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Mice lacking NCF1 exhibit reduced growth of implanted melanoma and carcinoma tumors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84148. [PMID: 24358335 PMCID: PMC3865299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) complex is a professional producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is mainly expressed in phagocytes. While the activity of the NOX2 complex is essential for immunity against pathogens and protection against autoimmunity, its role in the development of malignant tumors remains unclear. We compared wild type and Ncf1m1J mutated mice, which lack functional NOX2 complex, in four different tumor models. Ncf1m1J mutated mice developed significantly smaller tumors in two melanoma models in which B16 melanoma cells expressing a hematopoietic growth factor FLT3L or luciferase reporter were used. Ncf1m1J mutated mice developed significantly fewer Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) tumors, but the tumors that did develop, grew at a pace that was similar to the wild type mice. In the spontaneously arising prostate carcinoma model (TRAMP), tumor growth was not affected. The lack of ROS-mediated protection against tumor growth was associated with increased production of immunity-associated cytokines. A significant increase in Th2 associated cytokines was observed in the LLC model. Our present data show that ROS regulate rejection of the antigenic B16-luc and LLC tumors, whereas the data do not support a role for ROS in growth of intrinsically generated tumors.
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102
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A Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase Peptide Induces T and B Cell–Dependent Chronic Arthritis in C57BL/10 Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1144-1155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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103
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Flytzani S, Stridh P, Guerreiro-Cacais AO, Marta M, Hedreul MT, Jagodic M, Olsson T. Anti-MOG antibodies are under polygenic regulation with the most significant control coming from the C-type lectin-like gene locus. Genes Immun 2013; 14:409-19. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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104
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The connection of monocytes and reactive oxygen species in pain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63564. [PMID: 23658840 PMCID: PMC3642180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay of specific leukocyte subpopulations, resident cells and proalgesic mediators results in pain in inflammation. Proalgesic mediators like reactive oxygen species (ROS) and downstream products elicit pain by stimulation of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. The contribution of leukocyte subpopulations however is less clear. Local injection of neutrophilic chemokines elicits neutrophil recruitment but no hyperalgesia in rats. In meta-analyses the monocytic chemoattractant, CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MCP-1), was identified as an important factor in the pathophysiology of human and animal pain. In this study, intraplantar injection of CCL2 elicited thermal and mechanical pain in Wistar but not in Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which lack p47phox, a part of the NADPH oxidase complex. Inflammatory hyperalgesia after complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) as well as capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia and capsaicin-induced current flow in dorsal root ganglion neurons in DA were comparable to Wistar rats. Macrophages from DA expressed lower levels of CCR2 and thereby migrated less towards CCL2 and formed limited amounts of ROS in vitro and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in the tissue in response to CCL2 compared to Wistar rats. Local adoptive transfer of peritoneal macrophages from Wistar but not from DA rats reconstituted CCL2-triggered hyperalgesia in leukocyte-depleted DA and Wistar rats. A pharmacological stimulator of ROS production (phytol) restored CCL2-induced hyperalgesia in vivo in DA rats. In Wistar rats, CCL2-induced hyperalgesia was completely blocked by superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase or tempol. Likewise, inhibition of NADPH oxidase by apocynin reduced CCL2-elicited hyperalgesia but not CFA-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia. In summary, we provide a link between CCL2, CCR2 expression on macrophages, NADPH oxidase, ROS and the development CCL2-triggered hyperalgesia, which is different from CFA-induced hyperalgesia. The study further supports the impact of CCL2 and ROS as potential targets in pain therapy.
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105
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Kesarwani P, Murali AK, Al-Khami AA, Mehrotra S. Redox regulation of T-cell function: from molecular mechanisms to significance in human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1497-534. [PMID: 22938635 PMCID: PMC3603502 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are thought to have effects on T-cell function and proliferation. Low concentrations of ROS in T cells are a prerequisite for cell survival, and increased ROS accumulation can lead to apoptosis/necrosis. The cellular redox state of a T cell can also affect T-cell receptor signaling, skewing the immune response. Various T-cell subsets have different redox statuses, and this differential ROS susceptibility could modulate the outcome of an immune response in various disease states. Recent advances in T-cell redox signaling reveal that ROS modulate signaling cascades such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and JAK/STAT pathways. Also, tumor microenvironments, chronic T-cell stimulation leading to replicative senescence, gender, and age affect T-cell susceptibility to ROS, thereby contributing to diverse immune outcomes. Antioxidants such as glutathione, thioredoxin, superoxide dismutase, and catalase balance cellular oxidative stress. T-cell redox states are also regulated by expression of various vitamins and dietary compounds. Changes in T-cell redox regulation may affect the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Many strategies to control oxidative stress have been employed for various diseases, including the use of active antioxidants from dietary products and pharmacologic or genetic engineering of antioxidant genes in T cells. Here, we discuss the existence of a complex web of molecules/factors that exogenously or endogenously affect oxidants, and we relate these molecules to potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kesarwani
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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106
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Colaianna M, Schiavone S, Zotti M, Tucci P, Morgese MG, Bäckdahl L, Holmdahl R, Krause KH, Cuomo V, Trabace L. Neuroendocrine profile in a rat model of psychosocial stress: relation to oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1385-99. [PMID: 23320850 PMCID: PMC3603501 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Psychosocial stress alters the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis). Increasing evidence shows a link between these alterations and oxidant elevation. Oxidative stress is implicated in the stress response and in the pathogenesis of neurologic and psychiatric diseases. NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the central nervous system. Here, we investigated the contributory role of NOX2-derived ROS to the development of neuroendocrine alterations in a rat model of chronic psychosocial stress, the social isolation. RESULTS Significant elevations in the hypothalamic levels of corticotropin-releasing factor and plasmatic adrenocorticotropic hormone were observed from 4 weeks of social isolation. Increased levels of peripheral markers of the HPA-axis (plasmatic and salivary corticosterone) were observed at a later time point of social isolation (7 weeks). Alteration in the exploratory activity of isolated rats followed the same time course. Increased expression of markers of oxidative stress (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine [8OhdG] and nitrotyrosine) and NOX2 mRNA was early detectable in the hypothalamus of isolated rats (after 2 weeks), but later (after 7 weeks) in the adrenal gland. A 3-week treatment with the antioxidant/NOX inhibitor apocynin stopped the progression of isolation-induced alterations of the HPA-axis. Rats with a loss-of-function mutation in the NOX2 subunit p47(phox) were totally protected from the alterations of the neuroendocrine profile, behavior, and increased NOX2 mRNA expression induced by social isolation. INNOVATION We demonstrate that psychosocial stress induces early elevation of NOX2-derived oxidative stress in the hypothalamus and consequent alterations of the HPA-axis, leading ultimately to an altered behavior. CONCLUSION Pharmacological targeting of NOX2 might be of crucial importance for the treatment of psychosocial stress-induced psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Colaianna
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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107
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Holmdahl R, Sareila O, Pizzolla A, Winter S, Hagert C, Jaakkola N, Kelkka T, Olsson LM, Wing K, Bäckdahl L. Hydrogen peroxide as an immunological transmitter regulating autoreactive T cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1463-74. [PMID: 22900704 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE An unexpected finding, revealed by positional cloning of genetic polymorphisms controlling models for rheumatoid arthritis, exposed a new function of Ncf1 and NADPH oxidase (NOX) 2 controlled oxidative burst. RECENT ADVANCES A decreased capacity to produce ROS due to a natural polymorphism was found to be the major factor leading to more severe arthritis and increased T cell-dependent autoimmunity. CRITICAL ISSUES In the vein of this finding, we here review a possible new role of ROS in regulating inflammatory cell and autoreactive T cell activity. It is postulated that peroxide is an immunologic transmitter secreted by antigen-presenting cells that downregulate the responses by autoreactive T cells. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This may operate at different levels of T cell selection and activation: during negative selection in the thymus, priming of T cells in draining lymph nodes, and while interacting with macrophages in peripheral target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, MBB, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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108
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Stegmann M, Metcalfe C, Barclay AN. Immunoregulation through membrane proteins modified by reducing conditions induced by immune reactions. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:15-21. [PMID: 23233323 PMCID: PMC7163605 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Selected disulfide bonds in membrane proteins are labile and are thus susceptible to changes in redox potential and/or the presence of thiol isomerase enzymes. Modification of these disulfide bonds can lead to conformational changes of the protein that in turn may alter protein activity and function. This occurs in the entry of several enveloped viruses into their host cells, e.g. HIV, hepatitis C virus and Newcastle disease virus. Labile disulfide bonds are also important in platelet activation, cytokine signalling and in a variety of diseases including cancer and arthritis. In this review we will concentrate on recent advances in understanding the conditions that lead to disulfide bond reduction in membrane proteins and their effects in regulating immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stegmann
- Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
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109
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Lantow M, Sivakumar R, Zeumer L, Wasserfall C, Zheng YY, Atkinson MA, Morel L. The granulocyte colony stimulating factor pathway regulates autoantibody production in a murine induced model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R49. [PMID: 23566364 PMCID: PMC3672747 DOI: 10.1186/ar4208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction An NZB-derived genetic locus (Sle2c2) that suppresses autoantibody production in a mouse model of induced systemic lupus erythematosus contains a polymorphism in the gene encoding the G-CSF receptor. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the Sle2c2 suppression is associated with an impaired G-CSF receptor function that can be overcome by exogenous G-CSF. Methods Leukocytes from B6.Sle2c2 and B6 congenic mice, which carry a different allele of the G-CSF receptor, were compared for their responses to G-CSF. Autoantibody production was induced with the chronic graft-versus-host-disease (cGVHD) model by adoptive transfer of B6.bm12 splenocytes. Different treatment regimens varying the amount and frequency of G-CSF (Neulasta®) or carrier control were tested on cGVHD outcomes. Autoantibody production, immune cell activation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were compared between the two strains with the various treatments. In addition, the effect of G-CSF treatment was examined on the production autoantibodies in the B6.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3 (B6.TC) spontaneous model of lupus. Results B6.Sle2c2 and B6 leukocytes responded differently to G-CSF. G-CSF binding by B6.Sle2c2 leukocytes was reduced as compared to B6, which was associated with a reduced expansion in response to in vivo G-CSF treatment. G-CSF in vivo treatment also failed to mobilize bone-marrow B6.Sle2c2 neutrophils as it did for B6 neutrophils. In contrast, the expression of G-CSF responsive genes indicated a higher G-CSF receptor signaling in B6.Sle2c2 cells. G-CSF treatment restored the ability of B6.Sle2c2 mice to produce autoantibodies in a dose-dependent manner upon cGVHD induction, which correlated with restored CD4+ T cells activation, as well as dendritic cell and granulocyte expansion. Steady-state ROS production was higher in B6.Sle2c2 than in B6 mice. cGVHD induction resulted in a larger increase in ROS production in B6 than in B6.Sle2c2 mice, and this difference was eliminated with G-CSF treatment. Finally, a low dose G-CSF treatment accelerated the production of anti-dsDNA IgG in young B6.TC mice. Conclusion The different in vivo and in vitro responses of B6.Sle2c2 leukocytes are consistent with the mutation in the G-CSFR having functional consequences. The elimination of Sle2c2 suppression of autoantibody production by exogenous G-CSF indicates that Sle2c2 corresponds to a loss of function of G-CSF receptor. This result was corroborated by the increased anti-dsDNA IgG production in G-CSF-treated B6.TC mice, which also carry the Sle2c2 locus. Overall, these results suggest that the G-CSF pathway regulates the production of autoantibodies in murine models of lupus.
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110
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Genetic analysis of the Trichuris muris-induced model of colitis reveals QTL overlap and a novel gene cluster for establishing colonic inflammation. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:127. [PMID: 23442222 PMCID: PMC3621453 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic susceptibility to colonic inflammation is poorly defined at the gene level. Although Genome Wide Association studies (GWAS) have identified loci in the human genome which confer susceptibility to Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis), it is not clear if precise loci exist which confer susceptibility to inflammation at specific locations within the gut e.g. small versus large intestine. Susceptibility loci for colitis in particular have been defined in the mouse, although specific candidate genes have not been identified to date. We have previously shown that infection with Trichuris muris (T. muris) induces chronic colitis in susceptible mouse strains with clinical, histological, and immunological homology to human colonic Crohn’s disease. We performed an integrative analysis of colitis susceptibility, using an F2 inter-cross of resistant (BALB/c) and susceptible (AKR) mice following T. muris infection. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL), polymorphic and expression data were analysed alongside in silico workflow analyses to discover novel candidate genes central to the development and biology of chronic colitis. Results 7 autosomal QTL regions were associated with the establishment of chronic colitis following infection. 144 QTL genes had parental strain SNPs and significant gene expression changes in chronic colitis (expression fold-change ≥ +/-1.4). The T. muris QTL on chromosome 3 (Tm3) mapped to published QTL in 3 unrelated experimental models of colitis and contained 33 significantly transcribed polymorphic genes. Phenotypic pathway analysis, text mining and time-course qPCR replication highlighted several potential cis-QTL candidate genes in colitis susceptibility, including FcgR1, Ptpn22, RORc, and Vav3. Conclusion Genetic susceptibility to induced colonic mucosal inflammation in the mouse is conserved at Tm3 and overlays Cdcs1.1. Genes central to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis reside within this locus, implicating several candidates in susceptibility to colonic inflammation. Combined methodology incorporating genetic, transcriptional and pathway data allowed identification of biologically relevant candidate genes, with Vav3 newly implicated as a colitis susceptibility gene of functional relevance.
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111
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Eriocalyxin B ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing Th1 and Th17 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:2258-63. [PMID: 23345445 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222426110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eriocalyxin B (EriB), a diterpenoid isolated from Isodon eriocalyx, was previously reported to have antitumor effects via multiple pathways, and these pathways are related to immune responses. In this study, we demonstrated that EriB was efficacious in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis. Treatment with EriB led to amelioration of EAE, which correlated with reduced spinal cord inflammation and demyelination. EriB treatment abolished encephalitogenic T-cell responses to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in an adoptive transfer EAE model. The underlying mechanism of EriB-induced effects involved inhibition of T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cell differentiation through Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator Of Transcription and Nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways as well as elevation of reactive oxygen species. These findings indicate that EriB exerts potent antiinflammatory effects through selective modulation of pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells by targeting critical signaling pathways. The study provides insights into the role of EriB as a unique therapeutic agent for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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112
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Sareila O, Jaakkola N, Olofsson P, Kelkka T, Holmdahl R. Identification of a region in p47phox/NCF1 crucial for phagocytic NADPH oxidase (NOX2) activation. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 93:427-35. [PMID: 23271700 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1211588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A point mutation in the mouse Ncf1(m1J) gene decreases production of ROS by the phagocytic NOX2 complex. Three mRNA splice variants are expressed, but only one is expressed as a protein, although at lower levels than the WT NCF1 (also known as p47phox). Our aim was to investigate whether the mutant p47phox, lacking 8 aa, is active, but as a result of its low expression, ROS production is decreased in Ncf1(m1J) mice, or whether the mutant p47phox completely lacks the capability to activate the NOX2 complex. The p47phox mutant (Δ228-235), which was equal to the protein in Ncf1(m1J) mice, failed to activate the NOX2 complex. When the deleted region was narrowed down to 2 aa, the p47phox protein remained inactive and failed to translocate to the membrane upon activation. Single amino acid substitutions revealed Thr233 to be vital for ROS production. Residues Tyr231 and Val232 also seemed to be important for p47phox function, as p47phox_Y231G and p47phox_V232G resulted in a >50% decrease in ROS production by the NOX2 complex. In addition, we identified the epitope of the D-10 anti-p47phox mAb. In conclusion, the p47phox protein variant expressed in Ncf1(m1J) mice is completely defective in activating the NOX2 complex to produce ROS, and the effect is dependent on SH3 region amino acids at positions 231-233, which are vital for the proper assembly of the NOX2 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Sareila
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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113
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Williams RO. What Have We Learned about the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis from TNF-Targeted Therapy? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/652739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Studies of cytokine regulation in rheumatoid arthritis led to the development of TNFα inhibitors which are now used for a number of indications, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. The widespread use of biologics in the clinic offers unique opportunities for probing disease pathogenesis and this paper provides an overview of rheumatoid arthritis, with a particular emphasis on the impact of anti-TNFα therapy on pathogenetic mechanisms. An overview is also provided on the most commonly used animal models that mimic RA, including adjuvant-induced arthritis, collagen-induced arthritis, TNFα-transgenic mice, and the K/BxN and SKG models. These models have led to significant discoveries relating to the importance of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, resulting from disregulation of the normally finely tuned balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine signalling. In addition, experimental evidence is discussed suggesting how genetic and environmental factors can contribute to disease susceptibility. The role of effector and regulatory T cells is discussed in the light of the relatively disappointing therapeutic effects of T cell modifying agents such as anti-CD4 antibody and cyclosporin. It is concluded that comprehensive analyses of mechanisms of action of biologics and other drugs entering the clinic will be essential to optimise therapy, with the ultimate aim of providing a cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard O. Williams
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, 65 Aspenlea Road, London W6 8LH, UK
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114
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Attar H, Bedard K, Migliavacca E, Gagnebin M, Dupré Y, Descombes P, Borel C, Deutsch S, Prokisch H, Meitinger T, Mehta D, Wichmann E, Delabar JM, Dermitzakis ET, Krause KH, Antonarakis SE. Extensive natural variation for cellular hydrogen peroxide release is genetically controlled. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43566. [PMID: 22952707 PMCID: PMC3430705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural variation in DNA sequence contributes to individual differences in quantitative traits. While multiple studies have shown genetic control over gene expression variation, few additional cellular traits have been investigated. Here, we investigated the natural variation of NADPH oxidase-dependent hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 release), which is the joint effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, superoxide metabolism and degradation, and is related to a number of human disorders. We assessed the normal variation of H2O2 release in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) in a family-based 3-generation cohort (CEPH-HapMap), and in 3 population-based cohorts (KORA, GenCord, HapMap). Substantial individual variation was observed, 45% of which were associated with heritability in the CEPH-HapMap cohort. We identified 2 genome-wide significant loci of Hsa12 and Hsa15 in genome-wide linkage analysis. Next, we performed genome-wide association study (GWAS) for the combined KORA-GenCord cohorts (n = 279) using enhanced marker resolution by imputation (>1.4 million SNPs). We found 5 significant associations (p<5.00×10−8) and 54 suggestive associations (p<1.00×10−5), one of which confirmed the linked region on Hsa15. To replicate our findings, we performed GWAS using 58 HapMap individuals and ∼2.1 million SNPs. We identified 40 genome-wide significant and 302 suggestive SNPs, and confirmed genome signals on Hsa1, Hsa12, and Hsa15. Genetic loci within 900 kb from the known candidate gene p67phox on Hsa1 were identified in GWAS in both cohorts. We did not find replication of SNPs across all cohorts, but replication within the same genomic region. Finally, a highly significant decrease in H2O2 release was observed in Down Syndrome (DS) individuals (p<2.88×10−12). Taken together, our results show strong evidence of genetic control of H2O2 in LCL of healthy and DS cohorts and suggest that cellular phenotypes, which themselves are also complex, may be used as proxies for dissection of complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Attar
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (HA); (SA)
| | - Karen Bedard
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School and University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eugenia Migliavacca
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Maryline Gagnebin
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yann Dupré
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Descombes
- Genomics Platform, NCCR Frontiers in Genetics, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Borel
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Deutsch
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Divya Mehta
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Jean Maurice Delabar
- Functional and Adaptive Biology, Université Paris Diderot-Paris7 and CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Emmanouil T. Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School and University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stylianos E. Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (HA); (SA)
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115
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Sorce S, Krause KH, Jaquet V. Targeting NOX enzymes in the central nervous system: therapeutic opportunities. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2387-407. [PMID: 22643836 PMCID: PMC11114708 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Among the pathogenic mechanisms underlying central nervous system (CNS) diseases, oxidative stress is almost invariably described. For this reason, numerous attempts have been made to decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS) with the administration of antioxidants as potential therapies for CNS disorders. However, such treatments have always failed in clinical trials. Targeting specific sources of reactive oxygen species in the CNS (e.g. NOX enzymes) represents an alternative promising option. Indeed, NOX enzymes are major generators of ROS, which regulate progression of CNS disorders as diverse as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, schizophrenia, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and stroke. On the other hand, in autoimmune demyelinating diseases, ROS generated by NOX enzymes are protective, presumably by dampening the specific immune response. In this review, we discuss the possibility of developing therapeutics targeting NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes for the treatment of different CNS pathologies. Specific compounds able to modulate the activation of NOX enzymes, and the consequent production of ROS, could fill the need for disease-modifying drugs for many incurable CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sorce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Medical Faculty, Geneva University Hospitals Centre Medical Universitaire 1, rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals Centre Medical Universitaire 1, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Medical Faculty, Geneva University Hospitals Centre Medical Universitaire 1, rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals Centre Medical Universitaire 1, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Jaquet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Medical Faculty, Geneva University Hospitals Centre Medical Universitaire 1, rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals Centre Medical Universitaire 1, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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116
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Kelkka T, Hultqvist M, Nandakumar KS, Holmdahl R. Enhancement of antibody-induced arthritis via Toll-like receptor 2 stimulation is regulated by granulocyte reactive oxygen species. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:141-50. [PMID: 22642907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The suppressive role of phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX2) complex-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) in adaptive immunity-driven arthritis models is well established. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of NOX2 complex-derived ROS in a model of innate immunity-driven arthritis and to identify the ROS-regulated innate receptors that control arthritis. We used collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA), which is a T and B lymphocyte-independent model of the effector phase of arthritis and is induced by well-defined monoclonal arthritogenic antibodies and enhanced by injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). CAIA was induced in both wild-type and Ncf1 mutant mice that lack phagocyte oxidative burst, and stimulated with LPS and other agents to activate innate immune responses. We found that both LPS and lipomannan enhanced CAIA more potently in the presence of functional phagocyte ROS production than in its absence. The ROS-dependent enhancement of CAIA was regulated by TLR2, but not by TLR4 stimulation, and was driven by granulocytes, whereas macrophages did not contribute to the phenotype. In addition, we report that collagen-induced arthritis was not affected by the functionality of the TLR4. We report that TLR2 signaling as an important ROS-regulated proinflammatory pathway leads to severe neutrophil-dependent inflammation in murine CAIA and conclude that the TLR2 pathway is modulated by phagocyte ROS to stimulate the development of arthritis.
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Schiavone S, Jaquet V, Sorce S, Dubois-Dauphin M, Hultqvist M, Bäckdahl L, Holmdahl R, Colaianna M, Cuomo V, Trabace L, Krause KH. NADPH oxidase elevations in pyramidal neurons drive psychosocial stress-induced neuropathology. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2:e111. [PMID: 22832955 PMCID: PMC3365255 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is thought to be involved in the development of behavioral and histopathological alterations in animal models of psychosis. Here we investigate the causal contribution of reactive oxygen species generation by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase NOX2 to neuropathological alterations in a rat model of chronic psychosocial stress. In rats exposed to social isolation, the earliest neuropathological alterations were signs of oxidative stress and appearance of NOX2. Alterations in behavior, increase in glutamate levels and loss of parvalbumin were detectable after 4 weeks of social isolation. The expression of the NOX2 subunit p47(phox) was markedly increased in pyramidal neurons of isolated rats, but below detection threshold in GABAergic neurons, astrocytes and microglia. Rats with a loss of function mutation in the NOX2 subunit p47(phox) were protected from behavioral and neuropathological alterations induced by social isolation. To test reversibility, we applied the antioxidant/NOX inhibitor apocynin after initiation of social isolation for a time period of 3 weeks. Apocynin reversed behavioral alterations fully when applied after 4 weeks of social isolation, but only partially after 7 weeks. Our results demonstrate that social isolation induces rapid elevations of the NOX2 complex in the brain. Expression of the enzyme complex was strongest in pyramidal neurons and a loss of function mutation prevented neuropathology induced by social isolation. Finally, at least at early stages, pharmacological targeting of NOX2 activity might reverse behavioral alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schiavone
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - V Jaquet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva and Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Sorce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva and Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Dubois-Dauphin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva and Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - L Bäckdahl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Holmdahl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Colaianna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - V Cuomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘Vittorio Erspamer', University of Rome, La Sapienza, Italy
| | - L Trabace
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - K-H Krause
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva and Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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118
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Huang Z, Rose AH, Hoffmann PR. The role of selenium in inflammation and immunity: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:705-43. [PMID: 21955027 PMCID: PMC3277928 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary selenium (]Se), mainly through its incorporation into selenoproteins, plays an important role in inflammation and immunity. Adequate levels of Se are important for initiating immunity, but they are also involved in regulating excessive immune responses and chronic inflammation. Evidence has emerged regarding roles for individual selenoproteins in regulating inflammation and immunity, and this has provided important insight into mechanisms by which Se influences these processes. Se deficiency has long been recognized to negatively impact immune cells during activation, differentiation, and proliferation. This is related to increased oxidative stress, but additional functions such as protein folding and calcium flux may also be impaired in immune cells under Se deficient conditions. Supplementing diets with above-adequate levels of Se can also impinge on immune cell function, with some types of inflammation and immunity particularly affected and sexually dimorphic effects of Se levels in some cases. In this comprehensive article, the roles of Se and individual selenoproteins in regulating immune cell signaling and function are discussed. Particular emphasis is given to how Se and selenoproteins are linked to redox signaling, oxidative burst, calcium flux, and the subsequent effector functions of immune cells. Data obtained from cell culture and animal models are reviewed and compared with those involving human physiology and pathophysiology, including the effects of Se levels on inflammatory or immune-related diseases including anti-viral immunity, autoimmunity, sepsis, allergic asthma, and chronic inflammatory disorders. Finally, the benefits and potential adverse effects of intervention with Se supplementation for various inflammatory or immune disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Huang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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119
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Superoxide dismutase 3 limits collagen-induced arthritis in the absence of phagocyte oxidative burst. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:730469. [PMID: 22529530 PMCID: PMC3317049 DOI: 10.1155/2012/730469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3), an enzyme mediating dismutation of superoxide into hydrogen peroxide, has been shown to reduce inflammation by inhibiting macrophage migration into injured tissues. In inflamed tissues, superoxide is produced by the phagocytic NOX2 complex, which consists of the catalytic subunit NOX2 and several regulatory subunits (e.g., NCF1). To analyze whether SOD3 can regulate inflammation in the absence of functional NOX2 complex, we injected an adenoviral vector overexpressing SOD3 directly into the arthritic paws of Ncf1∗/∗ mice with collagen-induced arthritis. SOD3 reduced arthritis severity in both oxidative burst-deficient Ncf1∗/∗ mice and also in wild-type mice. The NOX2 complex independent anti-inflammatory effect of SOD3 was further characterized in peritonitis, and SOD3 was found to reduce macrophage infiltration independently of NOX2 complex functionality. We conclude that the SOD3-mediated anti-inflammatory effect on arthritis and peritonitis operates independently of NOX2 complex derived oxidative burst.
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120
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Olsson LM, Nerstedt A, Lindqvist AK, Johansson SCM, Medstrand P, Olofsson P, Holmdahl R. Copy number variation of the gene NCF1 is associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:71-8. [PMID: 21728841 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate genetic variants in the gene neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1) for association with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In rodent models, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in Ncf1 has been shown to be a major locus regulating severity of arthritis. Ncf1 encodes one of five subunits of the NADPH oxidase complex. In humans the genomic structure of NCF1 is complex, excluding it from genome-wide association screens and complicating genetic analysis. In addition to copy number variation of NCF1, there are also two nonfunctional pseudogenes, nearly identical in sequence to NCF1. We have characterized copy number variation and SNPs in NCF1, and investigated these variants for association with RA. RESULTS We find that RA patients are less likely to have an increased copy number of NCF1, 7.6%, compared with 11.6% in controls; p=0.037. We also show that the T-allele of NCF1-339 (rs13447) is expressed in NCF1 and significantly reduces reactive oxygen species production. INNOVATION This is the first finding of genetic association of NCF1 with RA. The detailed characterization of genetic variants in NCF1 also helps elucidate the complexity of the NCF1 gene. CONCLUSION These data suggest that an increased copy number of NCF1 can be protective against developing RA and add support to previous findings of a role of NCF1 and the phagocyte NADPH oxidase complex in RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M Olsson
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Sweden
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121
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Lupus-associated causal mutation in neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 (NCF2) brings unique insights to the structure and function of NADPH oxidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 109:E59-67. [PMID: 22203994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113251108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the prototypic systemic autoimmune disease, is a debilitating multisystem autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation and extensive immune dysregulation in multiple organ systems, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Here, we present a multidisciplinary approach resulting in the identification of neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 (NCF2) as an important risk factor for SLE and the detailed characterization of its causal variant. We show that NCF2 is strongly associated with increased SLE risk in two independent populations: childhood-onset SLE and adult-onset SLE. The association between NCF2 and SLE can be attributed to a single nonsynonymous coding mutation in exon 12, the effect of which is the substitution of histidine-389 with glutamine (H389Q) in the PB1 domain of the NCF2 protein, with glutamine being the risk allele. Computational modeling suggests that the NCF2 H389Q mutation reduces the binding efficiency of NCF2 with the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav1. The model predicts that NCF2/H389 residue interacts with Vav1 residues E509, N510, E556, and G559 in the ZF domain of Vav1. Furthermore, replacing H389 with Q results in 1.5 kcal/mol weaker binding. To examine the effect of the NCF2 H389Q mutation on NADPH oxidase function, site-specific mutations at the 389 position in NCF2 were tested. Results show that an H389Q mutation causes a twofold decrease in reactive oxygen species production induced by the activation of the Vav-dependent Fcγ receptor-elicited NADPH oxidase activity. Our study completes the chain of evidence from genetic association to specific molecular function.
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122
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Ström M, Al Nimer F, Lindblom R, Nyengaard JR, Piehl F. Naturally Occurring Genetic Variability in Expression of Gsta4 is Associated with Differential Survival of Axotomized Rat Motoneurons. Neuromolecular Med 2011; 14:15-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-011-8164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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123
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Martner A, Aurelius J, Rydström A, Hellstrand K, Thorén FB. Redox Remodeling by Dendritic Cells Protects Antigen-Specific T Cells against Oxidative Stress. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6243-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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124
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Inflammation and repeated infections in CGD: two sides of a coin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 69:7-15. [PMID: 22083605 PMCID: PMC3249194 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an uncommon congenital immunodeficiency seen approximately in 1 of 250,000 individuals. It is caused by a profound defect in a burst of oxygen consumption that normally accompanies phagocytosis in all myeloid cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and macrophages). This “respiratory burst” involves the catalytic conversion of molecular oxygen to the oxygen free-radical superoxide, which in turn gives rise to hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid, and hydroxyl radicals. These oxygen derivatives play a critical role in the killing of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. As a result of the failure to activate the respiratory burst in their phagocytes, the majority of CGD patients suffer from severe recurrent infections and rather unexplained prolonged inflammatory reactions that may result in granulomatous lesions. Both may cause severe organ dysfunction depending on the tissues involved. Preventive measures as well as rapid (invasive) diagnostic procedures are required to successfully treat CGD. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be a serious option in some of the patients.
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125
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Chiurchiù V, Maccarrone M. Chronic inflammatory disorders and their redox control: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2605-41. [PMID: 21391902 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A chronic inflammatory disease is a condition characterized by persistent inflammation. A number of human pathologies fall into this category, and a great deal of research has been conducted to learn more about their characteristics and underlying mechanisms. In many cases, a genetic component has been identified, but also external factors like food, smoke, or environmental pollutants can significantly contribute to worsen their symptoms. Accumulated evidence clearly shows that chronic inflammatory diseases are subjected to a redox control. Here, we shall review the identity, source, regulation, and biological activity of redox molecules, to put in a better perspective their key-role in cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and inflammatory bowel diseases. In addition, the impact of redox species on autoimmune disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, and celiac disease) and neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis) will be discussed, along with their potential therapeutic implications as novel drugs to combat chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Chiurchiù
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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126
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Kraaij MD, van der Kooij SW, Reinders MEJ, Koekkoek K, Rabelink TJ, van Kooten C, Gelderman KA. Dexamethasone increases ROS production and T cell suppressive capacity by anti-inflammatory macrophages. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:549-57. [PMID: 22047959 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages have been demonstrated to suppress T cell responses by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to the subsequent induction of T regulatory cells in a ROS-dependent manner. Macrophages may therefore be instrumental in downregulating T cell responses in situations of exacerbated immune responses. Here we investigated the effect of immunosuppressive drugs on ROS production by macrophage subsets and the subsequent effects on T cell activation. Macrophage types 1 and 2 were differentiated with GM-CSF or M-CSF, in presence or absence of dexamethasone, cyclosporine A, FK506, rapamycin, or mycophenolic acid. The ROS producing capacity of fully differentiated Mph was highest in anti-inflammatory Mph2 and not affected by exposure to immunosuppressive drugs. However, presence of rapamycin during Mph2 differentiation decreased the ROS production of these cells. In contrast, other immunosuppressive drugs, with dexamethasone being the most potent, increased the ROS producing capacity of Mph2. Intriguingly although the ROS producing ability of Mph1 was unaffected, dexamethasone strongly increased the ROS producing capabilities of dendritic cells. Both at the mRNA and protein level we found that dexamethasone enhanced the expression of NOX2 protein p47(phox). Functionally, dexamethasone further enhanced the capacity of Mph2 to suppress T cell mediated IFN-γ and IL-4 production. In vivo, only in rats with normal ROS production (congenic DA.Ncf1(E3/E3)) it was observed that dexamethasone injection resulted in long-lasting upregulation of ROS production by macrophages and induced higher levels of Treg in a ROS-dependent manner. In conclusion, we show that the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone increases the ROS producing capacity of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina D Kraaij
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Nephrology, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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127
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Sareila O, Kelkka T, Pizzolla A, Hultqvist M, Holmdahl R. NOX2 complex-derived ROS as immune regulators. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2197-208. [PMID: 20919938 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a heterogeneous group of highly reactive molecules that oxidize targets in a biologic system. During steady-state conditions, ROS are constantly produced in the electron-transport chain during cellular respiration and by various constitutively active oxidases. ROS production can also be induced by activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) complex in a process generally referred to as an oxidative burst. The induced ROS have long been considered proinflammatory, causing cell and tissue destruction. Recent findings have challenged this inflammatory role of ROS, and today, ROS are also known to regulate immune responses and cell proliferation and to determine T-cell autoreactivity. NOX2-derived ROS have been shown to suppress antigen-dependent T-cell reactivity and remarkably to reduce the severity of experimental arthritis in both rats and mice. In this review, we discuss the role of ROS and the NOX2 complex as suppressors of autoimmunity, inflammation, and arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Sareila
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A 4, Turku, Finland
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128
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Shakya AK, Kumar A, Klaczkowska D, Hultqvist M, Hagenow K, Holmdahl R, Nandakumar KS. Collagen type II and a thermo-responsive polymer of N-isopropylacrylamide induce arthritis independent of Toll-like receptors: a strong influence by major histocompatibility complex class II and Ncf1 genes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:2490-500. [PMID: 21933654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We established and characterized an arthritis mouse model using collagen type II (CII) and a thermo-responsive polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNiPAAm). The new PNiPAAm adjuvant is TLR-independent, as all immunized TLR including MyD88-deficient mice developed an anti-CII response. Unlike other adjuvants, PNiPPAm did not skew the cytokine response (IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17), as there was no immune deviation towards any one type of immune spectrum after immunization with CII/PNiPPAm. Hence, using PNiPAAm, we studied the actual immune response to the self-protein, CII. We observed arthritis and autoimmunity development in several murine strains having different major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes after CII/PNiPAAm immunization but with a clear MHC association pattern. Interestingly, C57Bl/6 mice did not develop CII-induced arthritis, with PNiPAAm demonstrating absolute requirement for a classical adjuvant. Presence of a gene (Ncf1) mutation in the NADPH oxidation complex has a profound influence in arthritis and using PNiPAAm we could show that the high CIA severity in Ncf1 mutated mice is independent of any classical adjuvant. Macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and osteoclasts but not mast cells dominated the inflamed joints. Furthermore, arthritis induction in the adjuvant-free, eosinophil-dependent Vβ12 DBA/1 mice could be shown to develop arthritis independent of eosinophils using CII/PNiPAAm. Thus, biocompatible and biodegradable PNiPAAm offers unique opportunities to study actual autoimmunity independent of TLR and a particular cytokine phenotype profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Kumar Shakya
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
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129
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Thayer TC, Delano M, Liu C, Chen J, Padgett LE, Tse HM, Annamali M, Piganelli JD, Moldawer LL, Mathews CE. Superoxide production by macrophages and T cells is critical for the induction of autoreactivity and type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2011; 60:2144-51. [PMID: 21715554 PMCID: PMC3142064 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their dissipation in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis have garnered considerable controversy. Our recent work has demonstrated the importance of NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity for type 1 diabetes development and modulating T-cell autoreactivity. We previously linked decreased monocyte ROS with diabetes resistance in the alloxan-resistant mouse, and NOD-Ncf1(m1J) mice with a genetic ablation of NOX activity had reduced and delayed type 1 diabetes compared with NOD mice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To determine the required cellular sources of ROS that are necessary for type 1 diabetes initiation, we used antibody depletion and adoptive transfer experiments into NOD and NOD-Scid females, respectively. After receiving treatment, female mice were monitored for hyperglycemia and overt diabetes. RESULTS Depletion of macrophages and neutrophils fully protected NOD mice from type 1 diabetes. However, elimination of neutrophils alone showed no significant reduction or delay. Type 1 diabetes induction in NOD-Scid mice by adoptive transfer with NOD-Ncf1(m1J) splenocytes was significantly delayed compared with NOD splenocytes, suggesting macrophage ROS and modulation of effector responses are critical for diabetes. The adaptive immune response was also altered by the absence of NOX activity, as purified T cells from NOD-Ncf1(m1J) mice exhibited delayed transfer kinetics. Cotransfer experiments demonstrated the defect was intrinsic to NOX-deficient CD8(+) T cells. After stimulation, cytotoxic T cells exhibited decreased effector function in the absence of superoxide production. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the impaired autoreactive response of NOX-deficient NOD-Ncf1(m1J) immune system results from an alteration in the antigen-presenting cell-T-cell axis rather than failure of neutrophils to act as effector cells and that ROS signaling is important for the initiation of β-cell-directed autoimmunity by T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri C. Thayer
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew Delano
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lindsey E. Padgett
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama–Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hubert M. Tse
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama–Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mani Annamali
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jon D. Piganelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lyle L. Moldawer
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Clayton E. Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
- Corresponding author: Clayton E. Mathews,
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130
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Current concepts of hyperinflammation in chronic granulomatous disease. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:252460. [PMID: 21808651 PMCID: PMC3144705 DOI: 10.1155/2012/252460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is the most common inherited disorder of phagocytic functions, caused by genetic defects in the leukocyte nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. Consequently, CGD phagocytes are impaired in destroying phagocytosed microorganisms, rendering the patients susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections. Besides this immunodeficiency, CGD patients suffer from various autoinflammatory symptoms, such as granuloma formation in the skin or urinary tract and Crohn-like colitis. Owing to improved antimicrobial treatment strategies, the majority of CGD patients reaches adulthood, yet the autoinflammatory manifestations become more prominent by lack of causative treatment options. The underlying pathomechanisms driving hyperinflammatory reactions in CGD are poorly understood, but recent studies implicate reduced neutrophil apoptosis and efferocytosis, dysbalanced innate immune receptors, altered T-cell surface redox levels, induction of Th17 cells, the enzyme indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), impaired Nrf2 activity, and inflammasome activation. Here we discuss immunological mechanisms of hyperinflammation and their potential therapeutic implications in CGD.
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131
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Hultqvist M, Sareila O, Vilhardt F, Norin U, Olsson LM, Olofsson P, Hellman U, Holmdahl R. Positioning of a polymorphic quantitative trait nucleotide in the Ncf1 gene controlling oxidative burst response and arthritis severity in rats. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:2373-83. [PMID: 21275845 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The Ncf1 gene, encoding the P47(PHOX) protein that regulates production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase (NOX2) complex, is associated with autoimmunity and arthritis severity in rats. We have now identified that the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) resulting in an M153T amino acid substitution mediates arthritis resistance and thus explains the molecular polymorphism underlying the earlier identified Ncf1 gene effect. We identified the SNP in position 153 to regulate ROS production using COS(PHOX) cells transfected with mutated Ncf1. To determine the role of this SNP for control of arthritis, we used the Wistar strain, identified to carry only the postulated arthritis resistant SNP in position 153. When this Ncf1 allele was backcrossed to the arthritis susceptible DA strain, both granulocyte ROS production and arthritis resistance were restored. Position 153 is located in the hinge region between the PX and SH3 domains of P47(PHOX). Mutational analysis of this position revealed a need for an -OH group in the side chain but we found no evidence for phosphorylation. The polymorphism did not affect assembly of the P47(PHOX)/P67(PHOX) complex in the cytosol or membrane localization, but is likely to operate downstream of assembly, affecting activity of the membrane NOX2 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Hultqvist
- Medical Inflammation Research, C12 BMC, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Ahlqvist E, Ekman D, Lindvall T, Popovic M, Förster M, Hultqvist M, Klaczkowska D, Teneva I, Johannesson M, Flint J, Valdar W, Nandakumar KS, Holmdahl R. High-resolution mapping of a complex disease, a model for rheumatoid arthritis, using heterogeneous stock mice. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:3031-41. [PMID: 21565963 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolving the genetic basis of complex diseases like rheumatoid arthritis will require knowledge of the corresponding diseases in experimental animals to enable translational functional studies. Mapping of quantitative trait loci in mouse models of arthritis, such as collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), using F(2) crosses has been successful, but can resolve loci only to large chromosomal regions. Using an inbred-outbred cross design, we identified and fine-mapped CIA loci on a genome-wide scale. Heterogeneous stock mice were first intercrossed with an inbred strain, B10.Q, to introduce an arthritis permitting MHCII haplotype. Homozygous H2(q) mice were then selected to set up an F(3) generation with fixed major histocompatibility complex that was used for arthritis experiments. We identified 26 loci, 18 of which are novel, controlling arthritis traits such as incidence of disease, severity and time of onset and fine-mapped a number of previously mapped loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ahlqvist
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Biophysics Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Effects of GSTM1 in rheumatoid arthritis; results from the Swedish EIRA study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17880. [PMID: 21445357 PMCID: PMC3062563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) play an important role in tobacco smoke detoxification, interestingly approximately 50% of individuals in most human populations lack the gene GSTM1 due to copy number variation (CNV). We aimed to investigate GSTM1 CNV in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) in relation to smoking and HLA-DRB1 shared epitope; the two best known risk factors for RA and in addition, to perform subanalyses in patients where relations between variations in GSTM1 and RA have previously been described. Methods qPCR was performed using TaqMan Copy Number assays (Applied Biosystems) for 2426 incident RA cases and 1257 controls from the Swedish EIRA. Odds ratio (OR) together with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated and used as a measure of the relative risk of developing RA. Results No association between RA and GSTM1 CNV was observed when analyzing whole EIRA. However, ≥1 copy of GSTM1 appears to be a significant risk factor for autoantibody positive RA in non-smoking females ≥60 years (OR: 2.00 95% CI: 1.07–3.74), a population where such relationships have previously been described. Our data further suggest a protective effect of GSTM1 in ACPA-negative smoking men (OR: 0.56 95% CI: 0.35–0.90). Conclusion We assessed the exact number of GSTM1 gene copies in relation to development and severity of RA. Our data provide support for the notion that variations in copy numbers of GSTM1 may influence risk in certain subsets of RA, but do not support a role for GSTM1 CNV as a factor that more generally modifies the influence of smoking on RA.
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134
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Identifying a major locus that regulates spontaneous arthritis in IL-1ra-deficient mice and analysis of potential candidates. Genet Res (Camb) 2011; 93:95-103. [PMID: 21414240 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672310000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify genetic loci that regulate spontaneous arthritis in interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra)-deficient mice, an F2 population was created from a cross between Balb/c IL-1ra-deficient mice and DBA/1 IL-1ra-deficient mice. Spontaneous arthritis in the F2 population was examined and recorded. Genotypes of those F2 mice were determined using microsatellite markers. Quantitative trail locus (QTL) analysis was conducted with R/qtlbim. Functions of genes within QTL chromosomal regions were evaluated using a bioinformatics tool, PGMapper, and microarray analysis. Potential candidate genes were further evaluated using GeneNetwork. A total of 137 microsatellite markers with an average of 12 cM spacing along the whole genome were used for determining the correlation of arthritis phenotypes with genotypes of 191 F2 progenies. By whole-genome mapping, we obtained QTLs on chromosomes 1 and 6 that were above the significance threshold for strong Bayesian evidence. The QTL on chromosome 1 had a peak near D1Mit55 and D1Mit425 at 82·6 cM. It may account for as much as 12% of the phenotypic variation in susceptibility to spontaneous arthritis. The QTL region contained 208 known transcripts. According to their functions, Mr1, Pla2g4a and Fasl are outstanding candidate genes. From microarray analysis, 11 genes were selected as favourable candidates based on their function and expression profiles. Three of those 11 genes, Prg4, Ptgs2 and Mr1, correlated with the IL-1ra pathway. Those genes were considered to be the best candidates.
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Stubelius A, Andréasson E, Karlsson A, Ohlsson C, Tivesten A, Islander U, Carlsten H. Role of 2-methoxyestradiol as inhibitor of arthritis and osteoporosis in a model of postmenopausal rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol 2011; 140:37-46. [PMID: 21459677 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In postmenopausal rheumatoid arthritis, both the inflammatory disease and estrogen deficiency contribute to the development of osteoporosis. As hormone replacement therapy is no longer an option, we hypothesized that 2-methoxyestradiol (2me2) could be beneficial, and asked if such therapy was associated with effects on reproductive organs. Mice were ovariectomized and arthritis was induced, whereafter mice were administered 2me2, estradiol, or placebo. Clinical and histological scores of arthritis, together with bone mineral density were evaluated. Uteri weight, reactive oxygen species (ROS) from spleen cells, and characterization of cells from joints and lymph nodes were analyzed. In addition, in vivo activation of estrogen response elements (ERE) by 2me2 was evaluated. Treatment with 2me2 and estradiol decreased the frequency and severity of arthritis and preserved bone. Joint destruction was reduced, neutrophils diminished and ROS production decreased. The uterine weight increased upon long-term 2me2 exposure, however short-term exposure did not activate ERE in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Stubelius
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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136
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Liu SY, Wang WZ, Yen CL, Tsai MY, Yang PW, Wang JY, Ho CY, Shieh CC. Leukocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-reduced oxidase is required for isocyanate-induced lung inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:1014-23. [PMID: 21272929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isocyanates are low-molecular-weight compounds noted for inducing occupational and environmental asthma. Isocyanate-induced lung disease, an oxidant stress-dependent pulmonary inflammation, is the leading cause of occupational asthma. OBJECTIVES To address the role of leukocyte-produced oxidants in airway inflammation induced by toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and to elucidate the role of leukocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-reduced (NADPH) oxidase in pathogenesis by TDI. METHODS Wild-type mice and NADPH oxidase-deficient mice (neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 mutant, Ncf1(-/-)) were intranasally injected, challenged with inhalatory TDI, and then investigated for lung inflammation. RESULTS Cell infiltration in lung tissue and leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage, airway reactivity to a methacholine challenge, and TDI-induced inflammatory cytokine expression and nuclear factor activation in the lung tissue were all markedly lower in Ncf1(-/-) mice. Wild-type mice treated with blocking antibodies against CD4 and IL-17 showed markedly lower TDI-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. CONCLUSION Leukocyte NADPH oxidase is an essential regulator in TDI-induced airway inflammation through redox modification of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yen Liu
- Institute of Basic Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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137
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Efimova O, Szankasi P, Kelley TW. Ncf1 (p47phox) is essential for direct regulatory T cell mediated suppression of CD4+ effector T cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16013. [PMID: 21253614 PMCID: PMC3017100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple mechanisms have been advanced to account for CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cell (Treg)-mediated suppression of CD4+ effector T cells (Teffs) but none appear to completely explain suppression. Previous data indicates that Tregs may affect the microenvironment redox state. Given the inherent redox sensitivity of T cells, we tested the hypothesis that oxidants may mediate the direct suppression of Teffs by Tregs. Methodology/Principal Findings Tregs and Teffs were isolated from the spleens of wild type (WT) C57BL/6 mice or Ncf1(p47phox)-deficient C57BL/6 mice which lack NADPH oxidase function. Teffs were labeled with CFSE and co-cultured with unlabeled Tregs at varying Treg:Teff ratios in the presence of anti-CD3/CD28 coated beads for 3 days in suppression assays. Treg-mediated suppression was quantified by flow cytometric analysis of CFSE dilution in Teffs. The presence of the antioxidants n-acetylcysteine (NAC) or 2-mercaptoethanol or inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (diphenyleneiodonium and VAS-2870) resulted in reduced WT Treg-mediated suppression. The observed suppression was in part dependent upon TGFβ as it was partially blocked with neutralizing antibodies. The suppression of Teff proliferation induced by exogenous TGFβ treatment could be overcome with NAC. Ncf1-deficient Teff were slightly but significantly less sensitive than WT Teff to suppression by exogenous TGFβ. Ncf1-deficient Tregs suppressed Ncf1-deficient Teff very poorly compared to wild type controls. There was partial but incomplete reconstitution of suppression in assays with WT Tregs and Ncf1-deficient Teff. Conclusions/Significance We present evidence that NADPH oxidase derived ROS plays a role in the direct Treg mediated suppression of CD4+ effector T cells in a process that is blocked by thiol-containing antioxidants, NADPH oxidase inhibitors or a lack of Ncf1 expression in Tregs and Teffs. Oxidants may represent a potential new target for therapeutic modulation of Treg function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Efimova
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | | | - Todd W. Kelley
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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138
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Pizzolla A, Gelderman KA, Hultqvist M, Vestberg M, Gustafsson K, Mattsson R, Holmdahl R. CD68-expressing cells can prime T cells and initiate autoimmune arthritis in the absence of reactive oxygen species. Eur J Immunol 2010; 41:403-12. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Jochems C, Islander U, Erlandsson M, Engdahl C, Lagerquist M, Gjertsson I, Ohlsson C, Holmdahl R, Carlsten H. Role of endogenous and exogenous female sex hormones in arthritis and osteoporosis development in B10.Q-ncf1*/* mice with collagen-induced chronic arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010; 11:284. [PMID: 21159208 PMCID: PMC3009959 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is an often-used murine model for human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Earlier studies have shown potent anti-arthritic effects with the female sex hormone estradiol and the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) raloxifene in CIA in DBA/1-mice. B10.Q-ncf1*/*mice are B10.Q mice with a mutated Ncf1 gene. In B10.Q-ncf1*/*mice, CIA develops as a chronic relapsing disease, which more accurately mimics human RA. We investigated the role of endogenous and exogenous sex steroids and raloxifene in the course of this model of chronic arthritis. We also examined whether treatment would prevent the development of inflammation-triggered generalized osteoporosis. Methods Female B10.Q-ncf1*/*mice were sham-operated or ovariectomized, and CIA was induced. 22 days later, when 30% of the mice had developed arthritis, treatment with raloxifene, estradiol or vehicle was started, and the clinical disease was evaluated continuously. Treatment was continued until day 56 after immunization. At termination of the experiment (day 73), bone mineral density (BMD) was analyzed, paws were collected for histological examination, and sera were analyzed for markers of cartilage turnover and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Results Raloxifene and estradiol treatment, as well as endogenous estrogen, decreased the frequency of arthritis, prevented joint destruction and countered generalized osteoporosis. These effects were associated with lower serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. Conclusions This is the first study to show that raloxifene and estradiol can ameliorate established erosive arthritis and inflammation-triggered osteoporosis in this chronic arthritis model. We propose that treatment with raloxifene could be a beneficial addition to the treatment of postmenopausal RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Jochems
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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140
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Tse HM, Thayer TC, Steele C, Cuda CM, Morel L, Piganelli JD, Mathews CE. NADPH oxidase deficiency regulates Th lineage commitment and modulates autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5247-58. [PMID: 20881184 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are used by the immune system to eliminate infections; however, they may also serve as signaling intermediates to coordinate the efforts of the innate and adaptive immune systems. In this study, we show that by eliminating macrophage and T cell superoxide production through the NADPH oxidase (NOX), T cell polarization was altered. After stimulation with immobilized anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 or priming recall, T cells from NOX-deficient mice exhibited a skewed Th17 phenotype, whereas NOX-intact cells produced cytokines indicative of a Th1 response. These findings were corroborated in vivo by studying two different autoimmune diseases mediated by Th17 or Th1 pathogenic T cell responses. NOX-deficient NOD mice were Th17 prone with a concomitant susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and significant protection against type 1 diabetes. These data validate the role of superoxide in shaping Th responses and as a signaling intermediate to modulate Th17 and Th1 T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert M Tse
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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141
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Induction of regulatory T cells by macrophages is dependent on production of reactive oxygen species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:17686-91. [PMID: 20861446 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1012016107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagocyte NAPDH-oxidase complex consists of several phagocyte oxidase (phox) proteins, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon activation. ROS are involved in the defense against microorganisms and also in immune regulation. Defective ROS formation leads to chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) with increased incidence of autoimmunity and disturbed resolution of inflammation. Because regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress autoimmune T-cell responses and are crucial in down-regulating immune responses, we hypothesized that ROS deficiency may lead to decreased Treg induction. Previously, we showed that in p47(phox)-mutated mice, reconstitution of macrophages (Mph) with ROS-producing capacity was sufficient to protect the mice from arthritis. Now, we present evidence that Mph-derived ROS induce Tregs. In vitro, we showed that Mph ROS-dependently induce Treg, using an NADPH-oxidase inhibitor. This finding was confirmed genetically: rat or human CGD Mph with mutated p47(phox) or gp91(phox) displayed hampered Treg induction and T-cell suppression. However, basal Treg numbers in these subjects were comparable to those in controls, indicating a role for ROS in induction of peripheral Tregs. Induction of allogeneic delayed-type hypersensitivity with p47(phox)-mutated Mph confirmed the importance of Mph-derived ROS in Treg induction in vivo. We conclude that NAPDH oxidase activity in Mph is important for the induction of Tregs to regulate T cell-mediated inflammation.
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142
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Mizuki S, Oishi H, Zhang MC, Kamogawa J, Miyazaki T, Ono M, Takahashi S, Yamamoto H, Nose M. Genetic heterogeneity in rheumatoid arthritis mouse models induced by extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Pathol Int 2010; 60:430-7. [PMID: 20518897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2010.02537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A cumulative effect of the susceptibility genes with polymorphic alleles may be responsible for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The objective of this study was to clarify whether susceptibility to RA is under the control of common allelic loci between two different RA models induced by extrinsic and intrinsic factors, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1 mice and arthritis in MRL/Mp (MRL) mice associated with the Fas deficient mutant gene, Fas(lpr), respectively. CIA was examined in mice of parental DBA/1 and MRL, (MRL x DBA/1) F1 and (MRL x DBA/1) F2 progenies. In genome-wide screening of the severity in the F2 using microsatellite markers, significant linkage was observed on chromosomes 5 and 17 at map position of D5Mit259 and H-2, respectively, associated with DBA/1 alleles, while there was no loci associated with arthritis of MRL-Fas(lpr) mice previously identified. In a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis, the locus on chromosome 5 showed the highest peak at map position 35 cM (LOD score 6.0). This study may indicate that the arthritis induced by extrinsic and intrinsic factors is under the control of a different combination of susceptibility genes with common and different alleles, possibly simulating the genetic heterogeneity of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Mizuki
- Department of Pathogenomics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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143
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Lam GY, Huang J, Brumell JH. The many roles of NOX2 NADPH oxidase-derived ROS in immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 32:415-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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144
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Mossberg N, Andersen O, Nordin M, Nilsson S, Svedhem A, Bergström T, Hellstrand K, Movitz C. Leukocyte oxygen radical production determines disease severity in the recurrent Guillain-Barré syndrome. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2010; 7:40. [PMID: 20691112 PMCID: PMC2924308 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-7-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recurrent Guillain-Barré syndrome (RGBS) is characterized by at least two GBS episodes with intervening remission. In a previous study of monophasic GBS, we reported that the magnitude of oxygen radical production ("respiratory burst") in peripheral blood leukocytes was inversely correlated to disease severity. The present study sought to establish a similar correlation in patients with RGBS. METHODS Oxygen radical production in leukocytes was induced by formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF), Trp-Lys-Tyr-Met-Val-Met-NH2 (WKYMVM), or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and assessed by quantifying superoxide anion formed by the leukocyte NADPH oxidase. RESULTS Disease severity, assessed using the MRC score, was negatively correlated to superoxide anion production triggered by fMLF or WKYMVM (p = 0.001 and 0.002, respectively; n = 10). Superoxide anion production also was significantly lower in RGBS patients with incomplete recovery after stimulation with fMLF (p = 0.004) or WKYMVM (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION We conclude that a lower respiratory burst in leukocytes is strongly associated with a severe course of RGBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mossberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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145
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Batsalova T, Dzhambazov B, Klaczkowska D, Holmdahl R. Mice producing less reactive oxygen species are relatively resistant to collagen glycopeptide vaccination against arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2701-9. [PMID: 20686129 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bottleneck for the induction of collagen-induced arthritis in mice is the recognition of immunodominant type II collagen (CII) peptide (CII259-273) bound to the MHC class II molecule A(q). We have shown previously that the posttranslationally glycosylated lysine at position 264 in this epitope is of great importance for T cell recognition and tolerance induction to CII as well as for arthritis development. The Ncf1 gene, controlling oxidative burst, has been shown to play an important role for immune tolerance to CII. To investigate the effect of oxidation on the efficiency of immune-specific vaccination with MHC class II/glycosylated-CII peptide complexes, we used Ncf1 mutated mice. We demonstrate that normal reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels contribute to the establishment of tolerance and arthritis protection, because only mice with a functional oxidative burst were completely protected from arthritis after administration of the glycosylated CII259-273 peptide in complex with MHC class II. Transfer of T cells from vaccinated mice with functional Ncf1 protein resulted in strong suppression of clinical signs of arthritis in B10.Q mice, whereas the Ncf1 mutated mice as recipients had a weaker suppressive effect, suggesting that ROS modified the secondary rather than the primary immune response. A milder but still significant effect was also observed in ROS deficient mice. During the primary vaccination response, regulatory T cells, upregulation of negative costimulatory molecules, and increased production of anti-inflammatory versus proinflammatory cytokines in both Ncf1 mutated and wild type B10.Q mice was observed, which could explain the vaccination effect independent of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetelina Batsalova
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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146
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Wabnitz GH, Goursot C, Jahraus B, Kirchgessner H, Hellwig A, Klemke M, Konstandin MH, Samstag Y. Mitochondrial translocation of oxidized cofilin induces caspase-independent necrotic-like programmed cell death of T cells. Cell Death Dis 2010; 1:e58. [PMID: 21364663 PMCID: PMC3032559 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2010.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress leads to T-cell hyporesponsiveness or death. The actin-binding protein cofilin is oxidized during oxidative stress, which provokes a stiff actin cytoskeleton and T-cell hyporesponsiveness. Here, we show that long-term oxidative stress leads to translocation of cofilin into the mitochondria and necrotic-like programmed cell death (PCD) in human T cells. Notably, cofilin mutants that functionally mimic oxidation by a single mutation at oxidation-sensitive cysteins (Cys-39 or Cys-80) predominately localize within the mitochondria. The expression of these mutants alone ultimately leads to necrotic-like PCD in T cells. Accordingly, cofilin knockdown partially protects T cells from the fatal effects of long-term oxidative stress. Thus, we introduce the oxidation and mitochondrial localization of cofilin as the checkpoint for necrotic-like PCD upon oxidative stress as it occurs, for example, in tumor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Wabnitz
- Institute for Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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147
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Meng L, Zhu W, Jiang C, He X, Hou W, Zheng F, Holmdahl R, Lu S. Toll-like receptor 3 upregulation in macrophages participates in the initiation and maintenance of pristane-induced arthritis in rats. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R103. [PMID: 20500834 PMCID: PMC2911891 DOI: 10.1186/ar3034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses and are likely to play a complex role in the pathogenesis of human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and experimental arthritis. The objective of this study was to identify the key TLR in pristane-induced arthritis (PIA), a rat model for RA, and to clarify its roles in the initiation and maintenance of arthritis. Methods Arthritis in DA rats was induced by pristane and the severity was evaluated by macroscopic and microscopic score systems. Spleen TLR and cytokine expression was detected at different time points by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and flow cytometry. Polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C, a ligand of TLR3) or TLR3 specific short-hairpin RNA plasmid for RNA interference was administrated to PIA rats in vivo. Serum nitrogen oxide concentration was determined by Griess method, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was determined by L929 biotest. In splenic macrophages, TLR3 expression was measured by flow cytometry. A rat macrophage cell line (NR8383) was stimulated by pristane, and anti-TLR3 antibody were used to block TLR3 pathway. TLR3 and cytokine expression in NR8383 were detected by real-time PCR. Results By screening the TLR expression profile in spleen of DA rats after pristane injection, we found that TLR3 was the most early and prominently upregulated TLR. Both TLR3 mRNA and protein expression of spleen were upregulated at 6 and 26 days after pristane injection. Furthermore, administration of polyI:C exacerbated, whereas RNA interference targeting TLR3 ameliorated, the arthritis. Particularly, TLR3 expression was induced in splenic macrophages of PIA rats, and also in the NR8383 cell line after pristane stimulation in a dose- and time- dependent manner. Upregulation of interferon beta (IFN-β) and TNF-α by pristane stimulation was blocked by anti-TLR3 antibody in NR8383. Conclusions TLR3 plays a pivotal role in the initiation and development of PIA which may dependent on macrophage. These findings are useful to understand the pathogenesis of RA and may provide an intriguing therapeutic opportunity for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesu Meng
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
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148
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Phillips DC, Dias HKI, Kitas GD, Griffiths HR. Aberrant reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA): causes and consequences for immune function, cell survival, and therapeutic intervention. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:743-85. [PMID: 19686039 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The infiltration and persistence of hematopoietic immune cells within the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) joint results in elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased reactive oxygen (ROS) and -nitrogen (RNS) species generation, that feeds a continuous self-perpetuating cycle of inflammation and destruction. Meanwhile, the controlled production of ROS is required for signaling within the normal physiological reaction to perceived "foreign matter" and for effective apoptosis. This review focuses on the signaling pathways responsible for the induction of the normal immune response and the contribution of ROS to this process. Evidence for defects in the ability of immune cells in RA to regulate the generation of ROS and the consequence for their immune function and for RA progression is considered. As the hypercellularity of the rheumatoid joint and the associated persistence of hematopoietic cells within the rheumatoid joint are symptomatic of unresponsiveness to apoptotic stimuli, the role of apoptotic signaling proteins (specifically Bcl-2 family members and the tumor suppressor p53) as regulators of ROS generation and apoptosis are considered, evaluating evidence for their aberrant expression and function in RA. We postulate that ROS generation is required for effective therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren C Phillips
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, West Midlands, United Kingdom
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149
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Finemapping of the arthritis QTL Pia7 reveals co-localization with Oia2 and the APLEC locus. Genes Immun 2010; 11:239-45. [PMID: 20200546 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2010.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we sought to determine the effect of the quantitative trait locus Pia7 on arthritis severity. The regulatory locus derived from the arthritis-resistant E3 rat strain was introgressed into the arthritis-susceptibility DA strain through continuous backcrossing. Congenic rats were studied for their susceptibility to experimental arthritis using pristane and adjuvant oil. In addition, cell number and function of various leukocyte populations were analyzed either under naive or stimulated conditions. We found that the minimal congenic fragment of DA.E3-Pia7 rats overlapped with the minimal fragment in DA.PVG-Oia2 congenic rats, which has been positionally cloned to the antigen-presenting lectin-like receptor complex (APLEC) genes. DA.E3-Pia7 congenic rats were protected from both PIA and OIA, but the protection was more pronounced in OIA. In adoptive transfer experiments we observed that the Pia7 locus controlled the priming of arthritogenic T cells and not the effector phase. In addition, Pia7 congenic rats had a significant higher frequency of B cells and granulocytes as well as TNFalpha production after stimulation, indicating a higher activation state of cells of the innate immune system. In conclusion, this study shows that the APLEC locus is a major locus regulating the severity of experimentally induced arthritis in rats.
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150
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Abstract
Rat models have been used to investigate physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms for decades. With the availability of the rat genome and other online resources, tools to identify rat models that mimic human disease are an important step in translational research. Despite the large number of papers published each year using rat models, integrating this information remains a problem. Resources for the rat genome are continuing to grow rapidly, while resources providing access to rat phenotype data are just emerging. An overview of rat models of disease, tools to characterize strain by phenotype and genotype, and steps being taken to integrate rat physiological data is presented in this article. Integrating functional and physiological data with the rat genome will build a solid research platform to facilitate innovative studies to unravel the mechanisms resulting in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda R Dwinell
- Human & Molecular Genetics Center at Medical College of Wisconsin, USA.
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