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Almutary A, Sanderson BJS. The MTT and Crystal Violet Assays: Potential Confounders in Nanoparticle Toxicity Testing. Int J Toxicol 2016; 35:454-62. [PMID: 27207930 DOI: 10.1177/1091581816648906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The toxicological effects of nanoparticles (NPs) on humans, animals, and environment are largely unknown. Assessment of NPs cytotoxicity depends on the choice of the test system. Due to NPs optical activity and absorption values, they can influence the classical cytotoxicity assay. Eight NPs were spiked in the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and crystal violet assays and tested with HaCaT human skin cells. The MTT assay standard curve optical density (OD) measurements were altered by the presence of trisilanol phenyl and trisilanol isooctyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane particles. The crystal violet standard curve OD measurements were significantly shifted by gold NPs, but they did not affect the MTT assay. Carbon black decreased ODs in the MTT and crystal violet assays and was localized in the cell cytoplasm. These findings strongly indicate that a careful choice of in vitro viability systems is required to avoid flawed measurement of NPs toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Almutary
- Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - B J S Sanderson
- Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
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102
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Pongrac IM, Pavičić I, Milić M, Brkić Ahmed L, Babič M, Horák D, Vinković Vrček I, Gajović S. Oxidative stress response in neural stem cells exposed to different superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:1701-15. [PMID: 27217748 PMCID: PMC4853020 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s102730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocompatibility, safety, and risk assessments of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are of the highest priority in researching their application in biomedicine. One improvement in the biological properties of SPIONs may be achieved by different functionalization and surface modifications. This study aims to investigate how a different surface functionalization of SPIONs – uncoated, coated with d-mannose, or coated with poly-l-lysine – affects biocompatibility. We sought to investigate murine neural stem cells (NSCs) as important model system for regenerative medicine. To reveal the possible mechanism of toxicity of SPIONs on NSCs, levels of reactive oxygen species, intracellular glutathione, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell-membrane potential, DNA damage, and activities of SOD and GPx were examined. Even in cases where reactive oxygen species levels were significantly lowered in NSCs exposed to SPIONs, we found depleted intracellular glutathione levels, altered activities of SOD and GPx, hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, dissipated cell-membrane potential, and increased DNA damage, irrespective of the surface coating applied for SPION stabilization. Although surface coating should prevent the toxic effects of SPIONs, our results showed that all of the tested SPION types affected the NSCs similarly, indicating that mitochondrial homeostasis is their major cellular target. Despite the claimed biomedical benefits of SPIONs, the refined determination of their effects on various cellular functions presented in this work highlights the need for further safety evaluations. This investigation helps to fill the knowledge gaps on the criteria that should be considered in evaluating the biocompatibility and safety of novel nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M Pongrac
- School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Pavičić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirta Milić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lada Brkić Ahmed
- School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Michal Babič
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Srećko Gajović
- School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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103
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Cowie H, Magdolenova Z, Saunders M, Drlickova M, Correia Carreira S, Halamoda Kenzaoi B, Gombau L, Guadagnini R, Lorenzo Y, Walker L, Fjellsbø LM, Huk A, Rinna A, Tran L, Volkovova K, Boland S, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Marano F, Collins AR, Dusinska M. Suitability of human and mammalian cells of different origin for the assessment of genotoxicity of metal and polymeric engineered nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2016; 9 Suppl 1:57-65. [PMID: 25923348 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.940407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanogenotoxicity is a crucial endpoint in safety testing of nanomaterials as it addresses potential mutagenicity, which has implications for risks of both genetic disease and carcinogenesis. Within the NanoTEST project, we investigated the genotoxic potential of well-characterised nanoparticles (NPs): titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs of nominal size 20 nm, iron oxide (8 nm) both uncoated (U-Fe3O4) and oleic acid coated (OC-Fe3O4), rhodamine-labelled amorphous silica 25 (Fl-25 SiO2) and 50 nm (Fl-50 SiO) and polylactic glycolic acid polyethylene oxide polymeric NPs - as well as Endorem® as a negative control for detection of strand breaks and oxidised DNA lesions with the alkaline comet assay. Using primary cells and cell lines derived from blood (human lymphocytes and lymphoblastoid TK6 cells), vascular/central nervous system (human endothelial human cerebral endothelial cells), liver (rat hepatocytes and Kupffer cells), kidney (monkey Cos-1 and human HEK293 cells), lung (human bronchial 16HBE14o cells) and placenta (human BeWo b30), we were interested in which in vitro cell model is sufficient to detect positive (genotoxic) and negative (non-genotoxic) responses. All in vitro studies were harmonized, i.e. NPs from the same batch, and identical dispersion protocols (for TiO2 NPs, two dispersions were used), exposure time, concentration range, culture conditions and time-courses were used. The results from the statistical evaluation show that OC-Fe3O4 and TiO2 NPs are genotoxic in the experimental conditions used. When all NPs were included in the analysis, no differences were seen among cell lines - demonstrating the usefulness of the assay in all cells to identify genotoxic and non-genotoxic NPs. The TK6 cells, human lymphocytes, BeWo b30 and kidney cells seem to be the most reliable for detecting a dose-response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Cowie
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Avenue North , Riccarton, Edinburgh , UK
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Sasidharan A, Swaroop S, Chandran P, Nair S, Koyakutty M. Cellular and molecular mechanistic insight into the DNA-damaging potential of few-layer graphene in human primary endothelial cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:1347-55. [PMID: 26970024 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite graphene being proposed for a multitude of biomedical applications, there is a dearth in the fundamental cellular and molecular level understanding of how few-layer graphene (FLG) interacts with human primary cells. Herein, using human primary umbilical vein endothelial cells as model of vascular transport, we investigated the basic mechanism underlying the biological behavior of graphene. Mechanistic toxicity studies using a battery of cell based assays revealed an organized oxidative stress paradigm involving cytosolic reactive oxygen stress, mitochondrial superoxide generation, lipid peroxidation, glutathione oxidation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, enhanced calcium efflux, all leading to cell death by apoptosis/necrosis. We further investigated the effect of graphene interactions using cDNA microarray analysis and identified potential adverse effects by down regulating key genes involved in DNA damage response and repair mechanisms. Single cell gel electrophoresis assay/Comet assay confirmed the DNA damaging potential of graphene towards human primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Sasidharan
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Siddharth Swaroop
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Parwathy Chandran
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Shantikumar Nair
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Manzoor Koyakutty
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Cochin, Kerala, India.
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105
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Kendall M, Lynch I. Long-term monitoring for nanomedicine implants and drugs. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:206-10. [PMID: 26936811 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kendall
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
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106
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Cell communication across gap junctions: a historical perspective and current developments. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 43:450-9. [PMID: 26009190 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Collaborative communication lies at the centre of multicellular life. Gap junctions (GJs) are surface membrane structures that allow direct communication between cells. They were discovered in the 1960s following the convergence of the detection of low-resistance electrical interactions between cells and anatomical studies of intercellular contact points. GJs purified from liver plasma membranes contained a 27 kDa protein constituent; it was later named Cx32 (connexin 32) after its full sequence was determined by recombinant technology. Identification of Cx43 in heart and later by a further GJ protein, Cx26 followed. Cxs have a tetraspan organization in the membrane and oligomerize during intracellular transit to the plasma membrane; these were shown to be hexameric hemichannels (connexons) that could interact end-to-end to generate GJs at areas of cell-to-cell contact. The structure of the GJ was confirmed and refined by a combination of biochemical and structural approaches. Progress continues towards obtaining higher atomic 3D resolution of the GJ channel. Today, there are 20 and 21 highly conserved members of the Cx family in the human and mouse genomes respectively. Model organisms such as Xenopus oocytes and zebra fish are increasingly used to relate structure to function. Proteins that form similar large pore membrane channels in cells called pannexins have also been identified in chordates. Innexins form GJs in prechordates; these two other proteins, although functionally similar, are very different in amino acid sequence to the Cxs. A time line tracing the historical progression of wide ranging research in GJ biology over 60 years is mapped out. The molecular basis of channel dysfunctions in disease is becoming evident and progress towards addressing Cx channel-dependent pathologies, especially in ischaemia and tissue repair, continues.
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107
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Nanocarriers for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme: Current state-of-the-art. J Control Release 2016; 227:23-37. [PMID: 26892752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme, a grade IV glioma, is the most frequently occurring and invasive primary tumor of the central nervous system, which causes about 4% of cancer-associated-deaths, making it one of the most fatal cancers. With present treatments, using state-of-the-art technologies, the median survival is about 14 months and 2 year survival rate is merely 3-5%. Hence, novel therapeutic approaches are urgently necessary. However, most drug molecules are not able to cross the blood-brain barrier, which is one of the major difficulties in glioblastoma treatment. This review describes the features of blood-brain barrier, and its anatomical changes with different stages of tumor growth. Moreover, various strategies to improve brain drug delivery i.e. tight junction opening, chemical modification of the drug, efflux transporter inhibition, convection-enhanced delivery, craniotomy-based drug delivery and drug delivery nanosystems are discussed. Nanocarriers are one of the highly potential drug transport systems that have gained huge research focus over the last few decades for site specific drug delivery, including drug delivery to the brain. Properly designed nanocolloids are capable to cross the blood-brain barrier and specifically deliver the drug in the brain tumor tissue. They can carry both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, protect them from degradation, release the drug for sustained period, significantly improve the plasma circulation half-life and reduce toxic effects. Among various nanocarriers, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles and lipid nanocapsules are the most widely studied, and are discussed in this review. For each type of nanocarrier, a general discussion describing their composition, characteristics, types and various uses is followed by their specific application to glioblastoma treatment. Moreover, some of the main challenges regarding toxicity and standardized evaluation techniques are narrated in brief.
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108
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Berg C. Quantitative analysis of nanoparticle transport through in vitro blood-brain barrier models. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1143545. [PMID: 27141425 PMCID: PMC4836482 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1143545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle transport through the blood-brain barrier has received much attention of late, both from the point of view of nano-enabled drug delivery, as well as due to concerns about unintended exposure of nanomaterials to humans and other organisms. In vitro models play a lead role in efforts to understand the extent of transport through the blood-brain barrier, but unique features of the nanoscale challenge their direct adaptation. Here we highlight some of the differences compared to molecular species when utilizing in vitro blood-brain barrier models for nanoparticle studies. Issues that may arise with transwell systems are discussed, together with some potential alternative methodologies. We also briefly review the biomolecular corona concept and its importance for how nanoparticles interact with the blood-brain barrier. We end with considering future directions, including indirect effects and application of shear and fluidics-technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Berg
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen ; Groningen, The Netherlands
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109
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Chang J, Lee CW, Alsulimani HH, Choi JE, Lee JK, Kim A, Park BH, Kim J, Lee H. Role of fatty acid composites in the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles used in cosmetic products. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:533-42. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JuOae Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, USA
| | | | | | - Jee Eun Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, USA
| | - Joo-Kyung Lee
- Division of Quantum Phases and Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University, South Korea
| | - AhYoung Kim
- Division of Quantum Phases and Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University, South Korea
| | - Bae Ho Park
- Division of Quantum Phases and Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University, South Korea
| | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, USA
| | - HeaYeon Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, USA
- Department of Nano-integrated Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, South Korea
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110
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Feliu N, Pelaz B, Zhang Q, Del Pino P, Nyström A, Parak WJ. Nanoparticle dosage-a nontrivial task of utmost importance for quantitative nanosafety research. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 8:479-92. [PMID: 26589577 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For a detailed and correct understanding of effects of colloidal nanoparticles exposed to organisms, a correlation of such effects to the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles is a necessity. Such correlation is complex by the fact that many physicochemical parameters such as size, shape, surface charge, and colloidal stability are interlinked, and nontrivial to experimentally determine. This review aims to give an overview regarding such correlations. Particular focus will be given on the role of determining nanoparticle concentrations, which is the basis for most quantitative toxicity evaluations. A comparison of mass versus particle number concentrations is given, and their respective differences are highlighted. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:479-492. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1378 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Feliu
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beatriz Pelaz
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Qian Zhang
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Nyström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang J Parak
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,CIC BiomaGUNE, San Sebastian, Spain
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111
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Tee JK, Ong CN, Bay BH, Ho HK, Leong DT. Oxidative stress by inorganic nanoparticles. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 8:414-38. [PMID: 26359790 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metallic and metallic oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have been increasingly used for various bio-applications owing to their unique physiochemical properties in terms of conductivity, optical sensitivity, and reactivity. With the extensive usage of NPs, increased human exposure may cause oxidative stress and lead to undesirable health consequences. To date, various endogenous and exogenous sources of oxidants contributing to oxidative stress have been widely reported. Oxidative stress is generally defined as an imbalance between the production of oxidants and the activity of antioxidants, but it is often misrepresented as a single type of cellular stress. At the biological level, NPs can initiate oxidative stress directly or indirectly through various mechanisms, leading to profound effects ranging from the molecular to the disease level. Such effects of oxidative stress have been implicated owing to their small size and high biopersistence. On the other hand, cellular antioxidants help to counteract oxidative stress and protect the cells from further damage. While oxidative stress is commonly known to exert negative biological effects, measured and intentional use of NPs to induce oxidative stress may provide desirable effects to either stimulate cell growth or promote cell death. Hence, NP-induced oxidative stress can be viewed from a wide paradigm. Because oxidative stress is comprised of a wide array of factors, it is also important to use appropriate assays and methods to detect different pro-oxidant and antioxidant species at molecular and disease levels. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:414-438. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1374 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Kai Tee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Kiat Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Tai Leong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
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112
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Evidence for bystander signalling between human trophoblast cells and human embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11694. [PMID: 26170169 PMCID: PMC4501009 DOI: 10.1038/srep11694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal exposure during pregnancy to toxins can occasionally lead to miscarriage and malformation. It is currently thought that toxins pass through the placental barrier, albeit bi-layered in the first trimester, and damage the fetus directly, albeit at low concentration. Here we examined the responses of human embryonic stem (hES) cells in tissue culture to two metals at low concentration. We compared direct exposures with indirect exposures across a bi-layered model of the placenta cell barrier. Direct exposure caused increased DNA damage without apoptosis or a loss of cell number but with some evidence of altered differentiation. Indirect exposure caused increased DNA damage and apoptosis but without loss of pluripotency. This was not caused by metal ions passing through the barrier. Instead the hES cells responded to signalling molecules (including TNF-α) secreted by the barrier cells. This mechanism was dependent on connexin 43 mediated intercellular ‘bystander signalling’ both within and between the trophoblast barrier and the hES colonies. These results highlight key differences between direct and indirect exposure of hES cells across a trophoblast barrier to metal toxins. It offers a theoretical possibility that an indirectly mediated toxicity of hES cells might have biological relevance to fetal development.
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113
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Toxicology of wear particles of cobalt-chromium alloy metal-on-metal hip implants Part I: Physicochemical properties in patient and simulator studies. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1201-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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114
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Paget V, Dekali S, Kortulewski T, Grall R, Gamez C, Blazy K, Aguerre-Chariol O, Chevillard S, Braun A, Rat P, Lacroix G. Specific uptake and genotoxicity induced by polystyrene nanobeads with distinct surface chemistry on human lung epithelial cells and macrophages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123297. [PMID: 25875304 PMCID: PMC4398494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle surface chemistry is known to play a crucial role in interactions with cells and their related cytotoxic effects. As inhalation is a major route of exposure to nanoparticles, we studied specific uptake and damages of well-characterized fluorescent 50 nm polystyrene (PS) nanobeads harboring different functionalized surfaces (non-functionalized, carboxylated and aminated) on pulmonary epithelial cells and macrophages (Calu-3 and THP-1 cell lines respectively). Cytotoxicity of in mass dye-labeled functionalized PS nanobeads was assessed by xCELLigence system and alamarBlue viability assay. Nanobeads-cells interactions were studied by video-microscopy, flow cytometry and also confocal microscopy. Finally ROS generation was assessed by glutathione depletion dosages and genotoxicity was assessed by γ-H2Ax foci detection, which is considered as the most sensitive technique for studying DNA double strand breaks. The uptake kinetic was different for each cell line. All nanobeads were partly adsorbed and internalized, then released by Calu-3 cells, while THP-1 macrophages quickly incorporated all nanobeads which were located in the cytoplasm rather than in the nuclei. In parallel, the genotoxicity study reported that only aminated nanobeads significantly increased DNA damages in association with a strong depletion of reduced glutathione in both cell lines. We showed that for similar nanoparticle concentrations and sizes, aminated polystyrene nanobeads were more cytotoxic and genotoxic than unmodified and carboxylated ones on both cell lines. Interestingly, aminated polystyrene nanobeads induced similar cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on Calu-3 epithelial cells and THP-1 macrophages, for all levels of intracellular nanoparticles tested. Our results strongly support the primordial role of nanoparticles surface chemistry on cellular uptake and related biological effects. Moreover our data clearly show that nanoparticle internalization and observed adverse effects are not necessarily associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Paget
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Parc Technologique ALATA, BP2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Samir Dekali
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Parc Technologique ALATA, BP2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Laboratoire de chimie et toxicologie analytique et cellulaire (C-TAC) / UMR CNRS 8638, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes (PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité), Paris, France
| | | | - Romain Grall
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, Laboratoire Cancérologie Expérimentale (LCE), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Christelle Gamez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Parc Technologique ALATA, BP2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Kelly Blazy
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Parc Technologique ALATA, BP2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Olivier Aguerre-Chariol
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Parc Technologique ALATA, BP2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Sylvie Chevillard
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, Laboratoire Cancérologie Expérimentale (LCE), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne Braun
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Parc Technologique ALATA, BP2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Patrice Rat
- Laboratoire de chimie et toxicologie analytique et cellulaire (C-TAC) / UMR CNRS 8638, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes (PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité), Paris, France
| | - Ghislaine Lacroix
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Parc Technologique ALATA, BP2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- * E-mail:
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116
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Madl AK, Kovochich M, Liong M, Finley BL, Paustenbach DJ, Oberdörster G. Toxicology of wear particles of cobalt-chromium alloy metal-on-metal hip implants Part II: Importance of physicochemical properties and dose in animal and in vitro studies as a basis for risk assessment. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1285-98. [PMID: 25735266 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the Part II analysis was to evaluate animal and in vitro toxicology studies of CoCr particles with respect to their physicochemistry and dose relevance to metal-on-metal (MoM) implant patients as derived from Part I. In the various toxicology studies, physicochemical characteristics were infrequently considered and administered doses were orders of magnitude higher than what occurs in patients. Co was consistently shown to rapidly release from CoCr particles for distribution and elimination from the body. CoCr micron sized particles appear more biopersistent in vivo resulting in inflammatory responses that are not seen with similar mass concentrations of nanoparticles. We conclude, that in an attempt to obtain data for a complete risk assessment, future studies need to focus on physicochemical characteristics of nano and micron sized particles and on doses and dose metrics relevant to those generated in patients or in properly conducted hip simulator studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Günter Oberdörster
- University of Rochester, Department of Environmental Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
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117
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Baron L, Gombault A, Fanny M, Villeret B, Savigny F, Guillou N, Panek C, Le Bert M, Lagente V, Rassendren F, Riteau N, Couillin I. The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by nanoparticles through ATP, ADP and adenosine. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1629. [PMID: 25654762 PMCID: PMC4669808 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The NLR pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a major component of the innate immune system, but its mechanism of activation by a wide range of molecules remains largely unknown. Widely used nano-sized inorganic metal oxides such as silica dioxide (nano-SiO2) and titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages similarly to silica or asbestos micro-sized particles. By investigating towards the molecular mechanisms of inflammasome activation in response to nanoparticles, we show here that active adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release and subsequent ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine receptor signalling are required for inflammasome activation. Nano-SiO2 or nano-TiO2 caused a significant increase in P2Y1, P2Y2, A2A and/or A2B receptor expression, whereas the P2X7 receptor was downregulated. Interestingly, IL-1β secretion in response to nanoparticles is increased by enhanced ATP and ADP hydrolysis, whereas it is decreased by adenosine degradation or selective A2A or A2B receptor inhibition. Downstream of these receptors, our results show that nanoparticles activate the NLRP3 inflammasome via activation of PLC-InsP3 and/or inhibition of adenylate cyclase (ADCY)-cAMP pathways. Finally, a high dose of adenosine triggers inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion through adenosine cellular uptake by nucleotide transporters and by its subsequent transformation in ATP by adenosine kinase. In summary, we show for the first time that extracellular adenosine activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by two ways: by interacting with adenosine receptors at nanomolar/micromolar concentrations and through cellular uptake by equilibrative nucleoside transporters at millimolar concentrations. These findings provide new molecular insights on the mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and new therapeutic strategies to control inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baron
- INEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, France
| | - A Gombault
- INEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, France
| | - M Fanny
- INEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, France
| | - B Villeret
- INEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, France
| | - F Savigny
- INEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, France
| | - N Guillou
- INEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, France
| | - C Panek
- INEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, France
| | - M Le Bert
- INEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, France
| | - V Lagente
- INSERM U991, University of Rennes, France
| | - F Rassendren
- IGF, CNRS, UMR 5203 and INSERM U661, University of Montpellier, France
| | - N Riteau
- INEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, France
| | - I Couillin
- INEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, France
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Abstract
A large number of researches have been made to make the textile intelligent and smarter; this is achieved by imparting functionality to the textile materials. The indoor environment possesses a variety of pollutants which do not come from the outer environment, but they come from the inner environment itself. Today, the smarter fabrics that may clean the indoor air have been studied by various researchers. The smarter fabrics contain the nanocoating of semiconductor oxides, mostly TiO2; thus the synthesis and application of these nanoparticles on the textile material have been reviewed in this paper. Moreover, there are lots of environmental and health issues regarding nanoparticles that have also been discussed in brief.
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119
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de Oliveira JL, Campos EVR, Bakshi M, Abhilash P, Fraceto LF. Application of nanotechnology for the encapsulation of botanical insecticides for sustainable agriculture: Prospects and promises. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1550-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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120
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Paget V, Moche H, Kortulewski T, Grall R, Irbah L, Nesslany F, Chevillard S. Human Cell Line-Dependent WC-Co Nanoparticle Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity: A Key Role of ROS Production. Toxicol Sci 2014; 143:385-97. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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121
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Vinken M. Connexin hemichannels: novel mediators of toxicity. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:143-5. [PMID: 25430036 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1422-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium,
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122
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Secretions from placenta, after hypoxia/reoxygenation, can damage developing neurones of brain under experimental conditions. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:386-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are an important class of nanomaterials, which have numerous novel properties that make them useful in technology and industry. Generally, there are two types of CNTs: single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes. SWNTs, in particular, possess unique electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties, allowing for a wide range of applications in various fields, including the electronic, computer, aerospace, and biomedical industries. However, the use of SWNTs has come under scrutiny, not only due to their peculiar nanotoxicological profile, but also due to the forecasted increase in SWNT production in the near future. As such, the risk of human exposure is likely to be increased substantially. Yet, our understanding of the toxicological risk of SWNTs in human biology remains limited. This review seeks to examine representative data on the nanotoxicity of SWNTs by first considering how SWNTs are absorbed, distributed, accumulated and excreted in a biological system, and how SWNTs induce organ-specific toxicity in the body. The contradictory findings of numerous studies with regards to the potential hazards of SWNT exposure are discussed in this review. The possible mechanisms and molecular pathways associated with SWNT nanotoxicity in target organs and specific cell types are presented. We hope that this review will stimulate further research into the fundamental aspects of CNTs, especially the biological interactions which arise due to the unique intrinsic characteristics of CNTs.
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124
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Blood levels of cobalt and chromium are inversely correlated to head size after metal-on-metal resurfacing arthroplasty. Hip Int 2014; 23:529-34. [PMID: 23813179 DOI: 10.5301/hipint.5000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Resurfacing arthroplasty has fallen out of favour in recent years due to unfavourable survivorship in joint registries and alarming reports of soft tissue reactions around metal on metal prostheses. Our aim was to assess the effect of head size, implant design and component positioning on metal production by resurfacing arthroplasties. We measured whole blood cobalt and chromium and component position in matched populations implanted with two designs of resurfacing arthroplasty over a two-year period. Both implants resulted in a significant increase in blood metal levels (p<0.001) though the ASR design generated significantly higher metal levels (p = 0.041). A significant inverse correlation was seen between component size and blood cobalt levels (p = 0.032) and blood chromium levels (p<0.001). No correlation was identified between component position and blood metal levels. Small diameter metal resurfacing components result in increased metal generation compared with larger components. As increased metal generation has been correlated to wear and therefore failure, caution must be used on implantation of smaller components and indeed, in those who require smaller components, alternative bearing materials should be considered. These results contrast with recent findings which have demonstrated early failure for larger diameter stemmed metal-on-metal prostheses.
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125
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Karlsson HL, Gliga AR, Calléja FMGR, Gonçalves CSAG, Wallinder IO, Vrieling H, Fadeel B, Hendriks G. Mechanism-based genotoxicity screening of metal oxide nanoparticles using the ToxTracker panel of reporter cell lines. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:41. [PMID: 25179117 PMCID: PMC4237954 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid expansion of manufacturing and use of nano-sized materials fuels the demand for fast and reliable assays to identify their potential hazardous properties and underlying mechanisms. The ToxTracker assay is a recently developed mechanism-based reporter assay based on mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells that uses GFP-tagged biomarkers for detection of DNA damage, oxidative stress and general cellular stress upon exposure. Here, we evaluated the ability of the ToxTracker assay to identify the hazardous properties and underlying mechanisms of a panel of metal oxide- and silver nanoparticles (NPs) as well as additional non-metallic materials (diesel, carbon nanotubes and quartz). METHODS The metal oxide- and silver nanoparticles were characterized in terms of agglomeration and ion release in cell medium (using photon cross correlation spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma with optical emission spectroscopy, respectively) as well as acellular ROS production (DCFH-DA assay). Cellular uptake was investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy. GFP reporter induction and cytotoxicity of the NPs was simultaneously determined using flow cytometry, and genotoxicity was further tested using conventional assays (comet assay, γ-H2AX and RAD51 foci formation). RESULTS We show that the reporter cells were able to take up nanoparticles and, furthermore, that exposure to CuO, NiO and ZnO nanoparticles as well as to quartz resulted in activation of the oxidative stress reporter, although only at high cytotoxicity for ZnO. NiO NPs activated additionally a p53-associated cellular stress response, indicating additional reactive properties. Conventional assays for genotoxicity assessment confirmed the response observed in the ToxTracker assay. We show for CuO NPs that the induction of oxidative stress is likely the consequence of released Cu ions whereas the effect by NiO was related to the particles per se. The DNA replication stress-induced reporter, which is most strongly associated with carcinogenicity, was not activated by any of the tested nanoparticles. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the ToxTracker reporter system can be used as a rapid mechanism-based tool for the identification of hazardous properties of metal oxide NPs. Furthermore, genotoxicity of metal oxide NPs seems to occur mainly via oxidative stress rather than direct DNA binding with subsequent replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna L Karlsson
- Nanosafety & Nanomedicine Laboratory, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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126
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Yan L, Yang Y, Zhang W, Chen X. Advanced materials and nanotechnology for drug delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:5533-5540. [PMID: 24449177 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Many biological barriers are of great importance. For example, stratum corneum, the outmost layer of skin, effectively protects people from being invaded by external microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. Cell membranes help organisms maintain homeostasis by controlling substances to enter and leave cells. However, on the other hand, these biological barriers seriously restrict drug delivery. For instance, stratum corneum has a very dense structure and only allows very small molecules with a molecular weight of below 500 Da to permeate whereas most drug molecules are much larger than that. A wide variety of drugs including genes needs to enter cells for proper functioning but cell membranes are not permeable to them. To overcome these biological barriers, many drug-delivery routes are being actively researched and developed. In this research news, we will focus on two advanced materials and nanotechnology approaches for delivering vaccines through the skin for painless and efficient immunization and transporting drug molecules to cross cell membranes for high-throughput intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) and Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
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127
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Wang D, Lin Z, Yao Z, Yu H. Surfactants present complex joint effects on the toxicities of metal oxide nanoparticles. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 108:70-75. [PMID: 24875914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The potential toxicities of nanoparticles (NPs) have been intensively discussed over the past decade. In addition to their single toxicities, NPs can interact with other environmental chemicals and thereby exert joint effects on biological systems and the environment. The present study investigated the combined toxicities of NPs and surfactants, which are among the chemicals that most likely coexist with NPs. Photobacterium phosphoreum was employed as the model organism. The results indicate that surfactants with different ion types can alter the properties of NPs (i.e., particle size and surface charge) in different ways and present complex joint effects on NP toxicities. Mixtures of different NPs and surfactants exhibited antagonistic, synergistic, and additive effects. In particular, the toxicity of ZnO was observed to result from its dissolved Zn(2+); thus, the joint effects of the ZnO NPs and surfactants can be explained by the interactions between the Zn ions and the surfactants. Our study suggests that the potential hazards caused by mixtures of NPs and surfactants are different from those caused by single NPs. Because surfactants are extensively used in the field of nanotechnology and are likely to coexist with NPs in natural waters, the ecological risk assessments of NPs should consider the impacts of surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhifen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, China.
| | - Zhifeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- School of the Environment, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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128
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Christian WV, Oliver LD, Paustenbach DJ, Kreider ML, Finley BL. Toxicology-based cancer causation analysis of CoCr-containing hip implants: a quantitative assessment of genotoxicity and tumorigenicity studies. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:939-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay D. Oliver
- Cardno ChemRisk; LLC, 4840 Pearl East Circle, Suite 300 West Boulder CO 80301 USA
| | | | - Marisa L. Kreider
- Cardno ChemRisk, LLC; 20 Stanwix St., Suite 505 Pittsburgh PA 15222 USA
| | - Brent L. Finley
- Cardno ChemRisk; LLC, 231 Front St., Suite 201 Brooklyn NY 11201 USA
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129
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Bankapur A, Barkur S, Chidangil S, Mathur D. A micro-Raman study of live, single red blood cells (RBCs) treated with AgNO3 nanoparticles. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103493. [PMID: 25057913 PMCID: PMC4110031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are known to exhibit broad antimicrobial activity. However, such activity continues to raise concerns in the context of the interaction of such NPs with biomolecules. In a physiological environment NPs interact with individual biological cells either by penetrating through the cell membrane or by adhering to the membrane. We have explored the interaction of Ag NPs with single optically-trapped, live erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) using Raman Tweezers spectroscopy. Our experiments reveal that Ag NPs induce modifications within an RBC that appear to be irreversible. In particular we are able to identify that the heme conformation in an RBC transforms from the usual R-state (oxy-state) to the T-state (deoxy-state). We rationalize our observations by proposing a model for the nanoparticle cytotoxicity pathway when the NP size is larger than the membrane pore size. We propose that the interaction of Ag NPs with the cell surface induces damage brought about by alteration of intracellular pH caused by the blockage of the cell membrane transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseefhali Bankapur
- Centre for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Surekha Barkur
- Centre for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Centre for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal University, Manipal, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Deepak Mathur
- Centre for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal University, Manipal, India
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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130
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Vecchio G, Fenech M, Pompa PP, Voelcker NH. Lab-on-a-chip-based high-throughput screening of the genotoxicity of engineered nanomaterials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:2721-2734. [PMID: 24610750 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201303359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The continuous increasing of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in our environment, their combinatorial diversity, and the associated genotoxic risks, highlight the urgent need to better define the possible toxicological effects of ENMs. In this context, we present a new high-throughput screening (HTS) platform based on the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay, lab-on-chip cell sorting, and automated image analysis. This HTS platform has been successfully applied to the evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs). In particular, our results demonstrate the high cyto- and genotoxicity induced by AgNPs and the biocompatibility of SiO2NPs, in primary human lymphocytes. Moreover, our data reveal that the toxic effects are also dependent on size, surface coating, and surface charge. Most importantly, our HTS platform shows that AgNP-induced genotoxicity is lymphocyte sub-type dependent and is particularly pronounced in CD2+ and CD4+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Vecchio
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
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131
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Fendyur A, Varma S, Lo CT, Voldman J. Cell-based biosensor to report DNA damage in micro- and nanosystems. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7598-605. [PMID: 25001406 PMCID: PMC4144749 DOI: 10.1021/ac501412c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Understanding how newly engineered
micro- and nanoscale materials
and systems that interact with cells impact cell physiology is crucial
for the development and ultimate adoption of such technologies. Reports
regarding the genotoxic impact of forces applied to cells in such
systems that can both directly or indirectly damage DNA emphasize
the need for developing facile methods to assess how materials and
technologies affect cell physiology. To address this need we have
developed a TurboRFP-based DNA damage reporter cell line in NIH-3T3
cells that fluoresce to report genotoxic stress caused by a wide variety
of agents, from chemical genotoxic agents to UV-C radiation. Our biosensor
was successfully implemented in reporting the genotoxic impact of
nanomaterials, demonstrating the ability to assess size dependent
geno- and cyto-toxicity. The biosensor cells can be assayed in a high
throughput, noninvasive manner, with no need for overly sophisticated
equipment or additional reagents. We believe that this open-source
biosensor is an important resource for the community of micro- and
nanomaterials and systems designers and users who wish to evaluate
the impact of systems and materials on cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fendyur
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 36-824, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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132
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Matsusaki M, Case CP, Akashi M. Three-dimensional cell culture technique and pathophysiology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 74:95-103. [PMID: 24462454 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) tissue constructs consisting of human cells have opened a new avenue for tissue engineering, pharmaceutical and pathophysiological applications, and have great potential to estimate the dynamic pharmacological effects of drug candidates, metastasis processes of cancer cells, and toxicity expression of nano-materials, as a 3D-human tissue model instead of in vivo animal experiments. However, most 3D-cellular constructs are a cell spheroid, which is a heterogeneous aggregation, and thus the reconstruction of the delicate and precise 3D-location of multiple types of cells is almost impossible. In recent years, various novel technologies to develop complex 3D-human tissues including blood and lymph capillary networks have demonstrated that physiological human tissue responses can be replicated in the nano/micro-meter ranges. Here, we provide a brief overview on current 3D-tissue fabrication technologies and their biomedical applications. 3D-human tissue models will be a powerful technique for pathophysiological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiya Matsusaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Charles Patrick Case
- Bristol Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Clinical Science at North Bristol University of Bristol, Avon Orthopaedic Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Mitsuru Akashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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133
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Mahmoudi M, Meng J, Xue X, Liang XJ, Rahman M, Pfeiffer C, Hartmann R, Gil PR, Pelaz B, Parak WJ, del Pino P, Carregal-Romero S, Kanaras AG, Tamil Selvan S. Interaction of stable colloidal nanoparticles with cellular membranes. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:679-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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134
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Shaw J, Raja SO, Dasgupta AK. Modulation of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of nanoparticles in cancer cells by external magnetic field. Cancer Nanotechnol 2014; 5:2. [PMID: 26561510 PMCID: PMC4631716 DOI: 10.1186/s12645-014-0002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles are well known for anticancer activity by deregulating cellular functions. In the present study, cellular effects of low strength static magnetic field (SMF) were explored. How nanoparticles affect the cellular response in presence and absence of static magnetic field was also studied. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and human lymphoma monocytic cell line U937 were chosen as representative normal and cancer cells models. The two effects we would like to report in this paper are, DNA damage induced by SMF of the order of 70 mT, and alteration in membrane potential. The other notable aspect was the changes were diametrically opposite in normal and cancer cell types. DNA damage was observed only in cancer cells whereas membrane depolarization was observed in normal cells. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) and gold nanoparticles (AuNP) were also used for cellular response studies in presence and absence of SMF. The effects of the magnetic nanoparticle IONP and also of AuNP were sensitive to presence of SMF. Unlike cancer cells, normal cells showed a transient membrane depolarization sensitive to static magnetic field. This depolarization effect exclusive for normal cells was suggested to have correlations with their higher repair capacity and lesser propensity for DNA damage. The work shows cancer cells and normal cells respond to nanoparticle and static magnetic field in different ways. The static magnetic induced DNA damage observed exclusively in cancer cells may have therapeutic implications. From the conclusions of the present investigation we may infer that static magnetic field enhances the therapeutic potentials of nanoparticles. Such low strength magnetic field seems to be a promising external manoeuvring agent in designing theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre for excellence in Biomedical Engineering and Systems Biology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700019 India
| | - Sufi O Raja
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre for excellence in Biomedical Engineering and Systems Biology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700019 India
| | - Anjan Kr Dasgupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre for excellence in Biomedical Engineering and Systems Biology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700019 India
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135
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Sabella S, Carney RP, Brunetti V, Malvindi MA, Al-Juffali N, Vecchio G, Janes SM, Bakr OM, Cingolani R, Stellacci F, Pompa PP. A general mechanism for intracellular toxicity of metal-containing nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:7052-61. [PMID: 24842463 PMCID: PMC4120234 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01234h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of the risks exerted by nanoparticles is a key challenge for academic, industrial, and regulatory communities worldwide. Experimental evidence points towards significant toxicity for a range of nanoparticles both in vitro and in vivo. Worldwide efforts aim at uncovering the underlying mechanisms for this toxicity. Here, we show that the intracellular ion release elicited by the acidic conditions of the lysosomal cellular compartment--where particles are abundantly internalized--is responsible for the cascading events associated with nanoparticles-induced intracellular toxicity. We call this mechanism a "lysosome-enhanced Trojan horse effect" since, in the case of nanoparticles, the protective cellular machinery designed to degrade foreign objects is actually responsible for their toxicity. To test our hypothesis, we compare the toxicity of similar gold particles whose main difference is in the internalization pathways. We show that particles known to pass directly through cell membranes become more toxic when modified so as to be mostly internalized by endocytosis. Furthermore, using experiments with chelating and lysosomotropic agents, we found that the toxicity mechanism for different metal containing NPs (such as metallic, metal oxide, and semiconductor NPs) is mainly associated with the release of the corresponding toxic ions. Finally, we show that particles unable to release toxic ions (such as stably coated NPs, or diamond and silica NPs) are not harmful to intracellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Sabella
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Center for Bio-Molecular Nanotechnologies@UniLe , Via Barsanti , 73010 Arnesano (Lecce) , Italy . ; Fax: +39-0832-1816230 ; Tel: +39-0832-1816214
| | - Randy P. Carney
- Institute of Materials , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland . ; Fax: +41 21 6935270 ; Tel: +41 21 6937872
| | - Virgilio Brunetti
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Center for Bio-Molecular Nanotechnologies@UniLe , Via Barsanti , 73010 Arnesano (Lecce) , Italy . ; Fax: +39-0832-1816230 ; Tel: +39-0832-1816214
| | - Maria Ada Malvindi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Center for Bio-Molecular Nanotechnologies@UniLe , Via Barsanti , 73010 Arnesano (Lecce) , Italy . ; Fax: +39-0832-1816230 ; Tel: +39-0832-1816214
| | - Noura Al-Juffali
- Institute of Materials , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland . ; Fax: +41 21 6935270 ; Tel: +41 21 6937872
- Centre For Respiratory Research , Rayne Institute , University College London , 5 University Street , London WC1E 6JJ , UK
| | - Giuseppe Vecchio
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Center for Bio-Molecular Nanotechnologies@UniLe , Via Barsanti , 73010 Arnesano (Lecce) , Italy . ; Fax: +39-0832-1816230 ; Tel: +39-0832-1816214
| | - Sam M. Janes
- Centre For Respiratory Research , Rayne Institute , University College London , 5 University Street , London WC1E 6JJ , UK
| | - Osman M. Bakr
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering , Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Center , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Roberto Cingolani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Central Research Laboratories , Via Morego , 30-16136 Genova , Italy
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute of Materials , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland . ; Fax: +41 21 6935270 ; Tel: +41 21 6937872
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Center for Bio-Molecular Nanotechnologies@UniLe , Via Barsanti , 73010 Arnesano (Lecce) , Italy . ; Fax: +39-0832-1816230 ; Tel: +39-0832-1816214
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136
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Bramini M, Ye D, Hallerbach A, Nic Raghnaill M, Salvati A, Aberg C, Dawson KA. Imaging approach to mechanistic study of nanoparticle interactions with the blood-brain barrier. ACS NANO 2014; 8:4304-12. [PMID: 24773217 DOI: 10.1021/nn5018523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding nanoparticle interactions with the central nervous system, in particular the blood-brain barrier, is key to advances in therapeutics, as well as assessing the safety of nanoparticles. Challenges in achieving insights have been significant, even for relatively simple models. Here we use a combination of live cell imaging and computational analysis to directly study nanoparticle translocation across a human in vitro blood-brain barrier model. This approach allows us to identify and avoid problems in more conventional inferential in vitro measurements by identifying the catalogue of events of barrier internalization and translocation as they occur. Potentially this approach opens up the window of applicability of in vitro models, thereby enabling in depth mechanistic studies in the future. Model nanoparticles are used to illustrate the method. For those, we find that translocation, though rare, appears to take place. On the other hand, barrier uptake is efficient, and since barrier export is small, there is significant accumulation within the barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bramini
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology & UCD Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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137
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Thongkumkoon P, Sangwijit K, Chaiwong C, Thongtem S, Singjai P, Yu L. Direct nanomaterial-DNA contact effects on DNA and mutation induction. Toxicol Lett 2014; 226:90-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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138
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Zhang Y, Bai Y, Jia J, Gao N, Li Y, Zhang R, Jiang G, Yan B. Perturbation of physiological systems by nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:3762-809. [PMID: 24647382 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60338e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is having a tremendous impact on our society. However, societal concerns about human safety under nanoparticle exposure may derail the broad application of this promising technology. Nanoparticles may enter the human body via various routes, including respiratory pathways, the digestive tract, skin contact, intravenous injection, and implantation. After absorption, nanoparticles are carried to distal organs by the bloodstream and the lymphatic system. During this process, they interact with biological molecules and perturb physiological systems. Although some ingested or absorbed nanoparticles are eliminated, others remain in the body for a long time. The human body is composed of multiple systems that work together to maintain physiological homeostasis. The unexpected invasion of these systems by nanoparticles disturbs normal cell signaling, impairs cell and organ functions, and may even cause pathological disorders. This review examines the comprehensive health risks of exposure to nanoparticles by discussing how nanoparticles perturb various physiological systems as revealed by animal studies. The potential toxicity of nanoparticles to each physiological system and the implications of disrupting the balance among systems are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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139
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Faust JJ, Zhang W, Chen Y, Capco DG. Alpha-Fe2O3 elicits diameter-dependent effects during exposure to an in vitro model of the human placenta. Cell Biol Toxicol 2014; 30:31-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-013-9267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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140
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141
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142
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de Vries JW, Zhang F, Herrmann A. Drug delivery systems based on nucleic acid nanostructures. J Control Release 2013; 172:467-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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143
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Clift MJD, Endes C, Vanhecke D, Wick P, Gehr P, Schins RPF, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B. A Comparative Study of Different In Vitro Lung Cell Culture Systems to Assess the Most Beneficial Tool for Screening the Potential Adverse Effects of Carbon Nanotubes. Toxicol Sci 2013; 137:55-64. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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144
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Paustenbach DJ, Galbraith DA, Finley BL. Interpreting cobalt blood concentrations in hip implant patients. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2013; 52:98-112. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2013.857024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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145
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Raghnaill MN, Bramini M, Ye D, Couraud PO, Romero IA, Weksler B, Åberg C, Salvati A, Lynch I, Dawson KA. Paracrine signalling of inflammatory cytokines from an in vitro blood brain barrier model upon exposure to polymeric nanoparticles. Analyst 2013; 139:923-30. [PMID: 24195103 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01621h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle properties, such as small size relative to large highly modifiable surface area, offer great promise for neuro-therapeutics and nanodiagnostics. A fundamental understanding and control of how nanoparticles interact with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) could enable major developments in nanomedical treatment of previously intractable neurological disorders, and help ensure that nanoparticles not intended to reach the brain do not cause adverse effects. Nanosafety is of utmost importance to this field. However, a distinct lack of knowledge exists regarding nanoparticle accumulation within the BBB and the biological effects this may induce on neighbouring cells of the Central Nervous System (CNS), particularly in the long-term. This study focussed on the exposure of an in vitro BBB model to model carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles (PS COOH NPs), as these nanoparticles are well characterised for in vitro experimentation and have been reported as non-toxic in many biological settings. TEM imaging showed accumulation but not degradation of 100 nm PS COOH NPs within the lysosomes of the in vitro BBB over time. Cytokine secretion analysis from the in vitro BBB post 24 h 100 nm PS COOH NP exposure showed a low level of pro-inflammatory RANTES protein secretion compared to control. In contrast, 24 h exposure of the in vitro BBB endothelium to 100 nm PS COOH NPs in the presence of underlying astrocytes caused a significant increase in pro-survival signalling. In conclusion, the tantalising possibilities of nanomedicine must be balanced by cautious studies into the possible long-term toxicity caused by accumulation of known 'toxic' and 'non-toxic' nanoparticles, as general toxicity assays may be disguising significant signalling regulation during long-term accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Nic Raghnaill
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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146
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Investigation of the cytotoxicity of food-grade nanoemulsions in Caco-2 cell monolayers and HepG2 cells. Food Chem 2013; 141:29-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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147
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Tang Y, Han S, Liu H, Chen X, Huang L, Li X, Zhang J. The role of surface chemistry in determining in vivo biodistribution and toxicity of CdSe/ZnS core-shell quantum dots. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8741-55. [PMID: 23932294 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To examine the effect of surface chemistry and surface charge on in vivo biodistribution and toxicity of CdSe/ZnS core-shell quantum dots (QDs), QDs with positive, negative, or PEG coating are used in this study for in vivo evaluation in a mouse model. The results suggest that QDs coated with cationic polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDA) preferentially deposit in the lung other than in the liver, while the negative and PEGylated QDs render abundant accumulation in the liver. At higher doses positive QDs with PDDA coating show severe acute toxicity due to pulmonary embolism. Independent of their surface coatings, all QDs cause injuries in specific tissues like liver, spleen, lung, and kidney, after acute and long-term exposure, and the degree of injuries is dominated by their surface properties. For the positively charged QDs, the acute phase toxicity is primarily contributed by the coating material PDDA, while coating on QDs may amplify both in vitro and in vivo toxicity of PDDA. PEGylated QDs display the slightest chronic injuries in the long-term toxicity examination in comparison to positive or negative ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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148
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Chen X, Zhu G, Yang Y, Wang B, Yan L, Zhang KY, Lo KKW, Zhang W. A diamond nanoneedle array for potential high-throughput intracellular delivery. Adv Healthc Mater 2013; 2:1103-7. [PMID: 23447527 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A dense diamond nanoneedle array is capable of rapidly and conveniently delivering fluorescent probe and drug molecules to a large number of cells. This simple approach paves the way for potential high-throughput delivery of genes, drugs, and fluorescent probes into cells without endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Chen
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) and Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.
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149
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Levkovitz R, Zaretsky U, Gordon Z, Jaffa AJ, Elad D. In vitro simulation of placental transport: part I. Biological model of the placental barrier. Placenta 2013; 34:699-707. [PMID: 23764139 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The placental barrier (PB) is the thin biological membrane made of endothelial cells (EC), trophoblast cells (TC) and basal membrane that separates between maternal and fetal blood circulations within the placenta and facilitates feto-maternal transport characteristics, which are not completely understood. METHODS An in vitro biological model of the PB model was co-cultured of human TC (HTR8) and human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC) on both sides of a denuded amniotic membrane (AM) using custom designed wells. RESULTS Confocal and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging confirmed the morphology expressions of human EC and TC. Further support on the integrity of the new PB model was obtained from the existence of tight junctions and permeability experiments with fluorescence markers of small and large molecules. The monolayer of EC demonstrated the limiting layer for the transport resistance across this complex barrier. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This new in vitro viable model mimics the architecture of the human PB and can be used in in vitro simulations of transplacental transport studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Levkovitz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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