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Abstract
The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses occupy the top of the upper respiratory tract and form pneumatic spaces connected with the atmosphere. They are located immediately beneath the base of the cranium, where crucial vital structures are harbored. From this region, very much exposed to airborne agents, arise some of the more complex and rare benign and malignant lesions seen in humans, whose difficulties in interpretation make this remarkable territory one of the most challenging in the practice of surgical pathology. Contents of this chapter cover inflammations and infections, polyps and pseudotumors, fungal and midfacial destructive granulomatous lesions, as well as benign, borderline, and malignant neoplasms. Among the neoplasms, emphasis is made on those entities characteristic or even unique for the sinonasal region, such as Schneiderian papillomas, glomangiopericytoma, intestinal- and non-intestinal-type adenocarcinomas, olfactory neuroblastoma, nasal-type NK-/T-cell lymphoma, and teratocarcinosarcoma. Moreover, recently recognized entities involving this territory, i.e., HPV-related non-keratinizing carcinoma, NUT carcinoma, and SMARCB1-deficient basaloid carcinoma, are also discussed in the light of their specific molecular findings. Furthermore, the text is accompanied by numerous classical and recent references, several tables, and 100 illustrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cardesa
- University of Barcelona, Anatomic Pathology Hospital Clínic University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pieter J. Slootweg
- Radboud Univ Nijmegen Medical Center, Pathology Radboud Univ Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nina Gale
- University of Ljubljana,, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medic University of Ljubljana,, Ljublijana, Slovenia
| | - Alessandro Franchi
- University of Florence, Dept of Surg & Translational Medicine University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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102
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Piscuoglio S, Burke KA, Ng CKY, Papanastasiou AD, Geyer FC, Macedo GS, Martelotto LG, de Bruijn I, De Filippo MR, Schultheis AM, Ioris RA, Levine DA, Soslow RA, Rubin BP, Reis-Filho JS, Weigelt B. Uterine adenosarcomas are mesenchymal neoplasms. J Pathol 2015; 238:381-8. [PMID: 26592504 DOI: 10.1002/path.4675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Uterine adenosarcomas (UAs) are biphasic lesions composed of a malignant mesenchymal (ie stromal) component and an epithelial component. UAs are generally low-grade and have a favourable prognosis, but may display sarcomatous overgrowth (SO), which is associated with a worse outcome. We hypothesized that, akin to breast fibroepithelial lesions, UAs are mesenchymal neoplasms in which clonal somatic genetic alterations are restricted to the mesenchymal component. To characterize the somatic genetic alterations in UAs and to test this hypothesis, we subjected 20 UAs to a combination of whole-exome (n = 6), targeted capture (n = 13) massively parallel sequencing (MPS) and/or RNA sequencing (n = 6). Only three genes, FGFR2, KMT2C and DICER1, were recurrently mutated, all in 2/19 cases; however, 26% (5/19) and 21% (4/19) of UAs harboured MDM2/CDK4/HMGA2 and TERT gene amplification, respectively, and two cases harboured fusion genes involving NCOA family members. Using a combination of laser-capture microdissection and in situ techniques, we demonstrated that the somatic genetic alterations detected by MPS were restricted to the mesenchymal component. Furthermore, mitochondrial DNA sequencing of microdissected samples revealed that epithelial and mesenchymal components of UAs were clonally unrelated. In conclusion, here we provide evidence that UAs are genetically heterogeneous lesions and mesenchymal neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen A Burke
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Charlotte K Y Ng
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Anastasios D Papanastasiou
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology, Patras General Hospital, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Felipe C Geyer
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel S Macedo
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | | | - Ino de Bruijn
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Maria R De Filippo
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Anne M Schultheis
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Rafael A Ioris
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Douglas A Levine
- Gynaecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Robert A Soslow
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Brian P Rubin
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
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103
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Brenca M, Maestro R. Massive parallel sequencing in sarcoma pathobiology: state of the art and perspectives. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015; 15:1473-88. [PMID: 26536249 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.1108192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are an aggressive and highly heterogeneous group of mesenchymal malignancies with different morphologies and clinical behavior. Current therapeutic strategies remain unsatisfactory. Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of these tumors is resulting in the breakdown of the classical histopathological categories into molecular subgroups that better define sarcoma pathobiology and pave the way to more precise diagnostic criteria and novel therapeutic opportunities. The purpose of this short review is to summarize the state-of-the-art on the exploitation of massive parallel sequencing technologies, also known as next generation sequencing, in the elucidation of sarcoma pathobiology and to discuss how these applications may impact on diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Brenca
- a Experimental Oncology 1 , CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute , Aviano , PN 33081 , Italy
| | - Roberta Maestro
- a Experimental Oncology 1 , CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute , Aviano , PN 33081 , Italy
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104
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Lim J, Poulin NM, Nielsen TO. New Strategies in Sarcoma: Linking Genomic and Immunotherapy Approaches to Molecular Subtype. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4753-9. [PMID: 26330427 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are more than 100 sarcoma subtypes, each uncommon and diagnostically challenging. Conventional chemotherapy has little benefit for most soft-tissue sarcomas; new treatment strategies are needed. Multiple recent genomic studies have provided detailed insights into sarcoma biology, including more accurate classification by molecular subtype, identification of recurrent mutations in oncogenic pathways, and evidence of epigenetic dysregulation. Advances in immunotherapy (adoptive immune cell transfer, tumor vaccine strategies, and immune checkpoint inhibition) have also provided a better understanding of how immuno-oncology might best be applied to sarcoma treatment, including connections to oncogenic pathways that may support combination strategies with conventional and targeted therapies. In this article, we review the latest sarcoma genomic studies and immuno-oncology developments and discuss how the findings suggest potential strategies to improve diagnosis and treatment across multiple sarcoma subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Lim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Neal M Poulin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Torsten O Nielsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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105
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Seki M, Nishimura R, Yoshida K, Shimamura T, Shiraishi Y, Sato Y, Kato M, Chiba K, Tanaka H, Hoshino N, Nagae G, Shiozawa Y, Okuno Y, Hosoi H, Tanaka Y, Okita H, Miyachi M, Souzaki R, Taguchi T, Koh K, Hanada R, Kato K, Nomura Y, Akiyama M, Oka A, Igarashi T, Miyano S, Aburatani H, Hayashi Y, Ogawa S, Takita J. Integrated genetic and epigenetic analysis defines novel molecular subgroups in rhabdomyosarcoma. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7557. [PMID: 26138366 PMCID: PMC4506514 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in childhood. Here we studied 60 RMSs using whole-exome/-transcriptome sequencing, copy number (CN) and DNA methylome analyses to unravel the genetic/epigenetic basis of RMS. On the basis of methylation patterns, RMS is clustered into four distinct subtypes, which exhibits remarkable correlation with mutation/CN profiles, histological phenotypes and clinical behaviours. A1 and A2 subtypes, especially A1, largely correspond to alveolar histology with frequent PAX3/7 fusions and alterations in cell cycle regulators. In contrast, mostly showing embryonal histology, both E1 and E2 subtypes are characterized by high frequency of CN alterations and/or allelic imbalances, FGFR4/RAS/AKT pathway mutations and PTEN mutations/methylation and in E2, also by p53 inactivation. Despite the better prognosis of embryonal RMS, patients in the E2 are likely to have a poor prognosis. Our results highlight the close relationships of the methylation status and gene mutations with the biological behaviour in RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Seki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Riki Nishimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshida
- 1] Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan [2] Cancer Genomics Project, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Teppei Shimamura
- 1] Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan [2] Division of Systems Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shiraishi
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- 1] Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan [2] Cancer Genomics Project, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kato
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan [2] Department of Cell Therapy and Transplantation Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan [3] Department of Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama 339-8551, Japan
| | - Kenichi Chiba
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tanaka
- Laboratory of Sequence Data Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Noriko Hoshino
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Genta Nagae
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shiozawa
- 1] Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan [2] Cancer Genomics Project, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okuno
- 1] Cancer Genomics Project, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan [2] Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hajime Hosoi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yukichi Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama 232-8555, Japan
| | - Hajime Okita
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Miyachi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ryota Souzaki
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Taguchi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Koh
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama 339-8551, Japan
| | - Ryoji Hanada
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama 339-8551, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kato
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ibaraki Children's Hospital, Mito 311-4145, Japan
| | - Yuko Nomura
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Masaharu Akiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan
| | - Akira Oka
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takashi Igarashi
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan [2] National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- 1] Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan [2] Laboratory of Sequence Data Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Hayashi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Gunma Children's Medical Center, Shibukawa, Gunma, 377-8577, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- 1] Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan [2] Cancer Genomics Project, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Junko Takita
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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106
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Kashi VP, Hatley ME, Galindo RL. Probing for a deeper understanding of rhabdomyosarcoma: insights from complementary model systems. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:426-39. [PMID: 26105539 PMCID: PMC4599785 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a mesenchymal malignancy composed of neoplastic primitive precursor cells that exhibit histological features of myogenic differentiation. Despite intensive conventional multimodal therapy, patients with high-risk RMS typically suffer from aggressive disease. The lack of directed therapies against RMS emphasizes the need to further uncover the molecular underpinnings of the disease. In this Review, we discuss the notable advances in the model systems now available to probe for new RMS-targetable pathogenetic mechanisms, and the possibilities for enhanced RMS therapeutics and improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh P Kashi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9072, USA
| | - Mark E Hatley
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Rene L Galindo
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9072, USA. [2] Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA. [3] Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9063, USA
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107
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Yasui N, Yoshida A, Kawamoto H, Yonemori K, Hosono A, Kawai A. Clinicopathologic analysis of spindle cell/sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:1011-6. [PMID: 25557260 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical characteristics and optimal treatment strategies for spindle cell/sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma (ssRMS) have not been well established because of its rarity. PROCEDURE Retrospective re-evaluation of sarcoma specimens (1997-2014) identified 16 ssRMSs (median age 20 years, range 7-39 years). Clinicopathological features, clinical course, and outcome were analyzed. RESULTS Primary disease sites were the head and neck (10 cases) and other regions (6 cases). Nine cases were at Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study preoperative stage 3. The primary tumors were >5 cm in 13 cases. Two patients had lymph node metastases, but none had distant metastases at presentation. At follow-up (median period 39 months, range 4.6-201), seven patients were alive without disease. Among nine patients treated with the vincristine, actinomycin, and cyclophosphamide (VAC) regimen, five responded well, with four surviving free of disease. Among ten patients with recurrent or progressive disease, three experienced local recurrence, four had distant metastases, and three had both. None exhibited bone marrow invasion. Eight of the ten patients died in median time from relapse to death of 18 months (range 11-56). CONCLUSIONS Although most ssRMSs present as a bulky tumor, nodal or distant metastases are rare at presentation. ssRMSs initially show good response to VAC, but >50% of tumors recur or progress; these data suggest a worse prognosis of ssRMS compared to the pediatric embryonal variant. As relapse typically occurs as local or distant solitary lesion without bone marrow invasion, localized treatment combined with chemotherapy would contribute to improve the prognosis of recurrent ssRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yasui
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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108
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Rudzinski ER, Anderson JR, Hawkins DS, Skapek SX, Parham DM, Teot LA. The World Health Organization Classification of Skeletal Muscle Tumors in Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015; 139:1281-7. [PMID: 25989287 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0475-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The World Health Organization Classification Since 1995, the International Classification of Rhabdomyosarcoma has provided prognostically relevant classification for rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and allowed risk stratification for children with RMS. The International Classification of Rhabdomyosarcoma includes botryoid and spindle cell RMS as superior-risk groups, embryonal RMS as an intermediate-risk group, and alveolar RMS as an unfavorable-risk group. The 2013 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of skeletal muscle tumors modified the histologic classification of RMS to include sclerosing RMS as a type of spindle cell RMS separate from embryonal RMS. The current WHO classification includes embryonal, alveolar, spindle cell/sclerosing, and pleomorphic subtypes of RMS and does not separate the botryoid subtype. OBJECTIVE To determine if the WHO classification applies to pediatric RMS. DESIGN To accomplish this goal, we reviewed 9 consecutive Children's Oncology Group clinical trials to compare the WHO and International Classification of Rhabdomyosarcoma classifications with outcome and site of disease. RESULTS Except for a subset of low-risk RMS, the outcome for botryoid was not significantly different from typical embryonal RMS when analyzed by primary site. Similarly, pediatric spindle cell and sclerosing patterns of RMS did not appear significantly different from typical embryonal RMS, with one exception: spindle cell RMS in the parameningeal region had an inferior outcome with 28% event-free survival. CONCLUSION Our data support use of the WHO RMS classification in the pediatric population, with the caveat that histologic diagnosis does not necessarily confer the same prognostic information in children as in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Rudzinski
- From the Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington (Dr Rudzinski); Frontier Science & Technology Research Foundation, Inc, Madison, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); the University of Washington School of Medicine and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Cancer and Blood Disorders Center at Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (Dr Hawkins); the Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Dr Skapek); the Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Dr Parham); and the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Teot)
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109
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Albers J, Danzer C, Rechsteiner M, Lehmann H, Brandt LP, Hejhal T, Catalano A, Busenhart P, Gonçalves AF, Brandt S, Bode PK, Bode-Lesniewska B, Wild PJ, Frew IJ. A versatile modular vector system for rapid combinatorial mammalian genetics. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1603-19. [PMID: 25751063 PMCID: PMC4396471 DOI: 10.1172/jci79743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe the multiple lentiviral expression (MuLE) system that allows multiple genetic alterations to be introduced simultaneously into mammalian cells. We created a toolbox of MuLE vectors that constitute a flexible, modular system for the rapid engineering of complex polycistronic lentiviruses, allowing combinatorial gene overexpression, gene knockdown, Cre-mediated gene deletion, or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated (where CRISPR indicates clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) gene mutation, together with expression of fluorescent or enzymatic reporters for cellular assays and animal imaging. Examples of tumor engineering were used to illustrate the speed and versatility of performing combinatorial genetics using the MuLE system. By transducing cultured primary mouse cells with single MuLE lentiviruses, we engineered tumors containing up to 5 different genetic alterations, identified genetic dependencies of molecularly defined tumors, conducted genetic interaction screens, and induced the simultaneous CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of 3 tumor-suppressor genes. Intramuscular injection of MuLE viruses expressing oncogenic H-RasG12V together with combinations of knockdowns of the tumor suppressors cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (Cdkn2a), transformation-related protein 53 (Trp53), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) allowed the generation of 3 murine sarcoma models, demonstrating that genetically defined autochthonous tumors can be rapidly generated and quantitatively monitored via direct injection of polycistronic MuLE lentiviruses into mouse tissues. Together, our results demonstrate that the MuLE system provides genetic power for the systematic investigation of the molecular mechanisms that underlie human diseases.
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110
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[Discovery of a new mutation in MYOD1 characterizes a subset of aggressive embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma partnering with mutations of the PI3K-AKT pathway]. Bull Cancer 2015; 101:776-7. [PMID: 25295632 DOI: 10.1684/bdc.2014.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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111
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Chen L, Shern JF, Wei JS, Yohe ME, Song YK, Hurd L, Liao H, Catchpoole D, Skapek SX, Barr FG, Hawkins DS, Khan J. Clonality and evolutionary history of rhabdomyosarcoma. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005075. [PMID: 25768946 PMCID: PMC4358975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To infer the subclonality of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and predict the temporal order of genetic events for the tumorigenic process, and to identify novel drivers, we applied a systematic method that takes into account germline and somatic alterations in 44 tumor-normal RMS pairs using deep whole-genome sequencing. Intriguingly, we find that loss of heterozygosity of 11p15.5 and mutations in RAS pathway genes occur early in the evolutionary history of the PAX-fusion-negative-RMS (PFN-RMS) subtype. We discover several early mutations in non-RAS mutated samples and predict them to be drivers in PFN-RMS including recurrent mutation of PKN1. In contrast, we find that PAX-fusion-positive (PFP) subtype tumors have undergone whole-genome duplication in the late stage of cancer evolutionary history and have acquired fewer mutations and subclones than PFN-RMS. Moreover we predict that the PAX3-FOXO1 fusion event occurs earlier than the whole genome duplication. Our findings provide information critical to the understanding of tumorigenesis of RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jack F. Shern
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jun S. Wei
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marielle E. Yohe
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Young K. Song
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura Hurd
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hongling Liao
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Catchpoole
- Biospecimens Research and Tumour Bank, The Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen X. Skapek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Frederic G. Barr
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Douglas S. Hawkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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112
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Bishop JA, Thompson LDR, Cardesa A, Barnes L, Lewis JS, Triantafyllou A, Hellquist H, Stenman G, Hunt JL, Williams MD, Slootweg PJ, Devaney KO, Gnepp DR, Wenig BM, Rinaldo A, Ferlito A. Rhabdomyoblastic Differentiation in Head and Neck Malignancies Other Than Rhabdomyosarcoma. Head Neck Pathol 2015; 9:507-18. [PMID: 25757816 PMCID: PMC4651923 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-015-0624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a relatively common soft tissue sarcoma that frequently affects children and adolescents and may involve the head and neck. Rhabdomyosarcoma is defined by skeletal muscle differentiation which can be suggested by routine histology and confirmed by immunohistochemistry for the skeletal muscle-specific markers myogenin or myoD1. At the same time, it must be remembered that when it comes to head and neck malignancies, skeletal muscle differentiation is not limited to rhabdomyosarcoma. A lack of awareness of this phenomenon could lead to misdiagnosis and, subsequently, inappropriate therapeutic interventions. This review focuses on malignant neoplasms of the head and neck other than rhabdomyosarcoma that may exhibit rhabdomyoblastic differentiation, with an emphasis on strategies to resolve the diagnostic dilemmas these tumors may present. Axiomatically, no primary central nervous system tumors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. Bishop
- />Departments of Pathology and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, 401 N. Broadway, Weinberg 2249, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA
| | | | - Antonio Cardesa
- />Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leon Barnes
- />Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - James S. Lewis
- />Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
| | | | - Henrik Hellquist
- />Departamento de Ciências, Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Goran Stenman
- />Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jennifer L. Hunt
- />Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Michelle D. Williams
- />Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Pieter J. Slootweg
- />Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Bruce M. Wenig
- />Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | | | - Alfio Ferlito
- />Departments of Pathology and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, 401 N. Broadway, Weinberg 2249, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA
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113
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Hettmer S, Bronson RT, Wagers AJ. Distinct malignant behaviors of mouse myogenic tumors induced by different oncogenetic lesions. Front Oncol 2015; 5:50. [PMID: 25759794 PMCID: PMC4338657 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) are heterogeneous cancers with myogenic differentiation features. The cytogenetic and mutational aberrations in RMS are diverse. This study examined differences in the malignant behavior of two genetically distinct and disease-relevant mouse myogenic tumor models. Kras; p1619(null) myogenic tumors, initiated by expression of oncogenic Kras in p16p19(null) mouse satellite cells, were metastatic to the lungs of the majority of tumor-bearing animals and repopulated tumors in seven of nine secondary recipients. In contrast, SmoM2 tumors, initiated by ubiquitous expression of a mutant Smoothened allele, did not metastasize and repopulated tumors in 2 of 18 recipients only. In summary, genetically distinct myogenic tumors in mice exhibit marked differences in malignant behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hettmer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany ; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University , Boston, MA , USA ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Chevy Chase, MD , USA ; Joslin Diabetes Center , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Veterinary School , North Grafton, MA , USA
| | - Amy J Wagers
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University , Boston, MA , USA ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Chevy Chase, MD , USA ; Joslin Diabetes Center , Boston, MA , USA
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114
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Cancer genomics: why rare is valuable. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:369-81. [PMID: 25676695 PMCID: PMC4366545 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rare conditions are sometimes ignored in biomedical research because of difficulties in obtaining specimens and limited interest from fund raisers. However, the study of rare diseases such as unusual cancers has again and again led to breakthroughs in our understanding of more common diseases. It is therefore unsurprising that with the development and accessibility of next-generation sequencing, much has been learnt from studying cancers that are rare and in particular those with uniform biological and clinical behavior. Herein, we describe how shotgun sequencing of cancers such as granulosa cell tumor, endometrial stromal sarcoma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, ameloblastoma, small-cell carcinoma of the ovary, clear-cell carcinoma of the ovary, nonepithelial ovarian tumors, chondroblastoma, and giant cell tumor of the bone has led to rapidly translatable discoveries in diagnostics and tumor taxonomies, as well as providing insights into cancer biology.
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115
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Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma of childhood, and despite clinical advances, subsets of these patients continue to suffer high levels of morbidity and mortality associated with their disease. Recent genetic and molecular characterization of these tumors using sophisticated genomics techniques, including next-generation sequencing experiments, has revealed multiple areas that can be exploited for new molecularly targeted therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack F. Shern
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marielle E. Yohe
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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116
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Slotkin EK, Patwardhan PP, Vasudeva SD, de Stanchina E, Tap WD, Schwartz GK. MLN0128, an ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitor with potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity, as potential therapy for bone and soft-tissue sarcoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 14:395-406. [PMID: 25519700 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that exists in two complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2) and integrates extracellular and intracellular signals to act as a master regulator of cell growth, survival, and metabolism. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR prosurvival pathway is often dysregulated in multiple sarcoma subtypes. First-generation allosteric inhibitors of mTORC1 (rapalogues) have been extensively tested with great preclinical promise, but have had limited clinical utility. Here, we report that MLN0128, a second-generation, ATP-competitive, pan-mTOR kinase inhibitor, acts on both mTORC1 and mTORC2 and has potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity in multiple sarcoma subtypes. In vitro, MLN0128 inhibits mTORC1/2 targets in a concentration-dependent fashion and shows striking antiproliferative effect in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), Ewing sarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, synovial sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and liposarcoma. Unlike rapamycin, MLN0128 inhibits phosphorylation of 4EBP1 and NDRG1 as well as prevents the reactivation of pAKT that occurs via negative feedback release with mTORC1 inhibition alone. In xenograft models, MLN0128 treatment results in suppression of tumor growth with two dosing schedules (1 mg/kg daily and 3 mg/kg b.i.d. t.i.w.). At the 3 mg/kg dosing schedule, MLN0128 treatment results in significantly better tumor growth suppression than rapamycin in RMS and Ewing sarcoma models. In addition, MLN0128 induces apoptosis in models of RMS both in vitro and in vivo. Results from our study strongly suggest that MLN0128 treatment should be explored further as potential therapy for sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Slotkin
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Parag P Patwardhan
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
| | - Shyamprasad D Vasudeva
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - William D Tap
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Gary K Schwartz
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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117
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Weinreb I, Piscuoglio S, Martelotto LG, Waggott D, Ng CKY, Perez-Ordonez B, Harding NJ, Alfaro J, Chu KC, Viale A, Fusco N, da Cruz Paula A, Marchio C, Sakr RA, Lim R, Thompson LDR, Chiosea SI, Seethala RR, Skalova A, Stelow EB, Fonseca I, Assaad A, How C, Wang J, de Borja R, Chan-Seng-Yue M, Howlett CJ, Nichols AC, Wen YH, Katabi N, Buchner N, Mullen L, Kislinger T, Wouters BG, Liu FF, Norton L, McPherson JD, Rubin BP, Clarke BA, Weigelt B, Boutros PC, Reis-Filho JS. Hotspot activating PRKD1 somatic mutations in polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinomas of the salivary glands. Nat Genet 2014; 46:1166-9. [PMID: 25240283 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) is the second most frequent type of malignant tumor of the minor salivary glands. We identified PRKD1 hotspot mutations encoding p.Glu710Asp in 72.9% of PLGAs but not in other salivary gland tumors. Functional studies demonstrated that this kinase-activating alteration likely constitutes a driver of PLGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Weinreb
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salvatore Piscuoglio
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Luciano G Martelotto
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daryl Waggott
- 1] Informatics and Bio-Computing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [2] Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Onatrio, Canada. [3] Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlotte K Y Ng
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Nicholas J Harding
- Informatics and Bio-Computing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Javier Alfaro
- 1] Informatics and Bio-Computing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [2] Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Onatrio, Canada. [3] Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [4] Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth C Chu
- Informatics and Bio-Computing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Agnes Viale
- Integrated Genomics Operation, Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicola Fusco
- 1] Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] School of Pathology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Arnaud da Cruz Paula
- 1] Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Instituto Português de Oncologia, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Caterina Marchio
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rita A Sakr
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Raymond Lim
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lester D R Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Kaiser Permanente, Woodland Hills Medical Center, Woodland Hills, California, USA
| | - Simion I Chiosea
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raja R Seethala
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alena Skalova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Edward B Stelow
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Isabel Fonseca
- 1] Instituto Português de Oncologia Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal. [2] Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adel Assaad
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Mason Hospital and Seattle Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christine How
- 1] Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Onatrio, Canada. [2] Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Informatics and Bio-Computing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard de Borja
- Informatics and Bio-Computing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Chan-Seng-Yue
- Informatics and Bio-Computing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Y Hannah Wen
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nora Katabi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas Buchner
- Cancer Genomics Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Mullen
- Cancer Genomics Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- 1] Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Onatrio, Canada. [2] Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [3] Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bradly G Wouters
- 1] Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Onatrio, Canada. [2] Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [3] Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fei-Fei Liu
- 1] Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Onatrio, Canada. [2] Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [3] Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [4] Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Larry Norton
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - John D McPherson
- 1] Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [2] Department of Pathology, Virginia Mason Hospital and Seattle Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brian P Rubin
- 1] Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. [2] Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Blaise A Clarke
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul C Boutros
- 1] Informatics and Bio-Computing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [2] Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [3] Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- 1] Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA. [2]
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118
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Sequencing your genome: your future is here, but are you sure you want to know it? Genet Res (Camb) 2014; 96:e006. [PMID: 25023198 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672314000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS; also known as deep sequencing or ultra-high throughput sequencing) has probably been the most important tool for genomic research over the past few years. NGS has led to numerous discoveries and scientific breakthroughs in the genetic field. The sequencing technology that has entered the research laboratory in the past decade is now being introduced into the clinical diagnostic laboratory. Consequently, NGS results are becoming available in the medical arena as abundance of clinically relevant variants, conferring predisposition to disease, are being discovered at a growing rate (Stanley, 2014).
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119
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Asahina M, Saito T, Arakawa A, Suehara Y, Takagi T, Hisasue SI, Kaneko K, Horie S, Yao T. A case of primary spindle cell variant of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:5181-5185. [PMID: 25197394 PMCID: PMC4152084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We treated a rare case of spindle cell variant of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) of the prostate of a patient referred to our hospital for gross hematuria. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 4-cm-diameter mass with focal cystic change. Transurethral resection (TUR) of the prostate was performed to diagnosis and treat for complete urinary retention. Microscopically, the TUR specimen almost comprised a fascicular proliferation of spindle-shaped tumor cells, leading to the diagnosis of spindle cell sarcoma. The consequent total prostatectomy revealed the presence of rhabdomyoblasts in addition to the spindle cell proliferation. A MyoD1 p.L122R mutation was not detected in this tumor. The tumor recurred locally, with multiple metastatic lesions found soon after surgery. The patient received chemotherapy and radiation therapy but died 10 months after initial presentation. Although MyoD1 mutation is reported to define a clinically aggressive subset of embryonal RMS, spindle cell variant of embryonal RMS shows extremely adverse clinical outcomes irrespective of MyoD1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Asahina
- Department of Human Pathology, School of Medicine, Juntendo UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saito
- Department of Human Pathology, School of Medicine, Juntendo UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Arakawa
- Department of Human Pathology, School of Medicine, Juntendo UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Suehara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Juntendo UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Juntendo UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Hisasue
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Juntendo UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kaneko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Juntendo UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Horie
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Juntendo UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yao
- Department of Human Pathology, School of Medicine, Juntendo UniversityTokyo, Japan
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120
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Yu L, Yang SJ. Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma of the retroperitoneum: an unusual case developed in a pregnant woman but obscured by pregnancy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:4904-4912. [PMID: 25197361 PMCID: PMC4152051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is an uncommon histiologic variant of RMS that has spindle cell morphology. This tumor occurs almost exclusively in childhood and more rarely in adults. Only a few adult cases, including two retroperitoneal cases in male patients, have been documented previously. We describe a rare case of spindle cell RMS of the retroperitoneum in a 37-year-old woman developed during pregnancy and incidentally discovered after vaginal delivery. Computed tomography showed a huge tumor mass, measured 20 × 20 × 15 cm in size, arising in retroperitoneal space. Histologically, the tumor consisted of spindle cells arranged in a fascicular or herringbone growth pattern, morphologically mimicking adult fibrosarcoma, intermingled with scattered rhabdomyoblasts. Mitotic activity ranged from 20 to 28 mitoses per 10 high-power fields and tumor necrosis was evident. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were stained diffusely positive for muscle specific actin, desmin, and vimentin, scattered positive for myogenin, MyoD1 and myoglobin, with a Ki-67 (MIB-1) proliferative labeling index of 46.11%. This tumor also stains positively for CD99, strong cytoplasmic WT1, and nuclear p53. Other markers such as S100 protein, smooth muscle specific actin, CD34, cytokeratin, and epithelial membrane antigen were all negative in the tumor cells. On the basis of the findings, a spindle cell RMS was diagnosed. The neoplasm was incompletely excised because of encasement of major vessels and invasion to adjacent structures, and additional chemotherapy was given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- Department of Pathology, Xi Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Shou Jing Yang
- Department of Pathology, Xi Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
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121
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Agaram NP, Chen CL, Zhang L, LaQuaglia MP, Wexler L, Antonescu CR. Recurrent MYOD1 mutations in pediatric and adult sclerosing and spindle cell rhabdomyosarcomas: evidence for a common pathogenesis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 53:779-87. [PMID: 24824843 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerosing and spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) are rare types of RMS recently reclassified as a stand-alone pathologic entity, separate from embryonal RMS (ERMS). Although sclerosing and spindle cell RMS share clinical and morphologic features, a pathogenetic link based on shared molecular alterations has not been established. Spindle cell RMS in children have been associated with a less aggressive clinical course compared to adults. Recently, recurrent MYOD1 mutations were described in 44% of adult spindle cell RMS, but no pediatric tumors or sclerosing RMS were studied for comparison. Thus, we investigated 16 RMS (5 sclerosing and 11 spindle cell) in children and adults for the presence of MYOD1 mutations by targeted Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Remarkably, all 5 sclerosing RMS and 4 of 11 spindle cell RMS showed the MYOD1 p.L122R hot-spot mutation. Of the five pediatric tumors, 2/2 sclerosing RMS and 2/3 spindle cell RMS showed MYOD1 mutations. Three of nine MYOD1-mutant RMS showed coexistent PIK3CA mutations, while no MDM2 amplifications were identified. All four pediatric MYOD1-mutated RMS patients died of the disease at 12-35 months following diagnosis. In conclusion, spindle cell and sclerosing RMS show recurrent MYOD1 mutations, in keeping with a single pathologic entity, regardless of age at presentation. This group however, is distinct from the infantile RMS associated with NCOA2 fusions. Although our study suggests that pediatric MYOD1-mutant RMS follow an aggressive behavior with high mortality, further studies are required to confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimhan P Agaram
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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