101
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Gonçalves PB, Sodero ACR, Cordeiro Y. Green Tea Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) Targeting Protein Misfolding in Drug Discovery for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:767. [PMID: 34065606 PMCID: PMC8160836 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential to treat neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) of the major bioactive compound of green tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), is well documented. Numerous findings now suggest that EGCG targets protein misfolding and aggregation, a common cause and pathological mechanism in many NDs. Several studies have shown that EGCG interacts with misfolded proteins such as amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ), linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), and α-synuclein, linked to Parkinson's disease (PD). To date, NDs constitute a serious public health problem, causing a financial burden for health care systems worldwide. Although current treatments provide symptomatic relief, they do not stop or even slow the progression of these devastating disorders. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop effective drugs for these incurable ailments. It is expected that targeting protein misfolding can serve as a therapeutic strategy for many NDs since protein misfolding is a common cause of neurodegeneration. In this context, EGCG may offer great potential opportunities in drug discovery for NDs. Therefore, this review critically discusses the role of EGCG in NDs drug discovery and provides updated information on the scientific evidence that EGCG can potentially be used to treat many of these fatal brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yraima Cordeiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil; (P.B.G.); (A.C.R.S.)
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102
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Cheng A, Jia W, Kawahata I, Fukunaga K. Impact of Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins in α-Synuclein-Induced Mitochondrial Injury in Synucleinopathy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050560. [PMID: 34067791 PMCID: PMC8156290 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are diverse diseases with motor and cognitive dysfunction due to progressive neuronal loss or demyelination, due to oligodendrocyte loss in the brain. While the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) is likely multifactorial, mitochondrial injury is one of the most vital factors in neuronal loss and oligodendrocyte dysfunction, especially in Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy body, multiple system atrophy, and Krabbe disease. In recent years, the abnormal accumulation of highly neurotoxic α-synuclein in the mitochondrial membrane, which leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, was well studied. Furthermore, fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs), which are members of a superfamily and are essential in fatty acid trafficking, were reported to trigger α-synuclein oligomerization in neurons and glial cells and to target the mitochondrial outer membrane, thereby causing mitochondrial loss. Here, we provide an updated overview of recent findings on FABP and α-synuclein interactions and mitochondrial injury in NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Cheng
- Departments of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (A.C.); (W.J.); (I.K.)
| | - Wenbin Jia
- Departments of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (A.C.); (W.J.); (I.K.)
| | - Ichiro Kawahata
- Departments of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (A.C.); (W.J.); (I.K.)
- Department of CNS Drug Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Departments of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (A.C.); (W.J.); (I.K.)
- Department of CNS Drug Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(22)-795-6837
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103
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Mavroeidi P, Xilouri M. Neurons and Glia Interplay in α-Synucleinopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4994. [PMID: 34066733 PMCID: PMC8125822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of the neuronal presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein within proteinaceous inclusions represents the key histophathological hallmark of a spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders, referred to by the umbrella term a-synucleinopathies. Even though alpha-synuclein is expressed predominantly in neurons, pathological aggregates of the protein are also found in the glial cells of the brain. In Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, alpha-synuclein accumulates mainly in neurons forming the Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, whereas in multiple system atrophy, the protein aggregates mostly in the glial cytoplasmic inclusions within oligodendrocytes. In addition, astrogliosis and microgliosis are found in the synucleinopathy brains, whereas both astrocytes and microglia internalize alpha-synuclein and contribute to the spread of pathology. The mechanisms underlying the pathological accumulation of alpha-synuclein in glial cells that under physiological conditions express low to non-detectable levels of the protein are an area of intense research. Undoubtedly, the presence of aggregated alpha-synuclein can disrupt glial function in general and can contribute to neurodegeneration through numerous pathways. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of alpha-synuclein in both neurons and glia, highlighting the contribution of the neuron-glia connectome in the disease initiation and progression, which may represent potential therapeutic target for a-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Xilouri
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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104
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Chakraborty R, Dey S, Sil P, Paul SS, Bhattacharyya D, Bhunia A, Sengupta J, Chattopadhyay K. Conformational distortion in a fibril-forming oligomer arrests alpha-Synuclein fibrillation and minimizes its toxic effects. Commun Biol 2021; 4:518. [PMID: 33941845 PMCID: PMC8093279 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibrillation pathway of alpha-Synuclein, the causative protein of Parkinson's disease, encompasses transient, heterogeneous oligomeric forms whose structural understanding and link to toxicity are not yet understood. We report that the addition of the physiologically-available small molecule heme at a sub-stoichiometric ratio to either monomeric or aggregated α-Syn, targets a His50 residue critical for fibril-formation and stabilizes the structurally-heterogeneous populations of aggregates into a minimally-toxic oligomeric state. Cryo-EM 3D reconstruction revealed a 'mace'-shaped structure of this monodisperse population of oligomers, which is comparable to a solid-state NMR Greek key-like motif (where the core residues are arranged in parallel in-register sheets with a Greek key topology at the C terminus) that forms the fundamental unit/kernel of protofilaments. Further structural analyses suggest that heme binding induces a distortion in the Greek key-like architecture of the mace oligomers, which impairs their further appending into protofilaments and fibrils. Additionally, our study reports a novel mechanism of prevention as well as reclamation of amyloid fibril formation by blocking an inter-protofilament His50 residue using a small molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritobrita Chakraborty
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sandip Dey
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Pallabi Sil
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Simanta Sarani Paul
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Prion and Protein folding disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dipita Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute- Centenary Campus, P-1/12C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata, India
| | - Anirban Bhunia
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute- Centenary Campus, P-1/12C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata, India
| | - Jayati Sengupta
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.
| | - Krishnananda Chattopadhyay
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.
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105
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Yamashita S, O Kamatari Y, Honda R, Niwa A, Tomiata H, Hara A, Kuwata K. Monomeric a-synuclein (aS) inhibits amyloidogenesis of human prion protein (hPrP) by forming a stable aS-hPrP hetero-dimer. Prion 2021; 15:37-43. [PMID: 33849375 PMCID: PMC8049198 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2021.1910176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermolecular interaction between hPrP and αS was investigated using high-speed atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and nuclear magnetic resonance. We found that hPrP spontaneously gathered and naturally formed oligomers. Upon addition of monomer αS with a disordered conformation, poly-dispersive property of hPrP was lost, and hetero-dimer formation started quite coherently, and further oligomerization was not observed. Solution structure of hPrP-αS dimer was firstly characterized using hetero-nuclear NMR spectroscopy. In this hetero-dimeric complex, C-terminal helical region of hPrP was in the molten-globule like state, while specific sites including hot spot and C-terminal region of αS selectively interacted with hPrP. Thus αS may suppress amyloidogenesis of hPrP by trapping the hPrP intermediate by the formation of a stable hetero-dimer with hPrP. Abbreviations: hPrP, human prion protein of amino acid residues of 23-231; PrPC, cellular form of prion protein; PrPSc, scrapie form of prion protein, HS-AFM; high speed atomic force microscopy; αS, α-synuclein; DLS, dynamic light scattering
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamashita
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuji O Kamatari
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Gifu, Japan.,Institute for Glyco-core Research, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryo Honda
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ayumi Niwa
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai National Higher Education System, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomiata
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai National Higher Education System, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai National Higher Education System, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kuwata
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Gene and Development, Gifu University School of Medicine, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Gifu, Japan
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106
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Runwal G, Edwards RH. The Membrane Interactions of Synuclein: Physiology and Pathology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 16:465-485. [PMID: 33497259 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-031920-092547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Specific proteins accumulate in neurodegenerative disease, and human genetics has indicated a causative role for many. In most cases, however, the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Degeneration is thought to involve a gain of abnormal function, although we do not know the normal function of many proteins implicated. The protein α-synuclein accumulates in the Lewy pathology of Parkinson's disease and related disorders, and mutations in α-synuclein cause degeneration, but we have not known its normal function or how it triggers disease. α-Synuclein localizes to presynaptic boutons and interacts with membranes in vitro. Overexpression slows synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and recent data suggest a normal role for the endogenous synucleins in dilation of the exocytic fusion pore. Disrupted membranes also appear surprisingly prominent in Lewy pathology. Synuclein thus interacts with membranes under both physiological and pathological conditions, suggesting that the normal function of synuclein may illuminate its role in degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Runwal
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, Graduate Programs in Cell Biology, Biomedical Sciences and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA;
| | - Robert H Edwards
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, Graduate Programs in Cell Biology, Biomedical Sciences and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA;
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107
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Amos SBA, Schwarz TC, Shi J, Cossins BP, Baker TS, Taylor RJ, Konrat R, Sansom MSP. Membrane Interactions of α-Synuclein Revealed by Multiscale Molecular Dynamics Simulations, Markov State Models, and NMR. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:2929-2941. [PMID: 33719460 PMCID: PMC8006134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αS) is a presynaptic protein that binds to cell membranes and is linked to Parkinson's disease (PD). Binding of αS to membranes is a likely first step in the molecular pathophysiology of PD. The αS molecule can adopt multiple conformations, being largely disordered in water, adopting a β-sheet conformation when present in amyloid fibrils, and forming a dynamic multiplicity of α-helical conformations when bound to lipid bilayers and related membrane-mimetic surfaces. Multiscale molecular dynamics simulations in conjunction with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and cross-linking mass spectrometry (XLMS) measurements are used to explore the interactions of αS with an anionic lipid bilayer. The simulations and NMR measurements together reveal a break in the helical structure of the central non-amyloid-β component (NAC) region of αS in the vicinity of residues 65-70, which may facilitate subsequent oligomer formation. Coarse-grained simulations of αS starting from the structure of αS when bound to a detergent micelle reveal the overall pattern of protein contacts to anionic lipid bilayers, while subsequent all-atom simulations provide details of conformational changes upon membrane binding. In particular, simulations and NMR data for liposome-bound αS indicate incipient β-strand formation in the NAC region, which is supported by intramolecular contacts seen via XLMS and simulations. Markov state models based on the all-atom simulations suggest a mechanism of conformational change of membrane-bound αS via a dynamic helix break in the region of residue 65 in the NAC region. The emergent dynamic model of membrane-interacting αS advances our understanding of the mechanism of PD, potentially aiding the design of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Beth
T. A. Amos
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K.
| | - Thomas C. Schwarz
- Department
of Structural and Computational
Biology, Max Perutz Laboratories, University
of Vienna, Campus Vienna
Biocenter 5, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - Jiye Shi
- UCB
Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, U.K.
| | | | | | | | - Robert Konrat
- Department
of Structural and Computational
Biology, Max Perutz Laboratories, University
of Vienna, Campus Vienna
Biocenter 5, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - Mark S. P. Sansom
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K.
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108
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Nguyen PH, Ramamoorthy A, Sahoo BR, Zheng J, Faller P, Straub JE, Dominguez L, Shea JE, Dokholyan NV, De Simone A, Ma B, Nussinov R, Najafi S, Ngo ST, Loquet A, Chiricotto M, Ganguly P, McCarty J, Li MS, Hall C, Wang Y, Miller Y, Melchionna S, Habenstein B, Timr S, Chen J, Hnath B, Strodel B, Kayed R, Lesné S, Wei G, Sterpone F, Doig AJ, Derreumaux P. Amyloid Oligomers: A Joint Experimental/Computational Perspective on Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Type II Diabetes, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2545-2647. [PMID: 33543942 PMCID: PMC8836097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation is observed in many amyloidogenic diseases affecting either the central nervous system or a variety of peripheral tissues. Structural and dynamic characterization of all species along the pathways from monomers to fibrils is challenging by experimental and computational means because they involve intrinsically disordered proteins in most diseases. Yet understanding how amyloid species become toxic is the challenge in developing a treatment for these diseases. Here we review what computer, in vitro, in vivo, and pharmacological experiments tell us about the accumulation and deposition of the oligomers of the (Aβ, tau), α-synuclein, IAPP, and superoxide dismutase 1 proteins, which have been the mainstream concept underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), type II diabetes (T2D), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) research, respectively, for many years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong H Nguyen
- CNRS, UPR9080, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Theoretical Biochemistry, IBPC, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Bikash R Sahoo
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Peter Faller
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - John E Straub
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Laura Dominguez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Joan-Emma Shea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Nikolay V Dokholyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
- Department of Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Alfonso De Simone
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Molecular Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Buyong Ma
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- Sackler Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Saeed Najafi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Son Tung Ngo
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics & Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, 33000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Antoine Loquet
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects, (UMR5248 CBMN), CNRS, Université Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Mara Chiricotto
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Pritam Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - James McCarty
- Chemistry Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Mai Suan Li
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology, SBI Building, Quang Trung Software City, Tan Chanh Hiep Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carol Hall
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Yifat Miller
- Department of Chemistry and The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | | | - Birgit Habenstein
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects, (UMR5248 CBMN), CNRS, Université Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Stepan Timr
- CNRS, UPR9080, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Theoretical Biochemistry, IBPC, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Jiaxing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Brianna Hnath
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Complex Systems: Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Rakez Kayed
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Sylvain Lesné
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Guanghong Wei
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Science, Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Fabio Sterpone
- CNRS, UPR9080, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Theoretical Biochemistry, IBPC, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Andrew J Doig
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Philippe Derreumaux
- CNRS, UPR9080, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Theoretical Biochemistry, IBPC, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Ton Duc Thang University, 33000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, 33000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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109
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Liu J, Bu B, Crowe M, Li D, Diao J, Ji B. Membrane packing defects in synaptic vesicles recruit complexin and synuclein. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2117-2125. [PMID: 33437978 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03546g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Complexin-1 (Cpx) and α-synuclein (α-Syn) are involved in neurotransmitter release through an interaction with synaptic vesicles (SVs). Recent studies demonstrated that Cpx and α-Syn preferentially associate with highly curved membranes, like SVs, to correctly position them for fusion. Here, based on recent experimental results, to further propose a possible explanation for this mechanism, we performed in silico simulations probing interactions between Cpx or α-Syn and membranes of varying curvature. We found that the preferential association is attributed to smaller, curved membranes containing more packing defects that expose hydrophobic acyl tails, which may favorably interact with hydrophobic residues of Cpx and α-Syn. The number of membrane defects is proportional to the curvature and the size can be regulated by cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Biomechanics and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Applied Mechanics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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110
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Mohapatra A, Chaudhary N. N-terminal acetylation does not alter α-synuclein's interfacial properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 174:69-76. [PMID: 33497695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (αS) is a membrane-binding protein found predominantly in neurons and erythrocytes. The protein remains unordered in aqueous solutions but folds into an α-helical structure when bound to membranes. Besides, it gets deposited as β-sheet rich aggregates in diseases known as synucleinopathies. The native αS has been reported to be acetylated at the N-terminus. Here, we compare the interfacial properties of the N-terminal acetylated αS (Ac-αS) with non-acetylated αS (NH2-αS) at the air-water interface. Both the protein forms are highly surface-active, with surface pressure reaching up to ~30 mN/m upon compression. The pressure-area isotherms obtained from the repeated compression-expansion cycles display large hysteresis suggesting self-assembly at higher surface pressures. The expansion isotherm is characterized by a rapid decrease in surface pressure followed by a slower transition phase starting around 15-17 mN/m. These data suggest that the compressed monolayer breaks into small clusters upon expansion, followed by these clusters' loosening. The circular dichroism spectroscopic analysis of the Blodgett-deposited films suggests the protein to be in largely α-helical conformation. The linear dichroism investigations suggest the protein to be anisotropically deposited. Blodgett deposition of the Langmuir films, therefore, is a rather simple method for preparing oriented monolayers of surface-active macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Mohapatra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
| | - Nitin Chaudhary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India.
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111
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Ferreira C, Couceiro J, Tenreiro S, Quintas A. A biophysical perspective on the unexplored mechanisms driving Parkinson's disease by amphetamine-like stimulants. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2213-2214. [PMID: 33818498 PMCID: PMC8354119 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ferreira
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz; Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, P-2825-084 Caparica; Faculty of Medicine of Porto University, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, P-4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Couceiro
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz; Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, P-2825-084 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sandra Tenreiro
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Quintas
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz; Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, P-2825-084 Caparica, Portugal
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112
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Takaramoto S, Nakasone Y, Sadakane K, Maruta S, Terazima M. Time-resolved detection of SDS-induced conformational changes in α-synuclein by a micro-stopped-flow system. RSC Adv 2021; 11:1086-1097. [PMID: 35423687 PMCID: PMC8693425 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09614h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An intrinsically disordered protein, α-synuclein (αSyn), binds to negatively charged phospholipid membranes and adopts an α-helical structure. This conformational change is also induced by interaction with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), which is an anionic surfactant used in previous studies to mimic membrane binding. However, while the structure of the αSyn and SDS complex has been studied widely by various static measurements, the process of structural change from the denatured state to the folded state remains unclear. In this study, the interaction dynamics between αSyn and SDS micelles was investigated using time-resolved measurements with a micro-stopped-flow system, which has been recently developed. In particular, the time-resolved diffusion based on the transient grating technique in combination with a micro-stopped-flow system revealed the gradual change in diffusion triggered by the presence of SDS micelles. This change is induced not only by binding to SDS micelles, but also by an intramolecular conformational change. It was interesting to find that the diffusion coefficient decreased in an intermediate state and then increased to the final state in the binding reaction. We also carried out stopped-flow-kinetic measurements of circular dichroism and intramolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and the D change was assigned to the formation of a compact structure derived from the helix bending on the micelle. Dynamics of conformation changes of α-synuclein induced by the presence of SDS micelles are revealed using time-resolved diffusion, CD, and FRET measurements combined with a micro-stopped flow system.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunki Takaramoto
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakasone
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
| | - Kei Sadakane
- Department of Bioinformatics
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Soka University
- Hachioji
- Japan
| | - Shinsaku Maruta
- Department of Bioinformatics
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Soka University
- Hachioji
- Japan
| | - Masahide Terazima
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
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113
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Camino JD, Gracia P, Chen SW, Sot J, de la Arada I, Sebastián V, Arrondo JLR, Goñi FM, Dobson CM, Cremades N. The extent of protein hydration dictates the preference for heterogeneous or homogeneous nucleation generating either parallel or antiparallel β-sheet α-synuclein aggregates. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11902-11914. [PMID: 33520152 PMCID: PMC7816767 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05297c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein amyloid self-assembly is the hallmark of a number of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease, although there is still very limited understanding about the factors and mechanisms that trigger this process. Primary nucleation has been observed to be initiated in vitro at hydrophobic/hydrophilic interfaces by heterogeneous nucleation generating parallel β-sheet aggregates, although no such interfaces have yet been identified in vivo. In this work, we have discovered that α-synuclein can self-assemble into amyloid aggregates by homogeneous nucleation, without the need of an active surface, and with a preference for an antiparallel β-sheet arrangement. This particular structure has been previously proposed to be distinctive of stable toxic oligomers and we here demonstrate that it indeed represents the most stable structure of the preferred amyloid pathway triggered by homogeneous nucleation under limited hydration conditions, including those encountered inside α-synuclein droplets generated by liquid-liquid phase separation. In addition, our results highlight the key role that water plays not only in modulating the transition free energy of amyloid nucleation, and thus governing the initiation of the process, but also in dictating the type of preferred primary nucleation and the type of amyloid polymorph generated depending on the extent of protein hydration. These findings are particularly relevant in the context of in vivo α-synuclein aggregation where the protein can encounter a variety of hydration conditions in different cellular microenvironments, including the vicinity of lipid membranes or the interior of membraneless compartments, which could lead to the formation of remarkably different amyloid polymorphs by either heterogeneous or homogeneous nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José D Camino
- Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI)-Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) , University of Zaragoza , 50018 Zaragoza , Spain .
| | - Pablo Gracia
- Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI)-Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) , University of Zaragoza , 50018 Zaragoza , Spain .
| | - Serene W Chen
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK
| | - Jesús Sot
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) , University of the Basque Country , Campus Universitario, B. Sarriena , 48940 Leioa , Spain
| | - Igor de la Arada
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) , University of the Basque Country , Campus Universitario, B. Sarriena , 48940 Leioa , Spain
| | - Víctor Sebastián
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon (INMA) , CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza , 50009 Zaragoza , Spain
- Department of Chemical and Enviromental Engineering , Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon) , University of Zaragoza , 50018 Zaragoza , Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine , CIBER-BBN , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - José L R Arrondo
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) , University of the Basque Country , Campus Universitario, B. Sarriena , 48940 Leioa , Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of the Basque Country , Campus Universitario, B. Sarriena , 48940 Leioa , Spain
| | - Félix M Goñi
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) , University of the Basque Country , Campus Universitario, B. Sarriena , 48940 Leioa , Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of the Basque Country , Campus Universitario, B. Sarriena , 48940 Leioa , Spain
| | - Christopher M Dobson
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK
| | - Nunilo Cremades
- Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI)-Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) , University of Zaragoza , 50018 Zaragoza , Spain .
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114
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Georgieva ER. Protein Conformational Dynamics upon Association with the Surfaces of Lipid Membranes and Engineered Nanoparticles: Insights from Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Molecules 2020; 25:E5393. [PMID: 33218036 PMCID: PMC7698768 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed study of conformational rearrangements and dynamics of proteins is central to our understanding of their physiological functions and the loss of function. This review outlines the applications of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique to study the structural aspects of proteins transitioning from a solution environment to the states in which they are associated with the surfaces of biological membranes or engineered nanoobjects. In the former case these structural transitions generally underlie functional protein states. The latter case is mostly relevant to the application of protein immobilization in biotechnological industries, developing methods for protein purification, etc. Therefore, evaluating the stability of the protein functional state is particularly important. EPR spectroscopy in the form of continuous-wave EPR or pulse EPR distance measurements in conjunction with protein spin labeling provides highly versatile and sensitive tools to characterize the changes in protein local dynamics as well as large conformational rearrangements. The technique can be widely utilized in studies of both protein-membrane and engineered nanoobject-protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elka R Georgieva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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115
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Wildburger NC, Hartke AS, Schidlitzki A, Richter F. Current Evidence for a Bidirectional Loop Between the Lysosome and Alpha-Synuclein Proteoforms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:598446. [PMID: 33282874 PMCID: PMC7705175 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.598446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumulative evidence collected in recent decades suggests that lysosomal dysfunction contributes to neurodegenerative diseases, especially if amyloid proteins are involved. Among these, alpha-synuclein (aSyn) that progressively accumulates and aggregates in Lewy bodies is undisputedly a main culprit in Parkinson disease (PD) pathogenesis. Lysosomal dysfunction is evident in brains of PD patients, and mutations in lysosomal enzymes are a major risk factor of PD. At first glance, the role of protein-degrading lysosomes in a disease with pathological protein accumulation seems obvious and should guide the development of straightforward and rational therapeutic targets. However, our review demonstrates that the story is more complicated for aSyn. The protein can possess diverse posttranslational modifications, aggregate formations, and truncations, all of which contribute to a growing known set of proteoforms. These interfere directly or indirectly with lysosome function, reducing their own degradation, and thereby accelerating the protein aggregation and disease process. Conversely, unbalanced lysosomal enzymatic processes can produce truncated aSyn proteoforms that may be more toxic and prone to aggregation. This highlights the possibility of enhancing lysosomal function as a treatment for PD, if it can be confirmed that this approach effectively reduces harmful aSyn proteoforms and does not produce novel, toxic proteoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norelle C Wildburger
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Anna-Sophia Hartke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Alina Schidlitzki
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
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116
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Zeng H, Liu N, Liu XX, Yang YY, Zhou MW. α-Synuclein in traumatic and vascular diseases of the central nervous system. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:22313-22334. [PMID: 33188159 PMCID: PMC7695413 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is a small, soluble, disordered protein that is widely expressed in the nervous system. Although its physiological functions are not yet fully understood, it is mainly involved in synaptic vesicle transport, neurotransmitter synthesis and release, cell membrane homeostasis, lipid synthesis, mitochondrial and lysosomal activities, and heavy metal removal. The complex and inconsistent pathological manifestations of α-Syn are attributed to its structural instability, mutational complexity, misfolding, and diverse posttranslational modifications. These effects trigger mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammatory responses, resulting in neuronal death and neurodegeneration. Several recent studies have discovered the pathogenic roles of α-Syn in traumatic and vascular central nervous system diseases, such as traumatic spinal cord injury, brain injury, and stroke, and in aggravating the processes of neurodegeneration. This review aims to highlight the structural and pathophysiological changes in α-Syn and its mechanism of action in traumatic and vascular diseases of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Xie Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan-Yan Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mou-Wang Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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117
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Gracia P, Camino JD, Volpicelli-Daley L, Cremades N. Multiplicity of α-Synuclein Aggregated Species and Their Possible Roles in Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8043. [PMID: 33126694 PMCID: PMC7663424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein amyloid aggregation is a defining molecular feature of Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and multiple system atrophy, but can also be found in other neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. The process of α-synuclein aggregation can be initiated through alternative nucleation mechanisms and dominated by different secondary processes giving rise to multiple amyloid polymorphs and intermediate species. Some aggregated species have more inherent abilities to induce cellular stress and toxicity, while others seem to be more potent in propagating neurodegeneration. The preference for particular types of polymorphs depends on the solution conditions and the cellular microenvironment that the protein encounters, which is likely related to the distinct cellular locations of α-synuclein inclusions in different synucleinopathies, and the existence of disease-specific amyloid polymorphs. In this review, we discuss our current understanding on the nature and structure of the various types of α-synuclein aggregated species and their possible roles in pathology. Precisely defining these distinct α-synuclein species will contribute to understanding the molecular origins of these disorders, developing accurate diagnoses, and designing effective therapeutic interventions for these highly debilitating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Gracia
- Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC), Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.G.); (J.D.C.)
| | - José D. Camino
- Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC), Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.G.); (J.D.C.)
| | - Laura Volpicelli-Daley
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Nunilo Cremades
- Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC), Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.G.); (J.D.C.)
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118
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Frey B, AlOkda A, Jackson MP, Riguet N, Duce JA, Lashuel HA. Monitoring alpha-synuclein oligomerization and aggregation using bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays: What you see is not always what you get. J Neurochem 2020; 157:872-888. [PMID: 32772367 PMCID: PMC8246987 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) was introduced a decade ago as a method to monitor alpha‐synuclein (α‐syn) oligomerization in intact cells. Since then, several α‐syn BiFC cellular assays and animal models have been developed based on the assumption that an increase in the fluorescent signal correlates with increased α‐syn oligomerization or aggregation. Despite the increasing use of these assays and models in mechanistic studies, target validation and drug screening, there have been no reports that (1) validate the extent to which the BiFC fluorescent signal correlates with α‐syn oligomerization at the biochemical level; (2) provide a structural characterization of the oligomers and aggregates formed by the BiFC. To address this knowledge gap, we first analysed the expression level and oligomerization properties of the individual constituents of α‐syn‐Venus, one of the most commonly used BiFC systems, in HEK‐293 & SH‐SY5Y cells from three different laboratories using multiple biochemical approaches and techniques. Next, we investigated the biochemical and aggregation properties of α‐syn upon co‐expression of both BiFC fragments. Our results show that (1) the C‐terminal‐Venus fused to α‐syn (α‐syn‐Vc) is present in much lower abundance than its counterpart with N‐terminal‐Venus fused to α‐syn (Vn‐α‐syn); (2) Vn‐α‐syn exhibits a high propensity to form oligomers and higher‐order aggregates; and (3) the expression of either or both fragments does not result in the formation of α‐syn fibrils or cellular inclusions. Furthermore, our results suggest that only a small fraction of Vn‐α‐syn is involved in the formation of the fluorescent BiFC complex and that some of the fluorescent signal may arise from the association or entrapment of α‐syn‐Vc in Vn‐α‐syn aggregates. The fact that the N‐terminal fragment exists predominantly in an aggregated state also indicates that one must exercise caution when using this system to investigate α‐syn oligomerization in cells or in vivo. Altogether, our results suggest that cellular and animal models of oligomerization, aggregation and cell‐to‐cell transmission based on the α‐syn BiFC systems should be thoroughly characterized at the biochemical level to ensure that they reproduce the process of interest and measure what they are intended to measure. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Frey
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Abdelrahman AlOkda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew P Jackson
- The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nathan Riguet
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James A Duce
- The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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119
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Moretti P, Mariani P, Ortore MG, Plotegher N, Bubacco L, Beltramini M, Spinozzi F. Comprehensive Structural and Thermodynamic Analysis of Prefibrillar WT α-Synuclein and Its G51D, E46K, and A53T Mutants by a Combination of Small-Angle X-ray Scattering and Variational Bayesian Weighting. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:5265-5281. [PMID: 32866007 PMCID: PMC8154249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The in solution synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering SAXS technique has been used to investigate an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) related to Parkinson's disease, the α-synuclein (α-syn), in prefibrillar diluted conditions. SAXS experiments have been performed as a function of temperature and concentration on the wild type (WT) and on the three pathogenic mutants G51D, E46K, and A53T. To identify the conformers that populate WT α-syn and the pathogenic mutants in prefibrillar conditions, scattering data have been analyzed by a new variational bayesian weighting method (VBWSAS) based on an ensemble of conformers, which includes unfolded monomers, trimers, and tetramers, both in helical-rich and strand-rich forms. The developed VBWSAS method uses a thermodynamic scheme to account for temperature and concentration effects and considers long-range protein-protein interactions in the framework of the random phase approximation. The global analysis of the whole set of data indicates that WT α-syn is mostly present as unfolded monomers and trimers (helical-rich trimers at low T and strand-rich trimers at high T), but not tetramers, as previously derived by several studies. On the contrary, different conformer combinations characterize mutants. In the α-syn G51D mutant, the most abundant aggregates at all the temperatures are strand-rich tetramers. Strand-rich tetramers are also the predominant forms in the A53T mutant, but their weight decreases with temperature. Only monomeric conformers, with a preference for the ones with the smallest sizes, are present in the E46K mutant. The derived conformational behavior then suggests a different availability of species prone to aggregate, depending on mutation, temperature, and concentration and accounting for the different neurotoxicity of α-syn variants. Indeed, this approach may be of pivotal importance to describe conformational and aggregational properties of other IDPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Moretti
- Department
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic
University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Marche, Italy
| | - Paolo Mariani
- Department
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic
University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Marche, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ortore
- Department
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic
University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Marche, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department
of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Veneto, Italy
| | - Mariano Beltramini
- Department
of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Veneto, Italy
| | - Francesco Spinozzi
- Department
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic
University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Marche, Italy
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120
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De Giorgi F, Laferrière F, Zinghirino F, Faggiani E, Lends A, Bertoni M, Yu X, Grélard A, Morvan E, Habenstein B, Dutheil N, Doudnikoff E, Daniel J, Claverol S, Qin C, Loquet A, Bezard E, Ichas F. Novel self-replicating α-synuclein polymorphs that escape ThT monitoring can spontaneously emerge and acutely spread in neurons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/40/eabc4364. [PMID: 33008896 PMCID: PMC7852382 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc4364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The conformational strain diversity characterizing α-synuclein (α-syn) amyloid fibrils is thought to determine the different clinical presentations of neurodegenerative diseases underpinned by a synucleinopathy. Experimentally, various α-syn fibril polymorphs have been obtained from distinct fibrillization conditions by altering the medium constituents and were selected by amyloid monitoring using the probe thioflavin T (ThT). We report that, concurrent with classical ThT-positive products, fibrillization in saline also gives rise to polymorphs invisible to ThT (τ-). The generation of τ- fibril polymorphs is stochastic and can skew the apparent fibrillization kinetics revealed by ThT. Their emergence has thus been ignored so far or mistaken for fibrillization inhibitions/failures. They present a yet undescribed atomic organization and show an exacerbated propensity toward self-replication in cortical neurons, and in living mice, their injection into the substantia nigra pars compacta triggers a synucleinopathy that spreads toward the dorsal striatum, the nucleus accumbens, and the insular cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Giorgi
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, U-1084, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Florent Laferrière
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Federica Zinghirino
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche (BIOMETEC), Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italia
| | - Emilie Faggiani
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alons Lends
- Institut de Chimie et de Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-objets, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, CNRS, UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Mathilde Bertoni
- Institut de Chimie et de Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-objets, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, CNRS, UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Xuan Yu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, China Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Axelle Grélard
- Institut de Chimie et de Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-objets, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, CNRS, UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Estelle Morvan
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, UMS3033/US001, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, Pessac, France
| | - Birgit Habenstein
- Institut de Chimie et de Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-objets, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, CNRS, UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Nathalie Dutheil
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Evelyne Doudnikoff
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jonathan Daniel
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS, UMR 5255, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | | | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, China Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Antoine Loquet
- Institut de Chimie et de Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-objets, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, CNRS, UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - François Ichas
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, U-1084, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Kumar ST, Jagannath S, Francois C, Vanderstichele H, Stoops E, Lashuel HA. How specific are the conformation-specific α-synuclein antibodies? Characterization and validation of 16 α-synuclein conformation-specific antibodies using well-characterized preparations of α-synuclein monomers, fibrils and oligomers with distinct structures and morphology. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 146:105086. [PMID: 32971232 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that alpha-synuclein (α-syn) oligomers are obligate intermediates in the pathway involved in α-syn fibrillization and Lewy body (LB) formation, and may also accumulate within LBs in Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies. Therefore, the development of tools and methods to detect and quantify α-syn oligomers has become increasingly crucial for mechanistic studies to understand their role in PD, and to develop new diagnostic methods and therapies for PD and other synucleinopathies. The majority of these tools and methods rely primarily on the use of aggregation state-specific or conformation-specific antibodies. Given the impact of the data and knowledge generated using these antibodies on shaping the foundation and directions of α-syn and PD research, it is crucial that these antibodies are thoroughly characterized, and their specificity or ability to capture diverse α-syn species is tested and validated. Herein, we describe an antibody characterization and validation pipeline that allows a systematic investigation of the specificity of α-syn antibodies using well-defined and well-characterized preparations of various α-syn species, including monomers, fibrils, and different oligomer preparations that are characterized by distinct morphological, chemical and secondary structure properties. This pipeline was used to characterize 18 α-syn antibodies, 16 of which have been reported as conformation- or oligomer-specific antibodies, using an array of techniques, including immunoblot analysis (slot blot and Western blot), a digital ELISA assay using single molecule array technology and surface plasmon resonance. Our results show that i) none of the antibodies tested are specific for one particular type of α-syn species, including monomers, oligomers or fibrils; ii) all antibodies that were reported to be oligomer-specific also recognized fibrillar α-syn; and iii) a few antibodies showed high specificity for oligomers and fibrils but did not bind to monomers. These findings suggest that the great majority of α-syn aggregate-specific antibodies do not differentiate between oligomers and fibrils, thus highlighting the importance of exercising caution when interpreting results obtained using these antibodies. Our results also underscore the critical importance of the characterization and validation of antibodies before their use in mechanistic studies and as diagnostic tools or therapeutic agents. This will not only improve the quality and reproducibility of research and reduce costs but will also reduce the number of therapeutic antibody failures in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil T Kumar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Switzerland
| | - Somanath Jagannath
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Switzerland
| | | | - Hugo Vanderstichele
- ADx NeuroSciences, Technologiepark 94, Ghent, Belgium; Biomarkable, Gent, Belgium
| | - Erik Stoops
- ADx NeuroSciences, Technologiepark 94, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Switzerland.
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Heras-Garvin A, Stefanova N. From Synaptic Protein to Prion: The Long and Controversial Journey of α-Synuclein. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:584536. [PMID: 33071772 PMCID: PMC7536368 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.584536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery 30 years ago, α-synuclein (α-syn) has been one of the most studied proteins in the field of neuroscience. Dozens of groups worldwide have tried to reveal not only its role in the CNS but also in other organs. α-syn has been linked to several processes essential in brain homeostasis such as neurotransmitter release, synaptic function, and plasticity. However, despite the efforts made in this direction, the main function of α-syn is still unknown. Moreover, α-syn became a protein of interest for neurologists and neuroscientists when mutations in its gene were found associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and even more when α-syn protein deposits were observed in the brain of PD, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients. At present, the abnormal accumulation of α-syn constitutes one of the pathological hallmarks of these disorders, also referred to as α-synucleinopathies, and it is used for post-mortem diagnostic criteria. Whether α-syn aggregation is cause or consequence of the pathogenic events underlying α-synucleinopathies remains unclear and under discussion. Recently, different in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the ability of pathogenic α-syn to spread between cells, not only within the CNS but also from peripheral locations such as the gut, salivary glands, and through the olfactory network into the CNS, inducing abnormal misfolding of endogenous α-syn and leading to neurodegeneration and motor and cognitive impairment in animal models. Thus, it has been suggested that α-syn should be considered a prion protein. Here we present an update of what we know about α-syn function, aggregation and spreading, and its role in neurodegeneration. We also discuss the rationale and findings supporting the hypothetical prion nature of α-syn, its weaknesses, and future perspectives for research and the development of disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Heras-Garvin
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Fouka M, Mavroeidi P, Tsaka G, Xilouri M. In Search of Effective Treatments Targeting α-Synuclein Toxicity in Synucleinopathies: Pros and Cons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:559791. [PMID: 33015057 PMCID: PMC7500083 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.559791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) represent pathologically similar, progressive neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the pathological aggregation of the neuronal protein α-synuclein. PD and DLB are characterized by the abnormal accumulation and aggregation of α-synuclein in proteinaceous inclusions within neurons named Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs), whereas in MSA α-synuclein inclusions are mainly detected within oligodendrocytes named glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs). The presence of pathologically aggregated α-synuclein along with components of the protein degradation machinery, such as ubiquitin and p62, in LBs and GCIs is considered to underlie the pathogenic cascade that eventually leads to the severe neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation that characterizes these diseases. Importantly, α-synuclein is proposed to undergo pathogenic misfolding and oligomerization into higher-order structures, revealing self-templating conformations, and to exert the ability of "prion-like" spreading between cells. Therefore, the manner in which the protein is produced, is modified within neural cells and is degraded, represents a major focus of current research efforts in the field. Given that α-synuclein protein load is critical to disease pathogenesis, the identification of means to limit intracellular protein burden and halt α-synuclein propagation represents an obvious therapeutic approach in synucleinopathies. However, up to date the development of effective therapeutic strategies to prevent degeneration in synucleinopathies is limited, due to the lack of knowledge regarding the precise mechanisms underlying the observed pathology. This review critically summarizes the recent developed strategies to counteract α-synuclein toxicity, including those aimed to increase protein degradation, to prevent protein aggregation and cell-to-cell propagation, or to engage antibodies against α-synuclein and discuss open questions and unknowns for future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Xilouri
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Siddique A, Khan HF, Ali S, Abdullah A, Munir H, Ariff M. Estimation of Alpha-Synuclein Monomer and Oligomer Levels in the Saliva of the Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Possibility for an Early Diagnosis. Cureus 2020; 12:e9936. [PMID: 32968597 PMCID: PMC7505671 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.9936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In degenerative brain diseases like Parkinson's disease (PD), alpha-synuclein (a-syn) can be in its monomeric (a-syn-mono) or toxic oligomeric (a-syn-oligo) or as a total (a-syn-total) forms in the biological body fluids including saliva. Past research has observed major a-syn plasma variations in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) pointing toward brain degenerative components in their pathophysiology. No prior study has shown a-syn levels in ASD patients' saliva. Objective This study estimates the levels of alpha-synuclein monomer (a-syn-mono) and alpha-synuclein oligomer (a-syn-oligo) in the saliva of ASD affected children so that saliva can be a method for detecting disorder. Materials and methods This cross-sectional, multi-center study was conducted in Islamic International Medical College, Autism Resource Centre (ARC), and Step-to-learn Rehabilitation center for the slow learner in Rawalpindi. The research was performed for one year from August 2018 to August 2019. Saliva samples from 80 children (40 ASD affected children, and 40 age- and sex-comparable healthy controls) were collected. Specific anti-alpha-synuclein monomers (anti-a-syn-mono) and anti-alpha-synuclein oligomers (anti-a-syn-oligo) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits analyzed the salivary samples. Mean ± SD were reported for quantitative data. The data between the two groups were compared using an independent t-test. The p-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 80 children were included in the study (n=40 ASD affected, n=40 healthy controls). The age of participating children was between four and eight years. The mean alpha-synuclein monomer level in the saliva of ASD children was 92.03 ± 117.09 pg/ml (p≤0.05), and in healthy subjects was 186.78 ± 239.31 ρg/ml. The levels of alpha-synuclein oligomer in the saliva of patients with ASD children were 0.13 ± 0.05 ng/ml (p<0.001), and in the healthy subjects was 0.33 ± 0.26 ng/ml. Both alpha-synuclein monomer and alpha-synuclein oligomer levels were low in the saliva of ASD children. Conclusion Children with ASD had low levels of alpha-synuclein monomer and oligomer than healthy children which are unique than that of levels found in other degenerative brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shazia Ali
- Physiology, Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi, PAK
| | | | - Hina Munir
- Physiology, Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi, PAK
| | - Madiha Ariff
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
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Abstract
Background Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Pathologic diagnosis of PD relies on loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra and accumulation of the abnormal protein α-synuclein in the form of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. Alteration in aggregation properties of this protein is believed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of PD. Observations Huge interest has developed in antibody-based therapies for PD. Several studies have tested immunotherapies in PD animal models with the aim of targeting α-synuclein. Immunotherapies can be instituted in 2 ways: active immunization in which the immune system is stimulated to produce antibodies against α-synuclein or passive immunization in which antibodies against α-synuclein are directly administered. Conclusions Immunotherapy against α-synuclein has provided a new therapeutic avenue in neuroprotection. Results from the first human clinical trial are promising, but despite these results, more work is needed to clarify the role of α-synuclein in the pathogenesis of PD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariha Jamal
- is an Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine and an Assistant Clinical Director at the Parkinson's Disease Research Education and Clinical Center, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center in Houston, Texas
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126
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Proteotoxicity and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165646. [PMID: 32781742 PMCID: PMC7460676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a major burden for our society, affecting millions of people worldwide. A main goal of past and current research is to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying proteotoxicity, a common theme among these incurable and debilitating conditions. Cell proteome alteration is considered to be one of the main driving forces that triggers neurodegeneration, and unraveling the biological complexity behind the affected molecular pathways constitutes a daunting challenge. This review summarizes the current state on key processes that lead to cellular proteotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, providing a comprehensive landscape of recent literature. A foundational understanding of how proteotoxicity affects disease etiology and progression may provide essential insight towards potential targets amenable of therapeutic intervention.
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127
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Curry AM, Fernàndez RD, Pagani TD, Abeyawardhane DL, Trahan ML, Lucas HR. Mapping of Photochemically-Derived Dityrosine across Fe-Bound N-Acetylated α-Synuclein. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10080124. [PMID: 32726960 PMCID: PMC7459884 DOI: 10.3390/life10080124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurological disease and belongs to a group of neurodegenerative disorders called synucleinopathies in which pathological aggregates of N-terminally acetylated α-synuclein (NAcα-Syn) accumulate in various regions of the brain. In PD, these NAcα-Syn aggregates have been found to contain covalent dityrosine crosslinks, which can occur either intermolecularly or intramolecularly. Cerebral metal imbalance is also a hallmark of PD, warranting investigations into the effects of brain biometals on NAcα-Syn. NAcα-Syn is an intrinsically disordered protein, and metal-mediated conformational modifications of this structurally dynamic protein have been demonstrated to influence its propensity for dityrosine formation. In this study, a library of tyrosine-to-phenylalanine (Y-to-F) NAcα-Syn constructs were designed in order to elucidate the nature and the precise residues involved in dityrosine crosslinking of Fe-bound NAcα-Syn. The structural capacity of each mutant to form dityrosine crosslinks was assessed using Photo-Induced Cross-Linking of Unmodified Proteins (PICUP), demonstrating that coordination of either FeIII or FeII to NAcα-Syn inhibits dityrosine crosslinking among the C-terminal residues. We further demonstrate that Y39 is the main contributor to dityrosine formation of Fe-bound NAcα-Syn, while Y125 is the main residue involved in dityrosine crosslinks in unmetalated NAcα-Syn. Our results confirm that iron coordination has a global effect on NAcα-Syn structure and reactivity.
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128
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Abstract
α-Synuclein is a neuronal protein with an ill-defined biological function that is central to Parkinson’s disease etiology. While considered to be involved in exocytosis, how α-synuclein facilitates synaptic vesicle fusion and release remains an open question. To address this, we investigated α-synuclein–lipid interactions at the plasma membrane through the technique of cellular unroofing, which uncovers an intact basal membrane. We conclusively show that α-synuclein is recruited to exocytic sites, preferring liquid-ordered lipid domains. Importantly, heterogeneous populations of α-synuclein conformers are revealed by measurements of fluorescence lifetime distributions, which are not adequately described by current models of α-synuclein structures. Membrane-bound α-synuclein is conformationally dynamic, exquisitely sensitive to lipid/protein composition, enabling the protein to carry out its function. Parkinson’s disease is associated with α-synuclein (α-syn), a cytosolic protein enriched in presynaptic terminals. The biological function of α-syn remains elusive; however, increasing evidence suggests that the protein is involved in the regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion, signifying the importance of α-syn–lipid interactions. We show that α-syn preferentially binds to GM1-rich, liquid-ordered lipid domains on cytoplasmic membranes by using unroofed cells, which encapsulates lipid complexity and cellular topology. Moreover, proteins (Rab3a, syntaxin-1A, and VAMP2) involved in exocytosis also localize with α-syn, supporting its proposed functional role in exocytosis. To investigate how these lipid/protein interactions influence α-syn at the residue level, α-syn was derivatized with an environmentally sensitive fluorophore (7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl [NBD]) at different N- and C-terminal sites. Measurements of NBD fluorescence lifetime distributions reveal that α-syn adopts a multitude of membrane-bound conformations, which were not recapitulated in simple micelle or vesicle models, indicating an exquisite sensitivity of the protein to the complex lipid environment. Interestingly, these data also suggest the participation of the C terminus in membrane localization, which is generally overlooked and thus emphasize the need to use cellularly derived and biologically relevant membranes for biophysical characterization. Collectively, our results demonstrate that α-syn is more conformationally dynamic at the membrane interface than previously appreciated, which may be important for both its physiological and pathological functions.
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129
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Shin JY, Lee PH. Mesenchymal stem cells modulate misfolded α-synuclein in parkinsonian disorders: A multitarget disease-modifying strategy. Stem Cell Res 2020; 47:101908. [PMID: 32683319 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) aggregates, the major toxic component of Lewy bodies, are proteinaceous fibrillar cytoplasmic inclusions observed in α-synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy, and dementia with Lewy bodies. Overexpression of α-syn induce neuronal loss and α-syn aggregation in PD animals. Recent studies show that α-syn is released by exocytosis and can be transmitted between brain areas through cell-to-cell propagation. Moreover, aggregates of extracellular α-syn can induce neuroinflammation-mediated neurotoxic signaling through microglial activation and release of pro-inflammatory factors. Thus, modulation of α-syn might be a potential therapeutic strategy for modifying disease progression of α-synucleinopathies. Our previous studies have revealed that MSCs have potent neuroprotective effects in PD animal through modulation of neuroinflammation, inhibition of cell death, and promotion of neurogenesis. Here, we provide further evidence that MSCs have the potential to modulate α-syn-related microenvironments via enhancement of autophagy, proteolysis of α-syn aggregates, inhibition of cell-to-cell transmission of α-syn, stabilization of axonal transport, and phagocytic clearance of α-syn by microglial M2 polarization. With advantages in clinical applications, these data suggests that the use of MSCs as pharmacological modulators of α-syn propagation would be an effective therapeutic approach in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Shin
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Phil Hyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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130
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Flynn JD, Gimmen MY, Dean DN, Lacy SM, Lee JC. Terminal Alkynes as Raman Probes of α-Synuclein in Solution and in Cells. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1582-1586. [PMID: 31960993 PMCID: PMC7269816 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Conformational changes in α-synuclein (α-syn) are central to its biological function and Parkinson's disease pathology. Here, terminal alkynes (homopropargylglycine) were employed as environmentally sensitive Raman probes at residues 1, 5, 116, and 127 to characterize soluble (disordered), micelle-bound (α-helical), and fibrillar (β-sheet) α-syn. Along with the full-length protein, a disease-related C-terminal truncation (1-115) was also studied. For the first time, β-sheet α-syn amyloid structure was detected by the amide-I band in N27 dopaminergic rat cells, where a reciprocal relationship between levels of fibrils and lipids was seen. Site-specific spectral features of the terminal alkynes also revealed the heterogeneity of the cellular environment. This work shows the versatility of Raman microspectroscopy and the power of unnatural amino acids in providing structural and residue-level insights in solution and in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Flynn
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 (USA)
| | - Megan Y. Gimmen
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 (USA)
| | - Dexter N. Dean
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 (USA)
| | - Shannon M. Lacy
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 (USA)
| | - Jennifer C. Lee
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 (USA)
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131
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Advances in modelling alpha-synuclein-induced Parkinson’s diseases in rodents: Virus-based models versus inoculation of exogenous preformed toxic species. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 338:108685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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132
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S-Nitrosylation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 and Casein kinase 2 alpha modulates their kinase activity toward alpha-synuclein phosphorylation in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232019. [PMID: 32343709 PMCID: PMC7188290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder which is mostly sporadic but familial-linked PD (FPD) cases have also been found. The first reported gene mutation that linked to PD is α-synuclein (α-syn). Studies have shown that mutations, increased expression or abnormal processing of α-syn can contribute to PD, but it is believed that multiple mechanisms are involved. One of the contributing factors is post-translational modification (PTM), such as phosphorylation of α-syn at serine 129 by G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) and casein kinase 2α (CK2α). Another known important contributing factor to PD pathogenesis is oxidative and nitrosative stress. In this study, we found that GRK6 and CK2α can be S-nitrosylated by nitric oxide (NO) both in vitro and in vivo. S-nitrosylation of GRK6 and CK2α enhanced their kinase activity towards the phosphorylation of α-syn at S129. In an A53T α-syn transgenic mouse model of PD, we found that increased GRK6 and CK2α S-nitrosylation were observed in an age dependent manner and it was associated with an increased level of pSer129 α-syn. Treatment of A53T α-syn transgenic mice with Nω-Nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) significantly reduced the S-nitrosylation of GRK6 and CK2α in the brain. Finally, deletion of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in A53T α-syn transgenic mice reduced the levels of pSer129 α-syn and α-syn in an age dependent manner. Our results provide a novel mechanism of how NO through S-nitrosylation of GRK6 and CK2α can enhance the phosphorylation of pSer129 α-syn in an animal model of PD.
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133
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Vicente Miranda H, Chegão A, Oliveira MS, Fernandes Gomes B, Enguita FJ, Outeiro TF. Hsp27 reduces glycation-induced toxicity and aggregation of alpha-synuclein. FASEB J 2020; 34:6718-6728. [PMID: 32259355 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902936r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
α-synuclein (aSyn) is a major player in Parkinson's disease and a group of other disorders collectively known as synucleinopathies, but the precise molecular mechanisms involved are still unclear. aSyn, as virtually all proteins, undergoes a series of posttranslational modifications during its lifetime, which can affect its biology and pathobiology. We recently showed that glycation of aSyn by methylglyoxal (MGO) potentiates its oligomerization and toxicity, induces dopaminergic neuronal cell loss in mice, and affects motor performance in flies. Small heat-shock proteins (sHsps) are molecular chaperones that facilitate the folding of proteins or target misfolded proteins for clearance. Importantly, sHsps were shown to prevent aSyn aggregation and cytotoxicity. Upon treating cells with increasing amounts of methylglyoxal, we found that the levels of Hsp27 decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, we hypothesized that restoring the levels of Hsp27 in glycating environments could alleviate the pathogenicity of aSyn. Consistently, we found that Hsp27 reduced MGO-induced aSyn aggregation in cells, leading to the formation of nontoxic aSyn species. Remarkably, increasing the levels of Hsp27 suppressed the deleterious effects induced by MGO. Our findings suggest that in glycating environments, the levels of Hsp27 are important for modulating the glycation-associated cellular pathologies in synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vicente Miranda
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Chegão
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Márcia S Oliveira
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Fernandes Gomes
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco J Enguita
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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134
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New insights on the structure of alpha-synuclein fibrils using cryo-electron microscopy. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 61:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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135
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Mahul-Mellier AL, Burtscher J, Maharjan N, Weerens L, Croisier M, Kuttler F, Leleu M, Knott GW, Lashuel HA. The process of Lewy body formation, rather than simply α-synuclein fibrillization, is one of the major drivers of neurodegeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:4971-4982. [PMID: 32075919 DOI: 10.1101/751891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the accumulation of misfolded and aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn) into intraneuronal inclusions named Lewy bodies (LBs). Although it is widely believed that α-syn plays a central role in the pathogenesis of PD, the processes that govern α-syn fibrillization and LB formation remain poorly understood. In this work, we sought to dissect the spatiotemporal events involved in the biogenesis of the LBs at the genetic, molecular, biochemical, structural, and cellular levels. Toward this goal, we further developed a seeding-based model of α-syn fibrillization to generate a neuronal model that reproduces the key events leading to LB formation, including seeding, fibrillization, and the formation of inclusions that recapitulate many of the biochemical, structural, and organizational features of bona fide LBs. Using an integrative omics, biochemical and imaging approach, we dissected the molecular events associated with the different stages of LB formation and their contribution to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. In addition, we demonstrate that LB formation involves a complex interplay between α-syn fibrillization, posttranslational modifications, and interactions between α-syn aggregates and membranous organelles, including mitochondria, the autophagosome, and endolysosome. Finally, we show that the process of LB formation, rather than simply fibril formation, is one of the major drivers of neurodegeneration through disruption of cellular functions and inducing mitochondria damage and deficits, and synaptic dysfunctions. We believe that this model represents a powerful platform to further investigate the mechanisms of LB formation and clearance and to screen and evaluate therapeutics targeting α-syn aggregation and LB formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Mahul-Mellier
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niran Maharjan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Weerens
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Croisier
- BioEM Core Facility and Technology Platform, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Kuttler
- Biomolecular Screening Core Facility and Technology Platform, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marion Leleu
- Gene Expression Core Facility and Technology Platform, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Graham W Knott
- BioEM Core Facility and Technology Platform, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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136
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Kumar ST, Donzelli S, Chiki A, Syed MMK, Lashuel HA. A simple, versatile and robust centrifugation-based filtration protocol for the isolation and quantification of α-synuclein monomers, oligomers and fibrils: Towards improving experimental reproducibility in α-synuclein research. J Neurochem 2020; 153:103-119. [PMID: 31925956 PMCID: PMC7155127 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the process of alpha‐synuclein (α‐syn) aggregation from monomers into amyloid fibrils and Lewy bodies, via oligomeric intermediates plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of different synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). However, the nature of the toxic species and the mechanisms by which they contribute to neurotoxicity and disease progression remain elusive. Over the past two decades, significant efforts and resources have been invested in studies aimed at identifying and targeting toxic species along the pathway of α‐syn fibrillization. Although this approach has helped to advance the field and provide insights into the biological properties and toxicity of different α‐syn species, many of the fundamental questions regarding the role of α‐syn aggregation in PD remain unanswered, and no therapeutic compounds targeting α‐syn aggregates have passed clinical trials. Several factors have contributed to this slow progress, including the complexity of the aggregation pathways and the heterogeneity and dynamic nature of α‐syn aggregates. In the majority of experiment, the α‐syn samples used contain mixtures of α‐syn species that exist in equilibrium and their ratio changes upon modifying experimental conditions. The failure to quantitatively account for the distribution of different α‐syn species in different studies has contributed not only to experimental irreproducibility but also to misinterpretation of results and misdirection of valuable resources. Towards addressing these challenges and improving experimental reproducibility in Parkinson's research, we describe here a simple centrifugation‐based filtration protocol for the isolation, quantification and assessment of the distribution of α‐syn monomers, oligomers and fibrils, in heterogeneous α‐syn samples of increasing complexity. The protocol is simple, does not require any special instrumentation and can be performed rapidly on multiple samples using small volumes. Here, we present and discuss several examples that illustrate the applications of this protocol and how it could contribute to improving the reproducibility of experiments aimed at elucidating the structural basis of α‐syn aggregation, seeding activity, toxicity and pathology spreading. This protocol is applicable, with slight modifications, to other amyloid‐forming proteins. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil T Kumar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Donzelli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anass Chiki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Muhammed Muazzam Kamil Syed
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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137
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Shaheen H, Sobhy S, El Mously S, Abuomira M, Mansour M. Salivary alpha-synuclein (total and oligomeric form): potential biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-020-0159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Alpha-synuclein (A-syn) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of PD. The close relation between the salivary glands and the CNS could render the A-syn secretions in the saliva useful biomarkers for PD.
Aim of the work
To study the salivary A-syn levels in a cohort of PD Egyptian patients and to correlate these A-syn levels with the patients’ clinical data and disease severity.
Patients and methods
Twenty-five PD patients and 15 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects, as a control group, were enrolled. Evaluation of PD patients was performed using the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and modified Hoehn and Yahr scale (HYS). Samples of the saliva were analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique for the specific anti A-syn total and anti A-syn oligomer (A-synolig).
Results
There was a statistically significant increase in A-synolig level and A-synolig/A-syn total ratio and a decrease in A-syn total level among PD patients. A statistically significant increase in A-synolig level was detected among patients having bradykinesia and rigidity as predominant symptoms. Also, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between A-synolig level and the disease duration. No statistically significant correlation was found between A-syn concentrations and disease severity.
Conclusion
Salivary A-syn total and A-synolig can be used as potential biomarkers for PD diagnosis.
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138
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Klatt S, Roberts A, Lothian A, Masters CL, Cappai R, Fowler C, Roberts BR. Optimizing red blood cell protein extraction for biomarker quantitation with mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1879-1892. [PMID: 32030493 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBC) are the most common cell type found in blood. They might serve as reservoir for biomarker research as they are anuclear and lack the ability to synthesize proteins. Not many biomarker assays, however, have been conducted on RBC because of their large dynamic range of proteins, high abundance of lipids, and hemoglobin interferences. Here, we developed a semiquantitative mass spectrometry-based assay that targeted 144 proteins and compared the efficiency of urea, sodium deoxycholate, acetonitrile, and HemoVoid™ in their extraction of the RBC proteome. Our results indicate that protein extraction with HemoVoid™ led to hemoglobin reduction and increased detection of low abundance proteins. Although hemoglobin interference after deoxycholate and urea extraction was high, there were adequate amounts of low abundance proteins for quantitation. Extraction with acetonitrile led to an overall decrease in protein abundances probably as a result of precipitation. Overall, the best compromise in sensitivity and sample processing time was achieved with the urea-trypsin digestion protocol. This provided the basis for large-scale evaluations of protein targets as potential blood-based biomarkers. As a proof of concept, we applied this assay to determine that alpha-synuclein, a prominent marker in Parkinson's disease, has an average concentration of approximately 40 μg mL-1 in RBC. This is important to know as the concentration of alpha-synuclein in plasma, typically in the picogram per milliliter range, might be partially derived from lysed RBC. Utilization of this assay will prove useful for future biomarker studies and provide a more complete analytical toolbox for the measurement of blood-derived proteins. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Klatt
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Anne Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Amber Lothian
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Roberto Cappai
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher Fowler
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia. .,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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139
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Bernal-Conde LD, Ramos-Acevedo R, Reyes-Hernández MA, Balbuena-Olvera AJ, Morales-Moreno ID, Argüero-Sánchez R, Schüle B, Guerra-Crespo M. Alpha-Synuclein Physiology and Pathology: A Perspective on Cellular Structures and Organelles. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1399. [PMID: 32038126 PMCID: PMC6989544 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is localized in cellular organelles of most neurons, but many of its physiological functions are only partially understood. α-syn accumulation is associated with Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy as well as other synucleinopathies; however, the exact pathomechanisms that underlie these neurodegenerative diseases remain elusive. In this review, we describe what is known about α-syn function and pathophysiological changes in different cellular structures and organelles, including what is known about its behavior as a prion-like protein. We summarize current knowledge of α-syn and its pathological forms, covering its effect on each organelle, including aggregation and toxicity in different model systems, with special interest on the mitochondria due to its relevance during the apoptotic process of dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, we explore the effect that α-syn exerts by interacting with chromatin remodeling proteins that add or remove histone marks, up-regulate its own expression, and resume the impairment that α-syn induces in vesicular traffic by interacting with the endoplasmic reticulum. We then recapitulate the events that lead to Golgi apparatus fragmentation, caused by the presence of α-syn. Finally, we report the recent findings about the accumulation of α-syn, indirectly produced by the endolysosomal system. In conclusion, many important steps into the understanding of α-syn have been made using in vivo and in vitro models; however, the time is right to start integrating observational studies with mechanistic models of α-syn interactions, in order to look at a more complete picture of the pathophysiological processes underlying α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis D. Bernal-Conde
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Ramos-Acevedo
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario A. Reyes-Hernández
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrea J. Balbuena-Olvera
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ishbelt D. Morales-Moreno
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rubén Argüero-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Birgitt Schüle
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Magdalena Guerra-Crespo
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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140
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Ebanks K, Lewis PA, Bandopadhyay R. Vesicular Dysfunction and the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease: Clues From Genetic Studies. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1381. [PMID: 31969802 PMCID: PMC6960401 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder with disabling motor symptoms and no available disease modifying treatment. The majority of the PD cases are of unknown etiology, with both genetics and environment playing important roles. Over the past 25 years, however, genetic analysis of patients with familial history of Parkinson's and, latterly, genome wide association studies (GWAS) have provided significant advances in our understanding of the causes of the disease. These genetic insights have uncovered pathways that are affected in both genetic and sporadic forms of PD. These pathways involve oxidative stress, abnormal protein homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and lysosomal defects. In addition, newly identified PD genes and GWAS nominated genes point toward synaptic changes involving vesicles. This review will highlight the genes that contribute PD risk relating to intracellular vesicle trafficking and their functional consequences. There is still much to investigate on this newly identified and converging pathway of vesicular dynamics and PD, which will aid in better understanding and suggest novel therapeutic strategies for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Ebanks
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Motor Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Motor Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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141
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Lucas HR, Fernández RD. Navigating the dynamic landscape of alpha-synuclein morphology: a review of the physiologically relevant tetrameric conformation. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:407-415. [PMID: 31571649 PMCID: PMC6921358 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.265792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylated α-synuclein (αSyn) has long been established as an intrinsically disordered protein associated with a dysfunctional role in Parkinson's disease. In recent years, a physiologically relevant, higher order conformation has been identified as a helical tetramer that is tailored by buried hydrophobic interactions and is distinctively aggregation resistant. The canonical mechanism by which the tetramer assembles remains elusive. As novel biochemical approaches, computational methods, pioneering purification platforms, and powerful imaging techniques continue to develop, puzzling information that once sparked debate as to the veracity of the tetramer has now shed light upon this new counterpart in αSyn neurobiology. Nuclear magnetic resonance and computational studies on multimeric αSyn structure have revealed that the protein folding propensity is controlled by small energy barriers that enable large scale reconfiguration. Alternatively, familial mutations ablate tetramerization and reconfigure polymorphic fibrillization. In this review, we will discuss the dynamic landscape of αSyn quaternary structure with a focus on the tetrameric conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ricardo D Fernández
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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142
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Masaracchia C, König A, Valiente-Gabioud AA, Peralta P, Favretto F, Strohäker T, Lázaro DF, Zweckstetter M, Fernandez CO, Outeiro TF. Molecular characterization of an aggregation-prone variant of alpha-synuclein used to model synucleinopathies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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143
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Fields CR, Bengoa-Vergniory N, Wade-Martins R. Targeting Alpha-Synuclein as a Therapy for Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:299. [PMID: 31866823 PMCID: PMC6906193 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders with a global burden of approximately 6.1 million patients. Alpha-synuclein has been linked to both the sporadic and familial forms of the disease. Moreover, alpha-synuclein is present in Lewy-bodies, the neuropathological hallmark of PD, and the protein and its aggregation have been widely linked to neurotoxic pathways that ultimately lead to neurodegeneration. Such pathways include autophagy/lysosomal dysregulation, synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial disruption, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress. Alpha-synuclein has not only been shown to alter cellular pathways but also to spread between cells, causing aggregation in host cells. Therapeutic approaches will need to address several, if not all, of these angles of alpha-synuclein toxicity. Here we review the current advances in therapeutic efforts for PD that aim to produce a disease-modifying therapy by targeting the spread, production, aggregation, and degradation of alpha-synuclein. These include: receptor blocking strategies whereby putative alpha-synuclein receptors could be blocked inhibiting alpha-synuclein spread, an alpha-synuclein reduction which will decrease the amount alpha-synuclein available for aggregation and pathway disruption, the use of small molecules in order to target alpha-synuclein aggregation, immunotherapy and the increase of alpha-synuclein degradation by increasing autophagy/lysosomal flux. The research discussed here may lead to a disease-modifying therapy that tackles disease onset and progression in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nora Bengoa-Vergniory
- Department of Physiology, Oxford Parkinson's Disease Center, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Department of Physiology, Oxford Parkinson's Disease Center, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
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144
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Brás IC, Xylaki M, Outeiro TF. Mechanisms of alpha-synuclein toxicity: An update and outlook. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 252:91-129. [PMID: 32247376 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) was identified as the main component of inclusions that define synucleinopathies more than 20 years ago. Since then, aSyn has been extensively studied in an attempt to unravel its roles in both physiology and pathology. Today, studying the mechanisms of aSyn toxicity remains in the limelight, leading to the identification of novel pathways involved in pathogenesis. In this chapter, we address the molecular mechanisms involved in synucleinopathies, from aSyn misfolding and aggregation to the various cellular effects and pathologies associated. In particular, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in the spreading of aSyn between different cells, from the periphery to the brain, and back. Finally, we also review recent studies on the contribution of inflammation and the gut microbiota to pathology in synucleinopathies. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved, we still lack an integrated understanding of the pathways leading to neurodegeneration in PD and other synucleinopathies, compromising our ability to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Caldeira Brás
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mary Xylaki
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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145
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Killinger BA, Melki R, Brundin P, Kordower JH. Endogenous alpha-synuclein monomers, oligomers and resulting pathology: let's talk about the lipids in the room. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 5:23. [PMID: 31728405 PMCID: PMC6851126 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-019-0095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein is an intrinsically disordered, highly dynamic protein that pathogenically aggregates into inclusion structures called Lewy bodies, in several neurogenerative diseases termed synucleinopathies. Despite its importance for understanding disease, the oligomerization status of alpha-synuclein in healthy cells remains unclear. Alpha-synuclein may exist predominantly as either a monomer or a variety of oligomers of different molecular weights. There is solid evidence to support both theories. Detection of apparent endogenous oligomers are intimately dependent on vesicle and lipid interactions. Here we consider the possibility that apparent endogenous alpha-synuclein oligomers are in fact conformations of membrane-bound alpha-synuclein and not a bona fide stable soluble species. This perspective posits that the formation of any alpha-synuclein oligomers within the cell is likely toxic and interconversion between monomer and oligomer is tightly controlled. This differs from the hypothesis that there is a continuum of endogenous non-toxic oligomers and they convert, through unclear mechanisms, to toxic oligomers. The distinction is important, because it clarifies the biological origin of synucleinopathy. We suggest that a monomer-only, lipid-centric view of endogenous alpha-synuclein aggregation can explain how alpha-synuclein pathology is triggered, and that the interactions between alpha-synuclein and lipids can represent a target for therapeutic intervention. This discussion is well-timed due to recent studies that show lipids are a significant component of Lewy pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Killinger
- 1Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Ronald Melki
- 2CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institut Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CNRS, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses cedex, France
| | - Patrik Brundin
- 3Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- 1Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
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146
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Corraliza-Gomez M, Sanchez D, Ganfornina MD. Lipid-Binding Proteins in Brain Health and Disease. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1152. [PMID: 31787919 PMCID: PMC6854030 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A proper lipid management is paramount for a healthy brain. Lipid homeostasis alterations are known to be causative or risk factors for many neurodegenerative diseases, or key elements in the recovery from nervous system injuries of different etiology. In addition to lipid biogenesis and catabolism, non-enzymatic lipid-binding proteins play an important role in brain function and maintenance through aging. Among these types of lipoproteins, apolipoprotein E has received much attention due to the relationship of particular alleles of its gene with the risk and progression of Alzheimer's disease. However, other lipid-binding proteins whose role in lipid homeostasis and control are less known need to be brought to the attention of both researchers and clinicians. The aim of this review is to cover the knowledge of lipid-managing proteins in the brain, with particular attention to new candidates to be relevant for brain function and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Corraliza-Gomez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Diego Sanchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Maria D Ganfornina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
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147
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Torre-Muruzabal T, Devoght J, Van den Haute C, Brône B, Van der Perren A, Baekelandt V. Chronic nigral neuromodulation aggravates behavioral deficits and synaptic changes in an α-synuclein based rat model for Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:160. [PMID: 31640762 PMCID: PMC6805517 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0814-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) is the pathological hallmark of several diseases named synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), which is the most common neurodegenerative motor disorder. Alpha-SYN has been linked to synaptic function both in physiological and pathological conditions. However, the exact link between neuronal activity, α-SYN toxicity and disease progression in PD is not clear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of chronic neuromodulation in an α-SYN-based rat model for PD using chemogenetics. To do this, we expressed excitatory Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) combined with mutant A53T α-SYN, using two different recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors (serotypes 2/7 and 2/8) in rat substantia nigra (SN) and investigated the effect on motor behavior, synapses and neuropathology. We found that chronic neuromodulation aggravates motor deficits induced by α-SYN, without altering dopaminergic neurodegeneration. In addition, neuronal activation led to changes in post-translational modification and subcellular localization of α-SYN, linking neuronal activity to the pathophysiological role of α-SYN in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Torre-Muruzabal
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Chris Van den Haute
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Leuven Viral Vector Core, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Anke Van der Perren
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
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148
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Pariary R, Bhattacharyya D, Bhunia A. Mitochondrial-membrane association of α-synuclein: Pros and cons in consequence of Parkinson's disease pathophysiology. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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149
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Sulzer D, Edwards RH. The physiological role of α-synuclein and its relationship to Parkinson's Disease. J Neurochem 2019; 150:475-486. [PMID: 31269263 PMCID: PMC6707892 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The protein α-synuclein has a central role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, we discuss recent results concerning its primary function, which appears to be on cell membranes. The pre-synaptic location of synuclein has suggested a role in neurotransmitter release and it apparently associates with synaptic vesicles because of their high curvature. Indeed, synuclein over-expression inhibits synaptic vesicle exocytosis. However, loss of synuclein has not yet been shown to have a major effect on synaptic transmission. Consistent with work showing that synuclein can promote as well as sense membrane curvature, recent analysis of synuclein triple knockout mice now shows that synuclein accelerates dilation of the exocytic fusion pore. This form of regulation affects primarily the release of slowly discharged lumenal cargo such as neural peptides, but presumably also contributes to maintenance of the release site. This article is part of the Special Issue "Synuclein".
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sulzer
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology and Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute
| | - Robert H Edwards
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, Graduate Programs in Cell Biology, Biomedical Sciences and Neuroscience, UCSF School of Medicine
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150
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Siddiqi MK, Malik S, Majid N, Alam P, Khan RH. Cytotoxic species in amyloid-associated diseases: Oligomers or mature fibrils. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 118:333-369. [PMID: 31928731 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid diseases especially, Alzheimer's disease (AD), is characterized by an imbalance between the production and clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) species. Amyloidogenic proteins or peptides can transform structurally from monomers into β-stranded fibrils via multiple oligomeric states. Among various amyloid species, structured oligomers are proposed to be more toxic than fibrils; however, the identification of amyloid oligomers has been challenging due to their heterogeneous and metastable nature. Multiple techniques have recently helped in better understanding of oligomer's assembly details and structural properties. Moreover, some progress on elucidating the mechanisms of oligomer-triggered toxicity has been made. Based on the collection of current findings, there is growing consensus that control of toxic amyloid oligomers could be a valid approach to regulate amyloid-associated toxicity, which could advance development of new diagnostics and therapeutics for amyloid-related diseases. In this review, we have described the recent scenario of amyloid diseases with a great deal of information about the recent understanding of oligomers' assembly, structural properties, and toxicity. Also comprehensive details have been provided to differentiate the degree of toxicity associated with prefibrillar aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sadia Malik
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Nabeela Majid
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Parvez Alam
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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