101
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Yu L, Chen Y, Tooze SA. Autophagy pathway: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Autophagy 2017; 14:207-215. [PMID: 28933638 PMCID: PMC5902171 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1378838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 942] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an essential, conserved self-eating process that cells perform to allow degradation of intracellular components, including soluble proteins, aggregated proteins, organelles, macromolecular complexes, and foreign bodies. The process requires formation of a double-membrane structure containing the sequestered cytoplasmic material, the autophagosome, that ultimately fuses with the lysosome. This review will define this process and the cellular pathways required, from the formation of the double membrane to the fusion with lysosomes in molecular terms, and in particular highlight the recent progress in our understanding of this complex process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sharon A. Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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102
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Sittler A, Muriel MP, Marinello M, Brice A, den Dunnen W, Alves S. Deregulation of autophagy in postmortem brains of Machado-Joseph disease patients. Neuropathology 2017; 38:113-124. [PMID: 29218765 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, the major pathway for protein turnover, is critical to maintain cellular homeostasis and has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this research was to analyze the expression of autophagy markers in postmortem brains from Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) patients. The expression of autophagy markers in the cerebellum and the oculomotor nucleus from MJD patients and age-matched controls with no signs of neuropathology was inspected postmortem by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot. Furthermore, autophagy was examined by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Western blot and IHC revealed nuclear accumulation of misfolded ataxin-3 (ATXN3) and the presence of ubiquitin- and p62-positive aggregates in MJD patients as compared to controls. Moreover, the autophagic proteins, autophagy-related gene (Atg) protein (ATG)-7, ATG-12, ATG16L2 and autophagosomal microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) were significantly increased in MJD brains relative to controls, while beclin-1 levels were reduced in MJD patients. Increase in the levels of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP-2) and of the endosomal markers (Rab7 and Rab1A) were observed in MJD patients relatively to controls. In addition, these findings were further confirmed by TEM in brain tissue where large vesicles accumulating electron-dense materials were highly enriched in MJD patients. Postmortem brains with MJD exhibit increased markers of autophagy relative to age-matched control brains, therefore suggesting strong dysregulation of autophagy that may have an important role in the course of MJD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Sittler
- INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne University UPMC, Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 1127, ICM (Brain and Spine Institute) Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Paule Muriel
- INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne University UPMC, Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 1127, ICM (Brain and Spine Institute) Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Martina Marinello
- INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne University UPMC, Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 1127, ICM (Brain and Spine Institute) Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne University UPMC, Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 1127, ICM (Brain and Spine Institute) Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France.,Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, AP-HP, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Wilfred den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandro Alves
- INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne University UPMC, Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 1127, ICM (Brain and Spine Institute) Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France
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103
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Abstract
Macroautophagy is an intracellular pathway used for targeting of cellular components to the lysosome for their degradation and involves sequestration of cytoplasmic material into autophagosomes formed from a double membrane structure called the phagophore. The nucleation and elongation of the phagophore is tightly regulated by several autophagy-related (ATG) proteins, but also involves vesicular trafficking from different subcellular compartments to the forming autophagosome. Such trafficking must be tightly regulated by various intra- and extracellular signals to respond to different cellular stressors and metabolic states, as well as the nature of the cargo to become degraded. We are only starting to understand the interconnections between different membrane trafficking pathways and macroautophagy. This review will focus on the membrane trafficking machinery found to be involved in delivery of membrane, lipids, and proteins to the forming autophagosome and in the subsequent autophagosome fusion with endolysosomal membranes. The role of RAB proteins and their regulators, as well as coat proteins, vesicle tethers, and SNARE proteins in autophagosome biogenesis and maturation will be discussed.
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104
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Menzies FM, Fleming A, Caricasole A, Bento CF, Andrews SP, Ashkenazi A, Füllgrabe J, Jackson A, Jimenez Sanchez M, Karabiyik C, Licitra F, Lopez Ramirez A, Pavel M, Puri C, Renna M, Ricketts T, Schlotawa L, Vicinanza M, Won H, Zhu Y, Skidmore J, Rubinsztein DC. Autophagy and Neurodegeneration: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Neuron 2017; 93:1015-1034. [PMID: 28279350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 777] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved pathway that delivers cytoplasmic contents to the lysosome for degradation. Here we consider its roles in neuronal health and disease. We review evidence from mouse knockout studies demonstrating the normal functions of autophagy as a protective factor against neurodegeneration associated with intracytoplasmic aggregate-prone protein accumulation as well as other roles, including in neuronal stem cell differentiation. We then describe how autophagy may be affected in a range of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we describe how autophagy upregulation may be a therapeutic strategy in a wide range of neurodegenerative conditions and consider possible pathways and druggable targets that may be suitable for this objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Menzies
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Angeleen Fleming
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Andrea Caricasole
- Alzheimer's Research UK Cambridge Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Carla F Bento
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Stephen P Andrews
- Alzheimer's Research UK Cambridge Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Avraham Ashkenazi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jens Füllgrabe
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Anne Jackson
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Maria Jimenez Sanchez
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Cansu Karabiyik
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Floriana Licitra
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ana Lopez Ramirez
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Mariana Pavel
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Claudia Puri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Maurizio Renna
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Thomas Ricketts
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Lars Schlotawa
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Mariella Vicinanza
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Hyeran Won
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - John Skidmore
- Alzheimer's Research UK Cambridge Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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105
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Lőrincz P, Mauvezin C, Juhász G. Exploring Autophagy in Drosophila. Cells 2017; 6:cells6030022. [PMID: 28704946 PMCID: PMC5617968 DOI: 10.3390/cells6030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process in eukaryotic cells promoting bulk or selective degradation of cellular components within lysosomes. In recent decades, several model systems were utilized to dissect the molecular machinery of autophagy and to identify the impact of this cellular “self-eating” process on various physiological and pathological processes. Here we briefly discuss the advantages and limitations of using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, a popular model in cell and developmental biology, to apprehend the main pathway of autophagy in a complete animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Lőrincz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Caroline Mauvezin
- Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism (LMC), Hospital Duran i Reynals, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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106
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Jimenez-Sanchez M, Licitra F, Underwood BR, Rubinsztein DC. Huntington's Disease: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a024240. [PMID: 27940602 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a024240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat in the gene encoding the huntingtin protein. Despite its well-defined genetic origin, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the disease are unclear and complex. Here, we review some of the currently known functions of the wild-type huntingtin protein and discuss the deleterious effects that arise from the expansion of the CAG repeats, which are translated into an abnormally long polyglutamine tract. Finally, we outline some of the therapeutic strategies that are currently being pursued to slow down the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jimenez-Sanchez
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Floriana Licitra
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin R Underwood
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Beechcroft, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge CB21 5EF, United Kingdom
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
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107
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Zientara-Rytter K, Sirko A. To deliver or to degrade - an interplay of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy and vesicular transport in plants. FEBS J 2017; 283:3534-3555. [PMID: 26991113 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The efficient utilization and subsequent reuse of cell components is a key factor in determining the proper growth and functioning of all cells under both optimum and stress conditions. The process of intracellular and intercellular recycling is especially important for the appropriate control of cellular metabolism and nutrient management in immobile organisms, such as plants. Therefore, the accurate recycling of amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates or micro- and macronutrients available in the plant cell becomes a critical factor that ensures plant survival and growth. Plant cells possess two main degradation mechanisms: a ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy, which, as a part of an intracellular trafficking system, is based on vesicle transport. This review summarizes knowledge of both the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy pathways, describes the cross-talk between the two and discusses the relationships between autophagy and the vesicular transport systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Sirko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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108
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Madill M, McDonagh K, Ma J, Vajda A, McLoughlin P, O'Brien T, Hardiman O, Shen S. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patient iPSC-derived astrocytes impair autophagy via non-cell autonomous mechanisms. Mol Brain 2017; 10:22. [PMID: 28610619 PMCID: PMC5470320 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a devastating neurodegenerative disease, is characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons and the accumulation of misfolded protein aggregates. The latter suggests impaired proteostasis may be a key factor in disease pathogenesis, though the underlying mechanisms leading to the accumulation of aggregates is unclear. Further, recent studies have indicated that motor neuron cell death may be mediated by astrocytes. Herein we demonstrate that ALS patient iPSC-derived astrocytes modulate the autophagy pathway in a non-cell autonomous manner. We demonstrate cells treated with patient derived astrocyte conditioned medium demonstrate decreased expression of LC3-II, a key adapter protein required for the selective degradation of p62 and ubiquitinated proteins targeted for degradation. We observed an increased accumulation of p62 in cells treated with patient conditioned medium, with a concomitant increase in the expression of SOD1, a protein associated with the development of ALS. Activation of autophagic mechanisms with Rapamycin reduces the accumulation of p62 puncta in cells treated with patient conditioned medium. These data suggest that patient astrocytes may modulate motor neuron cell death by impairing autophagic mechanisms, and the autophagy pathway may be a useful target in the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Madill
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Katya McDonagh
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jun Ma
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Anatomy Department, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Alice Vajda
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Paul McLoughlin
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Timothy O'Brien
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Orla Hardiman
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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109
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Konno T, Ross OA, Teive HAG, Sławek J, Dickson DW, Wszolek ZK. DCTN1-related neurodegeneration: Perry syndrome and beyond. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017. [PMID: 28625595 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Perry syndrome (PS) is a rare hereditary neurodegenerative disease characterized by autosomal dominant parkinsonism, psychiatric symptoms, weight loss, central hypoventilation, and distinct TDP-43 pathology. The mutated causative gene for PS is DCTN1, which encodes the dynactin subunit p150Glued. Dynactin is a motor protein involved in axonal transport; the p150Glued subunit has a critical role in the overall function. Since the discovery of DCTN1 in PS, it has been increasingly recognized that DCTN1 mutations can exhibit more diverse phenotypes than previously thought. Progressive supranuclear palsy- and/or frontotemporal dementia-like phenotypes have been associated with the PS phenotypes. In addition, DCTN1 mutations were identified in a family with motor-neuron disease before the discovery in PS. In this review, we analyze the clinical and genetic aspects of DCTN1-related neurodegeneration and discuss its pathogenesis. We also describe three families with PS, Canadian, Polish, and Brazilian. DCTN1 mutation was newly identified in two of them, the Canadian and Polish families. The Canadian family was first described in late 1970's but was never genetically tested. We recently had the opportunity to evaluate this family and to test the gene status of an affected family member. The Polish family is newly identified and is the first PS family in Poland. Although still rare, DCTN1-related neurodegeneration needs to be considered in a differential diagnosis of parkinsonian disorders, frontotemporal dementia, and motor-neuron diseases, especially if there is family history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Konno
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Hélio A G Teive
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Rua General Carneiro 1103/102, Centro, Curitiba, PR, 80060-150, Brazil
| | - Jarosław Sławek
- Department of Neurological-Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland; Department of Neurology, St. Adalbert Hospital, Copernicus Ltd., Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Zbigniew K Wszolek
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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110
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Budini M, Buratti E, Morselli E, Criollo A. Autophagy and Its Impact on Neurodegenerative Diseases: New Roles for TDP-43 and C9orf72. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:170. [PMID: 28611593 PMCID: PMC5447761 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic mechanism where intracellular material is degraded by vesicular structures called autophagolysosomes. Autophagy is necessary to maintain the normal function of the central nervous system (CNS), avoiding the accumulation of misfolded and aggregated proteins. Consistently, impaired autophagy has been associated with the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. The proteins TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43), which regulates RNA processing at different levels, and chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72), probably involved in membrane trafficking, are crucial in the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD). Additionally, recent studies have identified a role for these proteins in the control of autophagy. In this manuscript, we review what is known regarding the autophagic mechanism and discuss the involvement of TDP-43 and C9orf72 in autophagy and their impact on neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Budini
- Dentistry Faculty, Institute in Dentistry Sciences, University of ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Emanuele Buratti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTrieste, Italy
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- Dentistry Faculty, Institute in Dentistry Sciences, University of ChileSantiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic DiseasesSantiago, Chile
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111
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Webster CP, Smith EF, Shaw PJ, De Vos KJ. Protein Homeostasis in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Therapeutic Opportunities? Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:123. [PMID: 28512398 PMCID: PMC5411428 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein homeostasis (proteostasis), the correct balance between production and degradation of proteins, is essential for the health and survival of cells. Proteostasis requires an intricate network of protein quality control pathways (the proteostasis network) that work to prevent protein aggregation and maintain proteome health throughout the lifespan of the cell. Collapse of proteostasis has been implicated in the etiology of a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most common adult onset motor neuron disorder. Here, we review the evidence linking dysfunctional proteostasis to the etiology of ALS and discuss how ALS-associated insults affect the proteostasis network. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic benefit of proteostasis network modulation in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Webster
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Emma F Smith
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Kurt J De Vos
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
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112
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Santoro A, Nicolin V, Florenzano F, Rosati A, Capunzo M, Nori SL. BAG3 is involved in neuronal differentiation and migration. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 368:249-258. [PMID: 28144784 PMCID: PMC5397659 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bcl2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) protein belongs to the family of co-chaperones interacting with several heat shock proteins. It plays a key role in protein quality control and mediates the clearance of misfolded proteins. Little is known about the expression and cellular localization of BAG3 during nervous system development and differentiation. Therefore, we analyze the subcellular distribution and expression of BAG3 in nerve-growth-factor-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells and in developing and adult cortex of mouse brain. In differentiated PC12 cells, BAG3 was localized mainly in the neuritic domain rather than the cell body, whereas in control cells, it appeared to be confined to the cytoplasm near the nuclear membrane. Interestingly, the change of BAG3 localization during neuronal differentiation was associated only with a slight increase in total BAG3 expression. These data were coroborated by transmission electron microscopy showing that BAG3 was confined mainly within large dense-core vesicles of the axon in differentiated PC12 cells. In mouse developing cortex, BAG3 appeared to be intensely expressed in cellular processes of migrating cells, whereas in adult brain, a diffuse expression of low to medium intensity was detected in neuronal cell bodies. These findings suggest that BAG3 expression is required for neuronal differentiation and migration and that its role is linked to a change in its distribution pattern rather than to an increase in its protein expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Santoro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Vanessa Nicolin
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fulvio Florenzano
- Confocal microscopy unit, National Research Council, European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rosati
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mario Capunzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Stefania L Nori
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
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113
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Wang XS, Liu C, Khoso PA, Zheng W, Li M, Li S. Autophagy response in the liver of pigeon exposed to avermectin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:12767-12777. [PMID: 26886445 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues are an important aspect of environmental pollution. Environmental avermectin residues have produced adverse effects in organisms. Many pesticides exert their toxic effects via the mechanism of autophagy. The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in autophagy levels and in autophagy-related genes, including LC3, Beclin 1, Dynein, ATG5, TORC1, and TORC2, resulting from exposure to subchronic levels of AVM in liver tissue in the king pigeon model. We observed abundant autophagic vacuoles with extensively degraded organelles, autophagosomal vacuoles, secondary lysosomes, and double-membrane structures in the liver. The expression levels of the autophagy-related genes LC3-I, LC3-II, Beclin 1, ATG5, and Dynein were up-regulated; however, TORC1 and TORC2 expression levels were down-regulated. These changes occurred in a concentration-dependent manner after AVM exposure for 30, 60, and 90 days in pigeons. Taken together, these results suggested that AVM increased the autophagic flux and that upregulation of autophagy might be closely related to the hepatotoxicity of AVM in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Song Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ci Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Pervez Ahmed Khoso
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijia Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Life Science, Daqing Normal College, Daqing, 163712, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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114
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Kononenko NL, Claßen GA, Kuijpers M, Puchkov D, Maritzen T, Tempes A, Malik AR, Skalecka A, Bera S, Jaworski J, Haucke V. Retrograde transport of TrkB-containing autophagosomes via the adaptor AP-2 mediates neuronal complexity and prevents neurodegeneration. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14819. [PMID: 28387218 PMCID: PMC5385568 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagosomes primarily mediate turnover of cytoplasmic proteins or organelles to provide nutrients and eliminate damaged proteins. In neurons, autophagosomes form in distal axons and are trafficked retrogradely to fuse with lysosomes in the soma. Although defective neuronal autophagy is associated with neurodegeneration, the function of neuronal autophagosomes remains incompletely understood. We show that in neurons, autophagosomes promote neuronal complexity and prevent neurodegeneration in vivo via retrograde transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-activated TrkB receptors. p150Glued/dynactin-dependent transport of TrkB-containing autophagosomes requires their association with the endocytic adaptor AP-2, an essential protein complex previously thought to function exclusively in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. These data highlight a novel non-canonical function of AP-2 in retrograde transport of BDNF/TrkB-containing autophagosomes in neurons and reveal a causative link between autophagy and BDNF/TrkB signalling. The endocytic adaptor protein complex AP-2 is mostly known for its role in endocytosis and in synaptic vesicle reformation. Here the authors show that AP-2 also mediates retrograde transport of TrkB-containing autophagosomes in neurons; this process promotes neuronal complexity and prevents the degeneration of cortical and thalamic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L Kononenko
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gala A Claßen
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marijn Kuijpers
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dmytro Puchkov
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanja Maritzen
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Tempes
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna R Malik
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Skalecka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sujoy Bera
- CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jacek Jaworski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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115
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Alberti S, Mateju D, Mediani L, Carra S. Granulostasis: Protein Quality Control of RNP Granules. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:84. [PMID: 28396624 PMCID: PMC5367262 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules transport, store, or degrade messenger RNAs, thereby indirectly regulating protein synthesis. Normally, RNP granules are highly dynamic compartments. However, because of aging or severe environmental stress, RNP granules, in particular stress granules (SGs), convert into solid, aggregate-like inclusions. There is increasing evidence that such RNA-protein inclusions are associated with several age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), fronto-temporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, understanding what triggers the conversion of RNP granules into aggregates and identifying the cellular players that control RNP granules will be critical to develop treatments for these diseases. In this review article, we discuss recent insight into RNP and SG formation. More specifically, we examine the evidence for liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) as an organizing principle of RNP granules and the role of aggregation-prone RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in this process. We further discuss recent findings that liquid-like SGs can sequester misfolded proteins, which promote an aberrant conversion of liquid SGs into solid aggregates. Importantly, very recent studies show that a specific protein quality control (PQC) process prevents the accumulation of misfolding-prone proteins in SGs and, by doing so, maintains the dynamic state of SGs. This quality control process has been referred to as granulostasis and it relies on the specific action of the HSPB8-BAG3-HSP70 complex. Additional players such as p97/valosin containing protein (VCP) and other molecular chaperones (e.g., HSPB1) participate, directly or indirectly, in granulostasis, and ensure the timely elimination of defective ribosomal products and other misfolded proteins from SGs. Finally, we discuss recent findings that, in the stress recovery phase, SGs are preferentially disassembled with the assistance of chaperones, and we discuss evidence for a back-up system that targets aberrant SGs to the aggresome for autophagy-mediated clearance. Altogether the findings discussed here provide evidence for an intricate network of interactions between RNP granules and various components of the PQC machinery. Molecular chaperones in particular are emerging as key players that control the composition and dynamics of RNP granules, which may be important to protect against age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Alberti
- Alberti Lab, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Mateju
- Alberti Lab, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics Dresden, Germany
| | - Laura Mediani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - Serena Carra
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
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116
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Keller CW, Lünemann JD. Autophagy and Autophagy-Related Proteins in CNS Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:165. [PMID: 28289410 PMCID: PMC5326760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy comprises a heterogeneous group of cellular pathways that enables eukaryotic cells to deliver cytoplasmic constituents for lysosomal degradation, to recycle nutrients, and to survive during starvation. In addition to these primordial functions, autophagy has emerged as a key mechanism in orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses and to shape CD4+ T cell immunity through delivery of peptides to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-containing compartments (MIICs). Individual autophagy proteins additionally modulate expression of MHC class I molecules for CD8+ T cell activation. The emergence and expansion of autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are considered to play a key role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Expression of the essential autophagy-related protein 5 (Atg5), which supports T lymphocyte survival and proliferation, is increased in T cells isolated from blood or brain tissues from patients with relapsing-remitting MS. Whether Atgs contribute to the activation of autoreactive T cells through autophagy-mediated antigen presentation is incompletely understood. Here, we discuss the complex functions of autophagy proteins and pathways in regulating T cell immunity and its potential role in the development and progression of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Keller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, University of Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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117
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Neisch AL, Neufeld TP, Hays TS. A STRIPAK complex mediates axonal transport of autophagosomes and dense core vesicles through PP2A regulation. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:441-461. [PMID: 28100687 PMCID: PMC5294782 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201606082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an essential role in the cellular homeostasis of neurons, facilitating the clearance of cellular debris. This clearance process is orchestrated through the assembly, transport, and fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes for degradation. The motor protein dynein drives autophagosome motility from distal sites of assembly to sites of lysosomal fusion. In this study, we identify the scaffold protein CKA (connector of kinase to AP-1) as essential for autophagosome transport in neurons. Together with other core components of the striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complex, we show that CKA associates with dynein and directly binds Atg8a, an autophagosomal protein. CKA is a regulatory subunit of PP2A, a component of the STRIPAK complex. We propose that the STRIPAK complex modulates dynein activity. Consistent with this hypothesis, we provide evidence that CKA facilitates axonal transport of dense core vesicles and autophagosomes in a PP2A-dependent fashion. In addition, CKA-deficient flies exhibit PP2A-dependent motor coordination defects. CKA function within the STRIPAK complex is crucial to prevent transport defects that may contribute to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Neisch
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Thomas P Neufeld
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Thomas S Hays
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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118
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Borland H, Vilhardt F. Prelysosomal Compartments in the Unconventional Secretion of Amyloidogenic Seeds. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010227. [PMID: 28124989 PMCID: PMC5297856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A mechanistic link between neuron-to-neuron transmission of secreted amyloid and propagation of protein malconformation cytopathology and disease has recently been uncovered in animal models. An enormous interest in the unconventional secretion of amyloids from neurons has followed. Amphisomes and late endosomes are the penultimate maturation products of the autophagosomal and endosomal pathways, respectively, and normally fuse with lysosomes for degradation. However, under conditions of perturbed membrane trafficking and/or lysosomal deficiency, prelysosomal compartments may instead fuse with the plasma membrane to release any contained amyloid. After a brief introduction to the endosomal and autophagosomal pathways, we discuss the evidence for autophagosomal secretion (exophagy) of amyloids, with a comparative emphasis on Aβ1-42 and α-synuclein, as luminal and cytosolic amyloids, respectively. The ESCRT-mediated import of cytosolic amyloid into late endosomal exosomes, a known vehicle of transmission of macromolecules between cells, is also reviewed. Finally, mechanisms of lysosomal dysfunction, deficiency, and exocytosis are exemplified in the context of genetically identified risk factors, mainly for Parkinson's disease. Exocytosis of prelysosomal or lysosomal organelles is a last resort for clearance of cytotoxic material and alleviates cytopathy. However, they also represent a vehicle for the concentration, posttranslational modification, and secretion of amyloid seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Borland
- Department of Neurodegeneration In Vitro, H. Lundbeck A/S, 2500 Valby, Denmark.
| | - Frederik Vilhardt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200N Copenhagen, Denmark.
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119
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Nascimbeni AC, Codogno P, Morel E. Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate in the regulation of autophagy membrane dynamics. FEBS J 2017; 284:1267-1278. [PMID: 27973739 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) is a key player in membrane dynamics and trafficking regulation. Most PI3P is associated with endosomal membranes and with the autophagosome preassembly machinery, presumably at the endoplasmic reticulum. The enzyme responsible for most PI3P synthesis, VPS34 and proteins such as Beclin1 and ATG14L that regulate PI3P levels are positive modulators of autophagy initiation. It had been assumed that a local PI3P pool was present at autophagosomes and preautophagosomal structures, such as the omegasome and the phagophore. This was recently confirmed by the demonstration that PI3P-binding proteins participate in the complex sequence of signalling that results in autophagosome assembly and activity. Here we summarize the historical discoveries of PI3P lipid kinase involvement in autophagy, and we discuss the proposed role of PI3P during autophagy, notably during the autophagosome biogenesis sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiara Nascimbeni
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Patrice Codogno
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Etienne Morel
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
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120
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Wenzhong W, Tong Z, Hongjin L, Ying C, Jun X. Role of Hydrogen Sulfide on Autophagy in Liver Injuries Induced by Selenium Deficiency in Chickens. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 175:194-203. [PMID: 27216022 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an indispensable trace mineral that was associated with liver injuries in animal models. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is involved in many liver diseases, and autophagy can maintain liver homeostasis with a stress stimulation. However, little is known about the correlation between H2S and autophagy in the liver injury chicken models induced by Se deficiency. In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between H2S and autophagy in the liver injury chicken models. We randomly divided 120 1-day-old chickens into two equal groups. The control group was fed with complete food with a Se content of 0.15 mg/kg, and the Se-deficiency group (lab group) was fed with a Se-deficient diet with a Se content of 0.033 mg/kg. When the time comes to 15, 25, and 35 days, the chickens were sacrificed (20 each). The liver tissues were gathered and examined for pathological observations, the mRNA and protein levels of H2S synthases (CSE, CBS, and 3-MST) and the mRNA and protein levels of autophagy-related genes. The results showed that the expression of CSE, CBS, and 3-MST and H2S production were higher in the lab group than in the control group. Swellings, fractures, and vacuolizations were visible in the mitochondria cristae in the livers of the lab group and autophagosomes were found as well. In addition, the expression of autophagy-related genes (ATG5, LC3-I, LC3-II, Beclin1, and Dynein) was higher in the lab group than in the control group (p < 0.05) while TOR decreased significantly in the lab group (p < 0.05). The results showed that H2S and autophagy were involved in the liver injury chicken models, and H2S was correlated with autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Wenzhong
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Tong
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Hongjin
- Continuing Education Center, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Ying
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xing Jun
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China.
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121
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Abstract
The lysosome has long been viewed as the recycling center of the cell. However, recent discoveries have challenged this simple view and have established a central role of the lysosome in nutrient-dependent signal transduction. The degradative role of the lysosome and its newly discovered signaling functions are not in conflict but rather cooperate extensively to mediate fundamental cellular activities such as nutrient sensing, metabolic adaptation, and quality control of proteins and organelles. Moreover, lysosome-based signaling and degradation are subject to reciprocal regulation. Transcriptional programs of increasing complexity control the biogenesis, composition, and abundance of lysosomes and fine-tune their activity to match the evolving needs of the cell. Alterations in these essential activities are, not surprisingly, central to the pathophysiology of an ever-expanding spectrum of conditions, including storage disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Thus, unraveling the functions of this fascinating organelle will contribute to our understanding of the fundamental logic of metabolic organization and will point to novel therapeutic avenues in several human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushika M Perera
- Department of Anatomy and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143;
| | - Roberto Zoncu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
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122
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Dong Z, Liang S, Hu J, Jin W, Zhan Q, Zhao K. Autophagy as a target for hematological malignancy therapy. Blood Rev 2016; 30:369-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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123
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Liu ZD, Zhang S, Hao JJ, Xie TR, Kang JS. Cellular model of neuronal atrophy induced by DYNC1I1 deficiency reveals protective roles of RAS-RAF-MEK signaling. Protein Cell 2016; 7:638-50. [PMID: 27510948 PMCID: PMC5003791 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-016-0301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal atrophy is a common pathological feature occurred in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. A variety of abnormalities including motor protein malfunction and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to the loss of neuronal architecture; however, less is known about the intracellular signaling pathways that can protect against or delay this pathogenic process. Here, we show that the DYNC1I1 deficiency, a neuron-specific dynein intermediate chain, causes neuronal atrophy in primary hippocampal neurons. With this cellular model, we are able to find that activation of RAS-RAF-MEK signaling protects against neuronal atrophy induced by DYNC1I1 deficiency, which relies on MEK-dependent autophagy in neuron. Moreover, we further reveal that BRAF also protects against neuronal atrophy induced by mitochondrial impairment. These findings demonstrate protective roles of the RAS-RAF-MEK axis against neuronal atrophy, and imply a new therapeutic target for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200231, China
| | - Su Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200231, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian-Jin Hao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200231, China
| | - Tao-Rong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200231, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Kang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200231, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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124
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Fraldi A, Klein AD, Medina DL, Settembre C. Brain Disorders Due to Lysosomal Dysfunction. Annu Rev Neurosci 2016; 39:277-95. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070815-014031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fraldi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Andrés D. Klein
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Diego L. Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Carmine Settembre
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy; ,
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125
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Bang Y, Kim KS, Seol W, Choi HJ. LRRK2 interferes with aggresome formation for autophagic clearance. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 75:71-80. [PMID: 27364102 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) account for the most common monogenic form of Parkinson's disease (PD). A link between autophagy dysregulation and LRRK2 has consistently been reported, but it remains poorly defined which step is targeted by LRRK2. Here, we sought to examine the effect of LRRK2 on the sequestration and degradation of aggregated protein complexes for autophagic clearance. Because two major intracellular protein degradation systems, the ubiquitin proteasome system and the autophagy, are functionally coupled, proteasome inhibition is suggested to activate autophagy. So, we induced protein quality control-associated autophagy using the proteasome inhibitor MG132 in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and mice expressing G2019S mutant LRRK2 to uncover how the autophagy pathway is affected by LRRK2. We found that LRRK2 disrupted aggresome formation for autophagic clearance of accumulated protein aggregates. Specifically, we observed the following in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells with overexpressed wild-type and G2019S LRRK2: 1) large, clear, perinuclear aggresomes were not detected under MG132, instead, much smaller aggregates were broadly distributed in the cytosol; 2) enhanced accumulation of LC3-II and p62/ubiquitin-positive protein inclusions were noted; and 3) protein aggregates were not cleared even after a recovery period, which exacerbated the MG132-induced cytotoxicity. Notably, higher protein accumulation was detected in the brains of G2019S transgenic mice than in the brains of littermate control mice under proteasome inhibition. Our present findings provide insight into the precise mechanisms that underlie autophagy dysregulation in the brains of patients with PD with LRRK2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeojin Bang
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam13488, South Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Wongi Seol
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Wonkwang University, Sanbon Hospital, Gunpo, 15865, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam13488, South Korea.
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126
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TFEB Overexpression in the P301S Model of Tauopathy Mitigates Increased PHF1 Levels and Lipofuscin Puncta and Rescues Memory Deficits. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0042-16. [PMID: 27257626 PMCID: PMC4876487 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0042-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor EB (TFEB) was recently shown to be a master regulator of autophagy lysosome pathway. Here, we successfully generated and characterized transgenic mice overexpressing flag-TFEB. Enhanced autophagy in the flag-TFEB transgenic mice was confirmed by an increase in the cellular autophagy markers, as determined by both immunoblots and transmission electron microscopy. Surprisingly, in the flag-TFEB mice we observed increased activity of senescence-associated β-galactosidase by ∼66% of neurons in the cortex (p < 0.001) and 73% of neurons in the hippocampus (p < 0.001). More importantly, flag-TFEB expression remarkably reduced the levels of paired-helical filament (PHF)-tau from 372% in the P301S model of tauopathy to 171% (p < 0.001) in the cortex, and from 436% to 212% (p < 0.001) in the hippocampus. Significantly, reduced levels of NeuN in the cortex (38%, p < 0.001) and hippocampus (25%, p < 0.05) of P301S mice were almost completely restored to WT levels in the P301S/flag-TFEB double-transgenic mice. Also, levels of spinophilin in both the cortex (p < 0.001) and hippocampus (p < 0.001) were restored almost to WT levels. Most importantly, the age-associated lipofuscin granules, which are generally presumed to be nondegradable, were reduced by 57% (p < 0.001) in the cortex and by 55% (p < 0.001) in the hippocampus in the double-transgenic mice. Finally, TFEB overexpression in the P301S mice markedly reversed learning deficits in terms of spatial memory (Barnes maze), as well as working and reference memories (T maze). These data suggest that the overexpression of TFEB can reliably enhance autophagy in vivo, reduce levels of PHF-tau, and thereby reverse the deposition of lipofuscin granules and memory deficits.
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127
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Gomes LR, Vessoni AT, Menck CF. Microenvironment and autophagy cross-talk: Implications in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:300-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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128
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Abstract
Autophagy is an essential homeostatic process for degrading cellular cargo. Aging organelles and protein aggregates are degraded by the autophagosome-lysosome pathway, which is particularly crucial in neurons. There is increasing evidence implicating defective autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Recent work using live-cell imaging has identified autophagy as a predominantly polarized process in neuronal axons; autophagosomes preferentially form at the axon tip and undergo retrograde transport back towards the cell body. Autophagosomes engulf cargo including damaged mitochondria (mitophagy) and protein aggregates, and subsequently fuse with lysosomes during axonal transport to effectively degrade their internalized cargo. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we review recent progress on the dynamics of the autophagy pathway in neurons and highlight the defects observed at each step of this pathway during neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette C Wong
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
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129
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Shariatpanahi M, Khodagholi F, Ashabi G, Bonakdar Yazdi B, Hassani S, Azami K, Abdollahi M, Noorbakhsh F, Taghizadeh G, Sharifzadeh M. The involvement of protein kinase G inhibitor in regulation of apoptosis and autophagy markers in spatial memory deficit induced by Aβ. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 30:364-75. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Shariatpanahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- NeuroBiology Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Ghorbangol Ashabi
- Department of Physiology; Physiology Research Center; School of Medicine; Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences; Ahvaz Iran
| | - Behnoosh Bonakdar Yazdi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Hassani
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Kian Azami
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Ghorban Taghizadeh
- Department of Neuroscience; Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology in Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Neuroscience; Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology in Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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130
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Martini-Stoica H, Xu Y, Ballabio A, Zheng H. The Autophagy-Lysosomal Pathway in Neurodegeneration: A TFEB Perspective. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:221-234. [PMID: 26968346 PMCID: PMC4928589 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) is involved in the degradation of long-lived proteins. Deficits in the ALP result in protein aggregation, the generation of toxic protein species, and accumulation of dysfunctional organelles, which are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and prion disease. Decades of research have therefore focused on enhancing the ALP in neurodegenerative diseases. More recently, transcription factor EB (TFEB), a major regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, has emerged as a leading factor in addressing disease pathology. We review the regulation of the ALP and TFEB and their impact on neurodegenerative diseases. We also offer our perspective on the complex role of autophagy and TFEB in disease pathogenesis and its therapeutic implications through the examination of prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Martini-Stoica
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yin Xu
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan and Jan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Frederico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
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131
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Maday S. Mechanisms of neuronal homeostasis: Autophagy in the axon. Brain Res 2016; 1649:143-150. [PMID: 27038755 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that removes damaged organelles and protein aggregates from the cytoplasm. Being post-mitotic, neurons are particularly vulnerable to the accumulation of proteotoxins and are thus heavily dependent on autophagy to maintain homeostasis. In fact, CNS-specific and neuron-specific loss of autophagy is sufficient to cause neurodegeneration in mice. Further, mutations in genes that encode PINK1 and Parkin, proteins that selectively remove damaged mitochondria, cause Parkinson's disease, linking defective autophagy with neurodegenerative disease in humans. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms of autophagy in the axon and the role of neuronal autophagy in axonal homeostasis and degeneration. The pathway for autophagosome biogenesis and maturation along the axon will be discussed as well as several key insights revealing the diverse functions of axonal autophagy. Evidence linking altered autophagy with axonal degeneration and neuronal death will be presented. Appropriate manipulation of autophagy may lead to promising therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Maday
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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132
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Abstract
More than 50% of the U.S. population is infected with herpes simplex virus type-I (HSV-1) and global infectious estimates are nearly 90%. HSV-1 is normally seen as a harmless virus but debilitating diseases can arise, including encephalitis and ocular diseases. HSV-1 is unique in that it can undermine host defenses and establish lifelong infection in neurons. Viral reactivation from latency may allow HSV-1 to lay siege to the brain (Herpes encephalitis). Recent advances maintain that HSV-1 proteins act to suppress and/or control the lysosome-dependent degradation pathway of macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) and consequently, in neurons, may be coupled with the advancement of HSV-1-associated pathogenesis. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that HSV-1 infection may constitute a gradual risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders. The relationship between HSV-1 infection and autophagy manipulation combined with neuropathogenesis may be intimately intertwined demanding further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas O'Connell
- a Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Keck Medical School, University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Chengyu Liang
- a Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Keck Medical School, University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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133
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Bento CF, Renna M, Ghislat G, Puri C, Ashkenazi A, Vicinanza M, Menzies FM, Rubinsztein DC. Mammalian Autophagy: How Does It Work? Annu Rev Biochem 2016; 85:685-713. [PMID: 26865532 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved intracellular pathway that delivers cytoplasmic contents to lysosomes for degradation via double-membrane autophagosomes. Autophagy substrates include organelles such as mitochondria, aggregate-prone proteins that cause neurodegeneration and various pathogens. Thus, this pathway appears to be relevant to the pathogenesis of diverse diseases, and its modulation may have therapeutic value. Here, we focus on the cell and molecular biology of mammalian autophagy and review the key proteins that regulate the process by discussing their roles and how these may be modulated by posttranslational modifications. We consider the membrane-trafficking events that impact autophagy and the questions relating to the sources of autophagosome membrane(s). Finally, we discuss data from structural studies and some of the insights these have provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla F Bento
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom;
| | - Maurizio Renna
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom;
| | - Ghita Ghislat
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom;
| | - Claudia Puri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom;
| | - Avraham Ashkenazi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom;
| | - Mariella Vicinanza
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom;
| | - Fiona M Menzies
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom;
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom;
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134
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Hensley K, Poteshkina A, Johnson MF, Eslami P, Gabbita SP, Hristov AM, Venkova-Hristova KM, Harris-White ME. Autophagy Modulation by Lanthionine Ketimine Ethyl Ester Improves Long-Term Outcome after Central Fluid Percussion Injury in the Mouse. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:1501-13. [PMID: 26530250 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse axonal injury is recognized as a progressive and long-term consequence of traumatic brain injury. Axonal injury can have sustained negative consequences on neuronal functions such as anterograde and retrograde transport and cellular processes such as autophagy that depend on cytoarchitecture and axon integrity. These changes can lead to somatic atrophy and an inability to repair and promote plasticity. Obstruction of the autophagic process has been noted after brain injury, and rapamycin, a drug used to stimulate autophagy, has demonstrated positive effects in brain injury models. The optimization of drugs to promote beneficial autophagy without negative side effects could be used to attenuate traumatic brain injury and promote improved outcome. Lanthionine ketimine ethyl ester, a bioavailable derivative of a natural sulfur amino acid metabolite, has demonstrated effects on autophagy both in vitro and in vivo. Thirty minutes after a moderate central fluid percussion injury and throughout the survival period, lanthionine ketimine ethyl ester was administered, and mice were subsequently evaluated for learning and memory impairments and biochemical and histological changes over a 5-week period. Lanthionine ketimine ethyl ester, which we have shown previously to modulate autophagy markers and alleviate pathology and slow cognitive decline in the 3 × TgAD mouse model, spared cognition and pathology after central fluid percussion injury through a mechanism involving autophagy modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Hensley
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus , Toledo, Ohio.,2 Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus , Toledo, Ohio
| | - Aleksandra Poteshkina
- 4 Veterans Administration-Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System , Los Angeles, California
| | - Ming F Johnson
- 4 Veterans Administration-Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System , Los Angeles, California
| | - Pirooz Eslami
- 4 Veterans Administration-Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System , Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Alexandar M Hristov
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus , Toledo, Ohio
| | | | - Marni E Harris-White
- 4 Veterans Administration-Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System , Los Angeles, California.,5 Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, California
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135
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Eenjes E, Dragich JM, Kampinga HH, Yamamoto A. Distinguishing aggregate formation and aggregate clearance using cell-based assays. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1260-70. [PMID: 26818841 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.179978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of ubiquitylated proteinaceous inclusions represents a complex process, reflecting the disequilibrium between aggregate formation and aggregate clearance. Although decreasing aggregate formation or augmenting aggregate clearance will ultimately lead to a diminished aggregate burden, in terms of disease pathogenesis, the different approaches can have distinct outcomes. Using a novel cell-based assay that can distinguish newly formed versus preformed inclusions, we demonstrate that two proteins previously implicated in the autophagic clearance of expanded polyglutamine inclusions, HspB7 and Alfy (also known as WDFY3), actually affect very distinct cellular processes to affect aggregate burden. Using this cell-based assay, we also establish that constitutive expression of the aggregation-prone protein can measurably slow the elimination of protein aggregates, given that not all aggregates appear to be available for degradation. This new assay can therefore not only determine at what step a modifier might influence aggregate burden, but also can be used to provide new insights into how protein aggregates are targeted for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Eenjes
- Columbia University, Department of Neurology, New York, NY 10032, USA University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cell Biology, Groningen 9713, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna M Dragich
- Columbia University, Department of Neurology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Harm H Kampinga
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cell Biology, Groningen 9713, The Netherlands
| | - Ai Yamamoto
- Columbia University, Department of Neurology, New York, NY 10032, USA Columbia University, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, New York, NY 10032, USA
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136
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Mauvezin C, Neisch AL, Ayala CI, Kim J, Beltrame A, Braden CR, Gardner MK, Hays TS, Neufeld TP. Coordination of autophagosome-lysosome fusion and transport by a Klp98A-Rab14 complex in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:971-82. [PMID: 26763909 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.175224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradation of cellular material by autophagy is essential for cell survival and homeostasis, and requires intracellular transport of autophagosomes to encounter acidic lysosomes through unknown mechanisms. Here, we identify the PX-domain-containing kinesin Klp98A as a new regulator of autophagosome formation, transport and maturation in Drosophila. Depletion of Klp98A caused abnormal clustering of autophagosomes and lysosomes at the cell center and reduced the formation of starvation-induced autophagic vesicles. Reciprocally, overexpression of Klp98A redistributed autophagic vesicles towards the cell periphery. These effects were accompanied by reduced autophagosome-lysosome fusion and autophagic degradation. In contrast, depletion of the conventional kinesin heavy chain caused a similar mislocalization of autophagosomes without perturbing their fusion with lysosomes, indicating that vesicle fusion and localization are separable and independent events. Klp98A-mediated fusion required the endolysosomal GTPase Rab14, which interacted and colocalized with Klp98A, and required Klp98A for normal localization. Thus, Klp98A coordinates the movement and fusion of autophagic vesicles by regulating their positioning and interaction with the endolysosomal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Mauvezin
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Amanda L Neisch
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Carlos I Ayala
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jung Kim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Abigail Beltrame
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Christopher R Braden
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Melissa K Gardner
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Thomas S Hays
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Thomas P Neufeld
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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137
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Role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2517-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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138
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Endolysosomal Deficits Augment Mitochondria Pathology in Spinal Motor Neurons of Asymptomatic fALS Mice. Neuron 2015; 87:355-70. [PMID: 26182418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One pathological hallmark in ALS motor neurons (MNs) is axonal accumulation of damaged mitochondria. A fundamental question remains: does reduced degradation of those mitochondria by an impaired autophagy-lysosomal system contribute to mitochondrial pathology? We reveal MN-targeted progressive lysosomal deficits accompanied by impaired autophagic degradation beginning at asymptomatic stages in fALS-linked hSOD1(G93A) mice. Lysosomal deficits result in accumulation of autophagic vacuoles engulfing damaged mitochondria along MN axons. Live imaging of spinal MNs from the adult disease mice demonstrates impaired dynein-driven retrograde transport of late endosomes (LEs). Expressing dynein-adaptor snapin reverses transport defects by competing with hSOD1(G93A) for binding dynein, thus rescuing autophagy-lysosomal deficits, enhancing mitochondrial turnover, improving MN survival, and ameliorating the disease phenotype in hSOD1(G93A) mice. Our study provides a new mechanistic link for hSOD1(G93A)-mediated impairment of LE transport to autophagy-lysosomal deficits and mitochondrial pathology. Understanding these early pathological events benefits development of new therapeutic interventions for fALS-linked MN degeneration.
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139
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Rint1 inactivation triggers genomic instability, ER stress and autophagy inhibition in the brain. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:454-68. [PMID: 26383973 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, defective autophagy and genomic instability in the central nervous system are often associated with severe developmental defects and neurodegeneration. Here, we reveal the role played by Rint1 in these different biological pathways to ensure normal development of the central nervous system and to prevent neurodegeneration. We found that inactivation of Rint1 in neuroprogenitors led to death at birth. Depletion of Rint1 caused genomic instability due to chromosome fusion in dividing cells. Furthermore, Rint1 deletion in developing brain promotes the disruption of ER and Cis/Trans Golgi homeostasis in neurons, followed by ER-stress increase. Interestingly, Rint1 deficiency was also associated with the inhibition of the autophagosome clearance. Altogether, our findings highlight the crucial roles of Rint1 in vivo in genomic stability maintenance, as well as in prevention of ER stress and autophagy.
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140
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Djeddi A, Al Rawi S, Deuve JL, Perrois C, Liu YY, Russeau M, Sachse M, Galy V. Sperm-inherited organelle clearance in C. elegans relies on LC3-dependent autophagosome targeting to the pericentrosomal area. Development 2015; 142:1705-16. [PMID: 25922527 DOI: 10.1242/dev.117879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagic degradation of sperm-inherited organelles prevents paternal mitochondrial DNA transmission in C. elegans. The recruitment of autophagy markers around sperm mitochondria has also been observed in mouse and fly embryos but their role in degradation is debated. Both worm Atg8 ubiquitin-like proteins, LGG-1/GABARAP and LGG-2/LC3, are recruited around sperm organelles after fertilization. Whereas LGG-1 depletion affects autophagosome function, stabilizes the substrates and is lethal, we demonstrate that LGG-2 is dispensable for autophagosome formation but participates in their microtubule-dependent transport toward the pericentrosomal area prior to acidification. In the absence of LGG-2, autophagosomes and their substrates remain clustered at the cell cortex, away from the centrosomes and their associated lysosomes. Thus, the clearance of sperm organelles is delayed and their segregation between blastomeres prevented. This allowed us to reveal a role of the RAB-5/RAB-7 GTPases in autophagosome formation. In conclusion, the major contribution of LGG-2 in sperm-inherited organelle clearance resides in its capacity to mediate the retrograde transport of autophagosomes rather than their fusion with acidic compartments: a potential key function of LC3 in controlling the fate of sperm mitochondria in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderazak Djeddi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), UMR7622, Paris F-75005, France CNRS, IBPS, UMR7622, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Sara Al Rawi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), UMR7622, Paris F-75005, France CNRS, IBPS, UMR7622, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Jane Lynda Deuve
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), UMR7622, Paris F-75005, France CNRS, IBPS, UMR7622, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Charlene Perrois
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), UMR7622, Paris F-75005, France CNRS, IBPS, UMR7622, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Yu-Yu Liu
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), UMR7622, Paris F-75005, France CNRS, IBPS, UMR7622, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Marion Russeau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), UMR7622, Paris F-75005, France CNRS, IBPS, UMR7622, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Martin Sachse
- PFMU, Imagopole, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Vincent Galy
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), UMR7622, Paris F-75005, France CNRS, IBPS, UMR7622, Paris F-75005, France
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141
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Li X, Liu H, Fischhaber PL, Tang TS. Toward therapeutic targets for SCA3: Insight into the role of Machado-Joseph disease protein ataxin-3 in misfolded proteins clearance. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 132:34-58. [PMID: 26123252 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD, also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, SCA3), an autosomal dominant neurological disorder, is caused by an abnormal expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat in the ataxin-3 protein. The length of the expanded polyQ stretch correlates positively with the severity of the disease and inversely with the age at onset. To date, we cannot fully explain the mechanism underlying neurobiological abnormalities of this disease. Yet, accumulating reports have demonstrated the functions of ataxin-3 protein in the chaperone system, ubiquitin-proteasome system, and aggregation-autophagy, all of which suggest a role of ataxin-3 in the clearance of misfolded proteins. Notably, the SCA3 pathogenic form of ataxin-3 (ataxin-3(exp)) impairs the misfolded protein clearance via mechanisms that are either dependent or independent of its deubiquitinase (DUB) activity, resulting in the accumulation of misfolded proteins and the progressive loss of neurons in SCA3. Some drugs, which have been used as activators/inducers in the chaperone system, ubiquitin-proteasome system, and aggregation-autophagy, have been demonstrated to be efficacious in the relief of neurodegeneration diseases like Huntington's disease (HD), Parkinson's (PD), Alzheimer's (AD) as well as SCA3 in animal models and clinical trials, putting misfolded protein clearance on the list of potential therapeutic targets. Here, we undertake a comprehensive review of the progress in understanding the physiological functions of ataxin-3 in misfolded protein clearance and how the polyQ expansion impairs misfolded protein clearance. We then detail the preclinical studies targeting the elimination of misfolded proteins for SCA3 treatment. We close with future considerations for translating these pre-clinical results into therapies for SCA3 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Paula L Fischhaber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8262, USA.
| | - Tie-Shan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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142
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Menzies FM, Fleming A, Rubinsztein DC. Compromised autophagy and neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:345-57. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn3961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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143
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Cheng XT, Zhou B, Lin MY, Cai Q, Sheng ZH. Axonal autophagosomes recruit dynein for retrograde transport through fusion with late endosomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:377-86. [PMID: 25940348 PMCID: PMC4427784 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Late endosome-loaded dynein–snapin complexes drive amphisome retrograde transport upon fusion of autophagosomes with late endosomes in distal axons. Efficient degradation of autophagic vacuoles (AVs) via lysosomes is an important cellular homeostatic process. This is particularly challenging for neurons because mature acidic lysosomes are relatively enriched in the soma. Although dynein-driven retrograde transport of AVs was suggested, a fundamental question remains how autophagosomes generated at distal axons acquire dynein motors for retrograde transport toward the soma. In this paper, we demonstrate that late endosome (LE)–loaded dynein–snapin complexes drive AV retrograde transport in axons upon fusion of autophagosomes with LEs into amphisomes. Blocking the fusion with syntaxin17 knockdown reduced recruitment of dynein motors to AVs, thus immobilizing them in axons. Deficiency in dynein–snapin coupling impaired AV transport, resulting in AV accumulation in neurites and synaptic terminals. Altogether, our study provides the first evidence that autophagosomes recruit dynein through fusion with LEs and reveals a new motor–adaptor sharing mechanism by which neurons may remove distal AVs engulfing aggregated proteins and dysfunctional organelles for efficient degradation in the soma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Tang Cheng
- The Joint PhD program of the National Institutes of Health-Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Basic Medical Faculty, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 200025 Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Bing Zhou
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mei-Yao Lin
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Qian Cai
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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144
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Jimenez-Sanchez M, Lam W, Hannus M, Sönnichsen B, Imarisio S, Fleming A, Tarditi A, Menzies F, Dami TE, Xu C, Gonzalez-Couto E, Lazzeroni G, Heitz F, Diamanti D, Massai L, Satagopam VP, Marconi G, Caramelli C, Nencini A, Andreini M, Sardone GL, Caradonna NP, Porcari V, Scali C, Schneider R, Pollio G, O’Kane CJ, Caricasole A, Rubinsztein DC. siRNA screen identifies QPCT as a druggable target for Huntington's disease. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:347-354. [PMID: 25848931 PMCID: PMC4696152 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a currently incurable neurodegenerative condition caused by an abnormally expanded polyglutamine tract in huntingtin (HTT). We identified new modifiers of mutant HTT toxicity by performing a large-scale 'druggable genome' siRNA screen in human cultured cells, followed by hit validation in Drosophila. We focused on glutaminyl cyclase (QPCT), which had one of the strongest effects on mutant HTT-induced toxicity and aggregation in the cell-based siRNA screen and also rescued these phenotypes in Drosophila. We found that QPCT inhibition induced the levels of the molecular chaperone αB-crystallin and reduced the aggregation of diverse proteins. We generated new QPCT inhibitors using in silico methods followed by in vitro screening, which rescued the HD-related phenotypes in cell, Drosophila and zebrafish HD models. Our data reveal a new HD druggable target affecting mutant HTT aggregation and provide proof of principle for a discovery pipeline from druggable genome screen to drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jimenez-Sanchez
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Wun Lam
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Michael Hannus
- Cenix BioScience GmbH, Tatzberg 47, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Sara Imarisio
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Angeleen Fleming
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK, CB2 3EG
| | - Alessia Tarditi
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Fiona Menzies
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Teresa Ed Dami
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK, CB2 3EG
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Catherine Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK, CB2 3EG
| | | | - Giulia Lazzeroni
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Freddy Heitz
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Diamanti
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luisa Massai
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Venkata P. Satagopam
- Structural and Computational Biology, EMBL, Meyerhofstr.1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, House of Biomedicine, 7 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Guido Marconi
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Caramelli
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Arianna Nencini
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Matteo Andreini
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Sardone
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Porcari
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Carla Scali
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Reinhard Schneider
- Structural and Computational Biology, EMBL, Meyerhofstr.1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, House of Biomedicine, 7 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Giuseppe Pollio
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cahir J. O’Kane
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Andrea Caricasole
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - David C. Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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145
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Abstract
Most neurodegenerative diseases that afflict humans are associated with the intracytoplasmic deposition of aggregate-prone proteins in neurons. Autophagy is a powerful process for removing such proteins. In this Review, we consider how certain neurodegenerative diseases may be associated with impaired autophagy and how this may affect pathology. We also discuss how autophagy induction may be a plausible therapeutic strategy for some conditions and review studies in various models that support this hypothesis. Finally, we briefly describe some of the signaling pathways that may be amenable to therapeutic targeting for these goals.
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146
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Abstract
Defects in autophagy have been linked to a wide range of medical illnesses, including cancer as well as infectious, neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases. These observations have led to the hypothesis that autophagy inducers may prevent or treat certain clinical conditions. Lifestyle and nutritional factors, such as exercise and caloric restriction, may exert their known health benefits through the autophagy pathway. Several currently available FDA-approved drugs have been shown to enhance autophagy, and this autophagy-enhancing action may be repurposed for use in novel clinical indications. The development of new drugs that are designed to be more selective inducers of autophagy function in target organs is expected to maximize clinical benefits while minimizing toxicity. This Review summarizes the rationale and current approaches for developing autophagy inducers in medicine, the factors to be considered in defining disease targets for such therapy, and the potential benefits of such treatment for human health.
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147
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Saez I, Vilchez D. Protein clearance mechanisms and their demise in age-related neurodegenerative diseases. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2015.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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148
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Guilbert SM, Varlet AA, Fuchs M, Lambert H, Landry J, Lavoie JN. Regulation of Actin-Based Structure Dynamics by HspB Proteins and Partners. HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16077-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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149
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Ferrier A, De Repentigny Y, Lynch-Godrei A, Gibeault S, Eid W, Kuo D, Zha X, Kothary R. Disruption in the autophagic process underlies the sensory neuropathy in dystonia musculorum mice. Autophagy 2015; 11:1025-36. [PMID: 26043942 PMCID: PMC4590603 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1052207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A homozygous mutation in the DST (dystonin) gene causes a newly identified lethal form of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy in humans (HSAN-VI). DST loss of function similarly leads to sensory neuron degeneration and severe ataxia in dystonia musculorum (Dst(dt)) mice. DST is involved in maintaining cytoskeletal integrity and intracellular transport. As autophagy is highly reliant upon stable microtubules and motor proteins, we assessed the influence of DST loss of function on autophagy using the Dst(dt-Tg4) mouse model. Electron microscopy (EM) revealed an accumulation of autophagosomes in sensory neurons from these mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the autophagic flux was impaired. Levels of LC3-II, a marker of autophagosomes, were elevated. Consequently, Dst(dt-Tg4) sensory neurons displayed impaired protein turnover of autophagosome substrate SQTSM1/p62 and of polyubiquitinated proteins. Interestingly, in a previously described Dst(dt-Tg4) mouse model that is partially rescued by neuronal specific expression of the DST-A2 isoform, autophagosomes, autolysosomes, and damaged organelles were reduced when compared to Dst(dt-Tg4) mutant mice. LC3-II, SQTSM1, polyubiquitinated proteins and autophagic flux were also restored to wild-type levels in the rescued mice. Finally, a significant decrease in DNAIC1 (dynein, axonemal, intermediate chain 1; the mouse ortholog of human DNAI1), a member of the DMC (dynein/dynactin motor complex), was noted in Dst(dt-Tg4) dorsal root ganglia and sensory neurons. Thus, DST-A2 loss of function perturbs late stages of autophagy, and dysfunctional autophagy at least partially underlies Dst(dt) pathogenesis. We therefore conclude that the DST-A2 isoform normally facilitates autophagy within sensory neurons to maintain cellular homeostasis.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- BPAG1
- CASP3, caspase 3, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase
- DMC
- DMC, dynein/dynactin motor complex
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- DNAIC1, dynein, axonemal, intermediate chain 1
- DRG, dorsal root ganglion
- DST, dystonin
- Dstdt, dystonia musculorum
- EM, electron microscopy
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HSAN-VI
- HSAN-VI, hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VI
- MACF1, microtubule-actin crosslinking factor 1
- MAP1B
- MAP1B, microtubule-associated protein 1B
- MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule associated-protein 1 light chain 3
- MT, microtubule
- P, postnatal day
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PrP, prion protein
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SQTSM1/p62, sequestosome 1
- TCA, trichloroacetic acid
- TUBB3, tubulin, β, 3 class III
- WT, wild type
- autophagosome
- dynein
- dystonin
- microtubules
- trafficking
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ferrier
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Anisha Lynch-Godrei
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Walaa Eid
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; Microbiology; and Immunology; University of Ottawa; Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Kuo
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaohui Zha
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; Microbiology; and Immunology; University of Ottawa; Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Center for Neuromuscular Disease; Ottawa, ON, Canada
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150
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Wiesner D, Sinniger J, Henriques A, Dieterlé S, Müller HP, Rasche V, Ferger B, Dirrig-Grosch S, Soylu-Kucharz R, Petersén A, Walther P, Linkus B, Kassubek J, Wong PC, Ludolph AC, Dupuis L. Low dietary protein content alleviates motor symptoms in mice with mutant dynactin/dynein-mediated neurodegeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:2228-40. [PMID: 25552654 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in components of the molecular motor dynein/dynactin lead to neurodegenerative diseases of the motor system or atypical parkinsonism. These mutations are associated with prominent accumulation of vesicles involved in autophagy and lysosomal pathways, and with protein inclusions. Whether alleviating these defects would affect motor symptoms remain unknown. Here, we show that a mouse model expressing low levels of disease linked-G59S mutant dynactin p150(Glued) develops motor dysfunction >8 months before loss of motor neurons or dopaminergic degeneration is observed. Abnormal accumulation of autophagosomes and protein inclusions were efficiently corrected by lowering dietary protein content, and this was associated with transcriptional upregulations of key players in autophagy. Most importantly this dietary modification partially rescued overall neurological symptoms in these mice after onset. Similar observations were made in another mouse strain carrying a point mutation in the dynein heavy chain gene. Collectively, our data suggest that stimulating the autophagy/lysosomal system through appropriate nutritional intervention has significant beneficial effects on motor symptoms of dynein/dynactin diseases even after symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jérome Sinniger
- Inserm U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg F-67085, France, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle (FMTS), UMRS1118, Strasbourg F-67085, France
| | - Alexandre Henriques
- Inserm U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg F-67085, France, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle (FMTS), UMRS1118, Strasbourg F-67085, France
| | - Stéphane Dieterlé
- Inserm U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg F-67085, France, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle (FMTS), UMRS1118, Strasbourg F-67085, France
| | | | | | - Boris Ferger
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Sylvie Dirrig-Grosch
- Inserm U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg F-67085, France, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle (FMTS), UMRS1118, Strasbourg F-67085, France
| | - Rana Soylu-Kucharz
- Translational Neuroendocrine Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Asa Petersén
- Translational Neuroendocrine Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Philip C Wong
- Department of Pathology and Neuroscience and Division of Neuropathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Luc Dupuis
- Inserm U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg F-67085, France, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle (FMTS), UMRS1118, Strasbourg F-67085, France,
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