101
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Alessandrini A, Turka LA. FOXP3-Positive Regulatory T Cells and Kidney Allograft Tolerance. Am J Kidney Dis 2017; 69:667-674. [PMID: 28049555 PMCID: PMC5403573 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Normal immune homeostasis is achieved by several mechanisms, and prominent among them is immunoregulation. Although several types of regulatory lymphocyte populations have been described, CD4 T cells expressing the FOXP3 transcription factor (FOXP3-positive regulatory T cells [FOXP3+ Tregs]) are the best understood. This population of cells is critical for maintaining self-tolerance throughout the life of the organism. FOXP3+ Tregs can develop within the thymus, but also under select circumstances, naive peripheral T cells can be induced to express FOXP3 and become stable Tregs as well. Abundant evidence from animal systems, as well as limited evidence in humans, implicates Tregs in transplant tolerance, although whether these Tregs recognize allo- or self-antigens is not clear. New translational approaches to promote immunosuppression minimization and/or actual tolerance are being designed to exploit these observations. These include strategies to boost the generation, maintenance, and stability of endogenous Tregs, as well as adoptive cellular therapy with exogenous Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Alessandrini
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
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102
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Regulatory immune cells and functions in autoimmunity and transplantation immunology. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:435-444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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103
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Saas P, Varin A, Perruche S, Ceroi A. Recent insights into the implications of metabolism in plasmacytoid dendritic cell innate functions: Potential ways to control these functions. F1000Res 2017; 6:456. [PMID: 28580131 PMCID: PMC5437952 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11332.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are more and more data concerning the role of cellular metabolism in innate immune cells, such as macrophages or conventional dendritic cells. However, few data are available currently concerning plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC), another type of innate immune cells. These cells are the main type I interferon (IFN) producing cells, but they also secrete other pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor or interleukin [IL]-6) or immunomodulatory factors (e.g., IL-10 or transforming growth factor-β). Through these functions, PDC participate in antimicrobial responses or maintenance of immune tolerance, and have been implicated in the pathophysiology of several autoimmune diseases, as well as in tumor immune escape mechanisms. Recent data support the idea that the glycolytic pathway (or glycolysis), as well as lipid metabolism (including both cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism) may impact some innate immune functions of PDC or may be involved in these functions after Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/9 triggering. The kinetics of glycolysis after TLR7/9 triggering may differ between human and murine PDC. In mouse PDC, metabolism changes promoted by TLR7/9 activation may depend on an autocrine/paracrine loop, implicating type I IFN and its receptor IFNAR. This could explain a delayed glycolysis in mouse PDC. Moreover, PDC functions can be modulated by the metabolism of cholesterol and fatty acids. This may occur via the production of lipid ligands that activate nuclear receptors (e.g., liver X receptor [LXR]) in PDC or through limiting intracellular cholesterol pool size (by statin or LXR agonist treatment) in these cells. Finally, lipid-activated nuclear receptors (i.e., LXR or peroxisome proliferator activated receptor) may also directly interact with pro-inflammatory transcription factors, such as NF-κB. Here, we discuss how glycolysis and lipid metabolism may modulate PDC functions and how this may be harnessed in pathological situations where PDC play a detrimental role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Saas
- EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, UMR1098, Besançon, F-25000, France
| | - Alexis Varin
- EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, UMR1098, Besançon, F-25000, France
| | - Sylvain Perruche
- EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, UMR1098, Besançon, F-25000, France
| | - Adam Ceroi
- EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, UMR1098, Besançon, F-25000, France.,The Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
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104
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Zhang XJ, Wang P, Zhang N, Chen DD, Nie P, Li JL, Zhang YA. B Cell Functions Can Be Modulated by Antimicrobial Peptides in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: Novel Insights into the Innate Nature of B Cells in Fish. Front Immunol 2017; 8:388. [PMID: 28421080 PMCID: PMC5378723 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells in fish were recently proven to have potent innate immune activities like macrophages. This inspired us to further explore the innate nature of B cells in fish. Moreover, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are representative molecules of innate immunity, and they can modulate the functions of macrophages. These make fish an appropriate model to study the interactions between B cells and AMPs. Interestingly, the results in this study revealed that the IgM+ and IgT+ B cells of rainbow trout could express multiple AMP genes, including four cathelicidin genes and one β-defensin gene. The expression levels of the cathelicidin genes were obviously higher than that of the β-defensin gene. Further studies revealed that intracellular, extracellular, in vitro, and in vivo stimulations could significantly increase the expression of the cathelicidin genes in trout IgM+ and IgT+ B cells but not the expression of the β-defensin gene, indicating that cathelicidin peptides are the main innate immune effectors of trout B cells. More interestingly, we found that cathelicidin peptides could significantly enhance the phagocytic, intracellular bactericidal, and reactive oxygen species activities of trout IgM+ and IgT+ B cells, a phenomenon previously reported only in macrophages, and these activities might also be mediated by the P2X7 receptor. These results collectively suggest that B cells play multiple roles in the innate immunity of fish, and they provide new evidence for understanding the close relationship between B cells and macrophages in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Jie Zhang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Le Li
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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105
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Vanhove T, Goldschmeding R, Kuypers D. Kidney Fibrosis: Origins and Interventions. Transplantation 2017; 101:713-726. [PMID: 27941433 PMCID: PMC7228593 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
All causes of renal allograft injury, when severe and/or sustained, can result in chronic histological damage of which interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy are dominant features. Unless a specific disease process can be identified, what drives interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy progression in individual patients is often unclear. In general, clinicopathological factors known to predict and drive allograft fibrosis include graft quality, inflammation (whether "nonspecific" or related to a specific diagnosis), infections, such as polyomavirus-associated nephropathy, calcineurin inhibitors (CNI), and genetic factors. The incidence and severity of chronic histological damage have decreased substantially over the last 3 decades, but it is difficult to disentangle what effects individual innovations (eg, better matching and preservation techniques, lower CNI dosing, BK viremia screening) may have had. There is little evidence that CNI-sparing/minimization strategies, steroid minimization or renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade result in better preservation of intermediate-term histology. Treatment of subclinical rejections has only proven beneficial to histological and functional outcome in studies in which the rate of subclinical rejection in the first 3 months was greater than 10% to 15%. Potential novel antifibrotic strategies include antagonists of transforming growth factor-β, connective tissue growth factor, several tyrosine kinase ligands (epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor), endothelin and inhibitors of chemotaxis. Although many of these drugs are mainly being developed and marketed for oncological indications and diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a number may hold promise in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy, which could eventually lead to applications in renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vanhove
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. 2 Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. 3 Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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106
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Th17 plasticity and transition toward a pathogenic cytokine signature are regulated by cyclosporine after allogeneic SCT. Blood Adv 2017; 1:341-351. [PMID: 29296949 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2016002980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T-helper 17 (Th17) cells have been widely implicated as drivers of autoimmune disease. In particular, Th17 cytokine plasticity and acquisition of an interleukin-17A+(IL-17A+)interferon γ(IFNγ)+ cytokine profile is associated with increased pathogenic capacity. Donor Th17 polarization is known to exacerbate graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT); however, donor Th17 cytokine coexpression and plasticity have not been fully characterized. Using IL-17 "fate-mapping" mice, we identified IL-6-dependent Th17 cells early after allo-SCT, characterized by elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-17A, IL-22, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor. This population did not maintain lineage fidelity, with a marked loss of IL-17A and IL-22 expression late posttransplant. Th17 cells were further segregated based on IFNγ coexpression, and IL-17A+IFNγ+ Th17 displayed an enhanced proinflammatory phenotype. Th17 cytokine plasticity and IFNγ production were critically dependent upon donor-derived IL-12p40, and cyclosporine (CsA) treatment regulated this differentiation pathway. This observation was highly concordant with clinical samples from allo-SCT recipients receiving CsA-based immune suppression where although the IFNγ-negative-Th17 subset predominated, IFNγ+-Th17 cells were also present. In sum, Th17 polarization and ensuing differentiation are mediated by sequential inflammatory signals, which are modulated by immunosuppressive therapy, leading to distinct phenotypes within this lineage.
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107
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Ansari AW, Khan MA, Schmidt RE, Broering DC. Harnessing the immunotherapeutic potential of T-lymphocyte co-signaling molecules in transplantation. Immunol Lett 2017; 183:8-16. [PMID: 28119073 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alloantigen-specific T-cell triggered immunopathological events are responsible for rapid allograft rejection. The co-signaling pathways orchestrated by co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules are critical for optimal T-cell effector function. Therefore, selective blockade of pathways that control T-cell immunity may offer an attractive therapeutic strategy to manipulate cell mediated allogenic responses. For example, CD28, CTLA-4 and CD154 receptor blockade have proven beneficial in maintaining T-cell tolerance against transplanted organs in experimental animal models as well as in clinical trials. Conversely, induction of co-inhibitory molecules may result in suppressed effector function. There are several other potential molecules that are known to induce immune tolerance are currently under consideration for clinical studies. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and updated analysis of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules, their therapeutic potential to prevent graft rejection, and to further improve their long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul W Ansari
- Organ Transplant Research Section, Department of Comparative Medicine, MBC03, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad A Khan
- Organ Transplant Research Section, Department of Comparative Medicine, MBC03, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reinhold E Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str.1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dieter C Broering
- Organ Transplant Research Section, Department of Comparative Medicine, MBC03, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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108
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Schütz C, Inselmann S, Sausslele S, Dietz CT, Müller MC, Eigendorff E, Brendel CA, Metzelder SK, Brümmendorf TH, Waller C, Dengler J, Goebeler ME, Herbst R, Freunek G, Hanzel S, Illmer T, Wang Y, Lange T, Finkernagel F, Hehlmann R, Huber M, Neubauer A, Hochhaus A, Guilhot J, Xavier Mahon F, Pfirrmann M, Burchert A. Expression of the CTLA-4 ligand CD86 on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) predicts risk of disease recurrence after treatment discontinuation in CML. Leukemia 2017; 31:829-836. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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109
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) comprise heterogeneous subsets, functionally classified into conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). DCs are considered to be essential antigen (Ag)-presenting cells (APCs) that play crucial roles in activation and fine-tuning of innate and adaptive immunity under inflammatory conditions, as well as induction of immune tolerance to maintain immune homeostasis under steady-state conditions. Furthermore, DC functions can be modified and influenced by stimulation with various extrinsic factors, such as ligands for pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and cytokines. On the other hand, treatment of DCs with certain immunosuppressive drugs and molecules leads to the generation of tolerogenic DCs that show downregulation of both the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and costimulatory molecules, and not only show defective T-cell activation, but also possess tolerogenic properties including the induction of anergic T-cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells. To develop an effective strategy for Ag-specific intervention of T-cell-mediated immune disorders, we have previously established the modified DCs with moderately high levels of MHC molecules that are defective in the expression of costimulatory molecules that had a greater immunoregulatory property than classical tolerogenic DCs, which we therefore designated as regulatory DCs (DCreg). Herein, we integrate the current understanding of the role of DCs in the control of immune responses, and further provide new information of the characteristics of tolerogenic DCs and DCreg, as well as their regulation of immune responses and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuaki Sato
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan. .,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.
| | - Tomofumi Uto
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fukaya
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takagi
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
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110
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Simpson J, Miles K, Trüb M, MacMahon R, Gray M. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Respond Directly to Apoptotic Cells by Secreting Immune Regulatory IL-10 or IFN-α. Front Immunol 2016; 7:590. [PMID: 28018356 PMCID: PMC5155015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play a pivotal role in driving the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus, via the secretion of IFN-α in response to nuclear self-antigens complexed with autoantibodies. Apoptotic cells, generated at sites of inflammation or secondary lymphoid organs, are exposed to activated pDCs and also express the same nuclear antigens on their cell surface. Here, we show that in the absence of autoantibodies, activated pDCs directly respond to apoptotic cell-expressed chromatin complexes by secreting IL-10 and IL-6, which also induces T cells to secrete IL-10. Conversely, when activated by the viral mimetic CpG-A, apoptotic cells enhance their secretion of IFN-α. This study demonstrates that activated pDCs respond directly to apoptotic cells and may maintain tolerance via IL-10, or promote inflammation through secretion of IFN-α, depending on the inflammatory context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Simpson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katherine Miles
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marta Trüb
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Roisin MacMahon
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mohini Gray
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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111
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Marino J, Paster J, Benichou G. Allorecognition by T Lymphocytes and Allograft Rejection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:582. [PMID: 28018349 PMCID: PMC5155009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of donor antigens by recipient T cells in secondary lymphoid organs initiates the adaptive inflammatory immune response leading to the rejection of allogeneic transplants. Allospecific T cells become activated through interaction of their T cell receptors with intact allogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on donor cells (direct pathway) and/or donor peptides presented by self-MHC molecules on recipient antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (indirect pathway). In addition, recent studies show that alloreactive T cells can also be stimulated through recognition of allogeneic MHC molecules displayed on recipient APCs (MHC cross-dressing) after their transfer via cell-cell contact or through extracellular vesicles (semi-direct pathway). The specific allorecognition pathway used by T cells is dictated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors to the allograft and can influence the nature and magnitude of the alloresponse and rejection process. Consequently, various organs and tissues such as skin, cornea, and solid organ transplants are recognized differently by pro-inflammatory T cells through these distinct pathways, which may explain why these grafts are rejected in a different fashion. On the other hand, the mechanisms by which anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells (Tregs) recognize alloantigen and promote transplantation tolerance are still unclear. It is likely that thymic Tregs are activated through indirect allorecognition, while peripheral Tregs recognize alloantigens in a direct fashion. As we gain insights into the mechanisms underlying allorecognition by pro-inflammatory and Treg cells, novel strategies are being designed to prevent allograft rejection in the absence of ongoing immunosuppressive drug treatment in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Marino
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Paster
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gilles Benichou
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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112
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Roussey JA, Olszewski MA, Osterholzer JJ. Immunoregulation in Fungal Diseases. Microorganisms 2016; 4:microorganisms4040047. [PMID: 27973396 PMCID: PMC5192530 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review addresses specific regulatory mechanisms involved in the host immune response to fungal organisms. We focus on key cells and regulatory pathways involved in these responses, including a brief overview of their broader function preceding a discussion of their specific relevance to fungal disease. Important cell types discussed include dendritic cells and regulatory T cells, with a focus on specific studies relating to their effects on immune responses to fungi. We highlight the interleukin-10, programmed cell death 1, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 signaling pathways and emphasize interrelationships between these pathways and the regulatory functions of dendritic cells and regulatory T cells. Throughout our discussion, we identify selected studies best illustrating the role of these cells and pathways in response to specific fungal pathogens to provide a contextual understanding of the tightly-controlled network of regulatory mechanisms critical to determining the outcome of exposure to fungal pathogens. Lastly, we discuss two unique phenomena relating to immunoregulation, protective tolerance and immune reactivation inflammatory syndrome. These two clinically-relevant conditions provide perspective as to the range of immunoregulatory mechanisms active in response to fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Roussey
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Pulmonary Section, Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Michal A Olszewski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Pulmonary Section, Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - John J Osterholzer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Pulmonary Section, Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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113
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Lippens C, Duraes FV, Dubrot J, Brighouse D, Lacroix M, Irla M, Aubry-Lachainaye JP, Reith W, Mandl JN, Hugues S. IDO-orchestrated crosstalk between pDCs and Tregs inhibits autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2016; 75:39-49. [PMID: 27470005 PMCID: PMC5127883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) have been shown to both mediate and prevent autoimmunity, and the regulation of their immunogenic versus tolerogenic functions remains incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that, compared to other cells, pDCs are the major expressors of Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in steady-state lymph nodes (LNs). IDO expression by LN pDCs was closely dependent on MHCII-mediated, antigen-dependent, interactions with Treg. We further established that IDO production by pDCs was necessary to confer suppressive function to Tregs. During EAE development, IDO expression by pDCs was required for the generation of Tregs capable of dampening the priming of encephalitogenic T cell and disease severity. Thus, we describe a novel crosstalk between pDCs and Tregs: Tregs shape tolerogenic functions of pDCs prior to inflammation, such that pDCs in turn, promote Treg suppressive functions during autoimmunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- Autoimmunity/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/enzymology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Humans
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/immunology
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/enzymology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Lippens
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Fernanda V Duraes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Juan Dubrot
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Dale Brighouse
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Lacroix
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Magali Irla
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Judith N Mandl
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stéphanie Hugues
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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114
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Worbs T, Hammerschmidt SI, Förster R. Dendritic cell migration in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 17:30-48. [PMID: 27890914 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent and versatile antigen-presenting cells, and their ability to migrate is key for the initiation of protective pro-inflammatory as well as tolerogenic immune responses. Recent comprehensive studies have highlighted the importance of DC migration in the maintenance of immune surveillance and tissue homeostasis, and also in the pathogenesis of a range of diseases. In this Review, we summarize the anatomical, cellular and molecular factors that regulate the migration of different DC subsets in health and disease. In particular, we focus on new insights concerning the role of migratory DCs in the pathogenesis of diseases of the skin, intestine, lung, and brain, as well as in autoimmunity and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Worbs
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Swantje I Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Li L, Zhang Y, Xu M, Rong R, Wang J, Zhu T. Inhibition of histone methyltransferase EZH2 ameliorates early acute renal allograft rejection in rats. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:41. [PMID: 27784285 PMCID: PMC5080725 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although histone methyltransferases EZH2 has been proved to have significant regulatory effect on the immune rejection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, its role in solid-organ transplantation remains uncovered. In this study, we investigate whether histone methylation regulation can impact renal allograft rejection in rat models. RESULTS Allogeneic rat renal transplantation model (Wistar to Lewis) was established, and the recipients were administrated with EZH2 inhibitor DZNep after transplantation. Renal allografts and peripheral blood were collected on day 5 after transplantation for histological examination and mechanism investigation. We found that inhibition of EZH2 by DZNep after transplantation significantly ameliorated acute rejection (AR), with decreased histological injury and reduced inflammatory infiltration in renal allografts. Attenuation of AR was due to the prohibited activation of alloreactive T cells, the subsequent impaired production of inflammatory cytokines, and also the elevated apoptosis of alloreactive T cells in both renal allografts and periphery. However, inhibition of EZH2 did not increase the regulatory T cells during the AR. CONCLUSIONS Disruption of EZH2 by DZNep suppressed the immune responses of alloreactive T cells and ameliorated AR of renal allografts. This suggests a therapeutic potential of targeting histone methyltransferases EZH2 in treating allograft rejection after solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Biomedical Research Center, Institute for Clinical Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ruiming Rong
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jina Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Kohli K, Janssen A, Förster R. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells induce tolerance predominantly by cargoing antigen to lymph nodes. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2659-2668. [PMID: 27592607 PMCID: PMC5129535 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) have been shown to induce tolerance to innocuous antigens. Their migratory properties allow them to take up antigens from the periphery and transport them to the draining lymph nodes or to the thymus. However, pDC‐T‐cell interaction in the primary and secondary lymphoid organs still remains poorly defined. In this study, we show that resting pDCs loaded with exogenous antigen could induce tolerance when transferred intralymphatically into a single lymph node of wild‐type C57BL/6 mice. However, this was a result of antigen transfer from pDCs to endogenous antigen presenting cells and subsequent abortive proliferation of cognate CD4+ T cells. pDCs could not directly induce the proliferation of CD4+ T cells, as observed in mice lacking MHC class II gene. Moreover, pDCs failed to make physical contacts with OT‐II cells as revealed by two‐photon imaging. Thus, the role of resting pDCs in tolerance induction seems to be independent of its direct interaction with cognate CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Kohli
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anika Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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117
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Alegre ML, Lakkis FG, Morelli AE. Antigen Presentation in Transplantation. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:831-843. [PMID: 27743777 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of solid organs between genetically distinct individuals leads, in the absence of immunosuppression, to T cell-dependent transplant rejection. Activation of graft-reactive T cells relies on the presentation of transplant-derived antigens (intact donor MHC molecules or processed peptides on host MHC molecules) by mature dendritic cells (DCs). This review focuses on novel insights regarding the steps for maturation and differentiation of DCs that are necessary for productive presentation of transplant antigens to host T cells. These steps include the licensing of DCs by the microbiota, their activation and maturation following recognition of allogeneic non-self, and their capture of donor cell exosomes to amplify the presentation of transplant antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, JFK-R312, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Fadi G Lakkis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Adrian E Morelli
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Timing of in utero malaria exposure influences fetal CD4 T cell regulatory versus effector differentiation. Malar J 2016; 15:497. [PMID: 27717402 PMCID: PMC5055709 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In malaria-endemic areas, the first exposure to malaria antigens often occurs in utero when the fetal immune system is poised towards the development of tolerance. Children exposed to placental malaria have an increased risk of clinical malaria in the first few years of life compared to unexposed children. Recent work has suggested the potential of pregnancy-associated malaria to induce immune tolerance in children living in malaria-endemic areas. A study was completed to evaluate the effect of malaria exposure during pregnancy on fetal immune tolerance and effector responses. Methods Using cord blood samples from a cohort of mother-infant pairs followed from early in pregnancy until delivery, flow cytometry analysis was completed to assess the relationship between pregnancy-associated malaria and fetal cord blood CD4 and dendritic cell phenotypes. Results Cord blood FoxP3+ Treg counts were higher in infants born to mothers with Plasmodium parasitaemia early in pregnancy (12–20 weeks of gestation; p = 0.048), but there was no association between Treg counts and the presence of parasites in the placenta at the time of delivery (by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP); p = 0.810). In contrast, higher frequencies of activated CD4 T cells (CD25+FoxP3−CD127+) were observed in the cord blood of neonates with active placental Plasmodium infection at the time of delivery (p = 0.035). This population exhibited evidence of effector memory differentiation, suggesting priming of effector T cells in utero. Lastly, myeloid dendritic cells were higher in the cord blood of infants with histopathologic evidence of placental malaria (p < 0.0001). Conclusion Together, these data indicate that in utero exposure to malaria drives expansion of both regulatory and effector T cells in the fetus, and that the timing of this exposure has a pivotal role in determining the polarization of the fetal immune response.
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Pan Z, Horton CG, Lawrence C, Farris AD. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and type 1 interferon promote peripheral expansion of forkhead box protein 3(+) regulatory T cells specific for the ubiquitous RNA-binding nuclear antigen La/Sjögren's syndrome (SS)-B. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 186:18-29. [PMID: 27227559 PMCID: PMC5011359 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding nuclear antigens are a major class of self-antigen to which immune tolerance is lost in rheumatic diseases. Serological tolerance to one such antigen, La/Sjögren's syndrome (SS)-B (La), is controlled by CD4(+) T cells. This study investigated peripheral tolerance to human La (hLa) by tracking the fate of hLa-specific CD4(+) T cells expressing the transgenic (Tg) 3B5.8 T cell receptor (TCR) after adoptive transfer into lymphocyte-replete recipient mice expressing hLa as a neo-self-antigen. After initial antigen-specific cell division, hLa-specific donor CD4(+) T cells expressed forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3). Donor cells retrieved from hLa Tg recipients displayed impaired proliferation and secreted interleukin (IL)-10 in vitro in response to antigenic stimulation. Transfer of highly purified FoxP3-negative donor cells demonstrated that accumulation of hLa-specific regulatory T cells (Treg ) was due primarily to expansion of small numbers of donor Treg . Depletion of recipient plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), but not B cells, severely hampered the accumulation of FoxP3(+) donor Treg in hLa Tg recipients. Recipient pDC expressed tolerogenic markers and higher levels of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules than B cells. Adoptive transfer of hLa peptide-loaded pDC into mice lacking expression of hLa recapitulated the accumulation of hLa-specific Treg . Blockade of the type 1 interferon (IFN) receptor in hLa Tg recipients of hLa-specific T cells impaired FoxP3(+) donor T cell accumulation. Therefore, peripheral expansion of Treg specific for an RNA-binding nuclear antigen is mediated by antigen-presenting pDC in a type 1 IFN-dependent manner. These results reveal a regulatory function of pDC in controlling autoreactivity to RNA-binding nuclear antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z.‐J. Pan
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology ProgramOklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - C. G. Horton
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology ProgramOklahoma Medical Research Foundation
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City
- Department of Biological SciencesSouthwestern Oklahoma State UniversityWeatherfordOKUSA
| | - C. Lawrence
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology ProgramOklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - A. D. Farris
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology ProgramOklahoma Medical Research Foundation
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City
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Schaheen B, Downs EA, Serbulea V, Almenara CCP, Spinosa M, Su G, Zhao Y, Srikakulapu P, Butts C, McNamara CA, Leitinger N, Upchurch GR, Meher AK, Ailawadi G. B-Cell Depletion Promotes Aortic Infiltration of Immunosuppressive Cells and Is Protective of Experimental Aortic Aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2191-2202. [PMID: 27634836 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE B-cell depletion therapy is widely used for treatment of cancers and autoimmune diseases. B cells are abundant in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA); however, it is unknown whether B-cell depletion therapy affects AAA growth. Using experimental models of murine AAA, we aim to examine the effect of B-cell depletion on AAA formation. APPROACH AND RESULTS Wild-type or apolipoprotein E-knockout mice were treated with mouse monoclonal anti-CD20 or control antibodies and subjected to an elastase perfusion or angiotensin II infusion model to induce AAA, respectively. Anti-CD20 antibody treatment significantly depleted B1 and B2 cells, and strikingly suppressed AAA growth in both models. B-cell depletion resulted in lower circulating IgM levels, but did not affect the levels of IgG or cytokine/chemokine levels. Although the total number of leukocyte remained unchanged in elastase-perfused aortas after anti-CD20 antibody treatment, the number of B-cell subtypes was significantly lower. Interestingly, plasmacytoid dendritic cells expressing the immunomodulatory enzyme indole 2,3-dioxygenase were detected in the aortas of B-cell-depleted mice. In accordance with an increase in indole 2,3-dioxygenase+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells, the number of regulatory T cells was higher, whereas the expression of proinflammatory genes was lower in aortas of B-cell-depleted mice. In a coculture model, the presence of B cells significantly lowered the number of indole 2,3-dioxygenase+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells without affecting total plasmacytoid dendritic cell number. CONCLUSIONS The present results demonstrate that B-cell depletion protects mice from experimental AAA formation and promotes emergence of an immunosuppressive environment in aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil Schaheen
- From the Departments of Surgery (B.S., E.A.D., M.S., G.S., Y.Z., G.R.U., A.K.M., G.A.), Pharmacology (V.S., C.C.P.A., N.L., A.K.M.), and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (P.S., C.A.M.N.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA (C.B.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (G.R.U.) and Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Emily A Downs
- From the Departments of Surgery (B.S., E.A.D., M.S., G.S., Y.Z., G.R.U., A.K.M., G.A.), Pharmacology (V.S., C.C.P.A., N.L., A.K.M.), and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (P.S., C.A.M.N.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA (C.B.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (G.R.U.) and Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Vlad Serbulea
- From the Departments of Surgery (B.S., E.A.D., M.S., G.S., Y.Z., G.R.U., A.K.M., G.A.), Pharmacology (V.S., C.C.P.A., N.L., A.K.M.), and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (P.S., C.A.M.N.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA (C.B.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (G.R.U.) and Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Camila C P Almenara
- From the Departments of Surgery (B.S., E.A.D., M.S., G.S., Y.Z., G.R.U., A.K.M., G.A.), Pharmacology (V.S., C.C.P.A., N.L., A.K.M.), and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (P.S., C.A.M.N.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA (C.B.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (G.R.U.) and Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Michael Spinosa
- From the Departments of Surgery (B.S., E.A.D., M.S., G.S., Y.Z., G.R.U., A.K.M., G.A.), Pharmacology (V.S., C.C.P.A., N.L., A.K.M.), and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (P.S., C.A.M.N.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA (C.B.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (G.R.U.) and Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Gang Su
- From the Departments of Surgery (B.S., E.A.D., M.S., G.S., Y.Z., G.R.U., A.K.M., G.A.), Pharmacology (V.S., C.C.P.A., N.L., A.K.M.), and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (P.S., C.A.M.N.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA (C.B.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (G.R.U.) and Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Yunge Zhao
- From the Departments of Surgery (B.S., E.A.D., M.S., G.S., Y.Z., G.R.U., A.K.M., G.A.), Pharmacology (V.S., C.C.P.A., N.L., A.K.M.), and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (P.S., C.A.M.N.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA (C.B.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (G.R.U.) and Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Prasad Srikakulapu
- From the Departments of Surgery (B.S., E.A.D., M.S., G.S., Y.Z., G.R.U., A.K.M., G.A.), Pharmacology (V.S., C.C.P.A., N.L., A.K.M.), and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (P.S., C.A.M.N.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA (C.B.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (G.R.U.) and Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Cherié Butts
- From the Departments of Surgery (B.S., E.A.D., M.S., G.S., Y.Z., G.R.U., A.K.M., G.A.), Pharmacology (V.S., C.C.P.A., N.L., A.K.M.), and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (P.S., C.A.M.N.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA (C.B.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (G.R.U.) and Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Coleen A McNamara
- From the Departments of Surgery (B.S., E.A.D., M.S., G.S., Y.Z., G.R.U., A.K.M., G.A.), Pharmacology (V.S., C.C.P.A., N.L., A.K.M.), and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (P.S., C.A.M.N.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA (C.B.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (G.R.U.) and Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Norbert Leitinger
- From the Departments of Surgery (B.S., E.A.D., M.S., G.S., Y.Z., G.R.U., A.K.M., G.A.), Pharmacology (V.S., C.C.P.A., N.L., A.K.M.), and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (P.S., C.A.M.N.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA (C.B.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (G.R.U.) and Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Gilbert R Upchurch
- From the Departments of Surgery (B.S., E.A.D., M.S., G.S., Y.Z., G.R.U., A.K.M., G.A.), Pharmacology (V.S., C.C.P.A., N.L., A.K.M.), and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (P.S., C.A.M.N.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA (C.B.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (G.R.U.) and Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Akshaya K Meher
- From the Departments of Surgery (B.S., E.A.D., M.S., G.S., Y.Z., G.R.U., A.K.M., G.A.), Pharmacology (V.S., C.C.P.A., N.L., A.K.M.), and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (P.S., C.A.M.N.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA (C.B.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (G.R.U.) and Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
| | - Gorav Ailawadi
- From the Departments of Surgery (B.S., E.A.D., M.S., G.S., Y.Z., G.R.U., A.K.M., G.A.), Pharmacology (V.S., C.C.P.A., N.L., A.K.M.), and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (P.S., C.A.M.N.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA (C.B.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (G.R.U.) and Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
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Hu M, Wang YM, Wang Y, Zhang GY, Zheng G, Yi S, O'Connell PJ, Harris DCH, Alexander SI. Regulatory T cells in kidney disease and transplantation. Kidney Int 2016; 90:502-14. [PMID: 27263492 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to be important in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmune disease, including autoimmune kidney disease. It is also likely that they play a role in limiting kidney transplant rejection and potentially in promoting transplant tolerance. Although other subsets of Tregs exist, the most potent and well-defined Tregs are the Foxp3 expressing CD4(+) Tregs derived from the thymus or generated peripherally. These CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs limit autoimmune renal disease in animal models, especially chronic kidney disease, and kidney transplantation. Furthermore, other subsets of Tregs, including CD8 Tregs, may play a role in immunosuppression in kidney disease. The development and protective mechanisms of Tregs in kidney disease and kidney transplantation involve multiple mechanisms of suppression. Here we review the development and function of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs. We discuss the specific application of Tregs as a therapeutic strategy to prevent kidney disease and to limit kidney transplant rejection and detail clinical trials in this area of transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yuan Min Wang
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoff Y Zhang
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guoping Zheng
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shounan Yi
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip J O'Connell
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David C H Harris
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
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122
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The Balance between Conventional DCs and Plasmacytoid DCs Is Pivotal for Immunological Tolerance during Pregnancy in the Mouse. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26984. [PMID: 27229324 PMCID: PMC4882543 DOI: 10.1038/srep26984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), which can shape their functions depending on the microenvironment, are crucial for the delicate balance of immunity and tolerance during pregnancy. However, the mechanism underlying the microenvironment-educated plasticity of DC differentiation during pregnancy remains largely unclear. Here, we found that the differentiation of conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) is regulated in a tissue-specific manner during pregnancy. The ratio of cDCs and pDCs remained constant in the spleen. However, the ratio changed in the para-aortic lymph nodes (LNs), where cDC percentages were significantly reduced concurrent with an increase in pDCs from E8.5 to E16.5. Moreover, the expansion of pDCs and T regulatory (Treg) cells was correlated in the para-aortic LNs, and pDCs had more potential to induce regulatory T cells (Tregs) compared with cDCs (independent of IDO expression). Notably, the balance between cDCs and pDCs is disrupted in IFN-γ-induced abnormal pregnancy, accompanied by lower Treg percentages in the para-aortic LNs and decidua. To further identify the underlying mechanism, we found that elevated IFN-γ can increase the levels of GM-CSF to alter the differentiation of pDCs into cDCs in vivo. Therefore, we provide a novel regulatory mechanism underlying pregnancy-related immune tolerance that involves the balance of DC subsets, which may offer a new target for the prevention of human spontaneous abortion.
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Abstract
The ultimate outcome of alloreactivity versus tolerance following transplantation is potently influenced by the constellation of cosignaling molecules expressed by immune cells during priming with alloantigen, and the net sum of costimulatory and coinhibitory signals transmitted via ligation of these molecules. Intense investigation over the last two decades has yielded a detailed understanding of the kinetics, cellular distribution, and intracellular signaling networks of cosignaling molecules such as the CD28, TNF, and TIM families of receptors in alloimmunity. More recent work has better defined the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which engagement of cosignaling networks serve to either dampen or augment alloimmunity. These findings will likely aid in the rational development of novel immunomodulatory strategies to prolong graft survival and improve outcomes following transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy L Ford
- Emory Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Yun TJ, Lee JS, Machmach K, Shim D, Choi J, Wi YJ, Jang HS, Jung IH, Kim K, Yoon WK, Miah MA, Li B, Chang J, Bego MG, Pham TNQ, Loschko J, Fritz JH, Krug AB, Lee SP, Keler T, Guimond JV, Haddad E, Cohen EA, Sirois MG, El-Hamamsy I, Colonna M, Oh GT, Choi JH, Cheong C. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-Expressing Aortic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Protect against Atherosclerosis by Induction of Regulatory T Cells. Cell Metab 2016; 23:852-66. [PMID: 27166946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are unique bone-marrow-derived cells that produce large amounts of type I interferon in response to microbial stimulation. Furthermore, pDCs also promote T cell tolerance in sterile-inflammation conditions. However, the immunomodulatory role of aortic pDCs in atherosclerosis has been poorly understood. Here, we identified functional mouse and human pDCs in the aortic intima and showed that selective, inducible pDC depletion in mice exacerbates atherosclerosis. Aortic pDCs expressed CCR9 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1), an enzyme involved in driving the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). As a consequence, loss of pDCs resulted in decreased numbers of Tregs and reduced IL-10 levels in the aorta. Moreover, antigen presentation by pDCs expanded antigen-specific Tregs in the atherosclerotic aorta. Notably, Tregs ablation affected pDC homeostasis in diseased aorta. Accordingly, pDCs in human atherosclerotic aortas colocalized with Tregs. Collectively, we identified a mechanism of atheroprotection mediated by tolerogenic aortic pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jin Yun
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Jun Seong Lee
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Kawthar Machmach
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Dahee Shim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Junhee Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Young Jin Wi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Hyung Seok Jang
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - In-Hyuk Jung
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Kyeongdae Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Won Kee Yoon
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, KRIBB, Chungbuk 363-883, South Korea
| | - Mohammad Alam Miah
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Bin Li
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jinsam Chang
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mariana G Bego
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Tram N Q Pham
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Jakob Loschko
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München 80336, Germany
| | - Jörg Hermann Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Anne B Krug
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München 80336, Germany
| | - Seung-Pyo Lee
- Cardiovascular Center, and Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, South Korea
| | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics, Hampton, NJ 08827, USA
| | - Jean V Guimond
- Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux Jeanne-Mance, Montréal, QC H2H 2B4, Canada
| | - Elie Haddad
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Eric A Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Laboratory of Human Retrovirology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Martin G Sirois
- Research Center, Montréal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ismail El-Hamamsy
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Montréal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea.
| | - Cheolho Cheong
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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125
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Regulatory roles of mast cells in immune responses. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:623-9. [PMID: 27154294 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are important immune cells for host defense through activation of innate immunity (via toll-like receptors or complement receptors) and acquired immunity (via FcεRI). Conversely, mast cells also act as effector cells that exacerbate development of allergic or autoimmune disorders. Yet, several lines of evidence show that mast cells act as regulatory cells to suppress certain inflammatory diseases. Here, we review the mechanisms by which mast cells suppress diseases.
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Rai V, Rao VH, Shao Z, Agrawal DK. Dendritic Cells Expressing Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 Correlate with Plaque Stability in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Patients with Carotid Stenosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154802. [PMID: 27148736 PMCID: PMC4858252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease with atherosclerotic plaques containing inflammatory cells, including T-lymphocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages that are responsible for progression and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques. Stressed cells undergoing necrosis release molecules that act as endogenous danger signals to alert and activate innate immune cells. In atherosclerotic tissue the number of DCs increases with the progression of the lesion and produce several inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 plays a crucial role in inflammation. However, relationship of DCs and the role of TREM-1 with the stability of atherosclerotic plaques have not been examined. In this study, we investigated the heterogeneity of the plaque DCs, myeloid (mDC1 and mDC2) and plasmacytoid (pDCs), and examined the expression of TREM-1 and their co-localization with DCs in the plaques from symptomatic (S) and asymptomatic (AS) patients with carotid stenosis. We found increased expression of HLA-DR, fascin, and TREM-1 and decreased expression of TREM-2 and α-smooth muscle actin in S compared to AS atherosclerotic carotid plaques. Both TREM-1 and fascin were co-localized suggesting increased expression of TREM-1 in plaque DCs of S compared to AS patients. These data were supported by increased mRNA transcripts of TREM-1 and decreased mRNA transcripts of TREM-2 in carotid plaques of S compared to AS patients. There was higher density of both CD1c+ mDC1 and CD141+ mDC2 in the carotid plaques from AS compared to S patients, where as the density of CD303+ pDCs were higher in the carotid plaques of S compared to AS patients. These findings suggest a potential role of pDCs and TREM-1 in atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. Thus, newer therapies could be developed to selectively block TREM-1 for stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Rai
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States of America
| | - Velidi H. Rao
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States of America
| | - Zhifei Shao
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States of America
| | - Devendra K. Agrawal
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tomita Y, Satomi M, Bracamonte-Baran W, Jankowska Gan E, Workman AS, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA, Burlingham WJ. Kinetics of Alloantigen-Specific Regulatory CD4 T Cell Development and Tissue Distribution After Donor-Specific Transfusion and Costimulatory Blockade. Transplant Direct 2016; 2:e73. [PMID: 27500263 PMCID: PMC4946513 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of donor-side regulation toward recipient antigens on graft outcome is poorly understood. METHODS Because this influence might be due in part to the accumulation of tissue-resident memory T cells in the donor organ, we used a standard murine tolerization model (donor-specific transfusion plus CD40L blockade) to determine the kinetics of development and peripheralization of allospecific regulatory T cell in lymphoid tissues and liver, a secondary lymphoid organ used in transplantation. RESULTS We found that donor-specific transfusion and CD40L blockade leads to a progressive and sustained T regulatory allospecific response. The cytokines IL10, TGFβ, and IL35 all contributed to the regulatory phenomenon as determined by trans vivo delayed hypersensitivity assay. Unexpectedly, an early and transient self-specific regulatory response was found as well. Using double reporter mice (forkhead box p 3 [Foxp3]-yellow fluorescent protein, Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 [Ebi3]-TdTomRed), we found an increase in Foxp3+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells paralleling the regulatory response. The Ebi3+ CD4 T cells (IL35-producing) were mainly classic Treg cells (Foxp3+CD25+), whereas TGFβ+ CD4 T cells are mostly Foxp3-negative, suggesting 2 different CD4 Treg cell subsets. Liver-resident TGFβ+ CD4 T cells appeared more rapidly than Ebi3-producing T cells, whereas at later timepoints, the Ebi3 response predominated both in lymphoid tissues and liver. CONCLUSIONS The timing of appearance of donor organ resident Treg cell subsets should be considered in experiments testing the role of bidirectional regulation in transplant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tomita
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
| | - Miwa Satomi
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
| | | | - Ewa Jankowska Gan
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
| | | | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - William J Burlingham
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
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128
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Zhu Q, Zhang M, Shi M, Liu Y, Zhao Q, Wang W, Zhang G, Yang L, Zhi J, Zhang L, Hu G, Chen P, Yang Y, Dai W, Liu T, He Y, Feng G, Zhao G. Human B cells have an active phagocytic capability and undergo immune activation upon phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunobiology 2016; 221:558-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Dendritic Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: From Pathogenic Players to Therapeutic Tools. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:5045248. [PMID: 27122656 PMCID: PMC4829720 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5045248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
System lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial systemic autoimmune disease with a wide variety of presenting features. SLE is believed to result from dysregulated immune responses, loss of tolerance of CD4 T cells and B cells to ubiquitous self-antigens, and the subsequent production of anti-nuclear and other autoreactive antibodies. Recent research has associated lupus development with changes in the dendritic cell (DC) compartment, including altered DC subset frequency and localization, overactivation of mDCs and pDCs, and functional defects in DCs. Here we discuss the current knowledge on the role of DC dysfunction in SLE pathogenesis, with the focus on DCs as targets for interventional therapies.
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130
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Xiong Y, Ahmad S, Iwami D, Brinkman CC, Bromberg JS. T-bet Regulates Natural Regulatory T Cell Afferent Lymphatic Migration and Suppressive Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2526-40. [PMID: 26880765 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
T-bet is essential for natural regulatory T cells (nTreg) to regulate Th1 inflammation, but whether T-bet controls other Treg functions after entering the inflammatory site is unknown. In an islet allograft model, T-bet(-/-) nTreg, but not induced Treg, failed to prolong graft survival as effectively as wild-type Treg. T-bet(-/-) nTreg had no functional deficiency in vitro but failed to home from the graft to draining lymph nodes (dLN) as efficiently as wild type. T-bet regulated expression of adhesion- and migration-related molecules, influencing nTreg distribution in tissues, so that T-bet(-/-) nTreg remained in the grafts rather than migrating to lymphatics and dLN. In contrast, both wild-type and T-bet(-/-) CD4(+) conventional T cells and induced Treg migrated normally toward afferent lymphatics. T-bet(-/-) nTreg displayed instability in the graft, failing to suppress Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells and prevent their infiltration into the graft and dLN. Thus, T-bet regulates nTreg migration into afferent lymphatics and dLN and consequently their suppressive stability in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbao Xiong
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Sarwat Ahmad
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; and
| | - Daiki Iwami
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - C Colin Brinkman
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Jonathan S Bromberg
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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131
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Hirai T, Ishii R, Miyairi S, Ikemiyagi M, Omoto K, Ishii Y, Tanabe K. Clonal Deletion Established via Invariant NKT Cell Activation and Costimulatory Blockade Requires In Vivo Expansion of Regulatory T Cells. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:426-39. [PMID: 26495767 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the immune-regulating potential of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells has attracted considerable attention. We previously reported that a combination treatment with a liposomal ligand for iNKT cells and an anti-CD154 antibody in a sublethally irradiated murine bone marrow transplant (BMT) model resulted in the establishment of mixed hematopoietic chimerism through in vivo expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Herein, we show the lack of alloreactivity of CD8(+) T cells in chimeras and an early expansion of donor-derived dendritic cells (DCs) in the recipient thymi accompanied by a sequential reduction in the donor-reactive Vβ-T cell receptor repertoire, suggesting a contribution of clonal deletion in this model. Since thymic expansion of donor DCs and the reduction in the donor-reactive T cell repertoire were precluded with Treg depletion, we presumed that Tregs should preform before the establishment of clonal deletion. In contrast, the mice thymectomized before BMT failed to increase the number of Tregs and to establish CD8(+) T cell tolerance, suggesting the presence of mutual dependence between the thymic donor-DCs and Tregs. These results provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms that actively promote clonal deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hirai
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Ishii
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Miyairi
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Ikemiyagi
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Omoto
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Ishii
- Laboratory for Vaccine Design, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - K Tanabe
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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132
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Lal G, Kulkarni N, Nakayama Y, Singh AK, Sethi A, Burrell BE, Brinkman CC, Iwami D, Zhang T, Hehlgans T, Bromberg JS. IL-10 from marginal zone precursor B cells controls the differentiation of Th17, Tfh and Tfr cells in transplantation tolerance. Immunol Lett 2016; 170:52-63. [PMID: 26772435 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
B cells are known to control CD4T cell differentiation in secondary lymphoid tissues. We hypothesized that IL-10 expression by marginal zone precursor (MZP) regulatory B cells controls the differentiation and positioning of effector and regulatory T cells during tolerization. Costimulatory blockade with donor-specific transfusion (DST) and anti-CD40L mAb in C57BL/6 mice induced tolerance to allogeneic cardiac allograft. B cell depletion or IL-10 deficiency in B cells prevented tolerance, resulting in decreased follicular regulatory CD4(+) T cells (Tfr) and increased IL-21 expression by T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in the B cell and T cell zones. IL-21 acted with IL-6 to induce CCR6(+) Th17 that caused rejection. Deficiency or blockade of IL-6, IL-21, IL-21R, or CCR6 prevented B cell depletion-induced acute cellular rejection; while agonistic mCCL20-Ig induced rejection. Adoptive transfer of IL-10(+/+) MZP in tolerogen treated CD19-Cre(+/-):IL-10(fl/fl) mice rescued the localization of Tfh and Tfr cells in the B cell follicle and prevented allograft rejection. MZP B cell IL-10 is necessary for tolerance and controls the differentiation and position of Th17, Tfh and Tfr cells in secondary lymphoid tissues. This has implications for understanding tolerance induction and how B cell depletion may prevent tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girdhari Lal
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, MH, India.
| | | | - Yumi Nakayama
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Amit K Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, MH, India
| | | | - Bryna E Burrell
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - C Colin Brinkman
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Daiki Iwami
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Thomas Hehlgans
- Institute for Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan S Bromberg
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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Elshal MF, Aldahlawi AM, Saadah OI, McCoy JP. Reduced Dendritic Cells Expressing CD200R1 in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Correlation with Th17 and Regulatory T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28998-9010. [PMID: 26690123 PMCID: PMC4691090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of tolerance of the adaptive immune system towards indigenous flora contributes to the development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Defects in dendritic cell (DC)-mediated innate and adoptive immune responses are conceivable. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the inhibitory molecules CD200R1 and their ligand CD200 on DCs, to clarify the role of the DCs in the pathogenesis of IBD. Thirty-seven pediatric IBD patients (23 with Crohn’s disease (CD) and 14 with ulcerative colitis (UC)) with mean age 13.25 ± 2.9 years were included. Fourteen age-matched healthy pediatric volunteers (five males and nine females) served as a control group (HC). The percentage of CD11c+ myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and CD123+ plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) expressing CD200R1 and CD200 were evaluated in peripheral blood using flow cytometry and were correlated with routine biochemical, serological markers, serum levels of cytokines and with the percentages of circulating regulatory T cells (Treg) and CD4+ producing IL-17 (Th17). IBD patients showed a significant decrease in the percentage of pDCs and mDCs expressing CD200R1 compared to that of HC. Patients with UC showed increased expressions of the CD200 molecule on pDCs as compared to HC. DCs expressing CD200R1 were found to be correlated positively with Treg and negatively with TH17 and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Our findings suggest that IBD is associated with dysregulation in the CD200R1/CD200 axis and that the decrease in DCs expressing CD200R1 may contribute to the imbalance of Th17 and Treg cells and in the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Elshal
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, Sadat City University, Sadat City 32897, Egypt.
| | - Alia M Aldahlawi
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Immunology Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Omar I Saadah
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - J Philip McCoy
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Interleukin-10 From Marginal Zone Precursor B-Cell Subset Is Required for Costimulatory Blockade-Induced Transplantation Tolerance. Transplantation 2015; 99:1817-28. [PMID: 25839706 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blocking CD40-CD40L costimulatory signals induces transplantation tolerance. Although B-cell depletion prevents alloantibody formation, nonhumoral functions of B cells in tolerance have not been well characterized. We investigated whether specific subsets of B cell or B cell-derived interleukin (IL)-10 contribute to tolerance. METHODS Wild type C57BL/6, or B cell-specific interleukin (IL)-10 (CD19-Cre::IL-10) mice, received vascularized BALB/c cardiac allografts. BALB/c donor-specific splenocyte transfusion and anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody were used as tolerogen. B cells were depleted with antimouse CD20 monoclonal antibody. Various B-cell subsets were purified and characterized by flow cytometry, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and adoptive transfer. RESULTS B-cell depletion prevented costimulatory blockade-induced allogeneic tolerance. Costimulatory blockade increased IL-10 in marginal zone precursor (MZP) B cells, but not other subsets. In particular, costimulatory blockade did not change other previously defined regulatory B-cell subsets (Breg), including CD5CD1d Breg or expression of TIM1 or TIM4 on these Breg or other Breg cell subsets. Costimulatory blockade also induced IL-21R expression in MZP B cells, and IL-21R MZP B cells expressed even more IL-10. B-cell depletion or IL-10 deficiency in B cells prevented tolerance in a cardiac allograft model, resulting in rapid acute cardiac allograft rejection. Adoptive transfer of wild type MZP B cells but not other subsets to B cell-specific IL-10 deficient mice prevented graft rejection. CONCLUSIONS CD40 costimulatory blockade induces MZP B cell IL-10 which is necessary for tolerance. These observations have implications for understanding tolerance induction and how B cell depletion may prevent tolerance.
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135
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O'Keeffe M, Mok WH, Radford KJ. Human dendritic cell subsets and function in health and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4309-25. [PMID: 26243730 PMCID: PMC11113503 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The method of choice for the development of new vaccines is to target distinct dendritic cell subsets with antigen in vivo and to harness their function in situ to enhance cell-mediated immunity or induce tolerance to specific antigens. The innate functions of dendritic cells themselves may also be targeted by inhibitors or activators that would target a specific function such as interferon production, potentially important in autoimmune disease and chronic viral infections. Importantly targeting dendritic cells requires detailed knowledge of both the surface phenotype and function of each dendritic cell subset, including how they may respond to different types of vaccine adjuvants, their ability to produce soluble mediators and to process and present antigens and induce priming of naïve T cells. This review summarizes our knowledge of the functional attributes of the human dendritic cell subsets in the steady state and upon activation and their roles in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith O'Keeffe
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Wai Hong Mok
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4012, Australia
| | - Kristen J Radford
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4012, Australia.
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136
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Osorio F, Fuentes C, López MN, Salazar-Onfray F, González FE. Role of Dendritic Cells in the Induction of Lymphocyte Tolerance. Front Immunol 2015; 6:535. [PMID: 26539197 PMCID: PMC4611163 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to trigger tolerance or immunity is dictated by the context in which an antigen is encountered. A large body of evidence indicates that antigen presentation by steady-state DCs induces peripheral tolerance through mechanisms such as the secretion of soluble factors, the clonal deletion of autoreactive T cells, and feedback control of regulatory T cells. Moreover, recent understandings on the function of DC lineages and the advent of murine models of DC depletion have highlighted the contribution of DCs to lymphocyte tolerance. Importantly, these findings are now being applied to human research in the contexts of autoimmune diseases, allergies, and transplant rejection. Indeed, DC-based immunotherapy research has made important progress in the area of human health, particularly in regards to cancer. A better understanding of several DC-related aspects including the features of DC lineages, milieu composition, specific expression of surface molecules, the control of signaling responses, and the identification of competent stimuli able to trigger and sustain a tolerogenic outcome will contribute to the success of DC-based immunotherapy in the area of lymphocyte tolerance. This review will discuss the latest advances in the biology of DC subtypes related to the induction of regulatory T cells, in addition to presenting current ex vivo protocols for tolerogenic DC production. Particular attention will be given to the molecules and signals relevant for achieving an adequate tolerogenic response for the treatment of human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Osorio
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Camila Fuentes
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Mercedes N López
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Cell Therapy Laboratory, Blood Bank Service, University of Chile Clinical Hospital , Santiago , Chile
| | - Flavio Salazar-Onfray
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Fermín E González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Cancer, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
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137
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW When it comes to tolerance induction, kidney allografts behave differently from heart allografts that behave differently from lung allografts. Here, we examine how and why different organ allografts respond differently to the same tolerance induction protocol. RECENT FINDINGS Allograft tolerance has been achieved in experimental and clinical kidney transplantation. Inducing tolerance in experimental recipients of heart and lung allografts has, however, proven to be more challenging. New protocols being developed in nonhuman primates based on mixed chimerism and cotransplantation of tolerogenic organs may provide mechanistic insights to help overcome these challenges. SUMMARY Tolerance induction protocols that are successful in patients transplanted with 'tolerance-prone' organs such as kidneys and livers will most likely not succeed in recipients of 'tolerance-resistant' organs such as hearts and lungs. Separate clinical trials using more robust tolerance protocols will be required to achieve tolerance in heart and lung recipients.
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138
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Bagley J, Yuan J, Chandrakar A, Iacomini J. Hyperlipidemia Alters Regulatory T Cell Function and Promotes Resistance to Tolerance Induction Through Costimulatory Molecule Blockade. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:2324-35. [PMID: 26079467 PMCID: PMC5125018 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent work from our laboratory has shown that hyperlipidemia promotes accelerated rejection of vascularized cardiac allografts in mice by inducing anti-donor Th17 reactivity and production of IL-17. Here, we show that hyperlipidemia also affects FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). Hyperlipidemia promotes the development of Tregs that express low levels of CD25. Hyperlipidemia also promotes a decrease in central Tregs and an increase in effector Tregs that appears to account for the increase in the frequency of CD25(low) Tregs. Alterations in Treg subsets also appear to lead to alterations in Treg function. The ability of FoxP3(+) , CD25(high) , CD4(+) Tregs from hyperlipidemic mice to inhibit proliferation of effector T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 and CD28 was reduced when compared with Tregs from control mice. Regulatory T cells isolated from hyperlipidemic recipients exhibit increased activation of Akt, and a reduction in Bim levels that permits the expansion of FoxP3(+) CD25(low) CD4(+) T cells. Hyperlipidemic mice were also resistant to tolerance induction using costimulatory molecule blockade consisting of anti-CD154 and CTLA4Ig, a strategy that requires Tregs. Together, our data suggest that hyperlipidemia profoundly affects Treg subsets and function as well as the ability to induce tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Bagley
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences Programs in Immunology and Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - J. Yuan
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences Programs in Immunology and Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - A. Chandrakar
- Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - J. Iacomini
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences Programs in Immunology and Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA,Corresponding author: John Iacomini,
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139
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Lymph Node Stromal Fiber ER-TR7 Modulates CD4+ T Cell Lymph Node Trafficking and Transplant Tolerance. Transplantation 2015; 99:1119-25. [PMID: 25769074 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trafficking and differentiation of naive CD4+ and regulatory T cells (Treg) within the lymph node (LN) are integral for tolerance induction. The LN is comprised of stromal fibers that dictate lymphocyte migration and LN structure, organization, and microanatomic domains. Distribution of the stromal fiber ER-TR7 changes within the LN after antigenic challenge, but the contributions of ER-TR7 to the resulting immune response remain undefined. We hypothesized that these stromal fiber structural changes affect T cell fate and subsequently allograft survival. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were left naive (untreated) or made immune or tolerant (donor-specific BALB/c splenocyte transfusion -/+ anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody), or made tolerant and received anti-ER-TR7 monoclonal antibody. Donor-specific T-cell migration was visualized by adoptive transfer of carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester-labeled TEa T cell receptor transgenic CD4+ cells. Immunohistochemistry was performed on LNs to detect stromal fiber distribution, structure, CCL21 presence, and Treg and donor-specific cell location relative to high endothelial venules (HEV). Naive, tolerant, and tolerant + anti-ER-TR7 mice received BALB/c heterotopic cardiac allografts and graft survival was monitored. RESULTS The ER-TR7 distribution changed after the induction of tolerance vs. immunity. Treating tolerant mice with anti-ER-TR7 altered HEV basement membrane structure and the distribution of CCL21 within the LN. These differences were mirrored by changes in the migration of naive and Treg cells within and surrounding the HEV. Anti-ER-TR7 prevented tolerance induction and resulted in allograft inflammation and rejection. CONCLUSIONS These results identify ER-TR7 as an important component of LN structure in tolerance and a direct target for immune modulation.
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140
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Koyama M, Cheong M, Markey KA, Gartlan KH, Kuns RD, Locke KR, Lineburg KE, Teal BE, Leveque-El Mouttie L, Bunting MD, Vuckovic S, Zhang P, Teng MWL, Varelias A, Tey SK, Wockner LF, Engwerda CR, Smyth MJ, Belz GT, McColl SR, MacDonald KPA, Hill GR. Donor colonic CD103+ dendritic cells determine the severity of acute graft-versus-host disease. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMID: 26169940 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150329.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The primacy of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in dictating the outcome of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is broadly accepted; however, the mechanisms controlling this effect are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that GVHD markedly enhances alloantigen presentation within the mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs), mediated by donor CD103(+)CD11b(-) dendritic cells (DCs) that migrate from the colon under the influence of CCR7. Expansion and differentiation of donor T cells specifically within the mLNs is driven by profound levels of alloantigen, IL-12, and IL-6 promoted by Toll-like receptor (TLR) and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) signals. Critically, alloantigen presentation in the mLNs imprints gut-homing integrin signatures on donor T cells, leading to their emigration into the GI tract where they mediate fulminant disease. These data identify a critical, anatomically distinct, donor DC subset that amplifies GVHD. We thus highlight multiple therapeutic targets and the ability of GVHD, once initiated by recipient antigen-presenting cells, to generate a profound, localized, and lethal feed-forward cascade of donor DC-mediated indirect alloantigen presentation and cytokine secretion within the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Koyama
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Melody Cheong
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Kate A Markey
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Kate H Gartlan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Rachel D Kuns
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Kelly R Locke
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Katie E Lineburg
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Bianca E Teal
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | | | - Mark D Bunting
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Slavica Vuckovic
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Ping Zhang
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Michele W L Teng
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Antiopi Varelias
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Siok-Keen Tey
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Leesa F Wockner
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | | | - Mark J Smyth
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Shaun R McColl
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Kelli P A MacDonald
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
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141
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Koyama M, Cheong M, Markey KA, Gartlan KH, Kuns RD, Locke KR, Lineburg KE, Teal BE, Leveque-El Mouttie L, Bunting MD, Vuckovic S, Zhang P, Teng MWL, Varelias A, Tey SK, Wockner LF, Engwerda CR, Smyth MJ, Belz GT, McColl SR, MacDonald KPA, Hill GR. Donor colonic CD103+ dendritic cells determine the severity of acute graft-versus-host disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1303-21. [PMID: 26169940 PMCID: PMC4516799 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Koyama et al. show that GVHD markedly enhances alloantigen presentation within the mesenteric lymph nodes, mediated by donor CD103+CD11b− DCs that migrate from the colon under the influence of CCR7. This antigen presentation imprints gut-homing integrin signatures on donor T cells, leading to their migration to the GI tract where they mediate fulminant disease. The primacy of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in dictating the outcome of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is broadly accepted; however, the mechanisms controlling this effect are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that GVHD markedly enhances alloantigen presentation within the mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs), mediated by donor CD103+CD11b− dendritic cells (DCs) that migrate from the colon under the influence of CCR7. Expansion and differentiation of donor T cells specifically within the mLNs is driven by profound levels of alloantigen, IL-12, and IL-6 promoted by Toll-like receptor (TLR) and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) signals. Critically, alloantigen presentation in the mLNs imprints gut-homing integrin signatures on donor T cells, leading to their emigration into the GI tract where they mediate fulminant disease. These data identify a critical, anatomically distinct, donor DC subset that amplifies GVHD. We thus highlight multiple therapeutic targets and the ability of GVHD, once initiated by recipient antigen-presenting cells, to generate a profound, localized, and lethal feed-forward cascade of donor DC–mediated indirect alloantigen presentation and cytokine secretion within the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Koyama
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Melody Cheong
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Kate A Markey
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Kate H Gartlan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Rachel D Kuns
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Kelly R Locke
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Katie E Lineburg
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Bianca E Teal
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | | | - Mark D Bunting
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Slavica Vuckovic
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Ping Zhang
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Michele W L Teng
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Antiopi Varelias
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Siok-Keen Tey
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Leesa F Wockner
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | | | - Mark J Smyth
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Shaun R McColl
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Kelli P A MacDonald
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
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142
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Barten MJ, Dieterlen MT. Extracorporeal photopheresis after heart transplantation. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:927-44. [PMID: 25313571 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) to a standard immunosuppressive drug therapy after heart transplantation in clinical studies has shown to be beneficial, for example, by reducing acute rejection, allograft vasculopathy or CMV infection. However, the protocols varied considerably, have a predetermined finite number of ECP treatments and adjuvant immunosuppressive regimens used in combination with ECP have differed significantly. Furthermore, there are scarce data to guide which patients should be treated with ECP and when or who would benefit further if ECP were to be continued long term to increase the safety by reducing immunosuppressive drug toxicities without losing efficacy. The knowledge of the tolerance-inducing effects of ECP-like upregulation of regulatory T cells and of dendritic cells may allow to develop a strategy to monitor immunomodulation effects of ECP to further identify ECP responders, the optimal individual ECP schedule and whether ECP therapy can replace or reduce immunosuppressive drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus J Barten
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hamburg, Germany
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143
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Madariaga ML, Michel SG, La Muraglia GM, Sekijima M, Villani V, Leonard DA, Powell HJ, Kurtz JM, Farkash EA, Colvin RB, Allan JS, Cetrulo CL, Huang CA, Sachs DH, Yamada K, Madsen JC. Kidney-induced cardiac allograft tolerance in miniature swine is dependent on MHC-matching of donor cardiac and renal parenchyma. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:1580-90. [PMID: 25824550 PMCID: PMC4565499 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Kidney allografts possess the ability to enable a short course of immunosuppression to induce tolerance of themselves and of cardiac allografts across a full-MHC barrier in miniature swine. However, the renal element(s) responsible for kidney-induced cardiac allograft tolerance (KICAT) are unknown. Here we investigated whether MHC disparities between parenchyma versus hematopoietic-derived "passenger" cells of the heart and kidney allografts affected KICAT. Heart and kidney allografts were co-transplanted into MHC-mismatched recipients treated with high-dose tacrolimus for 12 days. Group 1 animals (n = 3) received kidney and heart allografts fully MHC-mismatched to each other and to the recipient. Group 2 animals (n = 3) received kidney and heart allografts MHC-matched to each other but MHC-mismatched to the recipient. Group 3 animals (n = 3) received chimeric kidney allografts whose parenchyma was MHC-mismatched to the donor heart. Group 4 animals (n = 3) received chimeric kidney allografts whose passenger leukocytes were MHC-mismatched to the donor heart. Five of six heart allografts in Groups 1 and 3 rejected <40 days. In contrast, heart allografts in Groups 2 and 4 survived >150 days without rejection (p < 0.05). These data demonstrate that KICAT requires MHC-matching between kidney allograft parenchyma and heart allografts, suggesting that cells intrinsic to the kidney enable cardiac allograft tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Madariaga
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - S. G. Michel
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - G. M. La Muraglia
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - M. Sekijima
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - V. Villani
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - D. A. Leonard
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - H. J. Powell
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Biology, Emmanuel College, Boston, MA
| | - J. M. Kurtz
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Biology, Emmanuel College, Boston, MA
| | - E. A. Farkash
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - R. B. Colvin
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - J. S. Allan
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - C. L. Cetrulo
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - C. A. Huang
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - D. H. Sachs
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - K. Yamada
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - J. C. Madsen
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Corresponding author: Joren C. Madsen,
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144
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Dey M, Chang AL, Miska J, Wainwright DA, Ahmed AU, Balyasnikova IV, Pytel P, Han Y, Tobias A, Zhang L, Qiao J, Lesniak MS. Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccines that Utilize Myeloid Rather than Plasmacytoid Cells Offer a Superior Survival Advantage in Malignant Glioma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:367-76. [PMID: 26026061 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs that are traditionally divided into two distinct subsets, myeloid DC (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DC (pDCs). pDCs are known for their ability to secrete large amounts of IFN-α. Apart from IFN-α production, pDCs can also process Ag and induce T cell immunity or tolerance. In several solid tumors, pDCs have been shown to play a critical role in promoting tumor immunosuppression. We investigated the role of pDCs in the process of glioma progression in the syngeneic murine model of glioma. We show that glioma-infiltrating pDCs are the major APC in glioma and are deficient in IFN-α secretion (p < 0.05). pDC depletion leads to increased survival of the mice bearing intracranial tumor by decreasing the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and by decreasing the suppressive capabilities of Tregs. We subsequently compared the ability of mDCs and pDCs to generate effective antiglioma immunity in a GL261-OVA mouse model of glioma. Our data suggest that mature pDCs and mDCs isolated from naive mice can be effectively activated and loaded with SIINFEKL Ag in vitro. Upon intradermal injection in the hindleg, a fraction of both types of DCs migrate to the brain and lymph nodes. Compared to mice vaccinated with pDC or control mice, mice vaccinated with mDCs generate a robust Th1 type immune response, characterized by high frequency of CD4(+)T-bet(+) T cells and CD8(+)SIINFEKEL(+) T cells. This robust antitumor T cell response results in tumor eradication and long-term survival in 60% of the animals (p < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahua Dey
- Brain Tumor Center, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Alan L Chang
- Brain Tumor Center, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Jason Miska
- Brain Tumor Center, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Brain Tumor Center, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Atique U Ahmed
- Brain Tumor Center, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Irina V Balyasnikova
- Brain Tumor Center, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Peter Pytel
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Yu Han
- Brain Tumor Center, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Alex Tobias
- Brain Tumor Center, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Lingjiao Zhang
- Brain Tumor Center, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Jian Qiao
- Brain Tumor Center, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Brain Tumor Center, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637; and
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145
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Active phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Ra) by T lymphocytes (Jurkat cells). Mol Immunol 2015; 66:429-38. [PMID: 26005110 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to co-culture Jurkat T lymphocytes with inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb H37Ra), explore whether T lymphocytes could phagocytose H37Ra cells, and determine the underlying mechanism. Jurkat T lymphocytes were co-cultured with H37Ra cells, and confocal laser scanning microscopy, electron microscopy, and flow cytometry techniques were used to identify phagocytosis and elucidate its mechanism. After Jurkat T lymphocytes phagocytosed H37Ra cells, the cell body became larger, with abundant cytoplasm, the portion of the nucleus closest to the bacterium deformed, long and short pseudopodia were extended, and the folds of the cell membrane formed depressions that created phagocytic vesicles surrounding the bacterium. The macropinocytosis inhibitor amiloride and the cytoskeletal inhibitor cytochalasin D were found to inhibit phagocytic efficacy; serum complements might enhance phagocytosis through opsonization. Jurkat T lymphocytes could actively phagocytose inactivated Mtb via the macropinocytotic mechanism. Actin remodeling played an important role in the macropinocytotic process. Serum complements may regulate phagocytosis.
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146
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Chai JG, Ratnasothy K, Bucy RP, Noelle RJ, Lechler R, Lombardi G. Allospecific CD4(+) T cells retain effector function and are actively regulated by Treg cells in the context of transplantation tolerance. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2017-27. [PMID: 25944401 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although donor-specific transfusion (DST) plus CD154 blockade represents a robust protocol for inducing transplantation tolerance, the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. In a murine T-cell adoptive transfer model, we have visualized alloantigen-specific, TCR-transgenic for H2-A(b) /H2-K(d) 54-68 epitope (TCR75) CD4(+) T cells with indirect allospecificity during the course of tolerance induction. Three main observations were made. First, although the majority of TCR75 CD4(+) T cells were deleted following DST plus CD154 blockade, the surviving TCR75 CD4(+) T cells were capable of making IL-2, upregulating CD44, and undergoing cell division, suggesting that they were functionally active. Indeed, residual TCR75 CD4(+) T cells reisolated from the primary recipients given DST plus CD154 blockade were fully capable of rejecting allografts upon secondary transfer. Second, in tolerant mice, TCR75 CD4(+) T cells were not induced to express Foxp3 in the graft-draining lymph node. TCR75 CD4(+) T cells were also absent in accepted graft tissues in which endogenous Treg cells were enriched. Finally, DST plus CD154 blockade resulted in an abortive expansion of TCR75 CD4(+) T cells, a process that required the presence of endogenous Treg cells. Collectively, surviving TCR75 CD4(+) T cells are immunocompetent but kept in check by an endogenous immunosuppressive network induced by DST plus CD154 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Chai
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK.,Therapeutic Immunology Group, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - R Pat Bucy
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Robert Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK
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147
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Imaging the immunological synapse between dendritic cells and T cells. J Immunol Methods 2015; 423:40-4. [PMID: 25967948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunological synapse formation between antigen-specific T cells and antigen presenting cells (APC) involves reorganization of the cellular cytoskeleton (polymerization of filamentous actin) and recruitment of adhesion molecules (e.g. LFA-1, ICAM-1). This engagement is critical for the generation of specific immune responses. Until recently, quantitative, high-throughput measurements of these interactions have not been possible. Instead, previous assessment was reliant on qualitative microscopy of live cells, where typically the APC is adhered to a surface and the suspended T cell is required to migrate to facilitate synapse formation. While this methodology can demonstrate the capacity for synapse formation, it cannot accommodate quantification of large numbers of interacting cell pairs, nor does it allow for statistically robust comparison between test conditions. We have developed a method for assessing immunological synapse formation between purified ex vivo dendritic cells (DCs) and responder antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells using imaging flow cytometry, allowing us to quantify LFA-1 and f-actin rearrangement at the interface between DC/T cell pairs. This novel application of imaging flow cytometry represents a major advance in dendritic cell function and immunological synapse research as it facilitates quantitative, high throughput analysis of the interaction between live, ex vivo DC and T cells.
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148
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Dieterlen MT, Mohr FW, Reichenspurner H, Barten MJ. Clinical value of flow cytometric assessment of dendritic cell subsets in peripheral blood after solid organ transplantation. Cytometry A 2015; 87:377-9. [PMID: 25808610 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maja-Theresa Dieterlen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Heart Center, HELIOS Clinic, Leipzig, Germany
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149
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Karrich JJ, Jachimowski LCM, Uittenbogaart CH, Blom B. The plasmacytoid dendritic cell as the Swiss army knife of the immune system: molecular regulation of its multifaceted functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 193:5772-8. [PMID: 25480956 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) have been regarded as the "professional type I IFN-producing cells" of the immune system following viral recognition that relies on the expression of TLR7 and TLR9. Furthermore, pDC link the innate and adaptive immune systems via cytokine production and Ag presentation. More recently, their ability to induce tolerance and cytotoxicity has been added to their "immune skills." Such a broad range of actions, resembling the diverse functional features of a Swiss army knife, requires strong and prompt molecular regulation to prevent detrimental effects, including autoimmune pathogenesis or tumor escape. Over the last decades, we and other investigators have started to unravel some aspects of the signaling pathways that regulate the various functions of human pDC. In this article, we review aspects of the molecular regulatory mechanisms to control pDC function in light of their multifaceted roles during immunity, autoimmunity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien J Karrich
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Loes C M Jachimowski
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christel H Uittenbogaart
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Bianca Blom
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
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150
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Chong AS, Alegre ML. Transplantation tolerance and its outcome during infections and inflammation. Immunol Rev 2015; 258:80-101. [PMID: 24517427 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Much progress has been made toward understanding the mechanistic basis of transplantation tolerance in experimental models, which implicates clonal deletion of alloreactive T and B cells, induction of cell-intrinsic hyporesponsiveness, and dominant regulatory cells mediating infectious tolerance and linked suppression. Despite encouraging success in the laboratory, achieving tolerance in the clinic remains challenging, although the basis for these challenges is beginning to be understood. Heterologous memory alloreactive T cells generated by infections prior to transplantation have been shown to be a critical barrier to tolerance induction. Furthermore, infections at the time of transplantation and tolerance induction provide a pro-inflammatory milieu that alters the stability and function of regulatory T cells as well as the activation requirements and differentiation of effector T cells. Thus, infections can result in enhanced alloreactivity, resistance to tolerance induction, and destabilization of the established tolerance state. We speculate that these experimental findings have relevance to the clinic, where infections have been associated with allograft rejection and may be a causal event precipitating the loss of grafts after long periods of stable operational tolerance. Understanding the mechanisms by which infections prevent and destabilize tolerance can lead to therapies that promote stable life-long tolerance in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Chong
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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