101
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Vandelook F, Newton RJ, Carta A. Photophobia in Lilioid monocots: photoinhibition of seed germination explained by seed traits, habitat adaptation and phylogenetic inertia. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:405-413. [PMID: 29293885 PMCID: PMC5838840 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Photoinhibition of seed germination, known to occur notably in species growing in dry and hot habitats, is considered an adaptation to avoid germination at the soil surface after unpredictable rainfall events during the dry season. Hence, the association of this ecophysiological response with plant life histories and the natural environment was investigated in Lilioid monocots, a group of plants where photoinhibition has been pre-eminently observed. Methods A data set including germination in light and darkness of about 150 monocots was compiled. Habitat preference, local climate conditions, seed traits and temperature conditions used during germination experiments were retrieved. Factors driving the evolution of photoinhibition were analysed within a phylogenetic framework. Key Results Significant phylogenetic signal was found in germination response (λ between 0.76 and 0.80) and photoinhibition (D = 0.406). Photoinhibition was mainly related to plant traits, namely seed coat colour, seed mass and plant height. A relationship with habitat light and moisture was also evident, but the association with climate as well as temperature conditions during incubation was rather poor. Conclusions Whilst photoinhibition is prevalent in open habitats, the relationship with habitat moisture conditions and hot and dry climate is weak. Indeed, photoinhibition is also commonly observed in temperate and alpine climate geophytes growing in habitats that are much less susceptible to drought. Hence, phylogenetic inertia, probably mediated by seed morphological traits such as seed coat colour, may explain why temperate climate species have retained photoinhibition inherited from their Mediterranean ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosemary J Newton
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, UK
| | - Angelino Carta
- Department of Biology, Unit of Botany, University of Pisa, Via Derna, Pisa, Italy
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102
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Relyea RA, Stephens PR, Barrow LN, Blaustein AR, Bradley PW, Buck JC, Chang A, Collins JP, Crother B, Earl J, Gervasi SS, Hoverman JT, Hyman O, Lemmon EM, Luhring TM, Michelson M, Murray C, Price S, Semlitsch RD, Sih A, Stoler AB, VandenBroek N, Warwick A, Wengert G, Hammond JI. Phylogenetic patterns of trait and trait plasticity evolution: Insights from amphibian embryos. Evolution 2018; 72:663-678. [PMID: 29345312 PMCID: PMC6131697 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental variation favors the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. For many species, we understand the costs and benefits of different phenotypes, but we lack a broad understanding of how plastic traits evolve across large clades. Using identical experiments conducted across North America, we examined prey responses to predator cues. We quantified five life-history traits and the magnitude of their plasticity for 23 amphibian species/populations (spanning three families and five genera) when exposed to no cues, crushed-egg cues, and predatory crayfish cues. Embryonic responses varied considerably among species and phylogenetic signal was common among the traits, whereas phylogenetic signal was rare for trait plasticities. Among trait-evolution models, the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) model provided the best fit or was essentially tied with Brownian motion. Using the best fitting model, evolutionary rates for plasticities were higher than traits for three life-history traits and lower for two. These data suggest that the evolution of life-history traits in amphibian embryos is more constrained by a species' position in the phylogeny than is the evolution of life history plasticities. The fact that an OU model of trait evolution was often a good fit to patterns of trait variation may indicate adaptive optima for traits and their plasticities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick A Relyea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | | | - Lisa N Barrow
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Andrew R Blaustein
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Paul W Bradley
- Department of Biology, University of San Diego, San Diego, California 92110
| | - Julia C Buck
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Ann Chang
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - James P Collins
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Brian Crother
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana 70402
| | - Julia Earl
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
| | | | - Jason T Hoverman
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Oliver Hyman
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | | | - Thomas M Luhring
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Moses Michelson
- Department of Biology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Chris Murray
- Department of Biology, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee 38505
| | - Steven Price
- Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546
| | - Raymond D Semlitsch
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Andrew Sih
- College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Aaron B Stoler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Nick VandenBroek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana 70402
| | - Alexa Warwick
- Department of Biology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Greta Wengert
- College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - John I Hammond
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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103
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Testo WL, Sundue MA. Are rates of species diversification and body size evolution coupled in the ferns? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:525-535. [PMID: 29637539 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Understanding the relationship between phenotypic evolution and lineage diversification is a central goal of evolutionary biology. To extend our understanding of the role morphological evolution plays in the diversification of plants, we examined the relationship between leaf size evolution and lineage diversification across ferns. METHODS We tested for an association between body size evolution and lineage diversification using a comparative phylogenetic approach that combined a time-calibrated phylogeny and leaf size data set for 2654 fern species. Rates of leaf size change and lineage diversification were estimated using BAMM, and rate correlations were performed for rates obtained for all families and individual species. Rates and patterns of rate-rate correlation were also analyzed separately for terrestrial and epiphytic taxa. KEY RESULTS We find no significant correlation between rates of leaf area change and lineage diversification, nor was there a difference in this pattern when growth habit is considered. Our results are consistent with the findings of an earlier study that reported decoupled rates of body size evolution and diversification in the Polypodiaceae, but conflict with a recent study that reported a positive correlation between body size evolution and lineage diversification rates in the tree fern family Cyatheaceae. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that lineage diversification in ferns is largely decoupled from shifts in body size, in contrast to several other groups of organisms. Speciation in ferns appears to be primarily driven by hybridization and isolation along elevational gradients, rather than adaptive radiations featuring prominent morphological restructuring. The exceptional diversity of leaf morphologies in ferns appears to reflect a combination of ecophysiological constraints and adaptations that are not key innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weston L Testo
- The Pringle Herbarium, University of Vermont, 27 Colchester Drive, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Michael A Sundue
- The Pringle Herbarium, University of Vermont, 27 Colchester Drive, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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104
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Liedtke HC, Müller H, Hafner J, Penner J, Gower DJ, Mazuch T, Rödel MO, Loader SP. Terrestrial reproduction as an adaptation to steep terrain in African toads. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2598. [PMID: 28356450 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
How evolutionary novelties evolve is a major question in evolutionary biology. It is widely accepted that changes in environmental conditions shift the position of selective optima, and advancements in phylogenetic comparative approaches allow the rigorous testing of such correlated transitions. A longstanding question in vertebrate biology has been the evolution of terrestrial life histories in amphibians and here, by investigating African bufonids, we test whether terrestrial modes of reproduction have evolved as adaptations to particular abiotic habitat parameters. We reconstruct and date the most complete species-level molecular phylogeny and estimate ancestral states for reproductive modes. By correlating continuous habitat measurements from remote sensing data and locality records with life-history transitions, we discover that terrestrial modes of reproduction, including viviparity evolved multiple times in this group, most often directly from fully aquatic modes. Terrestrial modes of reproduction are strongly correlated with steep terrain and low availability of accumulated water sources. Evolutionary transitions to terrestrial modes of reproduction occurred synchronously with or after transitions in habitat, and we, therefore, interpret terrestrial breeding as an adaptation to these abiotic conditions, rather than an exaptation that facilitated the colonization of montane habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Christoph Liedtke
- Department of Environmental Science (Biogeography), University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland .,Ecology, Evolution and Developmental Group, Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Hendrik Müller
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstraße 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Julian Hafner
- Department of Environmental Science (Biogeography), University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Penner
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany.,Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Straße 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David J Gower
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | | | - Mark-Oliver Rödel
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon P Loader
- Department of Environmental Science (Biogeography), University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK
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105
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Muñoz MM, Anderson PSL, Patek SN. Mechanical sensitivity and the dynamics of evolutionary rate shifts in biomechanical systems. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2325. [PMID: 28100817 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of biophysical relationships on rates of morphological evolution is a cornerstone of evolutionary theory. Mechanical sensitivity-the correlation strength between mechanical output and the system's underlying morphological components-is thought to impact the evolutionary dynamics of form-function relationships, yet has rarely been examined. Here, we compare the evolutionary rates of the mechanical components of the four-bar linkage system in the raptorial appendage of mantis shrimp (Order Stomatopoda). This system's mechanical output (kinematic transmission (KT)) is highly sensitive to variation in its output link, and less sensitive to its input and coupler links. We found that differential mechanical sensitivity is associated with variation in evolutionary rate: KT and the output link exhibit faster rates of evolution than the input and coupler links to which KT is less sensitive. Furthermore, for KT and, to a lesser extent, the output link, rates of evolution were faster in 'spearing' stomatopods than 'smashers', indicating that mechanical sensitivity may influence trait-dependent diversification. Our results suggest that mechanical sensitivity can impact morphological evolution and guide the process of phenotypic diversification. The connection between mechanical sensitivity and evolutionary rates provides a window into the interaction between physical rules and the evolutionary dynamics of morphological diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M Muñoz
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Philip S L Anderson
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - S N Patek
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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106
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Drury JP, Tobias JA, Burns KJ, Mason NA, Shultz AJ, Morlon H. Contrasting impacts of competition on ecological and social trait evolution in songbirds. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2003563. [PMID: 29385141 PMCID: PMC5809094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition between closely related species has long been viewed as a powerful selective force that drives trait diversification, thereby generating phenotypic diversity over macroevolutionary timescales. However, although the impact of interspecific competition has been documented in a handful of iconic insular radiations, most previous studies have focused on traits involved in resource use, and few have examined the role of competition across large, continental radiations. Thus, the extent to which broad-scale patterns of phenotypic diversity are shaped by competition remain largely unclear, particularly for social traits. Here, we estimate the effect of competition between interacting lineages by applying new phylogenetic models that account for such interactions to an exceptionally complete dataset of resource-use traits and social signaling traits for the entire radiation of tanagers (Aves, Thraupidae), the largest family of songbirds. We find that interspecific competition strongly influences the evolution of traits involved in resource use, with a weaker effect on plumage signals, and very little effect on song. Our results provide compelling evidence that interspecific exploitative competition contributes to ecological trait diversification among coexisting species, even in a large continental radiation. In comparison, signal traits mediating mate choice and social competition seem to diversify under different evolutionary models, including rapid diversification in the allopatric stage of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Drury
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph A. Tobias
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J. Burns
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas A. Mason
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Allison J. Shultz
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hélène Morlon
- Institut de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, France
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107
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A new method for quantifying the phylogenetic redundancy of biological communities. Oecologia 2017; 186:339-346. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-4026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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108
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Bergmann J, Ryo M, Prati D, Hempel S, Rillig MC. Root traits are more than analogues of leaf traits: the case for diaspore mass. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:1130-1139. [PMID: 28895147 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Root traits are often thought to be analogues of leaf traits along the plant economics spectrum. But evolutionary pressures have most likely shaped above- and belowground patterns differentially. Here, we aimed to identify the most important aboveground traits for explaining root traits without an a priori focus on known concepts. We measured morphological root traits in a glasshouse experiment on 141 common Central European grassland species. Using random forest algorithms, we built predictive models of six root traits from 97 aboveground morphological, ecological and life history traits. Root tissue density was best predicted by leaf dry matter content, whereas traits related to root fineness were best predicted by diaspore mass: the heavier the diaspore, the coarser the root system. Specific leaf area (SLA) was not an important predictor for any of the root traits. This study confirms the hypothesis that root traits are more than analogues of leaf traits within a plant economics spectrum. The results reveal a novel ecological pattern and highlight the power of root data to close important knowledge gaps in trait-based ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Bergmann
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Science (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Masahiro Ryo
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Science (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Prati
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Hempel
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Science (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Science (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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109
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Teixido AL, Guzmán B, Staggemeier VG, Valladares F. Phylogeny determines flower size-dependent sex allocation at flowering in a hermaphroditic family. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:963-972. [PMID: 28727278 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In animal-pollinated hermaphroditic plants, optimal floral allocation determines relative investment into sexes, which is ultimately dependent on flower size. Larger flowers disproportionally increase maleness whereas smaller and less rewarding flowers favour female function. Although floral traits are considered strongly conserved, phylogenetic relationships in the interspecific patterns of resource allocation to floral sex remain overlooked. We investigated these patterns in Cistaceae, a hermaphroditic family. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships among Cistaceae species and quantified phylogenetic signal for flower size, dry mass and nutrient allocation to floral structures in 23 Mediterranean species using Blomberg's K-statistic. Lastly, phylogenetically-controlled correlational and regression analyses were applied to examine flower size-based allometry in resource allocation to floral structures. Sepals received the highest dry mass allocation, followed by petals, whereas sexual structures increased nutrient allocation. Flower size and resource allocation to floral structures, except for carpels, showed a strong phylogenetic signal. Larger-flowered species allometrically allocated more resources to maleness, by increasing allocation to corollas and stamens. Our results suggest a major role of phylogeny in determining interspecific changes in flower size and subsequent floral sex allocation. This implies that flower size balances the male-female function over the evolutionary history of Cistaceae. While allometric resource investment in maleness is inherited across species diversification, allocation to the female function seems a labile trait that varies among closely related species that have diversified into different ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Teixido
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Móstoles, Spain
| | - B Guzmán
- Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - V G Staggemeier
- Department of Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Phenology Lab, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Valladares
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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110
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Hauser DA, Keuter A, McVay JD, Hipp AL, Manos PS. The evolution and diversification of the red oaks of the California Floristic Province (Quercus section Lobatae, series Agrifoliae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:1581-1595. [PMID: 29885216 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The California Floristic Province (CA-FP) is a unique and diverse region of floral endemism, yet the timing and nature of divergence and diversification of many lineages remain underexplored. We seek to elucidate the evolutionary history of the red oaks of the CA-FP, the Agrifoliae. METHODS We collected PstI-associated RAD-seq data as well as morphometrics from individuals of the four species across their ranges, including varieties and hybrids. Phylogeny and divergence times were estimated. We analyzed morphological differentiation in over 70 plants using PCA and assessed species delimitation and admixture using genotype clustering analysis in over 40 plants. KEY RESULTS We find that the Agrifoliae are monophyletic and sister to all other red oak species. Within the Agrifoliae, all species are supported, with Quercus kelloggii sister to a clade of subevergreen taxa: (Quercus agrifolia - (Q. parvula + Q. wislizeni)). Molecular and morphometric analyses are equivocal for named varieties. Notably, Q. parvula var. tamalpaisensis appears to be part of a hybrid swarm between Q. parvula and Q. wislizeni. Dating estimates were concordant with previous hypotheses and geological evidence, with diversification occurring between 10 and 20 million years ago. CONCLUSIONS The Agrifoliae represent a geographically discrete, early-diverging red oak lineage that diversified during the period of drying and warming associated with Sierran uplift during the middle Miocene. Molecular differentiation within the clade supports the current taxonomy, including an east-west species level pattern (Q. parvula and Q. wislizeni) and north-south intraspecific patterns to some degree, although the latter require additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan A Hauser
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Al Keuter
- Kenneth S. Norris Center for Natural History, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064 USA
| | - John D McVay
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Andrew L Hipp
- The Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle, Illinois 60532-1293 USA
| | - Paul S Manos
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
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111
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Evidence for complex life cycle constraints on salamander body form diversification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9936-9941. [PMID: 28851828 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703877114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metazoans display a tremendous diversity of developmental patterns, including complex life cycles composed of morphologically disparate stages. In this regard, the evolution of life cycle complexity promotes phenotypic diversity. However, correlations between life cycle stages can constrain the evolution of some structures and functions. Despite the potential macroevolutionary consequences, few studies have tested the impacts of life cycle evolution on broad-scale patterns of trait diversification. Here we show that larval and adult salamanders with a simple, aquatic-only (paedomorphic) life cycle had an increased rate of vertebral column and body form diversification compared to lineages with a complex, aquatic-terrestrial (biphasic) life cycle. These differences in life cycle complexity explain the variations in vertebral number and adult body form better than larval ecology. In addition, we found that lineages with a simple terrestrial-only (direct developing) life cycle also had a higher rate of adult body form evolution than biphasic lineages, but still 10-fold lower than aquatic-only lineages. Our analyses demonstrate that prominent shifts in phenotypic evolution can follow long-term transitions in life cycle complexity, which may reflect underlying stage-dependent constraints.
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112
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Graça MB, Pequeno PACL, Franklin E, Morais JW. Coevolution between flight morphology, vertical stratification and sexual dimorphism: what can we learn from tropical butterflies? J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1862-1871. [PMID: 28714129 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Occurrence patterns are partly shaped by the affinity of species with habitat conditions. For winged organisms, flight-related attributes are vital for ecological performance. However, due to the different reproductive roles of each sex, we expect divergence in flight energy budget, and consequently different selection responses between sexes. We used tropical frugivorous butterflies as models to investigate coevolution between flight morphology, sex dimorphism and vertical stratification. We studied 94 species of Amazonian fruit-feeding butterflies sampled in seven sites across 3341 ha. We used wing-thorax ratio as a proxy for flight capacity and hierarchical Bayesian modelling to estimate stratum preference. We detected a strong phylogenetic signal in wing-thorax ratio in both sexes. Stouter fast-flying species preferred the canopy, whereas more slender slow-flying species preferred the understorey. However, this relationship was stronger in females than in males, suggesting that female phenotype associates more intimately with habitat conditions. Within species, males were stouter than females and sexual dimorphism was sharper in understorey species. Because trait-habitat relationships were independent from phylogeny, the matching between flight morphology and stratum preference is more likely to reflect adaptive radiation than shared ancestry. This study sheds light on the impact of flight and sexual dimorphism on the evolution and ecological adaptation of flying organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Graça
- Biodiversity Coordination, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - P A C L Pequeno
- Biodiversity Coordination, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - E Franklin
- Biodiversity Coordination, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - J W Morais
- Biodiversity Coordination, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
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113
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Adams DC, Korneisel D, Young M, Nistri A. Natural History Constrains the Macroevolution of Foot Morphology in European Plethodontid Salamanders. Am Nat 2017; 190:292-297. [DOI: 10.1086/692471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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114
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Reinhart KO, Lekberg Y, Klironomos J, Maherali H. Does responsiveness to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi depend on plant invasive status? Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6482-6492. [PMID: 28861250 PMCID: PMC5574787 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in the direction and degree to which invasive alien and native plants are influenced by mycorrhizal associations could indicate a general mechanism of plant invasion, but whether or not such differences exist is unclear. Here, we tested whether mycorrhizal responsiveness varies by plant invasive status while controlling for phylogenetic relatedness among plants with two large grassland datasets. Mycorrhizal responsiveness was measured for 68 taxa from the Northern Plains, and data for 95 taxa from the Central Plains were included. Nineteen percent of taxa from the Northern Plains had greater total biomass with mycorrhizas while 61% of taxa from the Central Plains responded positively. For the Northern Plains taxa, measurable effects often depended on the response variable (i.e., total biomass, shoot biomass, and root mass ratio) suggesting varied resource allocation strategies when roots are colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In both datasets, invasive status was nonrandomly distributed on the phylogeny. Invasive taxa were mainly from two clades, that is, Poaceae and Asteraceae families. In contrast, mycorrhizal responsiveness was randomly distributed over the phylogeny for taxa from the Northern Plains, but nonrandomly distributed for taxa from the Central Plains. After controlling for phylogenetic similarity, we found no evidence that invasive taxa responded differently to mycorrhizas than other taxa. Although it is possible that mycorrhizal responsiveness contributes to invasiveness in particular species, we find no evidence that invasiveness in general is associated with the degree of mycorrhizal responsiveness. However, mycorrhizal responsiveness among species grown under common conditions was highly variable, and more work is needed to determine the causes of this variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt O. Reinhart
- Fort Keogh Livestock & Range Research LaboratoryUnited States Department of Agriculture‐ Agricultural Research ServiceMiles CityMTUSA
| | - Ylva Lekberg
- MPG Ranch and Ecosystem and Conservation SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMTUSA
| | - John Klironomos
- Department of BiologyUniversity of British Columbia ‐ Okanagan CampusKelownaBCCanada
| | - Hafiz Maherali
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
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115
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Cachera M, Le Loc'h F. Assessing the relationships between phylogenetic and functional singularities in sharks (Chondrichthyes). Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6292-6303. [PMID: 28861233 PMCID: PMC5574805 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships between diversity and ecosystem functioning have become a major focus of science. A crucial issue is to estimate functional diversity, as it is intended to impact ecosystem dynamics and stability. However, depending on the ecosystem, it may be challenging or even impossible to directly measure ecological functions and thus functional diversity. Phylogenetic diversity was recently under consideration as a proxy for functional diversity. Phylogenetic diversity is indeed supposed to match functional diversity if functions are conservative traits along evolution. However, in case of adaptive radiation and/or evolutive convergence, a mismatch may appear between species phylogenetic and functional singularities. Using highly threatened taxa, sharks, this study aimed to explore the relationships between phylogenetic and functional diversities and singularities. Different statistical computations were used in order to test both methodological issue (phylogenetic reconstruction) and overall a theoretical questioning: the predictive power of phylogeny for function diversity. Despite these several methodological approaches, a mismatch between phylogeny and function was highlighted. This mismatch revealed that (i) functions are apparently nonconservative in shark species, and (ii) phylogenetic singularity is not a proxy for functional singularity. Functions appeared to be not conservative along the evolution of sharks, raising the conservational challenge to identify and protect both phylogenetic and functional singular species. Facing the current rate of species loss, it is indeed of major importance to target phylogenetically singular species to protect genetic diversity and also functionally singular species in order to maintain particular functions within ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cachera
- SHOMBrest Cedex 2France
- UMR LEMAR CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, Rue Dumont d'Urville, Technopôle Brest IroisePlouzanéFrance
| | - François Le Loc'h
- UMR LEMAR CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, Rue Dumont d'Urville, Technopôle Brest IroisePlouzanéFrance
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116
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Cadotte MW, Davies TJ, Peres-Neto PR. Why phylogenies do not always predict ecological differences. ECOL MONOGR 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc W. Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Toronto-Scarborough; 1265 Military Trail Toronto Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong; Higher Education Institutes; College of Ecology and Evolution; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - T. Jonathan Davies
- Department of Biology; McGill University; 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue Montréal Quebec H3A 1B1 Canada
- African Centre for DNA Barcoding; University of Johannesburg; APK Campus PO Box 524 Auckland Park Johannesburg 2006 South Africa
| | - Pedro R. Peres-Neto
- Canada Research Chair in Spatial Modelling and Biodiversity; Départment des sciences biologiques; Université du Québec à Montréal; C.P. 8888, succursale Centreville Montréal Quebec H3C 3P8 Canada
- Department of Biology; Concordia University; Montréal Quebec H4B 1R6 Canada
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117
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Barnes R, Clark AT. Sixty-Five Million Years of Change in Temperature and Topography Explain Evolutionary History in Eastern North American Plethodontid Salamanders. Am Nat 2017; 190:E1-E12. [DOI: 10.1086/691796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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118
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Verboom GA, Stock WD, Cramer MD. Specialization to Extremely Low-Nutrient Soils Limits the Nutritional Adaptability of Plant Lineages. Am Nat 2017; 189:684-699. [DOI: 10.1086/691449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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119
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Floeter SR, Bender MG, Siqueira AC, Cowman PF. Phylogenetic perspectives on reef fish functional traits. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:131-151. [PMID: 28464469 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Functional traits have been fundamental to the evolution and diversification of entire fish lineages on coral reefs. Yet their relationship with the processes promoting speciation, extinction and the filtering of local species pools remains unclear. We review the current literature exploring the evolution of diet, body size, water column use and geographic range size in reef-associated fishes. Using published and new data, we mapped functional traits on to published phylogenetic trees to uncover evolutionary patterns that have led to the current functional diversity of fishes on coral reefs. When examining reconstructed patterns for diet and feeding mode, we found examples of independent transitions to planktivory across different reef fish families. Such transitions and associated morphological alterations may represent cases in which ecological opportunity for the exploitation of different resources drives speciation and adaptation. In terms of body size, reconstructions showed that both large and small sizes appear multiple times within clades of mid-sized fishes and that extreme body sizes have arisen mostly in the last 10 million years (Myr). The reconstruction of range size revealed many cases of disparate range sizes among sister species. Such range size disparity highlights potential vicariant processes through isolation in peripheral locations. When accounting for peripheral speciation processes in sister pairs, we found a significant relationship between labrid range size and lineage age. The diversity and evolution of traits within lineages is influenced by trait-environment interactions as well as by species and trait-trait interactions, where the presence of a given trait may trigger the development of related traits or behaviours. Our effort to assess the evolution of functional diversity across reef fish clades adds to the burgeoning research focusing on the evolutionary and ecological roles of functional traits. We argue that the combination of a phylogenetic and a functional approach will improve the understanding of the mechanisms of species assembly in extraordinarily rich coral reef communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio R Floeter
- Depto. de Ecologia e Zoologia, Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Laboratory, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana G Bender
- Depto. de Ecologia e Zoologia, Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Laboratory, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre C Siqueira
- Depto. de Ecologia e Zoologia, Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Laboratory, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Peter F Cowman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, U.S.A.,Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia
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120
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Tucker CM, Cadotte MW, Carvalho SB, Davies TJ, Ferrier S, Fritz SA, Grenyer R, Helmus MR, Jin LS, Mooers AO, Pavoine S, Purschke O, Redding DW, Rosauer DF, Winter M, Mazel F. A guide to phylogenetic metrics for conservation, community ecology and macroecology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 92:698-715. [PMID: 26785932 PMCID: PMC5096690 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of phylogenies in ecology is increasingly common and has broadened our understanding of biological diversity. Ecological sub-disciplines, particularly conservation, community ecology and macroecology, all recognize the value of evolutionary relationships but the resulting development of phylogenetic approaches has led to a proliferation of phylogenetic diversity metrics. The use of many metrics across the sub-disciplines hampers potential meta-analyses, syntheses, and generalizations of existing results. Further, there is no guide for selecting the appropriate metric for a given question, and different metrics are frequently used to address similar questions. To improve the choice, application, and interpretation of phylo-diversity metrics, we organize existing metrics by expanding on a unifying framework for phylogenetic information. Generally, questions about phylogenetic relationships within or between assemblages tend to ask three types of question: how much; how different; or how regular? We show that these questions reflect three dimensions of a phylogenetic tree: richness, divergence, and regularity. We classify 70 existing phylo-diversity metrics based on their mathematical form within these three dimensions and identify 'anchor' representatives: for α-diversity metrics these are PD (Faith's phylogenetic diversity), MPD (mean pairwise distance), and VPD (variation of pairwise distances). By analysing mathematical formulae and using simulations, we use this framework to identify metrics that mix dimensions, and we provide a guide to choosing and using the most appropriate metrics. We show that metric choice requires connecting the research question with the correct dimension of the framework and that there are logical approaches to selecting and interpreting metrics. The guide outlined herein will help researchers navigate the current jungle of indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Tucker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ColoradoBox 334BoulderCO80309‐0334U.S.A.
| | - Marc W. Cadotte
- Biological SciencesUniversity of Toronto‐ScarboroughScarboroughM1C 1A4Canada
- Stake Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong, Higher Education Institutes, College of Ecology and EvolutionSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouPR China
| | - Silvia B. Carvalho
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto4485‐661VairãoPortugal
| | - T. Jonathan Davies
- Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalH3A 1B1Canada
- African Centre for DNA BarcodingUniversity of JohannesburgPO Box 524Johannesburg2006South Africa
| | - Simon Ferrier
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Climate Adaptation FlagshipGPO BOX 1600Canberra2601Australia
| | - Susanne A. Fritz
- Biodiversity & Climate Research Centre (BiK‐F) and Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung60325Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and DiversityGoethe University60438FrankfurtGermany
| | - Rich Grenyer
- School of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QYU.K.
| | - Matthew R. Helmus
- Department of Ecological Sciences ‐ Animal EcologyVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamNetherlands
- Center for Biodiversity, Department of BiologyTemple UniversitySuite 502PhiladelphiaPA19122U.S.A.
| | - Lanna S. Jin
- Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoRoom 3055TorontoM5S 3B2Canada
| | - Arne O. Mooers
- Department of BiologySimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyV5A 1S6Canada
| | - Sandrine Pavoine
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation Sciences (UMR 7204 CESCO)Museum National d'Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QYUK
| | - Oliver Purschke
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5eDE‐04103LeipzigGermany
- Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Institute of BiologyMartin Luther University, Halle‐WittenbergDE‐06108Halle (Saale)Germany
- Department of Computer ScienceMartin‐Luther‐University, Halle‐WittenbergDE‐06120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - David W. Redding
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTU.K.
| | - Dan F. Rosauer
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityActon2601Australia
| | - Marten Winter
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5eDE‐04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Florent Mazel
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), CNRS ‐ Université Grenoble Alpes (UMR 5553)BP 5338041Grenoble Cedex 9France
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121
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Blanke A, Schmitz H, Patera A, Dutel H, Fagan MJ. Form-function relationships in dragonfly mandibles under an evolutionary perspective. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:20161038. [PMID: 28330989 PMCID: PMC5378138 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional requirements may constrain phenotypic diversification or foster it. For insect mouthparts, the quantification of the relationship between shape and function in an evolutionary framework remained largely unexplored. Here, the question of a functional influence on phenotypic diversification for dragonfly mandibles is assessed with a large-scale biomechanical analysis covering nearly all anisopteran families, using finite element analysis in combination with geometric morphometrics. A constraining effect of phylogeny could be found for shape, the mandibular mechanical advantage (MA), and certain mechanical joint parameters, while stresses and strains, the majority of joint parameters and size are influenced by shared ancestry. Furthermore, joint mechanics are correlated with neither strain nor mandibular MA and size effects have virtually play no role for shape or mechanical variation. The presence of mandibular strengthening ridges shows no phylogenetic signal except for one ridge peculiar to Libelluloidea, and ridge presence is also not correlated with each other. The results suggest that functional traits are more variable at this taxonomic level and that they are not influenced by shared ancestry. At the same time, the results contradict the widespread idea that mandibular morphology mainly reflects functional demands at least at this taxonomic level. The varying functional factors rather lead to the same mandibular performance as expressed by the MA, which suggests a many-to-one mapping of the investigated parameters onto the same narrow mandibular performance space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Blanke
- Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, School of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Helmut Schmitz
- Institute for Zoology, University of Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alessandra Patera
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
- Centre d'Imagerie BioMedicale, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Dutel
- Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, School of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Michael J Fagan
- Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, School of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
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122
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Agrawal S, Grimaldi D, Fox JL. Haltere morphology and campaniform sensilla arrangement across Diptera. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2017; 46:215-229. [PMID: 28161605 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary specializations of true flies (order Diptera) is the modification of the hind wings into club-shaped halteres. Halteres are complex mechanosensory structures that provide sensory feedback essential for stable flight control via an array of campaniform sensilla at the haltere base. The morphology of these sensilla has previously been described in a small number of dipteran species, but little is known about how they vary across fly taxa. Using a synoptic set of specimens representing 42 families from all of the major infraorders of Diptera, we used scanning electron microscopy to map the gross and fine structures of halteres, including sensillum shape and arrangement. We found that several features of haltere morphology correspond with dipteran phylogeny: Schizophora generally have smaller halteres with stereotyped and highly organized sensilla compared to nematoceran flies. We also found a previously undocumented high variation of haltere sensillum shape in nematoceran dipterans, as well as the absence of a dorsal sensillum field in multiple families. Overall, variation in haltere sensillar morphology across the dipteran phylogeny provides insight into the evolution of a highly specialized proprioceptive organ and a basis for future studies on haltere sensory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Agrawal
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - David Grimaldi
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024-5192, USA.
| | - Jessica L Fox
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7080, USA.
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123
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Rossatto DR, Franco AC. Expanding our understanding of leaf functional syndromes in savanna systems: the role of plant growth form. Oecologia 2017; 183:953-962. [PMID: 28124118 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3815-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of leaf strategies has been a common theme in ecology, especially where multiple sources of environmental constraints (fire, seasonal drought, nutrient-poor soils) impose a strong selection pressure towards leaf functional diversity, leading to inevitable tradeoffs among leaf traits, and ultimately to niche segregation among coexisting species. As diversification on leaf functional strategies is dependent on integration at whole plant level, we hypothesized that regardless of phylogenetic relatedness, leaf trait functional syndromes in a multivariate space would be associated with the type of growth form. We measured traits related to leaf gas exchange, structure and nutrient status in 57 coexisting species encompassing all Angiosperms major clades, in a wide array of plant morphologies (trees, shrubs, sub-shrubs, herbs, grasses and palms) in a savanna of Central Brazil. Growth forms differed in mean values for the studied functional leaf traits. We extracted 4 groups of functional typologies: grasses (elevated leaf dark respiration, light-saturated photosynthesis on a leaf mass and area basis, lower values of leaf Ca and Mg), herbs (high values of SLA, leaf N and leaf Fe), palms (high values of stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration and leaf K) and woody eudicots (sub-shrubs, shrubs and trees; low SLA and high leaf Ca and Mg). Despite the large range of variation among species for each individual trait and the independent evolutionary trajectory of individual species, growth forms were strongly associated with particular leaf trait combinations, suggesting clear evolutionary constraints on leaf function for morphologically similar species in savanna ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi Rodrigo Rossatto
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane S/N, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Augusto Cesar Franco
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Caixa Postal 04457, Brasília, DF, 70919-970, Brazil
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124
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Price SA, Schmitz L. A promising future for integrative biodiversity research: an increased role of scale-dependency and functional biology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150228. [PMID: 26977068 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies into the complex interaction between an organism and changes to its biotic and abiotic environment are fundamental to understanding what regulates biodiversity. These investigations occur at many phylogenetic, temporal and spatial scales and within a variety of biological and geological disciplines but often in relative isolation. This issue focuses on what can be achieved when ecological mechanisms are integrated into analyses of deep-time biodiversity patterns through the union of fossil and extant data and methods. We expand upon this perspective to argue that, given its direct relevance to the current biodiversity crisis, greater integration is needed across biodiversity research. We focus on the need to understand scaling effects, how lower-level ecological and evolutionary processes scale up and vice versa, and the importance of incorporating functional biology. Placing function at the core of biodiversity research is fundamental, as it establishes how an organism interacts with its abiotic and biotic environment and it is functional diversity that ultimately determines important ecosystem processes. To achieve full integration, concerted and ongoing efforts are needed to build a united and interactive community of biodiversity researchers, with education and interdisciplinary training at its heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Price
- Department of Evolution & Ecology, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - L Schmitz
- W.M. Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, 925 North Mills Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
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125
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Studying the evolutionary significance of thermal adaptation in ectotherms: The diversification of amphibians' energetics. J Therm Biol 2016; 68:5-13. [PMID: 28689721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental problem in evolutionary biology is the understanding of the factors that promote or constrain adaptive evolution, and assessing the role of natural selection in this process. Here, comparative phylogenetics, that is, using phylogenetic information and traits to infer evolutionary processes has been a major paradigm . In this study, we discuss Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models (OU) in the context of thermal adaptation in ectotherms. We specifically applied this approach to study amphibians's evolution and energy metabolism. It has been hypothesized that amphibians exploit adaptive zones characterized by low energy expenditure, which generate specific predictions in terms of the patterns of diversification in standard metabolic rate (SMR). We complied whole-animal metabolic rates for 122 species of amphibians, and adjusted several models of diversification. According to the adaptive zone hypothesis, we expected: (1) to find "accelerated evolution" in SMR (i.e., diversification above Brownian Motion expectations, BM), (2) that a model assuming evolutionary optima (i.e., an OU model) fits better than a white-noise model and (3) that a model assuming multiple optima (according to the three amphibians's orders) fits better than a model assuming a single optimum. As predicted, we found that the diversification of SMR occurred most of the time, above BM expectations. Also, we found that a model assuming an optimum explained the data in a better way than a white-noise model. However, we did not find evidence that an OU model with multiple optima fits the data better, suggesting a single optimum in SMR for Anura, Caudata and Gymnophiona. These results show how comparative phylogenetics could be applied for testing adaptive hypotheses regarding history and physiological performance in ectotherms.
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126
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Abrahamczyk S, Kessler M, Hanley D, Karger DN, Müller MPJ, Knauer AC, Keller F, Schwerdtfeger M, Humphreys AM. Pollinator adaptation and the evolution of floral nectar sugar composition. J Evol Biol 2016; 30:112-127. [PMID: 27747987 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A long-standing debate concerns whether nectar sugar composition evolves as an adaptation to pollinator dietary requirements or whether it is 'phylogenetically constrained'. Here, we use a modelling approach to evaluate the hypothesis that nectar sucrose proportion (NSP) is an adaptation to pollinators. We analyse ~ 2100 species of asterids, spanning several plant families and pollinator groups (PGs), and show that the hypothesis of adaptation cannot be rejected: NSP evolves towards two optimal values, high NSP for specialist-pollinated and low NSP for generalist-pollinated plants. However, the inferred adaptive process is weak, suggesting that adaptation to PG only provides a partial explanation for how nectar evolves. Additional factors are therefore needed to fully explain nectar evolution, and we suggest that future studies might incorporate floral shape and size and the abiotic environment into the analytical framework. Further, we show that NSP and PG evolution are correlated - in a manner dictated by pollinator behaviour. This contrasts with the view that a plant necessarily has to adapt its nectar composition to ensure pollination but rather suggests that pollinators adapt their foraging behaviour or dietary requirements to the nectar sugar composition presented by the plants. Finally, we document unexpectedly sucrose-poor nectar in some specialized nectarivorous bird-pollinated plants from the Old World, which might represent an overlooked form of pollinator deception. Thus, our broad study provides several new insights into how nectar evolves and we conclude by discussing why maintaining the conceptual dichotomy between adaptation and constraint might be unhelpful for advancing this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abrahamczyk
- Nees Institute for Plant Biodiversity, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Kessler
- Institute of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D Hanley
- Department of Biology, Long Island University - Post, Brookville, NY, USA
| | - D N Karger
- Institute of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M P J Müller
- Institute of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A C Knauer
- Institute of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - F Keller
- Institute of Plant Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Schwerdtfeger
- Albrecht-v.-Haller Institute of Plant Science, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - A M Humphreys
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Berkshire, UK.,Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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127
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Rundel PW, Arroyo MT, Cowling RM, Keeley JE, Lamont BB, Vargas P. Mediterranean Biomes: Evolution of Their Vegetation, Floras, and Climate. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip W. Rundel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;
| | - Mary T.K. Arroyo
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Department of Ecological Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile;
| | - Richard M. Cowling
- Centre for Coastal Palaeosciences, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa;
| | - Jon E. Keeley
- Sequoia Field Station, Western Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Three Rivers, California 93271;
| | - Byron B. Lamont
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia;
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid, CSIC, 28014 Madrid, Spain;
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128
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Debastiani VJ, Duarte LDS. Evolutionary Models and Phylogenetic Signal Assessment via Mantel Test. Evol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-016-9396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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129
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Prieto-Benítez S, Millanes AM, Dötterl S, Giménez-Benavides L. Comparative analyses of flower scent in Sileneae
reveal a contrasting phylogenetic signal between night and day emissions. Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Prieto-Benítez
- Departamento de Biología y Geología; Física y Química Inorgánica; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos-ESCET; C/Tulipán, s/n. 28933 Móstoles Madrid Spain
| | - Ana M. Millanes
- Departamento de Biología y Geología; Física y Química Inorgánica; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos-ESCET; C/Tulipán, s/n. 28933 Móstoles Madrid Spain
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Salzburg; Hellbrunnerstr. 34 5020 Salzburg Austria
| | - Luis Giménez-Benavides
- Departamento de Biología y Geología; Física y Química Inorgánica; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos-ESCET; C/Tulipán, s/n. 28933 Móstoles Madrid Spain
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130
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Martin CH. The cryptic origins of evolutionary novelty: 1000-fold faster trophic diversification rates without increased ecological opportunity or hybrid swarm. Evolution 2016; 70:2504-2519. [PMID: 27593215 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ecological opportunity is frequently proposed as the sole ingredient for adaptive radiation into novel niches. An additional trigger may be genome-wide hybridization resulting from "hybrid swarm." However, these hypotheses have been difficult to test due to the rarity of comparable control environments lacking adaptive radiations. Here I exploit such a pattern in microendemic radiations of Caribbean pupfishes. I show that a sympatric three species radiation on San Salvador Island, Bahamas diversified 1445 times faster than neighboring islands in jaw length due to the evolution of a novel scale-eating adaptive zone from a generalist ancestral niche. I then sampled 22 generalist populations on seven neighboring islands and measured morphological diversity, stomach content diversity, dietary isotopic diversity, genetic diversity, lake/island areas, macroalgae richness, and Caribbean-wide patterns of gene flow. None of these standard metrics of ecological opportunity or gene flow were associated with adaptive radiation, except for slight increases in macroalgae richness. Thus, exceptional trophic diversification is highly localized despite myriad generalist populations in comparable environmental and genetic backgrounds. This study provides a strong counterexample to the ecological and hybrid swarm theories of adaptive radiation and suggests that diversification of novel specialists on a sparse fitness landscape is constrained by more than ecological opportunity and gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Martin
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3280, 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3280.
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131
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Reginato M, Michelangeli FA. Diversity and constraints in the floral morphological evolution of Leandra s.str. (Melastomataceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:445-58. [PMID: 27401539 PMCID: PMC4998978 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Putative processes related to floral diversification and its relation to speciation are still largely unaccounted for in the Melastomataceae. Leandra s.str. is one of the most diverse lineages of the Neotropical Miconieae and ranks among the ten most diverse groups in the Atlantic Forest. Here, we describe the floral diversity of this lineage in a continuous framework and address several questions related to floral evolution and putative developmental and environmental constraints in its morphology. METHODS The morphological data set includes individual size measurements and shape scores (from elliptical Fourier analysis) for hypanthia, petals, stamens and styles. We evaluate whether there is evidence of correlation among these floral structures, shifts and convergent patterns, and association of these traits with elevation. KEY RESULTS Leandra s.str. flower structures present a strong phylogenetic signal and tend to be conserved among close relatives. The extremes in flower regimes seem to be quite distinct, but non-overlapping discrete flower types are not observed. Overall, the morphology of Leandra s.str. floral structures is correlated, and anther colour and inflorescence architecture correlate with flower structures. Additionally, the rates of species diversification and morphological evolution are correlated in most clades. CONCLUSIONS Although some flower regimes tend to occur in different elevational ranges, no significant association is observed. The general idea that hypanthium-ovary fusion is associated with fruit types in the Melastomataceae does not hold for Leandra s.str., where, instead, hypanthium-ovary fusion seems to be associated with anther shape. The lowest rate of flower morphological change, when compared with species diversification rates, is observed in the clade that possesses the most specialized flowers in the group. While stuck on a single general pollination system, Leandra s.str. seems to be greatly wandering around it, given the flower diversity and convergent patterns observed in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Reginato
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10458, USA The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Fabián A Michelangeli
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
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132
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Gilbert GS, Parker IM. The Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Disease: A Phylogenetic Perspective. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 54:549-78. [PMID: 27359365 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An explicit phylogenetic perspective provides useful tools for phytopathology and plant disease ecology because the traits of both plants and microbes are shaped by their evolutionary histories. We present brief primers on phylogenetic signal and the analytical tools of phylogenetic ecology. We review the literature and find abundant evidence of phylogenetic signal in pathogens and plants for most traits involved in disease interactions. Plant nonhost resistance mechanisms and pathogen housekeeping functions are conserved at deeper phylogenetic levels, whereas molecular traits associated with rapid coevolutionary dynamics are more labile at branch tips. Horizontal gene transfer disrupts the phylogenetic signal for some microbial traits. Emergent traits, such as host range and disease severity, show clear phylogenetic signals. Therefore pathogen spread and disease impact are influenced by the phylogenetic structure of host assemblages. Phylogenetically rare species escape disease pressure. Phylogenetic tools could be used to develop predictive tools for phytosanitary risk analysis and reduce disease pressure in multispecies cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Gilbert
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064;
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá 0843-03092
| | - Ingrid M Parker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064;
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá 0843-03092
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133
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Bonett RM. Analyzing endocrine system conservation and evolution. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 234:3-9. [PMID: 26972153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Analyzing variation in rates of evolution can provide important insights into the factors that constrain trait evolution, as well as those that promote diversification. Metazoan endocrine systems exhibit apparent variation in evolutionary rates of their constituent components at multiple levels, yet relatively few studies have quantified these patterns and analyzed them in a phylogenetic context. This may be in part due to historical and current data limitations for many endocrine components and taxonomic groups. However, recent technological advancements such as high-throughput sequencing provide the opportunity to collect large-scale comparative data sets for even non-model species. Such ventures will produce a fertile data landscape for evolutionary analyses of nucleic acid and amino acid based endocrine components. Here I summarize evolutionary rate analyses that can be applied to categorical and continuous endocrine traits, and also those for nucleic acid and protein-based components. I emphasize analyses that could be used to test whether other variables (e.g., ecology, ontogenetic timing of expression, etc.) are related to patterns of rate variation and endocrine component diversification. The application of phylogenetic-based rate analyses to comparative endocrine data will greatly enhance our understanding of the factors that have shaped endocrine system evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald M Bonett
- Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA.
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134
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Salariato DL, Zuloaga FO. Climatic niche evolution in the Andean genus Menonvillea (Cremolobeae: Brassicaceae). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-016-0291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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135
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Mesquita DO, Costa GC, Colli GR, Costa TB, Shepard DB, Vitt LJ, Pianka ER. Life-History Patterns of Lizards of the World. Am Nat 2016; 187:689-705. [DOI: 10.1086/686055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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136
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Trait convergence and diversification arising from a complex evolutionary history in Hawaiian species of Scaevola. Oecologia 2016; 181:1083-100. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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137
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Pan X, Berg MP, Butenschoen O, Murray PJ, Bartish IV, Cornelissen JHC, Dong M, Prinzing A. Larger phylogenetic distances in litter mixtures: lower microbial biomass and higher C/N ratios but equal mass loss. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20150103. [PMID: 25876845 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic distances of coexisting species differ greatly within plant communities, but their consequences for decomposers and decomposition remain unknown. We hypothesized that large phylogenetic distance of leaf litter mixtures increases differences of their litter traits, which may, in turn, result in increased resource complementarity or decreased resource concentration for decomposers and hence increased or decreased chemical transformation and reduction of litter. We conducted a litter mixture experiment including 12 common temperate tree species (evolutionarily separated by up to 106 Myr), and sampled after seven months, at which average mass loss was more than 50%. We found no effect of increased phylogenetic distance on litter mass loss or on abundance and diversity of invertebrate decomposers. However, phylogenetic distance decreased microbial biomass and increased carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios of litter mixtures. Consistently, four litter traits showed (marginally) significant phylogenetic signal and in three of these traits increasing trait difference decreased microbial biomass and increased C/N. We suggest that phylogenetic proximity of litter favours microbial decomposers and chemical transformation of litter owing to a resource concentration effect. This leads to a new hypothesis: closely related plant species occurring in the same niche should promote and profit from increased nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, People's Republic of China Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Campus de Beaulieu, Université de Rennes 1, Bâtiment 14 A, 35042 Rennes, France State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Matty P Berg
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf Butenschoen
- J. F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Phil J Murray
- Department of Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB, UK
| | - Igor V Bartish
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Pruhobice, Zamek 1 25243, Czech Republic
| | - Johannes H C Cornelissen
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, People's Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Andreas Prinzing
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Campus de Beaulieu, Université de Rennes 1, Bâtiment 14 A, 35042 Rennes, France
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138
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Gómez JM, Torices R, Lorite J, Klingenberg CP, Perfectti F. The role of pollinators in the evolution of corolla shape variation, disparity and integration in a highly diversified plant family with a conserved floral bauplan. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:889-904. [PMID: 26884512 PMCID: PMC4845802 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Brassicaceae is one of the most diversified families in the angiosperms. However, most species from this family exhibit a very similar floral bauplan. In this study, we explore the Brassicaceae floral morphospace, examining how corolla shape variation (an estimation of developmental robustness), integration and disparity vary among phylogenetically related species. Our aim is to check whether these floral attributes have evolved in this family despite its apparent morphological conservation, and to test the role of pollinators in driving this evolution. METHODS Using geometric morphometric tools, we calculated the phenotypic variation, disparity and integration of the corolla shape of 111 Brassicaceae taxa. We subsequently inferred the phylogenetic relationships of these taxa and explored the evolutionary lability of corolla shape. Finally, we sampled the pollinator assemblages of every taxon included in this study, and determined their pollination niches using a modularity algorithm. We explore the relationship between pollination niche and the attributes of corolla shape. KEY RESULTS Phylogenetic signal was weak for all corolla shape attributes. All taxa had generalized pollination systems. Nevertheless, they belong to different pollination niches. There were significant differences in corolla shape among pollination niches even after controlling for the phylogenetic relationship of the plant taxa. Corolla shape variation and disparity was significantly higher in those taxa visited mostly by nocturnal moths, indicating that this pollination niche is associated with a lack of developmental robustness. Corolla integration was higher in those taxa visited mostly by hovering long-tongued flies and long-tongued large bees. CONCLUSIONS Corolla variation, integration and disparity were evolutionarily labile and evolved very recently in the evolutionary history of the Brassicaceae. These floral attributes were strongly related to the pollination niche. Even in a plant clade having a very generalized pollination system and exhibiting a conserved floral bauplan, pollinators can drive the evolution of important developmental attributes of corolla shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Gómez
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain, Department of Ecology,
| | - Ruben Torices
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Science, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal and
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139
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Sun CX, Gao XX, Li MQ, Fu JQ, Zhang YL. Plastic responses in the metabolome and functional traits of maize plants to temperature variations. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:249-61. [PMID: 26280133 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally inducible phenotypic plasticity is a major player in plant responses to climate change. However, metabolic responses and their role in determining the phenotypic plasticity of plants that are subjected to temperature variations remain poorly understood. The metabolomic profiles and metabolite levels in the leaves of three maize inbred lines grown in different temperature conditions were examined with a nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomic technique. The relationship of functional traits to metabolome profiles and the metabolic mechanism underlying temperature variations were then explored. A comparative analysis showed that during heat and cold stress, maize plants shared common plastic responses in biomass accumulation, carbon, nitrogen, sugars, some amino acids and compatible solutes. We also found that the plastic response of maize plants to heat stress was different from that under cold stress, mainly involving biomass allocation, shikimate and its aromatic amino acid derivatives, and other non-polar metabolites. The plastic responsiveness of functional traits of maize lines to temperature variations was low, while the metabolic responsiveness in plasticity was high, indicating that functional and metabolic plasticity may play different roles in maize plant adaptation to temperature variations. A linear regression analysis revealed that the maize lines could adapt to growth temperature variations through the interrelation of plastic responses in the metabolomes and functional traits, such as biomass allocation and the status of carbon and nitrogen. We provide valuable insight into the plastic response strategy of maize plants to temperature variations that will permit the optimisation of crop cultivation in an increasingly variable environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C X Sun
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - X X Gao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - M Q Li
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - J Q Fu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Y L Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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140
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Spalink D, Drew BT, Pace MC, Zaborsky JG, Li P, Cameron KM, Givnish TJ, Sytsma KJ. Evolution of geographical place and niche space: Patterns of diversification in the North American sedge (Cyperaceae) flora. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 95:183-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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141
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Davis AM, Unmack PJ, Vari RP, Betancur-R R. Herbivory Promotes Dental Disparification and Macroevolutionary Dynamics in Grunters (Teleostei: Terapontidae), a Freshwater Adaptive Radiation. Am Nat 2016; 187:320-33. [PMID: 26913945 DOI: 10.1086/684747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Trophic shifts into new adaptive zones have played major (although often conflicting) roles in reshaping the evolutionary trajectories of many lineages. We analyze data on diet, tooth, and oral morphology and relate these traits to phenotypic disparification and lineage diversification rates across the ecologically diverse Terapontidae, a family of Australasian fishes. In contrast to carnivores and most omnivores, which have retained relatively simple, ancestral caniniform tooth shapes, herbivorous terapontids appear to have evolved a variety of novel tooth shapes at significantly faster rates to meet the demands of plant-based diets. The evolution of herbivory prompted major disparification, significantly expanding the terapontid adaptive phenotypic continuum into an entirely novel functional morphospace. There was minimal support for our hypothesis of faster overall rates of integrated tooth shape, spacing, and jaw biomechanical evolution in herbivorous terapontids in their entirety, compared with other trophic strategies. There was, however, considerable support for accelerated disparification within a diverse freshwater clade containing a range of specialized freshwater herbivores. While the evolutionary transition to herbivorous diets has played a central role in terapontid phenotypic diversification by pushing herbivores toward novel fitness peaks, there was little support for herbivory driving significantly higher lineage diversification compared with background rates across the family.
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142
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The Evolving Theory of Evolutionary Radiations. Trends Ecol Evol 2016; 31:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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143
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Serrano-Serrano ML, Perret M, Guignard M, Chautems A, Silvestro D, Salamin N. Decoupled evolution of floral traits and climatic preferences in a clade of Neotropical Gesneriaceae. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:247. [PMID: 26555183 PMCID: PMC4641406 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0527-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Major factors influencing the phenotypic diversity of a lineage can be recognized by characterizing the extent and mode of trait evolution between related species. Here, we compared the evolutionary dynamics of traits associated with floral morphology and climatic preferences in a clade composed of the genera Codonanthopsis, Codonanthe and Nematanthus (Gesneriaceae). To test the mode and specific components that lead to phenotypic diversity in this group, we performed a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of combined nuclear and plastid DNA sequences and modeled the evolution of quantitative traits related to flower shape and size and to climatic preferences. We propose an alternative approach to display graphically the complex dynamics of trait evolution along a phylogenetic tree using a wide range of evolutionary scenarios. Results Our results demonstrated heterogeneous trait evolution. Floral shapes displaced into separate regimes selected by the different pollinator types (hummingbirds versus insects), while floral size underwent a clade-specific evolution. Rates of evolution were higher for the clade that is hummingbird pollinated and experienced flower resupination, compared with species pollinated by bees, suggesting a relevant role of plant-pollinator interactions in lowland rainforest. The evolution of temperature preferences is best explained by a model with distinct selective regimes between the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and the other biomes, whereas differentiation along the precipitation axis was characterized by higher rates, compared with temperature, and no regime or clade-specific patterns. Conclusions Our study shows different selective regimes and clade-specific patterns in the evolution of morphological and climatic components during the diversification of Neotropical species. Our new graphical visualization tool allows the representation of trait trajectories under parameter-rich models, thus contributing to a better understanding of complex evolutionary dynamics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0527-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Liliana Serrano-Serrano
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Mathieu Perret
- Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Laboratory of Plant Systematics and Biodiversity, University of Geneva, Chemin de l'Impératrice, 1, 1292 , Chambésy, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Maïté Guignard
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Alain Chautems
- Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Laboratory of Plant Systematics and Biodiversity, University of Geneva, Chemin de l'Impératrice, 1, 1292 , Chambésy, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, 413 19, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Nicolas Salamin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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144
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Münzbergová Z, Šurinová M. The importance of species phylogenetic relationships and species traits for the intensity of plant-soil feedback. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es15-00206.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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145
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Panchen ZA, Primack RB, Gallinat AS, Nordt B, Stevens AD, Du Y, Fahey R. Substantial variation in leaf senescence times among 1360 temperate woody plant species: implications for phenology and ecosystem processes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:865-73. [PMID: 25808654 PMCID: PMC4640117 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Autumn leaf senescence marks the end of the growing season in temperate ecosystems. Its timing influences a number of ecosystem processes, including carbon, water and nutrient cycling. Climate change is altering leaf senescence phenology and, as those changes continue, it will affect individual woody plants, species and ecosystems. In contrast to spring leaf out times, however, leaf senescence times remain relatively understudied. Variation in the phenology of leaf senescence among species and locations is still poorly understood. METHODS Leaf senescence phenology of 1360 deciduous plant species at six temperate botanical gardens in Asia, North America and Europe was recorded in 2012 and 2013. This large data set was used to explore ecological and phylogenetic factors associated with variation in leaf senescence. KEY RESULTS Leaf senescence dates among species varied by 3 months on average across the six locations. Plant species tended to undergo leaf senescence in the same order in the autumns of both years at each location, but the order of senescence was only weakly correlated across sites. Leaf senescence times were not related to spring leaf out times, were not evolutionarily conserved and were only minimally influenced by growth habit, wood anatomy and percentage colour change or leaf drop. These weak patterns of leaf senescence timing contrast with much stronger leaf out patterns from a previous study. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that, in contrast to the broader temperature effects that determine leaf out times, leaf senescence times are probably determined by a larger or different suite of local environmental effects, including temperature, soil moisture, frost and wind. Determining the importance of these factors for a wide range of species represents the next challenge for understanding how climate change is affecting the end of the growing season and associated ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe A Panchen
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Birgit Nordt
- Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert-Dieter Stevens
- Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yanjun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China and
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146
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Li S, Cadotte MW, Meiners SJ, Hua Z, Shu H, Li J, Shu W. The effects of phylogenetic relatedness on invasion success and impact: deconstructing Darwin's naturalisation conundrum. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:1285-92. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao‐peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources College of Ecology and Evolution Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto‐Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto 25 Willcocks St. Toronto ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Marc W. Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto‐Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto 25 Willcocks St. Toronto ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Scott J. Meiners
- Department of Biological Sciences Eastern Illinois University Charleston IL 61920 USA
| | - Zheng‐shuang Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources College of Ecology and Evolution Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Hao‐yue Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources College of Ecology and Evolution Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Jin‐tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources College of Ecology and Evolution Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Wen‐sheng Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources College of Ecology and Evolution Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
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147
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Sundue MA, Testo WL, Ranker TA. Morphological innovation, ecological opportunity, and the radiation of a major vascular epiphyte lineage. Evolution 2015; 69:2482-95. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Sundue
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Vermont, Pringle Herbarium; 27 Colchester Avenue Burlington Vermont 05405
| | - Weston L. Testo
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Vermont, Pringle Herbarium; 27 Colchester Avenue Burlington Vermont 05405
| | - Tom A. Ranker
- Department of Botany; University of Hawai'i at Mānoa; 3190 Maile Way Honolulu Hawaii 96822
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148
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Narvaez C, Ramirez-Otarola N, Bozinovic F, Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Sabat P. Comparative intestinal esterases amongst passerine species: Assessing vulnerability to toxic chemicals in a phylogenetically explicit context. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 135:75-82. [PMID: 25912423 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of blood esterase activities by organophosphate (OP) pesticides has been used as a sensitive biomarker in birds. Furthermore, compared to mammalian vertebrates, less is known about the role of these enzyme activities in the digestive tracts of non-mammalian vertebrates, as well as the environmental and biological stressors that contribute to their natural variation. To fill this gap, we examined butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and carboxylesterases (CbE) in the digestive tracts of sixteen passerine species from central Chile. Whole intestine enzyme activities were positively and significantly correlated with body mass. After correcting for body mass and phylogenetic effect, we found only a marginal effect of dietary category on BChE activity, but a positive and significant association between the percentage of dietary nitrogen and the mass-corrected lipase activity. Our results suggest that observed differences may be due to the dietary composition in the case of lipases and BChE, and also we predict that all model species belonging to the same order will probably respond differently to pesticide exposure, in light of differences in the activity levels of esterase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristobal Narvaez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | | | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Departmento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology & Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 6513677 Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Sanchez-Hernandez
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Faculad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Pablo Sabat
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Departmento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology & Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 6513677 Santiago, Chile.
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149
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Liu H, Xu Q, He P, Santiago LS, Yang K, Ye Q. Strong phylogenetic signals and phylogenetic niche conservatism in ecophysiological traits across divergent lineages of Magnoliaceae. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12246. [PMID: 26179320 PMCID: PMC4503962 DOI: 10.1038/srep12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The early diverged Magnoliaceae shows a historical temperate-tropical distribution among lineages indicating divergent evolution, yet which ecophysiological traits are phylogenetically conserved, and whether these traits are involved in correlated evolution remain unclear. Integrating phylogeny and 20 ecophysiological traits of 27 species, from the four largest sections of Magnoliaceae, we tested the phylogenetic signals of these traits and the correlated evolution between trait pairs. Phylogenetic niche conservatism (PNC) in water-conducting and nutrient-use related traits was identified, and correlated evolution of several key functional traits was demonstrated. Among the three evergreen sections of tropical origin, Gwillimia had the lowest hydraulic-photosynthetic capacity and the highest drought tolerance compared with Manglietia and Michelia. Contrastingly, the temperate centred deciduous section, Yulania, showed high rates of hydraulic conductivity and photosynthesis at the cost of drought tolerance. This study elucidated the regulation of hydraulic and photosynthetic processes in the temperate-tropical adaptations for Magnoliaceae species, which led to strong phylogenetic signals and PNC in ecophysiological traits across divergent lineages of Magnoliaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Qiuyuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengcheng He
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Louis S. Santiago
- Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, 2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside, CA 92521-0124, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Keming Yang
- Horticulture Center, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianyuan Road 1190, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou 510650, China
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150
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Scoffoni C, Kunkle J, Pasquet-Kok J, Vuong C, Patel AJ, Montgomery RA, Givnish TJ, Sack L. Light-induced plasticity in leaf hydraulics, venation, anatomy, and gas exchange in ecologically diverse Hawaiian lobeliads. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:43-58. [PMID: 25858142 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ) quantifies the capacity of a leaf to transport liquid water and is a major constraint on light-saturated stomatal conductance (gs ) and photosynthetic rate (Amax ). Few studies have tested the plasticity of Kleaf and anatomy across growth light environments. These provided conflicting results. The Hawaiian lobeliads are an excellent system to examine plasticity, given the striking diversity in the light regimes they occupy, and their correspondingly wide range of Amax , allowing maximal carbon gain for success in given environments. We measured Kleaf , Amax , gs and leaf anatomical and structural traits, focusing on six species of lobeliads grown in a common garden under two irradiances (300/800 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1) ). We tested hypotheses for light-induced plasticity in each trait based on expectations from optimality. Kleaf , Amax , and gs differed strongly among species. Sun/shade plasticity was observed in Kleaf , Amax, and numerous traits relating to lamina and xylem anatomy, venation, and composition, but gs was not plastic with growth irradiance. Species native to higher irradiance showed greater hydraulic plasticity. Our results demonstrate that a wide set of leaf hydraulic, stomatal, photosynthetic, anatomical, and structural traits tend to shift together during plasticity and adaptation to diverse light regimes, optimizing performance from low to high irradiance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Justin Kunkle
- Office of Research, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd #11026, Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA
| | - Jessica Pasquet-Kok
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Christine Vuong
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Amish J Patel
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rebecca A Montgomery
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Avenue North, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Thomas J Givnish
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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