101
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Long-term Expression of Apolipoprotein B mRNA-specific Hammerhead Ribozyme via scAAV8.2 Vector Inhibits Atherosclerosis in Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2013; 2:e125. [PMID: 24084845 PMCID: PMC4027429 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2013.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Target substrate-specific hammerhead ribozyme cleaves the specific mRNA efficiently and results in the inhibition of gene expression. In humans, overproduction of apolipoprotein B (apoB) is positively associated with premature coronary artery diseases. The goal of this study is to demonstrate that long-term reduction of apoB gene expression using hammerhead ribozyme would result in inhibition of atherosclerosis development. We designed two hammerhead ribozymes targeted at the nucleotides of apoB mRNA GUC2326 (designated RB1) and GUA6679 (designated RB15), and we used self-complementary adeno-associated virus 8.2 (scAAV8.2) vector to deliver these active ribozymes of RB1, RB15, combination of RB1/RB15, and an inactive hammerhead ribozyme RB15 mutant to atherosclerosis-prone LDb mice (Ldlr−/−Apobec1−/−). LDb mice lack both low density lipoproteins (LDL) receptor (Ldlr−/−) and apoB mRNA editing enzyme (Apobec1−/−) genes and develop atherosclerosis spontaneously. After the RB1, RB15, or combination of RB1/RB15 ribozymes treatment, the LDb mice had significantly decreased plasma triglyceride and apoB levels, resulting in markedly decreased of atherosclerotic lesions, Furthermore, the active ribozymes treatment decreased the levels of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (Dgat1) mRNA and the levels of multiple diacylglycerol (DAG) molecular species. These results provide the first evidence that decreased apoB levels results to reduction of Dgat1 expression and triglyceride levels (TAG), which had a significant impact on the development of atherosclerosis.
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102
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DeVita RJ, Pinto S. Current status of the research and development of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9820-5. [PMID: 23919406 DOI: 10.1021/jm4007033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) has recently become a highly interesting target for metabolic disorders as well as for hepatitis C virus (HCV). DGAT1 processes diacylglycerol to triglycerides in the final step of resynthesis for the absorption of fat across the intestine. Pharmaceutical companies have developed many novel inhibitors of DGAT1, several of which have reached the clinic. Proof of target engagement was achieved with the observation of reduced triglycerides upon treatment of humans with DGAT1 inhibitors; however, there were gastrointestinal adverse events such as nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting. These adverse events have been reported with multiple compounds and are possibly linked to the target because of the recent identification of a human cohort deficient in DGAT1. Clinical studies are continuing in a trial to treat patients with an orphan indication for familial chylomicronemia. The full potential of DGAT1 as a therapeutic target will need to overcome observed clinical adverse events, which are possibly mechanism based. The widespread use of DGAT1 inhibitors will ultimately depend upon a better understanding of how to improve the GI tolerability of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J DeVita
- Department Cardiovascular and Diabetes Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories , 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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103
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Peterson JM, Seldin MM, Wei Z, Aja S, Wong GW. CTRP3 attenuates diet-induced hepatic steatosis by regulating triglyceride metabolism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G214-24. [PMID: 23744740 PMCID: PMC3742855 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00102.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
CTRP3 is a secreted plasma protein of the C1q family that helps regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis and is downregulated in a diet-induced obese state. However, the role of CTRP3 in regulating lipid metabolism has not been established. Here, we used a transgenic mouse model to address the potential function of CTRP3 in ameliorating high-fat diet-induced metabolic stress. Both transgenic and wild-type mice fed a high-fat diet showed similar body weight gain, food intake, and energy expenditure. Despite similar adiposity to wild-type mice upon diet-induced obesity (DIO), CTRP3 transgenic mice were strikingly resistant to the development of hepatic steatosis, had reduced serum TNF-α levels, and demonstrated a modest improvement in systemic insulin sensitivity. Additionally, reduced hepatic triglyceride levels were due to decreased expression of enzymes (GPAT, AGPAT, and DGAT) involved in triglyceride synthesis. Importantly, short-term daily administration of recombinant CTRP3 to DIO mice for 5 days was sufficient to improve the fatty liver phenotype, evident as reduced hepatic triglyceride content and expression of triglyceride synthesis genes. Consistent with a direct effect on liver cells, recombinant CTRP3 treatment reduced fatty acid synthesis and neutral lipid accumulation in cultured rat H4IIE hepatocytes. Together, these results establish a novel role for CTRP3 hormone in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism and highlight its protective function and therapeutic potential in attenuating hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Peterson
- 1Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; ,3Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and ,4Department of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Marcus M. Seldin
- 1Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; ,3Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Zhikui Wei
- 1Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; ,3Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Susan Aja
- 2Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; ,3Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - G. William Wong
- 1Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; ,3Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
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104
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Lee KR, Choi SH, Song JS, Seo H, Chae YJ, Cho HE, Ahn JH, Ahn SH, Bae MA. Determination of PF-04620110, a novel inhibitor of diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1, in rat plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application in pharmacokinetic studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:846-52. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Ryoon Lee
- Drug Discovery Platform Technology Team; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejon 305-343 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Heum Choi
- Drug Discovery Platform Technology Team; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejon 305-343 Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju 361-763 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sook Song
- Drug Discovery Platform Technology Team; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejon 305-343 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Seo
- Drug Discovery Platform Technology Team; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejon 305-343 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Jee Chae
- Department of Neurology; University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; Piscataway NJ 08954 USA
| | - Hwang Eui Cho
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju 361-763 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Ahn
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 305-600 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Ahn
- Drug Discovery Platform Technology Team; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejon 305-343 Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ae Bae
- Drug Discovery Platform Technology Team; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejon 305-343 Republic of Korea
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105
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Ruggles KV, Turkish A, Sturley SL. Making, baking, and breaking: the synthesis, storage, and hydrolysis of neutral lipids. Annu Rev Nutr 2013; 33:413-51. [PMID: 23701589 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The esterification of amphiphilic alcohols with fatty acids is a ubiquitous strategy implemented by eukaryotes and some prokaryotes to conserve energy and membrane progenitors and simultaneously detoxify fatty acids and other lipids. This key reaction is performed by at least four evolutionarily unrelated multigene families. The synthesis of this "neutral lipid" leads to the formation of a lipid droplet, which despite the clear selective advantage it confers is also a harbinger of cellular and organismal malaise. Neutral lipid deposition as a cytoplasmic lipid droplet may be thermodynamically favored but nevertheless is elaborately regulated. Optimal utilization of these resources by lipolysis is similarly multigenic in determination and regulation. We present here a perspective on these processes that originates from studies in model organisms, and we include our thoughts on interventions that target reductions in neutral lipids as therapeutics for human diseases such as obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly V Ruggles
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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106
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Gao Y, Nelson DW, Banh T, Yen MI, Yen CLE. Intestine-specific expression of MOGAT2 partially restores metabolic efficiency in Mogat2-deficient mice. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1644-1652. [PMID: 23536640 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m035493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) catalyzes the resynthesis of triacylglycerol, a crucial step in the absorption of dietary fat. Mice lacking the gene Mogat2, which codes for an MGAT highly expressed in the small intestine, are resistant to obesity and other metabolic disorders induced by high-fat feeding. Interestingly, these Mogat2⁻/⁻ mice absorb normal amounts of dietary fat but exhibit a reduced rate of fat absorption, increased energy expenditure, decreased respiratory exchange ratio, and impaired metabolic efficiency. MGAT2 is expressed in tissues besides intestine. To test the hypothesis that intestinal MGAT2 enhances metabolic efficiency and promotes the storage of metabolic fuels, we introduced the human MOGAT2 gene driven by the intestine-specific villin promoter into Mogat2⁻/⁻ mice. We found that the expression of MOGAT2 in the intestine increased intestinal MGAT activity, restored fat absorption rate, partially corrected energy expenditure, and promoted weight gain upon high-fat feeding. However, the changes in respiratory exchange ratio were not reverted, and the recoveries in metabolic efficiency and weight gain were incomplete. These data indicate that MGAT2 in the intestine plays an indispensable role in enhancing metabolic efficiency but also raise the possibility that MGAT2 in other tissues may contribute to the regulation of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - David W Nelson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Taylor Banh
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Mei-I Yen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Chi-Liang Eric Yen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
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107
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Antoniu S. Fresh from the designation pipeline: orphan drugs recently designated in the European Union. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2013. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2013.764822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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108
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Denison H, Nilsson C, Kujacic M, Löfgren L, Karlsson C, Knutsson M, Eriksson JW. Proof of mechanism for the DGAT1 inhibitor AZD7687: results from a first-time-in-human single-dose study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 15:136-43. [PMID: 22950654 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), which catalyses the final step in triacylglycerol (TAG) assembly, is suggested as a treatment for type 2 diabetes and obesity based on animal data indicating insulin sensitization and weight reduction. This first-time-in-human single ascending dose study explored the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the selective DGAT1 inhibitor AZD7687. METHODS Eighty healthy male subjects were enrolled. In each of 10 cohorts, six subjects received the same dose of AZD7687 orally (range across cohorts 1-60 mg) and two placebo. Plasma AZD7687 exposure was measured repeatedly. Postprandial serum TAG excursion was measured during 8 h after a standardized mixed meal with fat energy content of 60% (SMM 60%; five cohorts, 1-20 mg), before (baseline) and after dosing, to assess effects on gut DGAT1 activity. RESULTS AZD7687 markedly reduced postprandial TAG excursion with a steep concentration-effect relationship. Incremental TAG AUC (area under the serum concentration vs. time curve) following SMM 60% was decreased >75% from baseline at doses ≥5 mg (p < 0.0001 vs. placebo). Serum levels of diacylglycerol, specifically measured with mass spectrometry, did not increase after AZD7687 administration. Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea were reported with increasing doses and they limited dose escalation. Lowering of SMM fat content to 45 or 30% in five cohorts gradually reduced the frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms at a given dose of AZD7687. CONCLUSIONS The attenuating effect of AZD7687 on postprandial TAG excursion provides proof of mechanism with respect to gut DGAT1 inhibition. However, dose and diet-related gastrointestinal side effects may impact further development of DGAT1 inhibitors.
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109
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Diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) inhibition perturbs postprandial gut hormone release. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54480. [PMID: 23336002 PMCID: PMC3545956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases. However, the degree of DGAT1 inhibition required for metabolic benefits is unclear. Here we show that partial DGAT1 deficiency in mice suppressed postprandial triglyceridemia, led to elevations in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) only following meals with very high lipid content, and did not protect from diet-induced obesity. Maximal DGAT1 inhibition led to enhanced GLP-1 and PYY secretion following meals with physiologically relevant lipid content. Finally, combination of DGAT1 inhibition with dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition led to further enhancements in active GLP-1 in mice and dogs. The current study suggests that targeting DGAT1 to enhance postprandial gut hormone secretion requires maximal inhibition, and suggests combination with DPP-4i as a potential strategy to develop DGAT1 inhibitors for treatment of metabolic diseases.
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110
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Lee K, Kim M, Lee B, Goo J, Kim J, Naik R, Seo JH, Kim MO, Byun Y, Song GY, Lee HS, Choi Y. Discovery of indolyl acrylamide derivatives as human diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 selective inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 11:849-58. [PMID: 23242135 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob27114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of indolyl acrylamide derivatives was synthesized as potential diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) inhibitors. Furfurylamine containing indolyl acrylamide derivative 5h exhibited the most potent DGAT inhibitory activity using microsomes prepared from rat liver. Further evaluation against human DGAT-1 and DGAT-2 identified indolyl acrylamide analogues as selective inhibitors against human DGAT-2. In addition, the most potent compound 5h inhibited triglyceride synthesis dose-dependently in HepG2 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 100-715, Korea
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111
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Haas JT, Winter HS, Lim E, Kirby A, Blumenstiel B, DeFelice M, Gabriel S, Jalas C, Branski D, Grueter CA, Toporovski MS, Walther TC, Daly MJ, Farese RV. DGAT1 mutation is linked to a congenital diarrheal disorder. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:4680-4. [PMID: 23114594 DOI: 10.1172/jci64873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital diarrheal disorders (CDDs) are a collection of rare, heterogeneous enteropathies with early onset and often severe outcomes. Here, we report a family of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, with 2 out of 3 children affected by CDD. Both affected children presented 3 days after birth with severe, intractable diarrhea. One child died from complications at age 17 months. The second child showed marked improvement, with resolution of most symptoms at 10 to 12 months of age. Using exome sequencing, we identified a rare splice site mutation in the DGAT1 gene and found that both affected children were homozygous carriers. Molecular analysis of the mutant allele indicated a total loss of function, with no detectable DGAT1 protein or activity produced. The precise cause of diarrhea is unknown, but we speculate that it relates to abnormal fat absorption and buildup of DGAT substrates in the intestinal mucosa. Our results identify DGAT1 loss-of-function mutations as a rare cause of CDDs. These findings prompt concern for DGAT1 inhibition in humans, which is being assessed for treating metabolic and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Haas
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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112
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Lee K, Goo JI, Jung HY, Kim M, Boovanahalli SK, Park HR, Kim MO, Kim DH, Lee HS, Choi Y. Discovery of a novel series of benzimidazole derivatives as diacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7456-60. [PMID: 23141914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of benzimidazole derivatives was prepared and evaluated for their diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) inhibitory activity using microsome from rat liver. Among the newly synthesized compounds, furfurylamine containing benzimidazole carboxamide 10j showed the most potent DGAT inhibitory effect (IC(50)=4.4 μM) and inhibited triglyceride formation in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, compound 10j reduced body weight gain of Institute of Cancer Research mice on a high-fat diet and decreased levels of total triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol in the blood accompanied with a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
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113
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Ables GP, Yang KJZ, Vogel S, Hernandez-Ono A, Yu S, Yuen JJ, Birtles S, Buckett LK, Turnbull AV, Goldberg IJ, Blaner WS, Huang LS, Ginsberg HN. Intestinal DGAT1 deficiency reduces postprandial triglyceride and retinyl ester excursions by inhibiting chylomicron secretion and delaying gastric emptying. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2364-79. [PMID: 22911105 PMCID: PMC3466005 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m029041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) 1 catalyzes the final step of triglyceride (TG) synthesis. We show that acute administration of a DGAT1 inhibitor (DGAT1i) by oral gavage or genetic deletion of intestinal Dgat1 (intestine-Dgat1(-/-)) markedly reduced postprandial plasma TG and retinyl ester excursions by inhibiting chylomicron secretion in mice. Loss of DGAT1 activity did not affect the efficiency of retinol esterification, but it did reduce TG and retinoid accumulation in the small intestine. In contrast, inhibition of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) reduced chylomicron secretion after oral fat/retinol loads, but with accumulation of dietary TG and retinoids in the small intestine. Lack of intestinal accumulation of TG and retinoids in DGAT1i-treated or intestine-Dgat1(-/-) mice resulted, in part, from delayed gastric emptying associated with increased plasma levels of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1. However, neither bypassing the stomach through duodenal oil injection nor inhibiting the receptor for GLP-1 normalized postprandial TG or retinyl esters excursions in the absence of DGAT1 activity. In summary, intestinal DGAT1 inhibition or deficiency acutely delayed gastric emptying and inhibited chylomicron secretion; however, the latter occurred when gastric emptying was normal or when lipid was administered directly into the small intestine. Long-term hepatic retinoid metabolism was not impacted by DGAT1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene P Ables
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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114
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Liu Q, Siloto RMP, Lehner R, Stone SJ, Weselake RJ. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase: molecular biology, biochemistry and biotechnology. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 51:350-77. [PMID: 22705711 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TG) is a storage lipid which serves as an energy reservoir and a source of signalling molecules and substrates for membrane biogenesis. TG is essential for many physiological processes and its metabolism is widely conserved in nature. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20) catalyzes the final step in the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate pathway leading to TG. DGAT activity resides mainly in two distinct membrane bound polypeptides, known as DGAT1 and DGAT2 which have been identified in numerous organisms. In addition, a few other enzymes also hold DGAT activity, including the DGAT-related acyl-CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferases (MGAT). Progress on understanding structure/function in DGATs has been limited by the lack of detailed three-dimensional structural information due to the hydrophobic properties of theses enzymes and difficulties associated with purification. This review examines several aspects of DGAT and MGAT genes and enzymes, including current knowledge on their gene structure, expression pattern, biochemical properties, membrane topology, functional motifs and subcellular localization. Recent progress in probing structural and functional aspects of DGAT1 and DGAT2, using a combination of molecular and biochemical techniques, is emphasized. Biotechnological applications involving DGAT enzymes ranging from obesity therapeutics to oilseed engineering are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 2P5.
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115
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McCoull W, Addie MS, Birch AM, Birtles S, Buckett LK, Butlin RJ, Bowker SS, Boyd S, Chapman S, Davies RD, Donald CS, Green CP, Jenner C, Kemmitt PD, Leach AG, Moody GC, Morentin Gutierrez P, Newcombe NJ, Nowak T, Packer MJ, Plowright AT, Revill J, Schofield P, Sheldon C, Stokes S, Turnbull AV, Wang SJ, Whalley DP, Matthew Wood J. Identification, optimisation and in vivo evaluation of oxadiazole DGAT-1 inhibitors for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3873-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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116
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Lamaziere A, Wolf C, Quinn PJ. Perturbations of lipid metabolism indexed by lipidomic biomarkers. Metabolites 2012; 2:1-18. [PMID: 24957365 PMCID: PMC3901192 DOI: 10.3390/metabo2010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipidome of the liver and the secreted circulating lipoproteins can now be interrogated conveniently by automated mass spectrometric methods. Multivariate analysis of the liver and serum lipid composition in various animal modes or in human patients has pointed to specific molecular species markers. The perturbations of lipid metabolism can be categorized on the basis of three basic pathological mechanisms: (1) an accelerated rate of de novo lipogenesis; (2) perturbation of the peroxisome pathway of ether-lipid and very-long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis; (3) a change in the rate of interconversion of essential omega-3 and -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. This review provides examples to illustrate the practicalities of lipidomic studies in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Lamaziere
- INSERM U1057, Faculte de Medicine, "P. et M. Curie" 27 rue Chaligny, Paris 75012, France.
| | - Claude Wolf
- INSERM U1057, Faculte de Medicine, "P. et M. Curie" 27 rue Chaligny, Paris 75012, France.
| | - Peter J Quinn
- Department of Biochemistry, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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