, and resist inactivation from disinfection. Overlooking this type of transmission and virus-microbiome interactions may underestimate the environmental and public health risks of the viruses. We herein provide a critical perspective on waterborne human pathogenic viruses in complex microbial communities to elucidate the environmental implication of virus-microbiome interactions on virus infectivity, persistence, and disinfection. This perspective also provides insights on advancing disinfection and sanitation guidelines and regulations to protect the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Nihal Altan-Bonnet
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Danmeng Shuai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
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109
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Yin L, Shen X, Yin D, Wang J, Zhao R, Dai Y, Pan X. Characteristics of the MicroRNA Expression Profile of Exosomes Released by Vero Cells Infected with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040806. [PMID: 35458536 PMCID: PMC9025164 DOI: 10.3390/v14040806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles actively secreted by a variety of cells. They contain regulated microRNA (miRNA), allowing them to function in intercellular communication. In the present study, the role of exosomal miRNAs in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection was investigated using exosomes isolated from Vero cells infected with PEDV. The results of transmission electron microscopy observation showed that the exosomes are spherical in shape, uniform in size, and negatively stained in the membrane. Nanoparticle tracking analysis showed that the average exosome particle size is 130.5 nm. The results of miRNA sequencing showed that, compared with the control group, a total of 115 miRNAs are abnormally expressed in the exosomes of infected cells. Of these, 80 miRNAs are significantly upregulated and 35 miRNAs are significantly downregulated. Functional annotation analysis showed that the differentially expressed miRNAs are associated with PEDV infection through interaction with the cAMP, Hippo, TGF-beta, HIF-1, FoxO, MAPK, and Ras signaling pathways. Thus, our findings provide important information about the effects of PEDV infection on exosomal miRNA expression and will aid the search for potential anti-PEDV drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (L.Y.); (X.S.); (D.Y.); (J.W.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xuehuai Shen
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (L.Y.); (X.S.); (D.Y.); (J.W.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Dongdong Yin
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (L.Y.); (X.S.); (D.Y.); (J.W.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jieru Wang
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (L.Y.); (X.S.); (D.Y.); (J.W.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ruihong Zhao
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (L.Y.); (X.S.); (D.Y.); (J.W.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yin Dai
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (L.Y.); (X.S.); (D.Y.); (J.W.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaocheng Pan
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (L.Y.); (X.S.); (D.Y.); (J.W.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
- Correspondence:
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110
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Xuan Y, Chen C, Wen Z, Wang DW. The Roles of Cardiac Fibroblasts and Endothelial Cells in Myocarditis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:882027. [PMID: 35463742 PMCID: PMC9022788 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.882027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In myocarditis caused by various etiologies, activated immune cells and the immune regulatory factors released by them play important roles. But in this complex microenvironment, non-immune cells and non-cardiomyocytes in the heart, such as cardiomyocytes (CMs), cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and endothelial cells (ECs), play the role of “sentinel”, amplify inflammation, and interact with the cardiomyocytes. The complex interactions between them are rarely paid attention to. This review will re-examine the functions of CFs and ECs in the pathological conditions of myocarditis and their direct and indirect interactions with CMs, in order to have a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of myocarditis and better guide the drug development and clinical treatment of myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunling Xuan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Wen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Zheng Wen
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
- Dao Wen Wang
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111
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Dugan AE, Peiffer AL, Kiessling LL. Advances in glycoscience to understand viral infection and colonization. Nat Methods 2022; 19:384-387. [PMID: 35396476 PMCID: PMC11194102 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between carbohydrates and the proteins that bind them, (i.e., lectins), are often some of the first between a host cell and a viral invader. With its highly glycosylated spike protein, SARS-CoV2 is no exception. Interrogating glycosylation is vital for understanding viral infection, yet it has been a challenge. Improvement in methods ranging from mass spectrometry to glycan arrays and modeling simulations are yielding atomic-level information about the glycans that decorate viruses and host cells alike. Through these developments, we are unmasking the sophisticated glycan trickery viruses use. These advances and insights can lead to new types of antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Dugan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amanda L Peiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura L Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- The Koch Integrative Cancer Research Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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112
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Ghanam J, Chetty VK, Barthel L, Reinhardt D, Hoyer PF, Thakur BK. DNA in extracellular vesicles: from evolution to its current application in health and disease. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:37. [PMID: 35346363 PMCID: PMC8961894 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion is a highly conserved evolutionary trait in all organisms in the three domains of life. The packaging and release of EVs appears to be a bulk-flow process which takes place mainly under extreme conditions. EVs participate in horizontal gene transfer, which supports the survival of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes. In higher eukaryotes, almost all cells secrete a heterogeneous population of EVs loaded with various biomolecules. EV secretion is typically higher in cancer microenvironments, promoting tumor progression and metastasis. EVs are now recognized as additional mediators of autocrine and paracrine communication in health and disease. In this context, proteins and RNAs have been studied the most, but extracellular vesicle DNA (EV-DNA) has started to gain in importance in the last few years. In this review, we summarize new findings related to the loading mechanism(s), localization, and post-shedding function of EV-DNA. We also discuss the feasibility of using EV-DNA as a biomarker when performing a liquid biopsy, at the same time emphasizing the lack of data from clinical trials in this regard. Finally, we outline the potential of EV-DNA uptake and its interaction with the host genome as a promising tool for understanding the mechanisms of cancer evolution. Protecting DNA in membrane vesicles seems to be a conserved phenomenon for the horizontal genetic flux between prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes. Capturing and analyzing this vesicular DNA enables quick and non-invasive monitoring of natural ecosystems. Cancer-derived extracellular vesicles containing DNA open up novel directions in cell-to-cell communication and therefore disease monitoring. Complex and fluctuating conditions of the tumor microenvironment, mimicking natural ecosystems, could favor EV-DNA release, mediating tumor multi-clonal evolution and providing survival benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Ghanam
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Venkatesh Kumar Chetty
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Lennart Barthel
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhardt
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter-Friedrich Hoyer
- Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Basant Kumar Thakur
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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113
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Tréguier Y, Bull-Maurer A, Roingeard P. Apolipoprotein E, a Crucial Cellular Protein in the Lifecycle of Hepatitis Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073676. [PMID: 35409035 PMCID: PMC8998859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a multifunctional protein expressed in several tissues, including those of the liver. This lipoprotein component is responsible for maintaining lipid content homeostasis at the plasma and tissue levels by transporting lipids between the liver and peripheral tissues. The ability of ApoE to interact with host-cell surface receptors and its involvement in several cellular pathways raised questions about the hijacking of ApoE by hepatotropic viruses. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was the first hepatitis virus reported to be dependent on ApoE for the completion of its lifecycle, with ApoE being part of the viral particle, mediating its entry into host cells and contributing to viral morphogenesis. Recent studies of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) lifecycle have revealed that this virus and its subviral envelope particles also incorporate ApoE. ApoE favors HBV entry and is crucial for the morphogenesis of infectious particles, through its interaction with HBV envelope glycoproteins. This review summarizes the data highlighting the crucial role of ApoE in the lifecycles of HBV and HCV and discusses its potential role in the lifecycle of other hepatotropic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Tréguier
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France; (Y.T.); (A.B.-M.)
| | - Anne Bull-Maurer
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France; (Y.T.); (A.B.-M.)
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France; (Y.T.); (A.B.-M.)
- Plateforme IBiSA des Microscopies, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-0247-366-232
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114
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PPRV-Induced Autophagy Facilitates Infectious Virus Transmission by the Exosomal Pathway. J Virol 2022; 96:e0024422. [PMID: 35319226 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00244-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is an important pathogen that seriously influences the productivity of small ruminants worldwide. We showed previously that PPRV induced sustained autophagy for their replication in host cells. Many studies have shown that exosomes released from virus-infected cells contain a variety of viral and host cellular factors that are able to modulate the recipient's cellular response and result in productive infection of the recipient host. Here, we show that PPRV infection results in packaging of the viral genomic RNA and partial viral proteins into exosomes of Vero cells and upregulates exosome secretion. We provide evidence showing that the exosomal viral cargo can be transferred to and establish productive infection in a new target cell. Importantly, our study reveals that PPRV-induced autophagy enhances exosome secretion and exosome-mediated virus transmission. Additionally, our data show that TSG101 may be involved in the sorting of the infectious PPRV RNA into exosomes to facilitate the release of PPRV through the exosomal pathway. Taken together, our results suggest a novel mechanism involving autophagy and exosome-mediated PPRV intercellular transmission. IMPORTANCE Autophagy plays an important role in PPRV pathogenesis. The role of exosomes in viral infections is beginning to be appreciated. The present study examined the role of autophagy in secretion of infectious PPRV from Vero cells. Our data provided the first direct evidence that ATG7-mediated autophagy enhances exosome secretion and exosome-mediated PPRV transmission. TSG101 may be involved in the sorting of the infectious PPRV RNA genomes into exosomes to facilitate the release of PPRV through the exosomal pathway. Inhibition of PPRV-induced autophagy or TSG101 expression could be used as a strategy to block exosome-mediated virus transmission.
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115
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Fan B, Gu J, Wu J, Sun Y, Huang R, Shen H, Zhang X, Li Z. Circulating Abnormal Extracellular Vesicles: Their Mechanism for Crossing Blood-Brain Barrier, Effects on Central Nervous System and Detection Methods. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2022; 18:640-659. [PMID: 35715917 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are difficult to treat and harmful. Many CNS diseases are secondary to peripheral diseases, such as tumor brain metastases (BMS), viral infections and inflammation of the brain, and their pathogenic factors travel through the circulatory system to the brain, eventually leading to lesions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in this process. Recent studies have shown that, extracellular EVs can effectively cross the blood- brain barrier (BBB) through endocytosis and they transmit molecular signals in cell-to-cell communication. Abnormal EVs produced in the lesion portion transport pathogenic factors, including miRNAs, proteins, and virions into the CNS. These pathogenic factors participate in cellular pathways to interfere with homeostasis or are themselves pathogens that directly damage CNS. In addition, different or specific pathological molecules in EVs are potential disease markers. We herein reviewed pathways through which the abnormal EVs cross BBB and adverse effects of abnormal exosomes. We also and summarized their existing detection techniques, so as to provide basis for prevention and early diagnosis of secondary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyue Fan
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jiaqi Gu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yifan Sun
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Rongrong Huang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Han Shen
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
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McNamara RP, Zhou Y, Eason AB, Landis JT, Chambers MG, Willcox S, Peterson TA, Schouest B, Maness NJ, MacLean AG, Costantini LM, Griffith JD, Dittmer DP. Imaging of surface microdomains on individual extracellular vesicles in 3-D. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12191. [PMID: 35234354 PMCID: PMC8888793 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted from all cell types and are intimately involved in tissue homeostasis. They are being explored as vaccine and gene therapy platforms, as well as potential biomarkers. As their size is below the diffraction limit of light microscopy, direct visualizations have been daunting and single-particle studies under physiological conditions have been hampered. Here, direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) was employed to visualize EVs in three-dimensions and to localize molecule clusters such as the tetraspanins CD81 and CD9 on the surface of individual EVs. These studies demonstrate the existence of membrane microdomains on EVs. These were confirmed by Cryo-EM. Individual particle visualization provided insights into the heterogeneity, structure, and complexity of EVs not previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. McNamara
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CentreThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CentreThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Anthony B. Eason
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CentreThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Justin T. Landis
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CentreThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Meredith G. Chambers
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CentreThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Smaranda Willcox
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CentreThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Tiffany A. Peterson
- Tulane National Primate Research CentreTulane UniversityCovingtonLouisianaUSA
| | - Blake Schouest
- Tulane National Primate Research CentreTulane UniversityCovingtonLouisianaUSA
| | - Nicholas J. Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research CentreTulane UniversityCovingtonLouisianaUSA
| | - Andrew G. MacLean
- Tulane National Primate Research CentreTulane UniversityCovingtonLouisianaUSA
| | - Lindsey M. Costantini
- Department of Biological and Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina Central UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jack D. Griffith
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CentreThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Dirk Peter Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CentreThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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117
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Rudy MJ, Coughlan C, Hixon AM, Clarke P, Tyler KL. Density Analysis of Enterovirus D68 Shows Viral Particles Can Associate with Exosomes. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0245221. [PMID: 35170992 PMCID: PMC8849102 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02452-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging pathogen which causes respiratory disease and is associated with an acute flaccid myelitis that predominately affects children. EV-D68 can infect motor neurons, causing cell death and a loss of motor control leading to flaccid paralysis. However, it remains unknown how viral particles gain entry into the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we show that three distinct densities of EV-D68 particle can be isolated from infected muscle and neural cell lines (RD and SH-SY5Y) using high-speed density centrifugation to separate cell supernatant. The lowest-density peak is composed of viral particles, which have adhered to the exterior surface of a small extracellular vesicle called an exosome. Analysis of prototypic (historic) and contemporary EV-D68 strains suggests that binding to exosomes is a ubiquitous characteristic of EV-D68. We further show that interaction with exosomes increases viral infectivity in a neural cell line. Analysis of the two higher-density peaks, which are not associated with exosomes, revealed that a significant amount of viral titer in the modern (2014) EV-D68 strains is found at 1.20 g/cm3, whereas this density has a very low viral titer in the prototypic Fermon strain. IMPORTANCE Despite the strong causal link between enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), it remains unclear how EV-D68 gains entry into the central nervous system and what receptors enable it to infect motor neurons. We show that EV-D68 particles can adhere to exosomes, placing EV-D68 among a handful of other picornaviruses which are known to interact with extracellular vesicles. Uptake and infection of permissive cells by virally contaminated exosomes would have major implications in the search for the EV-D68 receptor, as well as providing a possible route for viral entry into motor neurons. This work identifies a novel cellular entry route for EV-D68 and may facilitate the identification of genetic risk factors for development of AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Rudy
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christina Coughlan
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alison M. Hixon
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Penny Clarke
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Tyler
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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118
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Viral Aggregation: The Knowns and Unknowns. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020438. [PMID: 35216031 PMCID: PMC8879382 DOI: 10.3390/v14020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral aggregation is a complex and pervasive phenomenon affecting many viral families. An increasing number of studies have indicated that it can modulate critical parameters surrounding viral infections, and yet its role in viral infectivity, pathogenesis, and evolution is just beginning to be appreciated. Aggregation likely promotes viral infection by increasing the cellular multiplicity of infection (MOI), which can help overcome stochastic failures of viral infection and genetic defects and subsequently modulate their fitness, virulence, and host responses. Conversely, aggregation can limit the dispersal of viral particles and hinder the early stages of establishing a successful infection. The cost–benefit of viral aggregation seems to vary not only depending on the viral species and aggregating factors but also on the spatiotemporal context of the viral life cycle. Here, we review the knowns of viral aggregation by focusing on studies with direct observations of viral aggregation and mechanistic studies of the aggregation process. Next, we chart the unknowns and discuss the biological implications of viral aggregation in their infection cycle. We conclude with a perspective on harnessing the therapeutic potential of this phenomenon and highlight several challenging questions that warrant further research for this field to advance.
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119
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Nieto-Garai JA, Contreras FX, Arboleya A, Lorizate M. Role of Protein-Lipid Interactions in Viral Entry. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2101264. [PMID: 35119227 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202101264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The viral entry consists of several sequential events that ensure the attachment of the virus to the host cell and the introduction of its genetic material for the continuation of the replication cycle. Both cellular and viral lipids have gained a wider focus in recent years in the field of viral entry, as they are found to play key roles in different steps of the process. The specific role is summarized that lipids and lipid membrane nanostructures play in viral attachment, fusion, and immune evasion and how they can be targeted with antiviral therapies. Finally, some of the limitations of techniques commonly used for protein-lipid interactions studies are discussed, and new emerging tools are reviewed that can be applied to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ander Nieto-Garai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
| | - Francesc-Xabier Contreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.,Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - Aroa Arboleya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.,Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.,Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia/Biofisika Bizkaia Fundazioa (FBB), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
| | - Maier Lorizate
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.,Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
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120
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Induction of Hepatitis E Virus Anti-ORF3 Antibodies from Systemic Administration of a Muscle-Specific Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Vector. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020266. [PMID: 35215859 PMCID: PMC8878420 DOI: 10.3390/v14020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major global health problem, leading to large outbreaks in the developing world and chronic infections in the developed world. HEV is a non-enveloped virus, which circulates in the blood in a quasi-enveloped form. The quasi-envelope protects HEV particles from neutralising anti-capsid antibodies in the serum; however, most vaccine approaches are designed to induce an immune response against the HEV capsid. In this study, we explored systemic in vivo administration of a novel synthetic and myotropic Adeno-associated virus vector (AAVMYO3) to express the small HEV phosphoprotein ORF3 (found on quasi-enveloped HEV) in the musculature of mice, resulting in the robust and dose-dependent formation of anti-ORF3 antibodies. Neutralisation assays using the serum of ORF3 AAV-transduced mice showed a modest inhibitory effect on the infection of quasi-enveloped HEV in vivo, comparable to previously characterised anti-ORF3 antibodies used as a control. The novel AAVMYO3 capsid used in this study can serve as a versatile platform for the continued development of vector-based vaccines against HEV and other infectious agents, which could complement traditional vaccines akin to the current positive experience with SARS-CoV-2.
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121
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced ROS/JNK signaling pathway activates the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch to promote the release of HCV particles via polyubiquitylation of VPS4A. J Virol 2022; 96:e0181121. [PMID: 35044214 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01811-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection activates the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway. However, the roles of ROS/JNK activation in the HCV life cycle still remain unclear. We sought to identify a novel role of ROS/JNK signaling pathway in the HCV life cycle. Immunoblot analysis revealed that HCV-induced ROS/JNK activation promoted phosphorylation of Itch, a HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, leading to activation of Itch. The siRNA-knockdown of Itch significantly reduced the extracellular HCV infectivity titers, HCV RNA, and HCV core protein without affecting intracellular HCV infectivity titers, HCV RNA, and HCV proteins, suggesting that Itch is involved in release of HCV particles. HCV-mediated JNK/Itch activation specifically promoted polyubiquitylation of an AAA-type ATPase VPS4A, but not VPS4B, required to form multivesicular bodies. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that two lysine residues (K23 and K121) on VPS4A were important for VPS4A polyubiquitylation. The siRNA-knockdown of VPS4A, but not VPS4B, significantly reduced extracellular HCV infectivity titers. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that HCV infection specifically enhanced the interaction between CHMP1B, a subunit of endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT)-III complex, and VPS4A, but not VPS4B, whereas VPS4A K23R/K121R greatly reduced the interaction with CHMP1B. HCV infection significantly increased ATPase activity of VPS4A, but not VPS4A K23R/K121R or VPS4B, suggesting that HCV-mediated polyubiquitylation of VPS4A contributes to activation of VPS4A. Taken together, we propose that HCV-induced ROS/JNK/Itch signaling pathway promotes VPS4A polyubiquitylation, leading to enhanced VPS4A-CHMP1B interaction and promotion of VPS4A ATPase activity, thereby promoting the release of HCV particles. IMPORTANCE ROS/JNK signaling pathway contributes to liver diseases, including steatosis, metabolic disorders, and hepatocellular carcinoma. We previously reported that HCV activates the ROS/JNK signaling pathway, leading to the enhancement of hepatic gluconeogenesis and apoptosis induction. This study further demonstrates that HCV-induced ROS/JNK signaling pathway activates the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch to promote release of HCV particles via polyubiquitylation of VPS4A. We provide evidence suggesting that HCV infection promotes the ROS/JNK/Itch signaling pathway and ESCRT/VPS4A machinery to release infectious HCV particles. Our results may lead to a better understanding of the mechanistic details of HCV particle release.
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122
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Jafari N, Khoradmehr A, Moghiminasr R, Seyed Habashi M. Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes as an Antimicrobial Weapon for Orodental Infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:795682. [PMID: 35058912 PMCID: PMC8764367 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.795682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity as the second most various microbial community in the body contains a broad spectrum of microorganisms which are known as the oral microbiome. The oral microbiome includes different types of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. Numerous factors can affect the equilibrium of the oral microbiome community which can eventually lead to orodental infectious diseases. Periodontitis, dental caries, oral leukoplakia, oral squamous cell carcinoma are some multifactorial infectious diseases in the oral cavity. In defending against infection, the immune system has an essential role. Depending on the speed and specificity of the reaction, immunity is divided into two different types which are named the innate and the adaptive responses but also there is much interaction between them. In these responses, different types of immune cells are present and recent evidence demonstrates that these cell types both within the innate and adaptive immune systems are capable of secreting some extracellular vesicles named exosomes which are involved in the response to infection. Exosomes are 30-150 nm lipid bilayer vesicles that consist of variant molecules, including proteins, lipids, and genetic materials and they have been associated with cell-to-cell communications. However, some kinds of exosomes can be effective on the pathogenicity of various microorganisms and promoting infections, and some other ones have antimicrobial and anti-infective functions in microbial diseases. These discrepancies in performance are due to the origin of the exosome. Exosomes can modulate the innate and specific immune responses of host cells by participating in antigen presentation for activation of immune cells and stimulating the release of inflammatory factors and the expression of immune molecules. Also, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes participate in immunomodulation by different mechanisms. Ease of expansion and immunotherapeutic capabilities of MSCs, develop their applications in hundreds of clinical trials. Recently, it has been shown that cell-free therapies, like exosome therapies, by having more advantages than previous treatment methods are emerging as a promising strategy for the treatment of several diseases, in particular inflammatory conditions. In orodental infectious disease, exosomes can also play an important role by modulating immunoinflammatory responses. Therefore, MSCs-derived exosomes may have potential therapeutic effects to be a choice for controlling and treatment of orodental infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Jafari
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Arezoo Khoradmehr
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Reza Moghiminasr
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Seyed Habashi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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Hull JA, Mietzsch M, Chipman P, Strugatsky D, McKenna R. Structural characterization of an envelope-associated adeno-associated virus type 2 capsid. Virology 2022; 565:22-28. [PMID: 34638006 PMCID: PMC9911311 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) are classified as non-enveloped ssDNA viruses. However, AAV capsids embedded within exosomes have been observed, and it has been suggested that the AAV membrane associated accessory protein (MAAP) may play a role in envelope-associated AAV (EA-AAV) capsid formation. Here, we observed and selected sufficient homogeneous EA-AAV capsids of AAV2, produced using the Sf9 baculoviral expression system, to determine the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure at 3.14 Å resolution. The reconstructed map confirmed that the EA-AAV capsid, showed no significant structural variation compared to the non-envelope capsid. In addition, the Sf9 expression system used implies the notion that MAAP may enhance exosome AAV encapsulation. Furthermore, we speculate that these EA-AAV capsids may have therapeutic benefits over the currently used non-envelope AAV capsids, with advantages in immune evasion and/or improved infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Hull
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0245, USA
| | - Mario Mietzsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0245, USA
| | - Paul Chipman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0245, USA
| | - David Strugatsky
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0245, USA.
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124
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Quadri Z, Elsherbini A, Bieberich E. Extracellular vesicles in pharmacology: Novel approaches in diagnostics and therapy. Pharmacol Res 2022; 175:105980. [PMID: 34863822 PMCID: PMC8760625 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized lipid vesicles that are produced by all eukaryotic cells, and they typically range in size from 30 to 150 nm. Exosomes were discovered almost 40 years ago; however, the last two decades have attracted considerable attention due to exosomes' inherent abilities to shuttle nucleic acids, lipids and proteins between cells, along with their natural affinity to exosome target cells. From a pharmaceutical perspective, exosomes are regarded as naturally produced nanoparticle drug delivery vehicles. The application of exosomes as a means of drug delivery offers critical advantages compared to other nanoparticulate drug delivery systems, such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles. These advantages are due to the exosomes' intrinsic features, such as low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, stability, and their ability to overcome biological barriers. Herein, we outline the structure and origin of exosomes, as well as their biological functions. We also touch upon recent advances in exosome labeling, imaging and drug loading. Finally, we discuss exosomes in targeted drug delivery and clinical trial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainuddin Quadri
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40502, United States
| | - Ahmed Elsherbini
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40502, United States
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40502, United States.
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125
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Pezzi L, Py O, Gilles M, Saba Villarroel PM, Diarra I, Fourié T, Gould EA, Gallian P, de Lamballerie X. Long-Term Infectivity of Chikungunya Virus Stored in the Dark at 4°C. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:989-993. [PMID: 34958263 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We call into question the established dogma that viruses with envelopes and RNA genomes have limited stability by demonstrating the staggering long-term viability, ∼2 years, of chikungunya virus when stored in liquid environments at +4°C in the dark. We contend that our understanding of the infectivity of a variety of enveloped viruses requires a new approach to identify under standardized conditions the primary determinants of their viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pezzi
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-INSERM 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Odile Py
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-INSERM 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Magali Gilles
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-INSERM 1207), Marseille, France
| | | | - Issa Diarra
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-INSERM 1207), Marseille, France.,Malaria Research and Training Center, USTT, Bamako, Mali
| | - Toscane Fourié
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-INSERM 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Ernest Andrew Gould
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-INSERM 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Gallian
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-INSERM 1207), Marseille, France.,Établissement Français du Sang Alpes Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-INSERM 1207), Marseille, France
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Muhuri M, Gao G. Membranous Bubbles: High-Purity and High-Titer Exosomes as the Potential Solution for Adeno-Associated Viruses to Evade Neutralization? Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:1427-1429. [PMID: 34935455 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.29189.mmu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Muhuri
- Horae Gene Therapy Center.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems.,VIDE Program, and
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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127
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Amimo JO, Raev SA, Chepngeno J, Mainga AO, Guo Y, Saif L, Vlasova AN. Rotavirus Interactions With Host Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:793841. [PMID: 35003114 PMCID: PMC8727603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the foremost enteric pathogen associated with severe diarrheal illness in young children (<5years) and animals worldwide. RV primarily infects mature enterocytes in the intestinal epithelium causing villus atrophy, enhanced epithelial cell turnover and apoptosis. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) being the first physical barrier against RV infection employs a range of innate immune strategies to counteract RVs invasion, including mucus production, toll-like receptor signaling and cytokine/chemokine production. Conversely, RVs have evolved numerous mechanisms to escape/subvert host immunity, seizing translation machinery of the host for effective replication and transmission. RV cell entry process involve penetration through the outer mucus layer, interaction with cell surface molecules and intestinal microbiota before reaching the IECs. For successful cell attachment and entry, RVs use sialic acid, histo-blood group antigens, heat shock cognate protein 70 and cell-surface integrins as attachment factors and/or (co)-receptors. In this review, a comprehensive summary of the existing knowledge of mechanisms underlying RV-IECs interactions, including the role of gut microbiota, during RV infection is presented. Understanding these mechanisms is imperative for developing efficacious strategies to control RV infections, including development of antiviral therapies and vaccines that target specific immune system antagonists within IECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Oluoch Amimo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sergei Alekseevich Raev
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Juliet Chepngeno
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Alfred Omwando Mainga
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yusheng Guo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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128
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Zhou H, Yan ZH, Yuan Y, Xing C, Jiang N. The Role of Exosomes in Viral Hepatitis and Its Associated Liver Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:782485. [PMID: 34881274 PMCID: PMC8645545 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.782485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, the important carriers between cells, can carry proteins, micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and other molecules to mediate cellular information transduction. They also play an important role in the pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment of viral hepatitis and its associated liver diseases. Several studies have reported that viral hepatitis and its associated liver diseases, including hepatitis A, B, C and E; hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, were closely associated with exosomes. Exploring the role of exosomes in viral hepatitis and associated liver diseases will enhance our understanding of these diseases. Therefore, this review mainly summarised the role of exosomes in viral hepatitis and its associated liver diseases to identify new strategies for liver diseases in clinical practise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Han Yan
- Department of Hepatology, Wuxi Fifth People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Xing
- Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Dongtai City, Dongtai, China
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129
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Hancock TJ, Hetzel ML, Ramirez A, Sparer TE. MCMV Centrifugal Enhancement: A New Spin on an Old Topic. Pathogens 2021; 10:1577. [PMID: 34959531 PMCID: PMC8705575 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen infecting a majority of people worldwide, with diseases ranging from mild to life-threatening. Its clinical relevance in immunocompromised people and congenital infections have made treatment and vaccine development a top priority. Because of cytomegaloviruses' species specificity, murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) models have historically informed and advanced translational CMV therapies. Using the phenomenon of centrifugal enhancement, we explored differences between MCMVs derived in vitro and in vivo. We found centrifugal enhancement on tissue culture-derived virus (TCV) was ~3× greater compared with salivary gland derived virus (SGV). Using novel "flow virometry", we found that TCV contained a distinct submicron particle composition compared to SGV. Using an inhibitor of exosome production, we show these submicron particles are not extracellular vesicles that contribute to centrifugal enhancement. We examined how these differences in submicron particles potentially contribute to differing centrifugal enhancement phenotypes, as well as broader in vivo vs. in vitro MCMV differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tim E. Sparer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (T.J.H.); (M.L.H.); (A.R.)
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130
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T cells protect against hepatitis A virus infection and limit infection-induced liver injury. J Hepatol 2021; 75:1323-1334. [PMID: 34331968 PMCID: PMC8604763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a common cause of enterically transmitted viral hepatitis. In non-immune individuals, infection results in typically transient but occasionally fulminant and fatal inflammatory liver injury. Virus-specific T cell frequencies peak when liver damage is at its zenith, leading to the prevalent notion that T cells exacerbate liver disease, as suspected for other hepatotropic virus infections. However, the overall contribution of T cells to the control of HAV and the pathogenesis of hepatitis A is unclear and has been impeded by a historic lack of small animal models. METHODS Ifnar1-/- mice are highly permissive for HAV and develop pathogenesis that recapitulates many features of hepatitis A. Using this model, we identified HAV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells by epitope mapping, and then used tetramers and functional assays to quantify T cells in the liver at multiple times after infection. We assessed the relationships between HAV-specific T cell frequency, viral RNA amounts, and liver pathogenesis. RESULTS A large population of virus-specific T cells accumulated within the livers of Ifnar1-/- mice during the first 1-2 weeks of infection and persisted over time. HAV replication was enhanced and liver disease exacerbated when mice were depleted of T cells. Conversely, immunization with a peptide vaccine increased virus-specific CD8+ T cell frequencies in the liver, reduced viral RNA abundance, and lessened liver injury. CONCLUSION These data show that T cells protect against HAV-mediated liver injury and can be targeted to improve liver health. LAY SUMMARY Hepatitis A virus is a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. T cells were thought to contribute to liver injury during acute infection. We now show that virus-specific T cells protect against infection and limit liver injury.
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131
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Chen Y, Zhao Y, Yin Y, Jia X, Mao L. Mechanism of cargo sorting into small extracellular vesicles. Bioengineered 2021; 12:8186-8201. [PMID: 34661500 PMCID: PMC8806638 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1977767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are special membranous structures released by almost every cell type that carry and protect some biomolecules from being degraded. They transport important signaling molecules involved in cell communication, migration, and numerous physiological processes. EVs can be categorized into two main types according to their size: i) small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), such as exosomes (30-150 nm), released from the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane, and ii) large EVs, such as microvesicles (100-1000 nm). These are no longer considered a waste product of cells, but regulators of intercellular communication, as they can transport specific repertoires of cargos, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids to receptor cells to achieve cell-to-cell communication. This indicates the existence of different mechanisms, which controls the cargos sorting into EVs. This review mainly gives a description about the biological roles of the cargo and the sorting mechanisms of sEVs, especially exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuxue Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yiqian Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaonan Jia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Troyer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John C. Tilton
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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133
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Fan M, Luo Y, Zhang B, Wang J, Chen T, Liu B, Sun Y, Nan Y, Hiscox JA, Zhao Q, Zhou EM. Cell Division Control Protein 42 Interacts With Hepatitis E Virus Capsid Protein and Participates in Hepatitis E Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:775083. [PMID: 34790187 PMCID: PMC8591454 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.775083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) causes viral hepatitis in humans worldwide, while a subset of HEV species, avian HEV, causes hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in chickens. To date, there are few reports on the host proteins interacting with HEV and being involved in viral infection. Previous pull-down assay combining mass spectrometry indicated that cell division control protein 42 (CDC42), a member belonging to the Rho GTPase family, was pulled down by avian HEV capsid protein. We confirmed the direct interaction between CDC42 and avian and mammalian HEV capsid proteins. The interaction can increase the amount of active guanosine triphosphate binding CDC42 state (GTP-CDC42). Subsequently, we determined that the expression and activity of CDC42 were positively correlated with HEV infection in the host cells. Using the different inhibitors of CDC42 downstream signaling pathways, we found that CDC42-MRCK (a CDC42-binding kinase)-non-myosin IIA (NMIIA) pathway is involved in naked avian and mammalian HEV infection, CDC42-associated p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1)-NMIIA/Cofilin pathway is involved in quasi-enveloped mammalian HEV infection and CDC42-neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-actin-polymerizing protein Arp2/3 pathway (CDC42-(N-)WASP-Arp2/3) pathway participates in naked and quasi-enveloped mammalian HEV infection. Collectively, these results demonstrated for the first time that HEV capsid protein can directly bind to CDC42, and non- and quasi-enveloped HEV use different CDC42 downstream signaling pathways to participate in viral infection. The study provided some new insights to understand the life cycle of HEV in host cells and a new target of drug design for combating HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Fan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuhang Luo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiaxi Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Tianxiang Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Baoyuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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134
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Viral Membrane Fusion Proteins and RNA Sorting Mechanisms for the Molecular Delivery by Exosomes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113043. [PMID: 34831268 PMCID: PMC8622164 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement of precision medicine critically depends on the robustness and specificity of the carriers used for the targeted delivery of effector molecules in the human body. Numerous nanocarriers have been explored in vivo, to ensure the precise delivery of molecular cargos via tissue-specific targeting, including the endocrine part of the pancreas, thyroid, and adrenal glands. However, even after reaching the target organ, the cargo-carrying vehicle needs to enter the cell and then escape lysosomal destruction. Most artificial nanocarriers suffer from intrinsic limitations that prevent them from completing the specific delivery of the cargo. In this respect, extracellular vesicles (EVs) seem to be the natural tool for payload delivery due to their versatility and low toxicity. However, EV-mediated delivery is not selective and is usually short-ranged. By inserting the viral membrane fusion proteins into exosomes, it is possible to increase the efficiency of membrane recognition and also ease the process of membrane fusion. This review describes the molecular details of the viral-assisted interaction between the target cell and EVs. We also discuss the question of the usability of viral fusion proteins in developing extracellular vesicle-based nanocarriers with a higher efficacy of payload delivery. Finally, this review specifically highlights the role of Gag and RNA binding proteins in RNA sorting into EVs.
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135
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Schoch S, Wälti M, Schemmerer M, Alexander R, Keiner B, Kralicek C, Bycholski K, Hyatt K, Knowles J, Klochkov D, Simon T, Wenzel JJ, Roth NJ, Widmer E. Hepatitis A Virus Incidence Rates and Biomarker Dynamics for Plasma Donors, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2021. [DOI: 10.3201/eid2711.20462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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136
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Schoch S, Wälti M, Schemmerer M, Alexander R, Keiner B, Kralicek C, Bycholski K, Hyatt K, Knowles J, Klochkov D, Simon T, Wenzel JJ, Roth NJ, Widmer E. Hepatitis A Virus Incidence Rates and Biomarker Dynamics for Plasma Donors, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2718-2824. [PMID: 34670659 PMCID: PMC8544996 DOI: 10.3201/eid2711.204642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States is currently affected by widespread hepatitis A virus (HAV) outbreaks. We investigated HAV incidence rates among source plasma donors in the United States since 2016. Serial donations from HAV-positive frequent donors were analyzed for common biologic markers to obtain a detailed picture of the course of infection. We found a considerable increase in incidence rates with shifting outbreak hotspots over time. Although individual biomarker profiles were highly variable, HAV RNA typically had a high peak and a biphasic decrease and often remained detectable for several months. One donor had a biomarker pattern indicative of previous exposure. Our findings show that current HAV outbreaks have been spilling over into the plasma donor population. The detailed results presented improve our comprehension of HAV infection and related public health aspects. In addition, the capture of full RNA curves enables estimation of HAV doubling time.
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137
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Liu S, Hossinger A, Heumüller SE, Hornberger A, Buravlova O, Konstantoulea K, Müller SA, Paulsen L, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J, Lichtenthaler SF, Neumann M, Denner P, Vorberg IM. Highly efficient intercellular spreading of protein misfolding mediated by viral ligand-receptor interactions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5739. [PMID: 34667166 PMCID: PMC8526834 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregates associated with neurodegenerative diseases have the ability to transmit to unaffected cells, thereby templating their own aberrant conformation onto soluble homotypic proteins. Proteopathic seeds can be released into the extracellular space, secreted in association with extracellular vesicles (EV) or exchanged by direct cell-to-cell contact. The extent to which each of these pathways contribute to the prion-like spreading of protein misfolding is unclear. Exchange of cellular cargo by both direct cell contact or via EV depends on receptor-ligand interactions. We hypothesized that enabling these interactions through viral ligands enhances intercellular proteopathic seed transmission. Using different cellular models propagating prions or pathogenic Tau aggregates, we demonstrate that vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein and SARS-CoV-2 spike S increase aggregate induction by cell contact or ligand-decorated EV. Thus, receptor-ligand interactions are important determinants of intercellular aggregate dissemination. Our data raise the possibility that viral infections contribute to proteopathic seed spreading by facilitating intercellular cargo transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Liu
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany ,grid.417830.90000 0000 8852 3623Present Address: German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Hossinger
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefanie-Elisabeth Heumüller
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Annika Hornberger
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oleksandra Buravlova
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katerina Konstantoulea
- grid.511015.1VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium ,grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan A. Müller
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany ,grid.6936.a0000000123222966Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Lydia Paulsen
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- grid.511015.1VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium ,grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- grid.511015.1VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium ,grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan F. Lichtenthaler
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany ,grid.6936.a0000000123222966Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany ,grid.452617.3Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Manuela Neumann
- grid.411544.10000 0001 0196 8249Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany ,grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426Molecular Neuropathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philip Denner
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ina M. Vorberg
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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138
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Ishizaka A, Koga M, Mizutani T, Lim LA, Adachi E, Ikeuchi K, Ueda R, Aoyagi H, Tanaka S, Kiyono H, Matano T, Aizaki H, Yoshio S, Mita E, Muramatsu M, Kanto T, Tsutsumi T, Yotsuyanagi H. Prolonged Gut Dysbiosis and Fecal Excretion of Hepatitis A Virus in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102101. [PMID: 34696531 PMCID: PMC8539651 DOI: 10.3390/v13102101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) causes transient acute infection, and little is known of viral shedding via the duodenum and into the intestinal environment, including the gut microbiome, from the period of infection until after the recovery of symptoms. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to comprehensively observe the amount of virus excreted into the intestinal tract, the changes in the intestinal microbiome, and the level of inflammation during the healing process. We used blood and stool specimens from patients with human immunodeficiency virus who were infected with HAV during the HAV outbreak in Japan in 2018. Moreover, we observed changes in fecal HAV RNA and quantified the plasma cytokine level and gut microbiome by 16S rRNA analysis from clinical onset to at least 6 months after healing. HAV was detected from clinical onset up to a period of more than 150 days. Immediately after infection, many pro-inflammatory cytokines were elicited, and some cytokines showed different behaviors. The intestinal microbiome changed significantly after infection (dysbiosis), and the dysbiosis continued for a long time after healing. These observations suggest that the immunocompromised state is associated with prolonged viral shedding into the intestinal tract and delayed recovery of the intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ishizaka
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (A.I.); (M.K.); (T.T.)
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan;
- Japan Foundation for AIDS Prevention, Tokyo 101-0064, Japan
| | - Michiko Koga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (A.I.); (M.K.); (T.T.)
| | - Taketoshi Mizutani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (A.I.); (M.K.); (T.T.)
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan;
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Lay Ahyoung Lim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (L.A.L.); (E.A.); (K.I.)
| | - Eisuke Adachi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (L.A.L.); (E.A.); (K.I.)
| | - Kazuhiko Ikeuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (L.A.L.); (E.A.); (K.I.)
| | - Ryuta Ueda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (R.U.); (H.A.); (H.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Haruyo Aoyagi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (R.U.); (H.A.); (H.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka 540-0006, Japan; (S.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan;
- CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (cMAV), Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tetsuro Matano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan;
- Department of AIDS Vaccine Development, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hideki Aizaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (R.U.); (H.A.); (H.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Sachiyo Yoshio
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan; (S.Y.); (T.K.)
| | - Eiji Mita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka 540-0006, Japan; (S.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (R.U.); (H.A.); (H.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Tatsuya Kanto
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan; (S.Y.); (T.K.)
| | - Takeya Tsutsumi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (A.I.); (M.K.); (T.T.)
| | - Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (A.I.); (M.K.); (T.T.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (L.A.L.); (E.A.); (K.I.)
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (H.Y.)
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139
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Bajrai LH, Sohrab SS, Mobashir M, Kamal MA, Rizvi MA, Azhar EI. Understanding the role of potential pathways and its components including hypoxia and immune system in case of oral cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19576. [PMID: 34599215 PMCID: PMC8486818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are a few biological functions or phenomenon which are universally associated with majority of the cancers and hypoxia and immune systems are among them. Hypoxia often occurs in most of the cancers which helps the cells in adapting different responses with respect to the normal cells which may be the activation of signaling pathways which regulate proliferation, angiogenesis, and cell death. Similar to it, immune signaling pathways are known to play critical roles in cancers. Moreover, there are a number of genes which are known to be associated with these hypoxia and immune system and appear to direct affect the tumor growth and propagations. Cancer is among the leading cause of death and oral cancer is the tenth-leading cause due to cancer death. In this study, we were mainly interested to understand the impact of alteration in the expression of hypoxia and immune system-related genes and their contribution to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, we have collected the genes associated with hypoxia and immune system from the literatures. In this work, we have performed meta-analysis of the gene and microRNA expression and mutational datasets obtained from public database for different grades of tumor in case of oral cancer. Based on our results, we conclude that the critical pathways which dominantly enriched are associated with metabolism, cell cycle, immune system and based on the survival analysis of the hypoxic genes, we observe that the potential genes associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its progression are STC2, PGK1, P4HA1, HK1, SPIB, ANXA5, SERPINE1, HGF, PFKM, TGFB1, L1CAM, ELK4, EHF, and CDK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Hussein Bajrai
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed Sartaj Sohrab
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Mobashir
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC) Karolinska Institute, Novels väg 16, Solna, 17165, Stockholm, Sweden. .,The Genome Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India. .,SciLifeLab, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, P. O. Box 1031, 17121, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.,Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
| | - Moshahid Alam Rizvi
- The Genome Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Esam Ibraheem Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. .,Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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140
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Su Q, Zhang Y, Cui Z, Chang S, Zhao P. Semen-Derived Exosomes Mediate Immune Escape and Transmission of Reticuloendotheliosis Virus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:735280. [PMID: 34659223 PMCID: PMC8517439 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.735280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) causes immune-suppression disease in poultry, leading to a significant economic burden worldwide. Recent evidence demonstrated that the REV can enter the semen and then induce artificial insemination, but how the virus gets into semen was little known. Accumulating studies indicated that exosomes serve as vehicles for virus transmission, but the role of exosomes in viral shedding through the semen remains unclear. In this study, exosomes purified from the REV-positive semen were shown with reverse transcription-PCR and mass spectrometry to contain viral genomic RNA and viral proteins, which could also establish productive infections both in vivo and in vitro and escape from the REV-specific neutralizing antibodies. More importantly, compared with the infection caused by free virions, the exosome is more efficient for the virus to ensure effective infection and replication, which can also help the REV compromise the efficacy of the host immune response. In summary, this study demonstrated that semen-derived exosomes can medicate the transmission and immune escape of REV, implicating a novel mechanism for REV entering the semen and leading to vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
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141
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Reichenbach ZW, Hogan C, Piech G, Shah S, Lambrou T, Radcliffe M, Kiani A, Peng L. Characterization of a hepatitis a outbreak in underserved urban tertiary safety net hospitals. Ann Epidemiol 2021; 64:111-119. [PMID: 34563568 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of Hepatitis A, caused by the Hepatitis A Virus (HAV), remain a worldwide health concern. We conducted a retrospective chart review to characterize patients with acute HAV during an outbreak at our urban tertiary care center to better characterize patients infected with HAV. We searched our electronic records for patients with positive HAV IgM antibodies during a period of outbreak in Philadelphia, May 2017-December 2019. Characteristics of patients were recorded. We searched an equal period of time prior to the outbreak, September 2014-April 2017, to compare the two patient populations. During the outbreak we diagnosed 205 cases of acute HAV compared to just 23 during an equal time period prior to the onset of the outbreak. When compared to the results reported by the public health department for 2019, this accounted for 39.9% of patients documented in the city. A history of drug use was found in 49.4% of our patients while 19.5% of patients were homeless. Our analysis of homelessness and drug usage among documented cases of HAV during the outbreak period mirrored data reported by the city. Further, our analysis found that 7 zip codes accounted for 60% of our patients. Biochemical measures of liver function were higher in patients examined during the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Wilmer Reichenbach
- Division of Hepatology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Center for Substance Abuse Research (CSAR), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Carolyn Hogan
- Division of Hepatology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gregory Piech
- Division of Hepatology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Samik Shah
- Division of Hepatology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tiffany Lambrou
- Division of Hepatology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Marlana Radcliffe
- Division of Hepatology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Amirali Kiani
- Division of Hepatology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lee Peng
- Division of Hepatology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
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142
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Migueres M, Lhomme S, Izopet J. Hepatitis A: Epidemiology, High-Risk Groups, Prevention and Research on Antiviral Treatment. Viruses 2021; 13:1900. [PMID: 34696330 PMCID: PMC8540458 DOI: 10.3390/v13101900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. It is transmitted mainly by direct contact with patients who have been infected or by ingesting contaminated water or food. The virus is endemic in low-income countries where sanitary and sociodemographic conditions are poor. Paradoxically, improving sanitary conditions in these countries, which reduces the incidence of HAV infections, can lead to more severe disease in susceptible adults. The populations of developed countries are highly susceptible to HAV, and large outbreaks can occur when the virus is spread by globalization and by increased travel and movement of foodstuffs. Most of these outbreaks occur among high-risk groups: travellers, men who have sex with men, people who use substances, and people facing homelessness. Hepatitis A infections can be prevented by vaccination; safe and effective vaccines have been available for decades. Several countries have successfully introduced universal mass vaccination for children, but high-risk groups in high-income countries remain insufficiently protected. The development of HAV antivirals may be important to control HAV outbreaks in developed countries where a universal vaccination programme is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Migueres
- Virology Laboratory, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France; (S.L.); (J.I.)
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Lhomme
- Virology Laboratory, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France; (S.L.); (J.I.)
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Virology Laboratory, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France; (S.L.); (J.I.)
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
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143
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Claridge B, Lozano J, Poh QH, Greening DW. Development of Extracellular Vesicle Therapeutics: Challenges, Considerations, and Opportunities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:734720. [PMID: 34616741 PMCID: PMC8488228 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.734720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold great promise as therapeutic modalities due to their endogenous characteristics, however, further bioengineering refinement is required to address clinical and commercial limitations. Clinical applications of EV-based therapeutics are being trialed in immunomodulation, tissue regeneration and recovery, and as delivery vectors for combination therapies. Native/biological EVs possess diverse endogenous properties that offer stability and facilitate crossing of biological barriers for delivery of molecular cargo to cells, acting as a form of intercellular communication to regulate function and phenotype. Moreover, EVs are important components of paracrine signaling in stem/progenitor cell-based therapies, are employed as standalone therapies, and can be used as a drug delivery system. Despite remarkable utility of native/biological EVs, they can be improved using bio/engineering approaches to further therapeutic potential. EVs can be engineered to harbor specific pharmaceutical content, enhance their stability, and modify surface epitopes for improved tropism and targeting to cells and tissues in vivo. Limitations currently challenging the full realization of their therapeutic utility include scalability and standardization of generation, molecular characterization for design and regulation, therapeutic potency assessment, and targeted delivery. The fields' utilization of advanced technologies (imaging, quantitative analyses, multi-omics, labeling/live-cell reporters), and utility of biocompatible natural sources for producing EVs (plants, bacteria, milk) will play an important role in overcoming these limitations. Advancements in EV engineering methodologies and design will facilitate the development of EV-based therapeutics, revolutionizing the current pharmaceutical landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Claridge
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan Lozano
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Qi Hui Poh
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David W. Greening
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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144
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Duran-Meza AL, Villagrana-Escareño MV, Ruiz-García J, Knobler CM, Gelbart WM. Controlling the surface charge of simple viruses. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255820. [PMID: 34506491 PMCID: PMC8432797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of plant viruses are unenveloped, i.e., they lack a lipid bilayer that is characteristic of most animal viruses. The interactions between plant viruses, and between viruses and surfaces, properties that are essential for understanding their infectivity and to their use as bionanomaterials, are largely controlled by their surface charge, which depends on pH and ionic strength. They may also depend on the charge of their contents, i.e., of their genes or-in the instance of virus-like particles-encapsidated cargo such as nucleic acid molecules, nanoparticles or drugs. In the case of enveloped viruses, the surface charge of the capsid is equally important for controlling its interaction with the lipid bilayer that it acquires and loses upon leaving and entering host cells. We have previously investigated the charge on the unenveloped plant virus Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV) by measurements of its electrophoretic mobility. Here we examine the electrophoretic properties of a structurally and genetically closely related bromovirus, Brome Mosaic Virus (BMV), of its capsid protein, and of its empty viral shells, as functions of pH and ionic strength, and compare them with those of CCMV. From measurements of both solution and gel electrophoretic mobilities (EMs) we find that the isoelectric point (pI) of BMV (5.2) is significantly higher than that of CCMV (3.7), that virion EMs are essentially the same as those of the corresponding empty capsids, and that the same is true for the pIs of the virions and of their cleaved protein subunits. We discuss these results in terms of current theories of charged colloidal particles and relate them to biological processes and the role of surface charge in the design of new classes of drug and gene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Duran-Meza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - M. V. Villagrana-Escareño
- Laboratorio de Física Biológica, Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - J. Ruiz-García
- Laboratorio de Física Biológica, Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - C. M. Knobler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - W. M. Gelbart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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145
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Liu B, Li Z, Huang S, Yan B, He S, Chen F, Liang Y. AAV-Containing Exosomes as a Novel Vector for Improved Gene Delivery to Lung Cancer Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:707607. [PMID: 34485293 PMCID: PMC8414974 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.707607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung carcinoma is the most common type of cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Among the numerous therapeutic strategies for the treatment of lung cancer, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene transfer has been demonstrated to have the potential to effectively suppress tumor growth or reverse the progression of the disease in a number of preclinical studies. AAV vector has a safety profile; however, the relatively low delivery efficacy to particular subtypes of lung carcinoma has limited its prospective clinical translation. Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles secreted from nearly all known cell types. Exosomes have a membrane-enclosed structure carrying a range of cargo molecules for efficient intercellular transfer of functional entities, thus are considered as a superior vector for drug delivery. In the present study, we developed a novel strategy to produce and purify AAV-containing exosomes (AAVExo) from AAV-packaging HEK 293T cells. The cellular uptake capacity of exosomes assisted and enhanced AAV entry into cells and protected AAV from antibody neutralization, which was a serious challenge for AAV in vivo application. We tested a list of lung cancer cell lines representing non-small-cell lung cancer and small-cell lung cancer and found that AAVExo apparently improved the gene transfer efficiency compared to conventional AAV vector. Our in vitro results were supported in vivo in a lung cancer xenograft rodent model. Additionally, we evaluated the gene delivery efficiency in the presence of neutralizing antibody on lung cancer cells. The results demonstrated that AAVExo-mediated gene transfer was not impacted, while the AAV vectors were significantly blocked by the neutralizing antibody. Taken together, we established an efficient methodology for AAVExo purification, and the purified AAVExo largely enhanced gene delivery to lung cancer cells with remarkable resistance to antibody neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqing Li
- Department of Burns, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Huang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Biying Yan
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China
| | - Shan He
- Department of Burns, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengyuan Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yaxuan Liang
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China
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146
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Borgmästars E, Persson S, Hellmér M, Simonsson M, Eriksson R. Comparison of Skimmed Milk and Lanthanum Flocculation for Concentration of Pathogenic Viruses in Water. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:380-389. [PMID: 33974212 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Concentration of viruses in water is necessary for detection and quantification of the viruses present, in order to evaluate microbiological barriers in water treatment plants and detect pathogenic viruses during waterborne outbreaks, but there is currently no standardised procedure. In this study, we implemented a previously described fast and simple lanthanum-based protocol for concentration of norovirus genogroup I (GI), genogroup II (GII) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in drinking and surface water. We compared the results with those of a widely used skimmed milk flocculation method, followed by nucleic acid extraction and RT-qPCR detection. Three seeding levels, with intended concentrations 5 × 103, 5 × 104 and 5 × 105 genome copies/10 L, were added to drinking water or surface water. All seed levels were detected with both flocculation methods. Samples extracted with skimmed milk flocculation had on average 1.82, 1.86 and 1.38 times higher measured concentration of norovirus GI, GII and HAV, respectively, than those extracted with lanthanum flocculation, across all seeding levels and water types tested. Mengovirus was used as a positive process control. Mengovirus recovery was higher for skimmed milk (40.7% in drinking water, 26.0% in surface water) than for lanthanum flocculation (24.4% in drinking water, 9.7% in surface water). Together, this indicates that skimmed milk flocculation provides higher viral recovery than lanthanum flocculation. However, lanthanum-based flocculation can be performed much faster than skimmed milk flocculation (1.5 h versus 16 h flocculation time) and thus could be a good alternative for rapid monitoring of viruses in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmy Borgmästars
- Science Division, Biology Department, Swedish Food Agency, Hamnesplanaden 5, 75319, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Sofia Persson
- Science Division, Biology Department, Swedish Food Agency, Hamnesplanaden 5, 75319, Uppsala, Sweden
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Foodborne Viruses, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Hellmér
- Science Division, Biology Department, Swedish Food Agency, Hamnesplanaden 5, 75319, Uppsala, Sweden
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Foodborne Viruses, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Simonsson
- Science Division, Biology Department, Swedish Food Agency, Hamnesplanaden 5, 75319, Uppsala, Sweden
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Foodborne Viruses, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ronnie Eriksson
- Science Division, Biology Department, Swedish Food Agency, Hamnesplanaden 5, 75319, Uppsala, Sweden.
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Foodborne Viruses, Uppsala, Sweden.
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147
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Bremer W, Blasczyk H, Yin X, Duron ES, Grakoui A, Feng Z, Walker C. Resolution of hepatitis E virus infection in CD8+ T cell-depleted rhesus macaques. J Hepatol 2021; 75:557-564. [PMID: 33961939 PMCID: PMC8603813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS HEV is a significant cause of acute hepatitis globally. Some genotypes establish persistent infection when immunity is impaired. Adaptive immune mechanisms that mediate resolution of infection have not been identified. Herein, the requirement for CD8+ T cells to control HEV infection was assessed in rhesus macaques, a model of acute and persistent HEV infection in humans. METHODS Rhesus macaques were untreated or treated with depleting anti-CD8α monoclonal antibodies before challenge with an HEV genotype (gt)3 isolate derived from a chronically infected human patient. HEV replication, alanine aminotransferase, anti-capsid antibody and HEV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were assessed after infection. RESULTS HEV control in untreated macaques coincided with the onset of a neutralizing IgG response against the ORF2 capsid and liver infiltration of functional HEV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Virus control was delayed by 1 week in CD8+ T cell-depleted macaques. Infection resolved with onset of a neutralizing IgG antibody response and a much more robust expansion of CD4+ T cells with antiviral effector function. CONCLUSIONS Liver infiltration of functional CD8+ T cells coincident with HEV clearance in untreated rhesus macaques, and a 1-week delay in HEV clearance in CD8+ T cell-depleted rhesus macaques, support a role for this subset in timely control of virus replication. Resolution of infection in the absence of CD8+ T cells nonetheless indicates that neutralizing antibodies and/or CD4+ T cells may act autonomously to inhibit HEV replication. HEV susceptibility to multiple adaptive effector mechanisms may explain why persistence occurs only with generalized immune suppression. The findings also suggest that neutralizing antibodies and/or CD4+ T cells should be considered as a component of immunotherapy for chronic infection. LAY SUMMARY The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of liver disease globally. Some genetic types (genotypes) of HEV persist in the body if immunity is impaired. Our objective was to identify immune responses that promote clearance of HEV. Findings indicate that HEV may be susceptible to multiple arms of the immune response that can act independently to terminate infection. They also provide a pathway to assess immune therapies for chronic HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bremer
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Heather Blasczyk
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xin Yin
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eduardo Salinas Duron
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Arash Grakoui
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zongdi Feng
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher Walker
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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148
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Bohan D, Maury W. Enveloped RNA virus utilization of phosphatidylserine receptors: Advantages of exploiting a conserved, widely available mechanism of entry. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009899. [PMID: 34555126 PMCID: PMC8459961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Bohan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Wendy Maury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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149
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Cheng M, Dietz L, Gong Y, Eichler F, Nammour J, Ng C, Grimm D, Maguire CA. Neutralizing antibody evasion and transduction with purified extracellular vesicle-enveloped AAV vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:1457-1470. [PMID: 34445894 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is classified as a non-enveloped DNA virus. However, several years ago we discovered that in media of packaging cells producing recombinant AAV vectors, AAV capsids can associate with the interior and surface of extracellular vesicles (EVs), sometimes referred to as exosomes. Since then we and others have demonstrated that exosome-enveloped AAV, exo-AAV, can enhance transduction in vivo as well as evade neutralizing antibodies. While promising, these data were generated with differential centrifugation to pellet the exo-AAV. This method results in a heterogeneous mixture of exo-AAV, co-precipitating proteins, as well as free AAV capsids. To define the properties of exo-AAV more accurately, here we used a density gradient method to purify exo-AAV. We next performed head-to-head comparisons of standard AAV1, differential centrifuged exo-AAV1, and gradient purified exo-AAV1 for antibody evasion and transgene expression in the murine brain. We found purified exo-AAV1 to be more resistant to neutralizing antibodies than the other AAV preparations. Direct intracranial injection of purified exo-AAV1 into mice resulted in robust transduction, which transduced a larger area of brain than standard AAV1. We also identified the recently described membrane-associated accessory protein (MAAP) by mass spectrometry of purified exo-AAV1 preparations. Finally, we used a scalable method, size-exclusion chromatography to isolate exo-AAV1, and demonstrated functional transduction in cultured cells and increased antibody resistance. Together, these data suggest that higher purity exo-AAV will have beneficial characteristics for gene delivery and also may lead to mechanistic insights into the incorporation of AAV into EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cheng
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 2348, Boston, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Laura Dietz
- Heidelberg University, Infectious Diseases/Virology, Heidelberg, BW, Germany;
| | - Yi Gong
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Neurology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Florian Eichler
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Neurology, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02114;
| | - Josette Nammour
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 2348, Boston, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Carrie Ng
- Massachusetts General Hospital - Harvard Medical School, Neurology, 149 13th Street, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02129;
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Heidelberg University, Infectious Diseases/Virology, BioQuant BQ0030, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, Heidelberg, BW, Germany, D-69120;
| | - Casey A Maguire
- The Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States, 02474;
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150
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Kim DH, Ahn HS, Go HJ, Kim DY, Kim JH, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Choi IS. Heme Oxygenase-1 Exerts Antiviral Activity against Hepatitis A Virus In Vitro. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1229. [PMID: 34452191 PMCID: PMC8401830 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV), the causative pathogen of hepatitis A, induces severe acute liver injuries in humans and is a serious public health concern worldwide. However, appropriate therapeutics have not yet been developed. The enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) exerts antiviral activities in cells infected with several viruses including hepatitis B and C viruses. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time the suppression of virus replication by HO-1 in cells infected with HAV. Hemin (HO-1 inducer) induced HO-1 mRNA and protein expression, as expected, and below 50 mM, dose-dependently reduced the viral RNA and proteins in the HAV-infected cells without cytotoxicity. Additionally, HO-1 protein overexpression using a protein expression vector suppressed HAV replication. Although ZnPP-9, an HO-1 inhibitor, did not affect HAV replication, it significantly inhibited hemin-induced antiviral activity in HAV-infected cells. Additionally, FeCl3, CORM-3, biliverdin, and the HO-1 inducers andrographolide and CoPP inhibited HAV replication in the HAV-infected cells; andrographolide and CoPP exhibited a dose-dependent effect. In conclusion, these results suggest that HO-1 effectively suppresses HAV infection in vitro, and its enzymatic products appear to exert antiviral activity. We expect that these results could contribute to the development of a new antiviral drug for HAV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (D.-H.K.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
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