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Furtado J, Geraldo LH, Leser FS, Poulet M, Park H, Pibouin-Fragner L, Eichmann A, Boyé K. Netrin-1 binding to Unc5B regulates Blood-Retina Barrier integrity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.21.525006. [PMID: 36711611 PMCID: PMC9882365 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.21.525006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background The blood brain barrier (BBB) preserves neuronal function in the central nervous system (CNS) by tightly controlling metabolite exchanges with the blood. In the eye, the retina is likewise protected by the blood-retina barrier (BRB) to maintain phototransduction. We showed that the secreted guidance cue Netrin-1 regulated BBB integrity, by binding to endothelial Unc5B and regulating canonical β-catenin dependent expression of BBB gene expression. Objective Here, we investigated if Netrin-1-binding to endothelial Unc5B also controlled BRB integrity, and if this process involved Norrin/β-catenin signaling, which is the major known driver of BRB development and maintenance. Methods We analyzed Tamoxifen-inducible loss- and gain- of-function alleles of Unc5B, Ntn1 and Ctnnb1 in conjunction with tracer injections and biochemical signaling studies. Results Inducible endothelial Unc5B deletion, and inducible global Ntn1 deletion in postnatal mice reduced phosphorylation of the Norrin receptor LRP5, leading to reduced β-catenin and LEF1 expression, conversion of retina endothelial cells from a barrier-competent Claudin-5+/PLVAP- state to a Claudin-5-/PLVAP+ leaky phenotype, and extravasation of injected low molecular weight tracers. Inducible Ctnnb1 gain of function rescued vascular leak in Unc5B mutants, and Ntn1 overexpression induced BRB tightening. Unc5B expression in pericytes contributed to BRB permeability, via regulation of endothelial Unc5B. Mechanistically, Netrin-1-Unc5B signaling promoted β-catenin dependent BRB signaling by enhancing phosphorylation of the Norrin receptor LRP5 via the Discs large homologue 1 (Dlg1) intracellular scaffolding protein. Conclusions The data identify Netrin1-Unc5B as novel regulators of BRB integrity, with implications for diseases associated with BRB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Furtado
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Luiz Henrique Geraldo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | | | - Mathilde Poulet
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Inserm U970, Université Paris, France
| | - Hyojin Park
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | | | - Anne Eichmann
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Inserm U970, Université Paris, France
| | - Kevin Boyé
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Inserm U970, Université Paris, France
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102
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Zhang Y, Ren Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xu C, Peng Z, Jia Y, Qiao S, Zhang Z, Shi L. T-cell infiltration in the central nervous system and their association with brain calcification in Slc20a2-deficient mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1073723. [PMID: 36741925 PMCID: PMC9894888 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1073723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a rare neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by bilateral symmetric intracranial calcification along the microvessels or inside neuronal cells in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum. Slc20a2 homozygous (HO) knockout mice are the most commonly used model to simulate the brain calcification phenotype observed in human patients. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms related to brain calcification, particularly at the early stage much prior to the emergence of brain calcification, remain largely unknown. In this study, we quantified the central nervous system (CNS)-infiltrating T-cells of different age groups of Slc20a2-HO and matched wild type mice and found CD45+CD3+ T-cells to be significantly increased in the brain parenchyma, even in the pre-calcification stage of 1-month-old -HO mice. The accumulation of the CD3+ T-cells appeared to be associated with the severity of brain calcification. Further immunophenotyping revealed that the two main subtypes that had increased in the brain were CD3+ CD4- CD8- and CD3+ CD4+ T-cells. The expression of endothelial cell (EC) adhesion molecules increased, while that of tight and adherents junction proteins decreased, providing the molecular precondition for T-cell recruitment to ECs and paracellular migration into the brain. The fusion of lymphocytes and EC membranes and transcellular migration of CD3-related gold particles were captured, suggesting enhancement of transcytosis in the brain ECs. Exogenous fluorescent tracers and endogenous IgG and albumin leakage also revealed an impairment of transcellular pathway in the ECs. FTY720 significantly alleviated brain calcification, probably by reducing T-cell infiltration, modulating neuroinflammation and ossification process, and enhancing the autophagy and phagocytosis of CNS-resident immune cells. This study clearly demonstrated CNS-infiltrating T-cells to be associated with the progression of brain calcification. Impairment of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, which was closely related to T-cell invasion into the CNS, could be explained by the BBB alterations of an increase in the paracellular and transcellular pathways of brain ECs. FTY720 was found to be a potential drug to protect patients from PFBC-related lesions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China,Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yaqiong Ren
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yueni Zhang
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China,Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Li
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China,Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China,Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ziyue Peng
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China,Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Jia
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China,Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shupei Qiao
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China,Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zitong Zhang
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China,Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China,Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China,*Correspondence: Lei Shi,
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103
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Underwood A, Rasicci DT, Hinds D, Mitchell JT, Zieba JK, Mills J, Arnold NE, Cook TW, Moustaqil M, Gambin Y, Sierecki E, Fontaine F, Vanderweele S, Das AS, Cvammen W, Sirpilla O, Soehnlen X, Bricker K, Alokaili M, Green M, Heeringa S, Wilstermann AM, Freeland TM, Qutob D, Milsted A, Jauch R, Triche TJ, Krawczyk CM, Bupp CP, Rajasekaran S, Francois M, Prokop JW. Evolutionary Landscape of SOX Genes to Inform Genotype-to-Phenotype Relationships. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:222. [PMID: 36672963 PMCID: PMC9859272 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The SOX transcription factor family is pivotal in controlling aspects of development. To identify genotype-phenotype relationships of SOX proteins, we performed a non-biased study of SOX using 1890 open-reading frame and 6667 amino acid sequences in combination with structural dynamics to interpret 3999 gnomAD, 485 ClinVar, 1174 Geno2MP, and 4313 COSMIC human variants. We identified, within the HMG (High Mobility Group)- box, twenty-seven amino acids with changes in multiple SOX proteins annotated to clinical pathologies. These sites were screened through Geno2MP medical phenotypes, revealing novel SOX15 R104G associated with musculature abnormality and SOX8 R159G with intellectual disability. Within gnomAD, SOX18 E137K (rs201931544), found within the HMG box of ~0.8% of Latinx individuals, is associated with seizures and neurological complications, potentially through blood-brain barrier alterations. A total of 56 highly conserved variants were found at sites outside the HMG-box, including several within the SOX2 HMG-box-flanking region with neurological associations, several in the SOX9 dimerization region associated with Campomelic Dysplasia, SOX14 K88R (rs199932938) flanking the HMG box associated with cardiovascular complications within European populations, and SOX7 A379V (rs143587868) within an SOXF conserved far C-terminal domain heterozygous in 0.716% of African individuals with associated eye phenotypes. This SOX data compilation builds a robust genotype-to-phenotype association for a gene family through more robust ortholog data integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Underwood
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
| | - Daniel T Rasicci
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
| | - David Hinds
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jackson T Mitchell
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jacob K Zieba
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Joshua Mills
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Nicholas E Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Taylor W Cook
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Mehdi Moustaqil
- Single Molecule Science, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Yann Gambin
- Single Molecule Science, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Emma Sierecki
- Single Molecule Science, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Frank Fontaine
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sophie Vanderweele
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Akansha S Das
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - William Cvammen
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Olivia Sirpilla
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Xavier Soehnlen
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Kristen Bricker
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
| | - Maram Alokaili
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
| | - Morgan Green
- Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
| | - Sadie Heeringa
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA
| | - Amy M Wilstermann
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA
| | - Thomas M. Freeland
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
| | - Dinah Qutob
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
| | - Amy Milsted
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
| | - Ralf Jauch
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 518057, China
| | - Timothy J Triche
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Connie M Krawczyk
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Caleb P Bupp
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Surender Rajasekaran
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Office of Research, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Mathias Francois
- The Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jeremy W. Prokop
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Office of Research, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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104
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Ishihara K, Takata K, Mizutani KI. Involvement of an Aberrant Vascular System in Neurodevelopmental, Neuropsychiatric, and Neuro-Degenerative Diseases. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010221. [PMID: 36676170 PMCID: PMC9866034 DOI: 10.3390/life13010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The vascular system of the prenatal brain is crucial for the development of the central nervous system. Communication between vessels and neural cells is bidirectional, and dysfunctional communication can lead to neurodevelopmental diseases. In the present review, we introduce neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric diseases potentially caused by disturbances in the neurovascular system and discuss candidate genes responsible for neurovascular system impairments. In contrast to diseases that can manifest during the developing stage, we have also summarized the disturbances of the neurovascular system in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, we discussed the role of abnormal vascularization and dysfunctional vessels in the development of neurovascular-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Ishihara
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-595-4656
| | - Kazuyuki Takata
- Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Mizutani
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
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105
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Subacute Ruminal Acidosis as a Potential Factor that Induces Endometrium Injury in Sheep. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021192. [PMID: 36674716 PMCID: PMC9861559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for economic benefits has led to an increase in the proportion of high-concentrate (HC) feed in the ruminant diet, resulting in an increased incidence of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). During SARA, a high concentration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocated in the rumen induces a systemic inflammatory response. Inflammatory diseases, such as endometritis and mastitis, are often associated with SARA; however, in sheep, the mechanism of the effect of SARA on the endometrium has rarely been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate, for the first time, the influence of LPS translocation on endometrial tight junctions (TJs) during SARA in sheep. The results showed that LPS and TNFα levels in the ruminal fluid, serum, and endometrial tissue supernatant during SARA increased, transcription levels of TLR4, NFκB, and TNFα in the endometrium increased, the protein expression level of claudin-1 in the endometrium increased, and the protein expression level of occludin decreased. 17β-estradiol (E2) inhibits claudin-1 protein expression and promotes occludin expression, and progesterone (P4) promotes claudin-1 protein expression and inhibits occludin protein expression. E2 and P4 regulate claudin-1 and occludin protein expression through their receptor pathways. Here, we found that LPS hindered the regulatory effect of E2 and P4 on endometrial TJs by inhibiting their receptor expression. The results of this study indicate that HC feeding can cause SARA-induced LPS translocation in sheep, increase susceptibility to systemic inflammation, induce the endometrial inflammatory response, and cause endometrial epithelial TJ damage directly and/or by obstructing E2 and P4 function. LPS translocation caused by SARA has also been suggested to induce an endometrial inflammatory response, resulting in endometrial epithelial barrier damage and physiological dysfunction, which seriously affects ruminant production. Therefore, this study provides new evidence that SARA is a potential factor that induces systemic inflammation in ruminants. It provides theoretical support for research on the prevention of endometritis in ruminants.
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106
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O’Shaughnessy KL, McMichael BD, Sasser AL, Bell KS, Riutta C, Ford JL, Stoker TE, Grindstaff RD, Pandiri AR, Gilbert ME. Thyroid hormone action controls multiple components of cell junctions at the ventricular zone in the newborn rat brain. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1090081. [PMID: 36843608 PMCID: PMC9950412 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1090081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) action controls brain development in a spatiotemporal manner. Previously, we demonstrated that perinatal hypothyroidism led to formation of a periventricular heterotopia in developing rats. This heterotopia occurs in the posterior telencephalon, and its formation was preceded by loss of radial glia cell polarity. As radial glia mediate cell migration and originate in a progenitor cell niche called the ventricular zone (VZ), we hypothesized that TH action may control cell signaling in this region. Here we addressed this hypothesis by employing laser capture microdissection and RNA-Seq to evaluate the VZ during a known period of TH sensitivity. Pregnant rats were exposed to a low dose of propylthiouracil (PTU, 0.0003%) through the drinking water during pregnancy and lactation. Dam and pup THs were quantified postnatally and RNA-Seq of the VZ performed in neonates. The PTU exposure resulted in a modest increase in maternal thyroid stimulating hormone and reduced thyroxine (T4). Exposed neonates exhibited hypothyroidism and T4 and triiodothyronine (T3) were also reduced in the telencephalon. RNA-Seq identified 358 differentially expressed genes in microdissected VZ cells of hypothyroid neonates as compared to controls (q-values ≤0.05). Pathway analyses showed processes like maintenance of the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and cell migration were significantly affected by hypothyroidism. Immunofluorescence also demonstrated that collagen IV, F-actin, radial glia, and adhesion proteins were reduced in the VZ. Immunohistochemistry of integrin αvβ3 and isoforms of both thyroid receptors (TRα/TRβ) showed highly overlapping expression patterns, including enrichment in the VZ. Taken together, our results show that TH action targets multiple components of cell junctions in the VZ, and this may be mediated by both genomic and nongenomic mechanisms. Surprisingly, this work also suggests that the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers may also be affected in hypothyroid newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. O’Shaughnessy
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Katherine L. O’Shaughnessy,
| | - Benjamin D. McMichael
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Aubrey L. Sasser
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Kiersten S. Bell
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Cal Riutta
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Jermaine L. Ford
- Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Tammy E. Stoker
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Rachel D. Grindstaff
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Arun R. Pandiri
- Comparative and Molecular Pathogenesis Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Mary E. Gilbert
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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107
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Foreman KL, Shusta EV, Palecek SP. Defined Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Brain Microvascular Endothelial-Like Cells for Modeling the Blood-Brain Barrier. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2683:113-133. [PMID: 37300771 PMCID: PMC10389759 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3287-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) comprises brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) that form a high-resistance cellular interface that separates the blood compartment from the brain parenchyma. An intact BBB is pivotal to maintaining brain homeostasis but also impedes the entry of neurotherapeutics. There are limited options for human-specific BBB permeability testing, however. Human pluripotent stem cell models offer a powerful tool for dissecting components of this barrier in vitro, including understanding mechanisms of BBB function, and developing strategies to improve the permeability of molecular and cellular therapeutics targeting the brain. Here, we provide a detailed, step-by-step protocol for differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to cells exhibiting key characteristics of BMECs, including paracellular and transcellular transport resistance and transporter function that enable modeling the human BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji L Foreman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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108
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Mao XD, Min SN, Zhu MQ, He L, Zhang Y, Li JW, Tian YX, Yu GY, Wu LL, Cong X. The Role of Endothelial Barrier Function in the Fibrosis of Salivary Gland. J Dent Res 2023; 102:82-92. [PMID: 36112881 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221118508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the salivary glands, fibrosis occurs in many pathological conditions. Endothelial tight junction (TJ)-based barrier function plays a vital role in maintaining the homeostasis of the salivary glands. However, whether endothelial barrier function is changed and involved in the pathogenesis of glandular fibrosis is unknown. Here, by using a mouse model in which the main excretory duct of the submandibular gland (SMG) was ligated to induce inflammation and fibrosis, endothelial barrier function and TJ protein expression and distribution were examined. Both 4-kDa and 70-kDa fluorescence-labeled dextrans permeated more in the 1-, 3-, and 7-d ligated SMGs. Meanwhile, the mRNA level of claudin-5 was increased with an obvious redistribution from apicolateral membranes to lateral membranes and cytoplasm in the fibrotic glands. Notably, the TJ sealer AT1001 significantly attenuated the disrupted endothelial barrier function and thereby ameliorated the glandular fibrosis. Cytokine array detection showed that monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was highly enriched in the 3-d ligated SMGs, and MCP-1 directly impaired barrier function, increased claudin-5 expression, induced the relocalization of claudin-5, and activated p-ERK1/2 in cultured human endothelial cells. Furthermore, the upregulation and disorganization of claudin-5 as well as the elevation of MCP-1 and p-ERK1/2 signaling were also confirmed in fibrotic SMGs from patients with chronic sialadenitis and immunoglobulin G4-related sialadenitis. Altogether, our findings revealed that disrupted endothelial barrier function contributed to the progression of glandular fibrosis, and targeting endothelial TJs might be a promising approach to alleviate salivary gland fibrosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- X D Mao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - S N Min
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - M Q Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - L He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - J W Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y X Tian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - G Y Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - L L Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - X Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, P.R. China
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109
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Candido VB, Perego SM, Ceroni A, Metzger M, Colquhoun A, Michelini LC. Trained hypertensive rats exhibit decreased transcellular vesicle trafficking, increased tight junctions' density, restored blood-brain barrier permeability and normalized autonomic control of the circulation. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1069485. [PMID: 36909225 PMCID: PMC9997677 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1069485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic hypertension is accompanied by either blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage and autonomic dysfunction. There is no consensus on the mechanism determining increased BBB permeability within autonomic areas. While some reports suggested tight junction's breakdown, others indicated the involvement of transcytosis rather than paracellular transport changes. Interestingly, exercise training was able to restore both BBB permeability and autonomic control of the circulation. We sought now to clarify the mechanism(s) governing hypertension- and exercise-induced BBB permeability. Methods: Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive controls submitted to 4-week aerobic training (T) or sedentary protocol (S) were chronically cannulated for baseline hemodynamic and autonomic recordings and evaluation of BBB permeability. Brains were harvested for measurement of BBB function (FITC-10 kDa leakage), ultrastructural analysis of BBB constituents (transmission electron microscopy) and caveolin-1 expression (immunofluorescence). Results: In SHR-S the increased pressure, augmented sympathetic vasomotor activity, higher sympathetic and lower parasympathetic modulation of the heart and the reduced baroreflex sensitivity were accompanied by robust FITC-10kDa leakage, large increase in transcytotic vesicles number/capillary, but no change in tight junctions' density within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the rostral ventrolateral medulla. SHR-T exhibited restored BBB permeability and normalized vesicles counting/capillary simultaneously with a normal autonomic modulation of heart and vessels, resting bradycardia and partial pressure reduction. Caveolin-1 expression ratified the counting of transcellular, not other cytoplasmatic vesicles. Additionally, T caused in both groups significant increases in tight junctions' extension/capillary border. Discussion: Data indicate that transcytosis, not the paracellular transport, is the primary mechanism underlying both hypertension- and exercise-induced BBB permeability changes within autonomic areas. The reduced BBB permeability contributes to normalize the autonomic control of the circulation, which suppresses pressure variability and reduces the occurrence of end-organ damage in the trained SHR. Data also disclose that hypertension does not change but exercise training strengthens the resistance of the paracellular pathway in both strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sany M Perego
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Martin Metzger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alison Colquhoun
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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110
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Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Liu H, Xu J. The Mechanism Underlying the Regulation of Long Non-coding RNA MEG3 in Cerebral Ischemic Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:69-78. [PMID: 34988760 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and rapidly increasing annually with no more effective therapeutic measures. Thus, the novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are urgent to be identified for prevention and therapy of ischemic stroke. Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), a major family of noncoding RNAs with more than 200 nucleotides, have been considered as new targets for modulating pathological process of ischemic stroke. In this review, we summarized that the lncRNA-maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) played a critical role in promotion of neuronal cell death and inhibition of angiogenesis in response to hypoxia or ischemia condition, and further described the challenge of overcrossing blood-brain barrier (BBB) and determination of optimal carrier for delivering lncRNA' drugs into the specific brain regions. In brief, MEG3 will be a potential diagnostic biomarker and drug target in treatment and therapy of ischemic stroke in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qili Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Jianing Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
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111
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Paz AA, González-Candia A. Potential pharmacological target of tight junctions to improve the BBB permeability in neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic encephalopathy Diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 207:115356. [PMID: 36455671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) is a pathological condition that describes a neurocognitive malfunction in the newborn that arises from fetal, peripartum, or intrapartum events of multifactorial nature, having a poor prognosis and accounting for an incidence of 5-8 per 1000 live births. Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is one of the most studied paradigms of NE, caused by a scarce cerebral perfusion and oxygen supply during perinatal life. The cerebral hypoxic-ischemic insult promotes a loss of permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), an essential structural intermediary of blood-brain communication. This permeability disruption is associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines, an increase of adhesion molecules, and oxidative stress which disturb the tight junction (TJ) performance and enable transcytosis and paracellular leakage, ultimately leading to death from brain cells. In this context, TJs proteins are essential to preserving the barrier mechanical stability and signaling that modulates the brain-blood vessel multicellular domains, known as neurovascular units (NVU). Recent studies have proposed different strategies with neuroprotective effects that allow for maintaining or restoring the integrity and permeability of the BBB. This review identifies and discusses regulator mechanisms and novel aspects of TJs in the BBB disruption induced by cerebral hypoxic insults during the perinatal period, evaluating potential pharmacological strategies to safeguard BBB integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo A Paz
- Institute of Health Sciences, University O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
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112
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Jin Y, Ding Y, Richards M, Kaakinen M, Giese W, Baumann E, Szymborska A, Rosa A, Nordling S, Schimmel L, Akmeriç EB, Pena A, Nwadozi E, Jamalpour M, Holstein K, Sáinz-Jaspeado M, Bernabeu MO, Welsh M, Gordon E, Franco CA, Vestweber D, Eklund L, Gerhardt H, Claesson-Welsh L. Tyrosine-protein kinase Yes controls endothelial junctional plasticity and barrier integrity by regulating VE-cadherin phosphorylation and endocytosis. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:1156-1173. [PMID: 37936984 PMCID: PMC7615285 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin in endothelial adherens junctions is an essential component of the vascular barrier, critical for tissue homeostasis and implicated in diseases such as cancer and retinopathies. Inhibitors of Src cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase have been applied to suppress VE-cadherin tyrosine phosphorylation and prevent excessive leakage, edema and high interstitial pressure. Here we show that the Src-related Yes tyrosine kinase, rather than Src, is localized at endothelial cell (EC) junctions where it becomes activated in a flow-dependent manner. EC-specific Yes1 deletion suppresses VE-cadherin phosphorylation and arrests VE-cadherin at EC junctions. This is accompanied by loss of EC collective migration and exaggerated agonist-induced macromolecular leakage. Overexpression of Yes1 causes ectopic VE-cadherin phosphorylation, while vascular leakage is unaffected. In contrast, in EC-specific Src-deficiency, VE-cadherin internalization is maintained, and leakage is suppressed. In conclusion, Yes-mediated phosphorylation regulates constitutive VE-cadherin turnover, thereby maintaining endothelial junction plasticity and vascular integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck, Beijer and SciLifeLab Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yindi Ding
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck, Beijer and SciLifeLab Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark Richards
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck, Beijer and SciLifeLab Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mika Kaakinen
- Oulu Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Wolfgang Giese
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Baumann
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Szymborska
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - André Rosa
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Sofia Nordling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck, Beijer and SciLifeLab Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lilian Schimmel
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Emir Bora Akmeriç
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreia Pena
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - Joao lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Emmanuel Nwadozi
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck, Beijer and SciLifeLab Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Jamalpour
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katrin Holstein
- Department of Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Miguel Sáinz-Jaspeado
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck, Beijer and SciLifeLab Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miguel O. Bernabeu
- Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, UK
- The Bayes Centre, The University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Welsh
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emma Gordon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Claudio A. Franco
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - Joao lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Medical School, Católica Biomedical Research Centre, Portugal
| | - Dietmar Vestweber
- Department of Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Lauri Eklund
- Oulu Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Claesson-Welsh
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck, Beijer and SciLifeLab Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
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Medina-Rodriguez EM, Beurel E. Blood brain barrier and inflammation in depression. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 175:105926. [PMID: 36375722 PMCID: PMC10035601 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a vital structure to protect the brain, tightly filtering the passage of nutrients and molecules from the blood to the brain. This is critical for maintaining the proper functioning of the brain, and any disruption in the BBB has detrimental consequences often leading to diseases. It is not clear whether disruption of the BBB occurs first in depression or is the consequence of the disease, however disruption of the BBB has been observed in depressed patients and evidence points to the role of important culprits in depression, stress and inflammation in disrupting the integrity of the BBB. The mechanisms whereby stress, and inflammation affect the BBB remain to be fully understood. Yet, the role of cytokines in regulating tight junction protein expression seems crucial. Altogether, the findings in depression suggest that acting at the BBB level might provide therapeutic benefit in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Medina-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Eléonore Beurel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America.
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114
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Zhao H, Wang M, Huang X, Wu X, Xiao H, Jin F, Lv J, Cheng J, Zhao Y, Zhang C. Wasp venom from Vespa magnifica acts as a neuroprotective agent to alleviate neuronal damage after stroke in rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:334-346. [PMID: 35171059 PMCID: PMC8863380 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2032207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) is a major cause of disability and death, which is a serious threat to human health and life. Wasp venom extracted from Vespa magnifica Smith (Vespidae) could treat major neurological disorders. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of wasp venom on AIS in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in Sprague-Dawley rats (260-280 g, n = 8-15) with a sham operation group being treated as negative control. MCAO rats were treated with wasp venom (0.05, 0.2 and 0.6 mg/kg, i.p.) using intraperitoneal injection. After treatment 48 h, behavioural tests, cortical blood flow (CBF), TTC staining, H&E staining, Nissl staining, TUNEL assay, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and ELISA were employed to investigate neuroprotective effects of wasp venom. RESULTS Compared with the MCAO group, wasp venom (0.6 mg/kg) improved neurological impairment, accelerated CBF recovery (205.6 ± 52.92 versus 216.7 ± 34.56), reduced infarct volume (337.1 ± 113.2 versus 140.7 ± 98.03) as well as BBB permeability as evidenced by changes in claudin-5 and AQP4. In addition, function recovery of stroke by wasp venom treatment was associated with a decrease in TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and inhibition activated microglia as well as apoptosis. Simultaneously, the wasp venom regulated the angiogenesis factors VEGF and b-FGF in the brain. CONCLUSIONS Wasp venom exhibited a potential neuroprotective effect for AIS. In the future, we will focus on determining whether the observed actions were due to a single compound or the interaction of multiple components of the venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Zhao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, PR China
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Mei Wang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, PR China
| | - Xi Huang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, PR China
| | - Xiumei Wu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, PR China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Entomoceutics, Dali, PR China
| | - Huai Xiao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, PR China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Entomoceutics, Dali, PR China
| | - Fanmao Jin
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, PR China
| | - Jiaming Lv
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Jidong Cheng
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, PR China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Entomoceutics, Dali, PR China
| | - Chenggui Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, PR China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Entomoceutics, Dali, PR China
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115
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Torrens A, Roy P, Lin L, Vu C, Grimes D, Inshishian VC, Montesinos JS, Ahmed F, Mahler SV, Huestis MA, Das A, Piomelli D. Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Adolescent and Adult Male and Female Rats. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2022; 7:814-826. [PMID: 35353551 PMCID: PMC9784615 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Studies in rodent models have shown that adolescent exposure to Δ9-THC, the psychotropic constituent of cannabis, produces long-lasting alterations in brain function and behavior. However, our understanding of how age and sex might influence the distribution and metabolism of THC in laboratory rodents is still incomplete. In the present report, we provide a comparative analysis of the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of THC in adolescent and adult rats of both sexes, and outline several dissimilarities across these groups. Materials and Methods: A single (acute) or 2-week daily (subchronic) administration of THC (0.5 or 5 mg/kg, acute; 5 mg/kg, subchronic; intraperitoneal) was given to adolescent (33-day-old, acute; 30-44-day-old, subchronic) and young adult (70-day-old, acute only) male and female rats. THC and its first-pass metabolites-11-hydroxy-Δ9-THC (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-THC (11-COOH-THC)-were quantified in plasma and brain tissue using a selective isotope-dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay. Changes in body temperature were measured using abdominally implanted microchips. Biotransformation of THC to its metabolites using freshly prepared liver microsomes was assessed. Results: At the acute 5 mg/kg dose, maximal plasma concentrations of THC were twice as high in adult than in adolescent rats. Conversely, in adults, brain concentrations and brain-to-plasma ratios for THC were substantially lower (25-50%) than those measured in adolescents. Similarly, plasma and brain concentrations of THC metabolites were higher in adolescent male rats compared with adult males. Interestingly, plasma and brain concentrations of the psychoactive THC metabolite 11-OH-THC were twofold to sevenfold higher in female animals of both ages compared with males. Moreover, liver microsomes from adolescent males and adolescent and adult females converted THC to 11-OH-THC twice as fast as adult male microsomes. A dose-dependent hypothermic response to THC was observed in females with 0.5 and 5 mg/kg THC, whereas only the highest dose elicited a response in males. Finally, subchronic administration of THC during adolescence did not significantly affect the drug's PK profile. Conclusions: The results reveal the existence of multiple age and sex differences in the distribution and metabolism of THC in rats, which might influence the pharmacological response to the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Torrens
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Pritam Roy
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Cindy Vu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Dakota Grimes
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Victoria C. Inshishian
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Johanna S. Montesinos
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Faizy Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Stephen V. Mahler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Marylin A. Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aditi Das
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, and University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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Xie YY, Lu YW, Yu GR. The protective effects of hyperoside on Ang II-mediated apoptosis of bEnd.3 cells and injury of blood-brain barrier model in vitro. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:157. [PMID: 35698113 PMCID: PMC9195266 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Hypertension and its associated dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are considered to contribute to cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD). Angiotensin II (Ang II), as an important vasoactive peptide of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is not only a pivotal molecular signal in hypertension, but also causes BBB leakage, cSVD and its related cognitive impair. Hyperoside (Hyp), a flavone glycoside, has antioxidant, antiphlogistic and anti-apoptosis effects. In this study, we investigate the protection of Hyp on apoptosis of bEnd.3 cells and BBB disruption in vitro induced by Ang II.
Methods
We used bEnd.3 cells to imitate a BBB monolayer model and explored the protection of Hyp on Ang II-induced BBB leakage. The apoptotic activity was assessed by TUNEL staining and flow cytometry. The expression of apoptosis pathway related proteins, tight junction proteins and transcytosis related proteins were detected by western blot assay. The BBB model permeability was detected through measuring the flux of sodium fluorescein (Na-F).
Results
We found that Hyp can not only effectively inhibit the apoptosis of bEnd.3 induced by Ang II, but also protect the structural soundness and functional integrity of BBB model by affecting the expression levels of junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A), Claudin-5, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2a (Mfsd2a).
Conclusion
Hyp might be a potent compound for preventing Ang II-induced BBB disruption.
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117
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Zhao B, Yin Q, Fei Y, Zhu J, Qiu Y, Fang W, Li Y. Research progress of mechanisms for tight junction damage on blood-brain barrier inflammation. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1579-1590. [PMID: 32608276 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1784952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) contributes to disease pathologies by disrupting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Tight junctions (TJ) are a key component of the BBB. Following hypoxic-ischaemic or mechanical injury to the brain, inflammatory mediators are released such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Simultaneously, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are released which can degrade TJ proteins. Subsequently, the function and morphology of the BBB are disrupted, which allows immune cells an opportunity to enter into the brain parenchyma. This review summarises the information on the role of TJ protein families in the BBB and provides a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms whereby inflammation breaks down the BBB by increasing degradation of TJ proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanying Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Zhu B, Zhang L, Zhou X, Ning H, Ma T. Transcription factor ZNF22 regulates blood-tumor barrier permeability by interacting with HDAC3 protein. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1027942. [PMID: 36518188 PMCID: PMC9742255 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1027942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary goals of this study were to investigate the potential roles of ZNF22 and HDAC3 as a histone deacetylase in regulating an increases in blood-tumor barrier (BTB) permeability and some of the possible molecular mechanisms associated with this effect. METHODS The expression of ZNF22 and HDAC3 in glioma-exposed endothelial cells (GECs) of BTB were detected transcription real-time PCR or western blot. The interaction of ZNF22 and HDAC3 in GECs associated with transcript effect was analyzed by means of Co-Immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS In the present investigation, GECs expressed higher levels of ZNF22 as a zinc finger transcription factor and HDAC3 than endothelial cells. We then affirmed that silencing HDAC3 or ZNF22 led to a reduction in BTB permeability. By bioinformatics analysis, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays and luciferase assay, we found that ZNF22 had a target binding relationship with the promoter regions of ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5 and negatively regulated the expression of ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5. Furthermore, we revealed that HDAC3, as a co-transcript repressor with histone deacetylase activity, could interact with ZNF22 to hinder the expression of TJ-associated proteins, thereby further facilitating the permeability of BTB. CONCLUSION ZNF22 acted as a transcription factor in conjunction with HDAC3 to modulate the expression of TJ-associated proteins, which was correlated with an increase in BTB permeability. These results may provide new strategies and targets for the chemotherapy of gliomas as well as intracranial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baicheng Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinxin Zhou
- Liaoning TCM Academy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Ning
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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The Crosstalk between the Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation after General Anaesthesia. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:5700-5717. [PMID: 36421670 PMCID: PMC9689502 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44110386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As we know, with continuous medical progress, the treatment of many diseases can be conducted via surgery, which often relies on general anaesthesia for its satisfactory performance. With the widespread use of general anaesthetics, people are beginning to question the safety of general anaesthesia and there is a growing interest in central nervous system (CNS) complications associated with anaesthetics. Recently, abundant evidence has suggested that both blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and neuroinflammation play roles in the development of CNS complications after anaesthesia. Whether there is a crosstalk between BBB dysfunction and neuroinflammation after general anaesthesia, and whether this possible crosstalk could be a therapeutic target for CNS complications after general anaesthesia needs to be clarified by further studies.
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Barisano G, Kisler K, Wilkinson B, Nikolakopoulou AM, Sagare AP, Wang Y, Gilliam W, Huuskonen MT, Hung ST, Ichida JK, Gao F, Coba MP, Zlokovic BV. A "multi-omics" analysis of blood-brain barrier and synaptic dysfunction in APOE4 mice. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20221137. [PMID: 36040482 PMCID: PMC9435921 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), the main susceptibility gene for Alzheimer's disease, leads to blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown in humans and mice. Remarkably, BBB dysfunction predicts cognitive decline and precedes synaptic deficits in APOE4 human carriers. How APOE4 affects BBB and synaptic function at a molecular level, however, remains elusive. Using single-nucleus RNA-sequencing and phosphoproteome and proteome analysis, we show that APOE4 compared with APOE3 leads to an early disruption of the BBB transcriptome in 2-3-mo-old APOE4 knock-in mice, followed by dysregulation in protein signaling networks controlling cell junctions, cytoskeleton, clathrin-mediated transport, and translation in brain endothelium, as well as transcription and RNA splicing suggestive of DNA damage in pericytes. Changes in BBB signaling mechanisms paralleled an early, progressive BBB breakdown and loss of pericytes, which preceded postsynaptic interactome disruption and behavioral deficits that developed 2-5 mo later. Thus, dysregulated signaling mechanisms in endothelium and pericytes in APOE4 mice reflect a molecular signature of a progressive BBB failure preceding changes in synaptic function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Barisano
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kassandra Kisler
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Brent Wilkinson
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Angeliki Maria Nikolakopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Abhay P. Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yaoming Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - William Gilliam
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mikko T. Huuskonen
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shu-Ting Hung
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Justin K. Ichida
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Fan Gao
- Caltech Bioinformatics Resource Center, Caltech, Pasadena, CA
| | - Marcelo P. Coba
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Shi J, Xiao Y, Zhang N, Jiao M, Tang X, Dai C, Wang C, Xu Y, Tan Z, Gong F, Zheng F. HMGB1 from Astrocytes Promotes EAE by Influencing the Immune Cell Infiltration-Associated Functions of BMECs in Mice. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:1303-1314. [PMID: 35697993 PMCID: PMC9672173 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00890-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) has been reported to play an important role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Astrocytes are important components of neurovascular units and tightly appose the endothelial cells of microvessels by their perivascular endfeet and directly regulate the functions of the blood-brain barrier. Astrocytes express more HMGB1 during EAE while the exact roles of astrocytic HMGB1 in EAE have not been well elucidated. Here, using conditional-knockout mice, we found that astrocytic HMGB1 depletion decreased morbidity, delayed the onset time, and reduced the disease score and demyelination of EAE. Meanwhile, there were fewer immune cells, especially pathogenic T cells infiltration in the central nervous system of astrocytic HMGB1 conditional-knockout EAE mice, accompanied by up-regulated expression of the tight-junction protein Claudin5 and down-regulated expression of the cell adhesion molecules ICAM1 and VCAM1 in vivo. In vitro, HMGB1 released from astrocytes decreased Claudin5 while increased ICAM1 and VCAM1 expressed by brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) through TLR4 or RAGE. Taken together, our results demonstrate that HMGB1 derived from astrocytes aggravates EAE by directly influencing the immune cell infiltration-associated functions of BMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Shi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yifan Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Mengya Jiao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xuhuan Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chan Dai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zheng Tan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Feili Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Goncalves A, Antonetti DA. Transgenic animal models to explore and modulate the blood brain and blood retinal barriers of the CNS. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:86. [PMID: 36320068 PMCID: PMC9628113 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique environment of the brain and retina is tightly regulated by blood-brain barrier and the blood-retinal barrier, respectively, to ensure proper neuronal function. Endothelial cells within these tissues possess distinct properties that allow for controlled passage of solutes and fluids. Pericytes, glia cells and neurons signal to endothelial cells (ECs) to form and maintain the barriers and control blood flow, helping to create the neurovascular unit. This barrier is lost in a wide range of diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) and retina such as brain tumors, stroke, dementia, and in the eye, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions and age-related macular degeneration to name prominent examples. Recent studies directly link barrier changes to promotion of disease pathology and degradation of neuronal function. Understanding how these barriers form and how to restore these barriers in disease provides an important point for therapeutic intervention. This review aims to describe the fundamentals of the blood-tissue barriers of the CNS and how the use of transgenic animal models led to our current understanding of the molecular framework of these barriers. The review also highlights examples of targeting barrier properties to protect neuronal function in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Goncalves
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, 1000 Wall St Rm, Ann Arbor, MI, 7317, USA
| | - David A Antonetti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, 1000 Wall St Rm, Ann Arbor, MI, 7317, USA.
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Bell KS, O’Shaughnessy KL. The development and function of the brain barriers - an overlooked consideration for chemical toxicity. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:1000212. [PMID: 36329715 PMCID: PMC9622783 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.1000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the adult brain is protected from some infections and toxic molecules by the blood-brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Contrary to the immense data collected in other fields, it is deeply entrenched in environmental toxicology that xenobiotics easily permeate the developing brain because these barriers are either absent or non-functional in the fetus and newborn. Here we review the cellular and physiological makeup of the brain barrier systems in multiple species, and discuss decades of experiments that show they possess functionality during embryogenesis. We next present case studies of two chemical classes, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and bisphenols, and discuss their potential to bypass the brain barriers. While there is evidence to suggest these pollutants may enter the developing and/or adult brain parenchyma, many studies suffer from confounding technical variables which complicates data interpretation. In the future, a more formal consideration of brain barrier biology could not only improve understanding of chemical toxicokinetics but could assist in prioritizing environmental xenobiotics for their neurotoxicity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten S. Bell
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States,Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Katherine L. O’Shaughnessy
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Katherine L. O’Shaughnessy,
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124
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Li X, Li L, Si X, Zhang Z, Ni Z, Zhou Y, Liu K, Xia W, Zhang Y, Gu X, Huang J, Yin C, Shao A, Jiang L. The regulatory roles of circular RNAs via autophagy in ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 2022; 13:963508. [PMID: 36330428 PMCID: PMC9623297 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.963508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a severe disease with a high disability, recurrence, and mortality rates. Autophagy, a highly conserved process that degrades damaged or aging organelles and excess cellular components to maintain homeostasis, is activated during IS. It influences the blood–brain barrier integrity and regulates apoptosis. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are novel non-coding RNAs involved in IS-induced autophagy and participate in various pathological processes following IS. In addition, they play a role in autophagy regulation. This review summarizes current evidence on the roles of autophagy and circRNA in IS and the potential mechanisms by which circRNAs regulate autophagy to influence IS injury. This review serves as a basis for the clinical application of circRNAs as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Li
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingfei Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Si
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhumei Ni
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongji Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keqin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenqing Xia
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Gu
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congguo Yin
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Congguo Yin
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Disease, Hangzhou, China
- Anwen Shao
| | - Lin Jiang
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Lin Jiang
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125
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Wong JC. Overcoming Barriers to Improve Treatments in Epilepsy. Epilepsy Curr 2022; 22:321-323. [PMID: 36285197 PMCID: PMC9549224 DOI: 10.1177/15357597221127164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular Stabilization via Blood-Brain Barrier Regulation Prevents Seizure
Activity Greene C, Hanley N, Reschke CR, Reddy A, Mäe MA, Connolly R, Behan C, O’Keeffe E,
Bolger I, Hudson N, Delaney C, Farrell MA, O’Brien DF, Cryan J, Brett FM, Beausang A,
Betsholtz C, Henshall DC, Doherty CP, Campbell M. Nature Comm.
2022;13(1):2003. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29657-y Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is associated with worse epilepsy outcomes
however the underlying molecular mechanisms of BBB dysfunction remain to be
elucidated. Tight junction proteins are important regulators of BBB integrity and in
particular, the tight junction protein claudin-5 is the most enriched in brain
endothelial cells and regulates size-selectivity at the BBB. Additionally, disruption
of claudin-5 expression has been implicated in numerous disorders including
schizophrenia, depression and traumatic brain injury, yet its role in epilepsy has not
been fully deciphered. Here we report that claudin-5 protein levels are significantly
diminished in surgically resected brain tissue from patients with treatment-resistant
epilepsy. Concomitantly, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in these patients showed
widespread BBB disruption. We show that targeted disruption of claudin-5 in the
hippocampus or genetic heterozygosity of claudin-5 in mice exacerbates kainic
acid-induced seizures and BBB disruption. Additionally, inducible knockdown of
claudin-5 in mice leads to spontaneous recurrent seizures, severe neuroinflammation,
and mortality. Finally, we identify that RepSox, a regulator of claudin-5 expression,
can prevent seizure activity in experimental epilepsy. Altogether, we propose that BBB
stabilizing drugs could represent a new generation of agents to prevent seizure
activity in epilepsy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Wong
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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126
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Mills WA, Coburn MA, Eyo UB. The emergence of the calvarial hematopoietic niche in health and disease. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:26-38. [PMID: 35880587 PMCID: PMC9489662 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The diploë region of skull has recently been discovered to act as a myeloid cell reservoir to the underlying meninges. The presence of ossified vascular channels traversing the inner skull of cortex provides a passageway for the cells to traffic from the niche, and CNS-derived antigens traveling through cerebrospinal fluid in a perivascular manner reaches the niche to signal myeloid cell egress. This review will highlight the recent findings establishing this burgeoning field along with the known role this niche plays in CNS aging and disease. It will further highlight the anatomical routes and physiological properties of the vascular structures these cells use for trafficking, spanning from skull to brain parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. Mills
- Brain, Immunology, and Glia CenterUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA,Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA,Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Morgan A Coburn
- Brain, Immunology, and Glia CenterUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA,Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA,Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Ukpong B. Eyo
- Brain, Immunology, and Glia CenterUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA,Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA,Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
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Berselli A, Benfenati F, Maragliano L, Alberini G. Multiscale modelling of claudin-based assemblies: a magnifying glass for novel structures of biological interfaces. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:5984-6010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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128
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Opportunities and challenges in delivering biologics for Alzheimer's disease by low-intensity ultrasound. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 189:114517. [PMID: 36030018 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Low-intensity ultrasound combined with intravenously injected microbubbles (US+MB) is a novel treatment modality for brain disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), safely and transiently allowing therapeutic agents to overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that constitutes a major barrier for therapeutic agents. Here, we first provide an update on immunotherapies in AD and how US+MB has been applied to AD mouse models and in clinical trials, considering the ultrasound and microbubble parameter space. In the second half of the review, we compare different in vitro BBB models and discuss strategies for combining US+MB with BBB modulators (targeting molecules such as claudin-5), and highlight the insight provided by super-resolution microscopy. Finally, we conclude with a short discussion on how in vitro findings can inform the design of animal studies, and how the insight gained may aid treatment optimization in the clinical ultrasound space.
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129
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Smith BC, Tinkey RA, Shaw BC, Williams JL. Targetability of the neurovascular unit in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:39-49. [PMID: 35909222 PMCID: PMC9489669 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a selectively permeable barrier separating the periphery from the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB restricts the flow of most material into and out of the CNS, including many drugs that could be used as potent therapies. BBB permeability is modulated by several cells that are collectively called the neurovascular unit (NVU). The NVU consists of specialized CNS endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, and neurons. CNS ECs maintain a complex "seal" via tight junctions, forming the BBB; breakdown of these tight junctions leads to BBB disruption. Pericytes control the vascular flow within capillaries and help maintain the basal lamina. Astrocytes control much of the flow of material that has moved beyond the CNS EC layer and can form a secondary barrier under inflammatory conditions. Microglia survey the border of the NVU for noxious material. Neuronal activity also plays a role in the maintenance of the BBB. Since astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, and neurons are all able to modulate the permeability of the BBB, understating the complex contributions of each member of the NVU will potentially uncover novel and effective methods for delivery of neurotherapies to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C. Smith
- Department of NeurosciencesLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA,Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Rachel A. Tinkey
- Department of NeurosciencesLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA,School of Biomedical SciencesKent State UniversityKentOhioUSA
| | - Benjamin C. Shaw
- Department of NeurosciencesLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Jessica L. Williams
- Department of NeurosciencesLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA,Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State UniversityKentOhioUSA
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TWEAK and TNFα, Both TNF Ligand Family Members and Multiple Sclerosis-Related Cytokines, Induce Distinct Gene Response in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101714. [PMID: 36292599 PMCID: PMC9601571 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a member of the TNF ligand family involved in various diseases including brain inflammatory pathologies such as multiple sclerosis. It has been demonstrated that TWEAK can induce cerebrovascular permeability in an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier. The molecular mechanisms playing a role in TWEAK versus TNFα signaling on cerebral microvascular endothelial cells are not well defined. Therefore, we aimed to identify gene expression changes in cultures of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) to address changes initiated by TWEAK exposure. Taken together, our studies highlighted that gene involved in leukocyte extravasation, notably claudin-5, were differentially modulated by TWEAK and TNFα. We identified differential gene expression of hCMEC/D3 cells at three timepoints following TWEAK versus TNFα stimulation and also found distinct modulations of several canonical pathways including the actin cytoskeleton, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Rho family GTPases, and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) pathways. To our knowledge, this is the first study to interrogate and compare the effects of TWEAK versus TNFα on gene expression in brain microvascular endothelial cells.
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131
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Hashimoto R, Takahashi J, Shirakura K, Funatsu R, Kosugi K, Deguchi S, Yamamoto M, Tsunoda Y, Morita M, Muraoka K, Tanaka M, Kanbara T, Tanaka S, Tamiya S, Tokunoh N, Kawai A, Ikawa M, Ono C, Tachibana K, Kondoh M, Obana M, Matsuura Y, Ohsumi A, Noda T, Yamamoto T, Yoshioka Y, Torisawa YS, Date H, Fujio Y, Nagao M, Takayama K, Okada Y. SARS-CoV-2 disrupts respiratory vascular barriers by suppressing Claudin-5 expression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo6783. [PMID: 36129989 PMCID: PMC9491726 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo6783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the initial process of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects respiratory epithelial cells and then transfers to other organs the blood vessels. It is believed that SARS-CoV-2 can pass the vascular wall by altering the endothelial barrier using an unknown mechanism. In this study, we investigated the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the endothelial barrier using an airway-on-a-chip that mimics respiratory organs and found that SARS-CoV-2 produced from infected epithelial cells disrupts the barrier by decreasing Claudin-5 (CLDN5), a tight junction protein, and disrupting vascular endothelial cadherin-mediated adherens junctions. Consistently, the gene and protein expression levels of CLDN5 in the lungs of a patient with COVID-19 were decreased. CLDN5 overexpression or Fluvastatin treatment rescued the SARS-CoV-2-induced respiratory endothelial barrier disruption. We concluded that the down-regulation of CLDN5 expression is a pivotal mechanism for SARS-CoV-2-induced endothelial barrier disruption in respiratory organs and that inducing CLDN5 expression is a therapeutic strategy against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Hashimoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Junya Takahashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shirakura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Risa Funatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kaori Kosugi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Sayaka Deguchi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8303, Japan
| | - Yugo Tsunoda
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Maaya Morita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kosuke Muraoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kanbara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shota Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Tamiya
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nagisa Tokunoh
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- BIKEN Center for Innovative Vaccine Research and Development, The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chikako Ono
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tachibana
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masanori Obana
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohsumi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Medical-risk Avoidance based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- BIKEN Center for Innovative Vaccine Research and Development, The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu-suke Torisawa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Date
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasushi Fujio
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miki Nagao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8303, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
- Corresponding author. (K.Tak.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yoshiaki Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Corresponding author. (K.Tak.); (Y.O.)
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132
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Yamamoto Y, Akanuma SI, Kon H, Endo H, Kubo Y, Hosoya KI. Newly-established in vitro inner BRB spheroids to elucidate retinal Ang2-linked substance transfer. J Control Release 2022; 351:8-21. [PMID: 36122894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of angiopep-2 (Ang2) with drugs/compounds is known to increase plasma membrane permeability across endothelial barriers. The inner blood-retinal barrier (BRB) regulates retinal drug distribution and is formed by retinal capillary endothelial cells, supported by Müller cells and retinal pericytes. To elucidate the potential of Ang2 conjugation in promoting retinal drug distribution after peripheral administration across the inner BRB, an in vivo administration study and in vitro transport experiments using newly developed multicellular inner BRB spheroids were performed. After intravenous administration of Ang2-linked green fluorescence protein (GFP-Ang2) in mice, GFP-derived signals were observed in the neural retina. In contrast, GFP-derived signals were not observed after intravenous GFP administration, suggesting the promotion of the retinal distribution of substances by Ang2 conjugation. To overcome the limitations of in vitro studies using cells cultured on dishes, inner BRB spheroids were established using conditionally immortalized rat retinal capillary endothelial cells, Müller cells, and retinal pericytes. Immunocytochemistry of marker molecules suggests that the central part of the spheroids is occupied by Müller cells, and encapsulated by retinal pericytes and capillary endothelial cells. Studies on the expression and functions of tight junctions suggest that tight junctions are formed on the surface of the inner BRB spheroids by retinal capillary endothelial cells. The functional expression of drug transporters, such as P-glycoprotein, was observed in the spheroids, implying that the inner side of the spheroids reflects the retinal side of the inner BRB. In the inner BRB spheroids, energy-dependent accumulation of GFP-Ang2 and Ang2-linked 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (FAM-Ang2) was observed. Moreover, an endocytic inhibition study revealed that clathrin-dependent endocytosis/transcytosis was involved in the transcellular transport of Ang2-conjugated drugs/compounds across the inner BRB. Consequently, it is suggested that the Ang2 linkage is useful for promoting retinal drug distribution via clathrin-dependent transcytosis at the inner BRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Akanuma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Hideki Kon
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hiroki Endo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kubo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hosoya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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Rajagopal N, Nangia S. Unique structural features of claudin‐5 and claudin‐15 lead to functionally distinct tight junction strand architecture. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1517:225-233. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandhini Rajagopal
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering Syracuse University Syracuse New York USA
| | - Shikha Nangia
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering Syracuse University Syracuse New York USA
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134
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Kujawa M, O’Meara M, Li H, Xu L, Meda Venkata SP, Nguyen H, Minjares M, Zhang K, Wang JM. MicroRNA-466 and microRNA-200 increase endothelial permeability in hyperglycemia by targeting Claudin-5. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 29:259-271. [PMID: 35892090 PMCID: PMC9307898 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) permeability is essential to vascular homeostasis in diabetes. MicroRNAs are critical gene regulators whose roles in the EC permeability have yet to be characterized. This study aims to examine the change in cell permeability induced by miR-200 and miR-466 in ECs. Human aortic ECs and dermal microvascular ECs from healthy subjects and type 2 diabetic patients were used. Our in vitro experiments unveiled higher expressions of miR-200 family members and miR-466 in diabetic ECs and in healthy ECs when exposed to high glucose. Overexpression of both miR-200 and miR-466 significantly increased EC permeability through transcriptional suppression of Claudin-5, the cell tight junction protein, by directly binding to its 3' untranslated region. In a mouse model of chronic hyperglycemia mimicking type 2 diabetes in humans (db/db mice), the delayed closure rate of a full-thickness excisional wound was partly rescued by topical application of the miR-200 inhibitor. The topical application of both miR-200 and miR-466 inhibitors exhibited improved efficacy in accelerating wound closure compared with the topical application of miR-200 inhibitor alone. Our study demonstrated the potentially effective approach of miR-200/miR-466 cocktail inhibition to restore vascular integrity and tissue repair in hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Kujawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Megan O’Meara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Hainan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Liping Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sai Pranathi Meda Venkata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Huong Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Morgan Minjares
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Centers for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jie-Mei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Centers for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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135
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Yan Z, Yuan H, Wang J, Yang Z, Zhang P, Mahmmod YS, Wang X, Liu T, Song Y, Ren Z, Zhang XX, Yuan ZG. Four Chemotherapeutic Compounds That Limit Blood-Brain-Barrier Invasion by Toxoplasma gondii. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175572. [PMID: 36080339 PMCID: PMC9457825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular protozoan parasite, exists in the host brain as cysts, which can result in Toxoplasmic Encephalitis (TE) and neurological diseases. However, few studies have been conducted on TE, particularly on how to prevent it. Previous proteomics studies have showed that the expression of C3 in rat brains was up-regulated after T. gondii infection. Methods: In this study, we used T. gondii to infect mice and bEnd 3 cells to confirm the relation between T. gondii and the expression of C3. BEnd3 cells membrane proteins which directly interacted with C3a were screened by pull down. Finally, animal behavior experiments were conducted to compare the differences in the inhibitory ability of TE by four chemotherapeutic compounds (SB290157, CVF, NSC23766, and Anxa1). Results: All chemotherapeutic compounds in this study can inhibit TE and cognitive behavior in the host. However, Anxa 1 is the most suitable material to inhibit mice TE. Conclusion: T. gondii infection promotes TE by promoting host C3 production. Anxa1 was selected as the most appropriate material to prevent TE among four chemotherapeutic compounds closely related to C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultual University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zipeng Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yasser S. Mahmmod
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Al Ain Men’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Al Ain 17155, United Arab Emirates
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Tanghui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yining Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhaowen Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiu-Xiang Zhang
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (X.-X.Z.); (Z.-G.Y.)
| | - Zi-Guo Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (X.-X.Z.); (Z.-G.Y.)
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136
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Gao Y, Li D, Lin J, Thomas AM, Miao J, Chen D, Li S, Chu C. Cerebral small vessel disease: Pathological mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:961661. [PMID: 36034144 PMCID: PMC9412755 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.961661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) represents a diverse cluster of cerebrovascular diseases primarily affecting small arteries, capillaries, arterioles and venules. The diagnosis of CSVD relies on the identification of small subcortical infarcts, lacunes, white matter hyperintensities, perivascular spaces, and microbleeds using neuroimaging. CSVD is observed in 25% of strokes worldwide and is the most common pathology of cognitive decline and dementia in the elderly. Still, due to the poor understanding of pathophysiology in CSVD, there is not an effective preventative or therapeutic approach for CSVD. The most widely accepted approach to CSVD treatment is to mitigate vascular risk factors and adopt a healthier lifestyle. Thus, a deeper understanding of pathogenesis may foster more specific therapies. Here, we review the underlying mechanisms of pathological characteristics in CSVD development, with a focus on endothelial dysfunction, blood-brain barrier impairment and white matter change. We also describe inflammation in CSVD, whose role in contributing to CSVD pathology is gaining interest. Finally, we update the current treatments and preventative measures of CSVD, as well as discuss potential targets and novel strategies for CSVD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- Department of Neurointervention and Neurological Intensive Care, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Di Li
- Department of Neurointervention and Neurological Intensive Care, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Jianwen Lin
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Aline M. Thomas
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institution, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jianyu Miao
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyan Chu
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Chengyan Chu,
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137
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Zemskov EA, Gross CM, Aggarwal S, Zemskova MA, Wu X, Gu C, Wang T, Tang H, Black SM. NF-κB-dependent repression of Sox18 transcription factor requires the epigenetic regulators histone deacetylases 1 and 2 in acute lung injury. Front Physiol 2022; 13:947537. [PMID: 35991176 PMCID: PMC9386230 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.947537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In acute lung injury (ALI), the NF-κB-mediated downregulation of Sox18 gene expression leads to the disruption of the pulmonary endothelial barrier. Previous studies have suggested that the action of NF-κB as a transcriptional repressor also requires the action of class I histone deacetylases (HDACs). Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate and further delineate the mechanism of Sox18 repression during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced ALI. Using selective inhibitors and specific siRNA-driven depletion of HDACs 1-3 in human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC) we were able to demonstrate a critical role for HDACs 1 and 2 in the LPS-mediated repression of Sox18 gene expression and the loss of endothelial monolayer integrity. Moreover, our data demonstrate that HDAC1 associates with a transcription-repressive complex within the NF-κB-binding site of Sox18 promoter. Further, we were able to show that the selective inhibitor of HDAC1, tacedinaline, significantly reduced the endothelial permeability and injury associated with LPS challenge in the mouse lung. Taken together, our data demonstrate, for the first time, that transcription repressors HDACs 1 and 2 are involved in pathological mechanism of ALI and can be considered as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A. Zemskov
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, United States
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Evgeny A. Zemskov,
| | - Christine M. Gross
- Department of Medicine at Broward Health Medical Center, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Saurabh Aggarwal
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Marina A. Zemskova
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, United States
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Chenxin Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Haiyang Tang
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, United States
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Stephen M. Black
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, United States
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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138
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Sakai Y, Taguchi M, Morikawa Y, Suenami K, Yanase E, Takayama T, Ikari A, Matsunaga T. Lowering of brain endothelial cell barrier function by exposure to 4'-iodo-α-pyrrolidinononanophenone. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 364:110052. [PMID: 35872046 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Overuse of pyrrolidinophenones (PPs) is known to cause damage to vascular and central nervous systems, but little is known about its effect on brain endothelial barrier function. In this study, we found that exposure to 4'-iodo-α-pyrrolidinononanophenone (I-α-PNP), one of the most potently cytotoxic PPs, at sublethal concentrations decreases trans-endothelial electrical resistance and increases paracellular permeability across a monolayer of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Treatment with I-α-PNP also elevated the production of superoxide anion. Furthermore, the treatment reduced the expression and plasma membrane localization of a tight junction protein claudin-5 (CLDN5), which was almost restored by pretreatment with an antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine. These results indicate that I-α-PNP treatment may down-regulate the plasma membrane-localized CLDN5 by elevating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The treatment with I-α-PNP increased the nuclear translocation of Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1), an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor, and pretreating with a FoxO1 inhibitor ameliorated the decrease in CLDN5 mRNA. In addition, I-α-PNP treatment up-regulated the expression and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and MMP9, and the addition of an MMP inhibitor reversed the degradation of CLDN5 by I-α-PNP. Moreover, I-α-PNP treatment facilitated the activation of 26S proteasome-based proteolytic activity and pretreatment with an inhibitor of 26S proteasome, but not autophagy, suppressed the CLDN5 degradation by I-α-PNP. Accordingly, it is suggested that the down-regulation of CLDN5 by exposure to I-α-PNP is ascribable to suppression of the gene transcription due to FoxO1 nuclear translocation through ROS production and to acceleration both of the MMPs (MMP2 and MMP9)- and 26S proteasome-based proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sakai
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan.
| | - Maki Taguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Morikawa
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Suenami
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan
| | - Emiko Yanase
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1112, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takayama
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 502-8585, Japan
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139
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Richards M, Nwadozi E, Pal S, Martinsson P, Kaakinen M, Gloger M, Sjöberg E, Koltowska K, Betsholtz C, Eklund L, Nordling S, Claesson-Welsh L. Claudin5 protects the peripheral endothelial barrier in an organ and vessel type-specific manner. eLife 2022; 11:78517. [PMID: 35861713 PMCID: PMC9348850 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional and leaky blood vessels resulting from disruption of the endothelial cell (EC) barrier accompanies numerous diseases. The EC barrier is established through endothelial cell tight and adherens junctions. However, the expression pattern and precise contribution of different junctional proteins to the EC barrier is poorly understood. Here, we focus on organs with continuous endothelium to identify structural and functional in vivo characteristics of the EC barrier. Assembly of multiple single-cell RNAseq datasets into a single integrated database revealed the variability and commonalities of EC barrier patterning. Across tissues, Claudin5 exhibited diminishing expression along the arteriovenous axis, correlating with EC barrier integrity. Functional analysis identified tissue-specific differences in leakage properties and response to the leakage agonist histamine. Loss of Claudin5 enhanced histamine-induced leakage in an organotypic and vessel type-specific manner in an inducible, EC-specific, knock-out mouse. Mechanistically, Claudin5 loss left junction ultrastructure unaffected but altered its composition, with concomitant loss of zonula occludens-1 and upregulation of VE-Cadherin expression. These findings uncover the organ-specific organisation of the EC barrier and distinct importance of Claudin5 in different vascular beds, providing insights to modify EC barrier stability in a targeted, organ-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Richards
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emmanuel Nwadozi
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sagnik Pal
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Martinsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mika Kaakinen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marleen Gloger
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elin Sjöberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Koltowska
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lauri Eklund
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sofia Nordling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Claesson-Welsh
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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140
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Ronaldson PT, Davis TP. Transport Mechanisms at the Blood-Brain Barrier and in Cellular Compartments of the Neurovascular Unit: Focus on CNS Delivery of Small Molecule Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1501. [PMID: 35890396 PMCID: PMC9324459 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a primary origin of morbidity and mortality in the United States and around the world. Indeed, several research projects have attempted to discover new drugs or repurpose existing therapeutics to advance stroke pharmacotherapy. Many of these preclinical stroke studies have reported positive results for neuroprotective agents; however, only one compound (3K3A-activated protein C (3K3A-APC)) has advanced to Phase III clinical trial evaluation. One reason for these many failures is the lack of consideration of transport mechanisms at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neurovascular unit (NVU). These endogenous transport processes function as a "gateway" that is a primary determinant of efficacious brain concentrations for centrally acting drugs. Despite the knowledge that some neuroprotective agents (i.e., statins and memantine) are substrates for these endogenous BBB transporters, preclinical stroke studies have largely ignored the role of transporters in CNS drug disposition. Here, we review the current knowledge on specific BBB transporters that either limit drug uptake into the brain (i.e., ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters) or can be targeted for optimized drug delivery (i.e., solute carrier (SLC) transporters). Additionally, we highlight the current knowledge on transporter expression in astrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and neurons with an emphasis on transport mechanisms in these cell types that can influence drug distribution within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T. Ronaldson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5050, USA;
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141
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Berselli A, Alberini G, Benfenati F, Maragliano L. Computational Assessment of Different Structural Models for Claudin-5 Complexes in Blood-Brain Barrier Tight Junctions. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2140-2153. [PMID: 35816296 PMCID: PMC9976285 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) strictly regulates the exchange of ions and molecules between the blood and the central nervous system. Tight junctions (TJs) are multimeric structures that control the transport through the paracellular spaces between the adjacent brain endothelial cells of the BBB. Claudin-5 (Cldn5) proteins are essential for TJ formation and assemble into multiprotein complexes via cis-interactions within the same cell membrane and trans-interactions across two contiguous cells. Despite the relevant biological function of Cldn5 proteins and their role as targets of brain drug delivery strategies, the molecular details of their assembly within TJs are still unclear. Two different structural models have been recently introduced, in which Cldn5 dimers belonging to opposite cells join to generate paracellular pores. However, a comparison of these models in terms of ionic transport features is still lacking. In this work, we used molecular dynamics simulations and free energy (FE) calculations to assess the two Cldn5 pore models and investigate the thermodynamic properties of water and physiological ions permeating through them. Despite different FE profiles, both structures present single/multiple FE barriers to ionic permeation, while being permissive to water flux. These results reveal that both models are compatible with the physiological role of Cldn5 TJ strands. By identifying the protein-protein surface at the core of TJ Cldn5 assemblies, our computational investigation provides a basis for the rational design of synthetic peptides and other molecules capable of opening paracellular pores in the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Berselli
- Center
for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN@UniGe), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, Genova 16132, Italy
- Department
of Experimental Medicine, Università
Degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Giulio Alberini
- Center
for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN@UniGe), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, Genova 16132, Italy
- IRCCS
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center
for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN@UniGe), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, Genova 16132, Italy
- IRCCS
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Luca Maragliano
- Center
for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN@UniGe), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, Genova 16132, Italy
- Department
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic
University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy
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142
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Eng ME, Imperio GE, Bloise E, Matthews SG. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters in the developing blood-brain barrier: role in fetal brain protection. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:415. [PMID: 35821142 PMCID: PMC11071850 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04432-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides essential neuroprotection from environmental toxins and xenobiotics, through high expression of drug efflux transporters in endothelial cells of the cerebral capillaries. However, xenobiotic exposure, stress, and inflammatory stimuli have the potential to disrupt BBB permeability in fetal and post-natal life. Understanding the role and ability of the BBB in protecting the developing brain, particularly with respect to drug/toxin transport, is key to promoting long-term brain health. Drug transporters, particularly P-gp and BCRP are expressed in early gestation at the developing BBB and have a crucial role in developmental homeostasis and fetal brain protection. We have highlighted several factors that modulate drug transporters at the developing BBB, including synthetic glucocorticoid (sGC), cytokines, maternal infection, and growth factors. Some factors have the potential to increase expression and function of drug transporters and increase brain protection (e.g., sGC, transforming growth factor [TGF]-β). However, others inhibit drug transporters expression and function at the BBB, increasing brain exposure to xenobiotics (e.g., tumor necrosis factor [TNF], interleukin [IL]-6), negatively impacting brain development. This has implications for pregnant women and neonates, who represent a vulnerable population and may be exposed to drugs and environmental toxins, many of which are P-gp and BCRP substrates. Thus, alterations in regulated transport across the developing BBB may induce long-term changes in brain health and compromise pregnancy outcome. Furthermore, a large portion of neonatal adverse drug reactions are attributed to agents that target or access the nervous system, such as stimulants (e.g., caffeine), anesthetics (e.g., midazolam), analgesics (e.g., morphine) and antiretrovirals (e.g., Zidovudine); thus, understanding brain protection is key for the development of strategies to protect the fetal and neonatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Eng
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Bldg. Rm. 3207. 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Enrrico Bloise
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Bldg. Rm. 3207. 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Stephen G Matthews
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Bldg. Rm. 3207. 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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143
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Wei T, Zhou M, Gu L, Zhou Y, Li M. How Shockwaves Open Tight Junctions of Blood–Brain Barrier: Comparison of Three Biomechanical Effects. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5094-5102. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Lingzhi Gu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
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144
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Stafford P, Mitra S, Debot M, Lutz P, Stem A, Hadley J, Hom P, Schaid TR, Cohen MJ. Astrocytes and pericytes attenuate severely injured patient plasma mediated expression of tight junction proteins in endothelial cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270817. [PMID: 35789221 PMCID: PMC9255734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) breakdown is a secondary form of brain injury which has yet to be fully elucidated mechanistically. Existing research suggests that breakdown of tight junction proteins between endothelial cells is a primary driver of increased BBB permeability following injury, and intercellular signaling between primary cells of the neurovascular unit: endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes; contribute to tight junction restoration. To expound upon this body of research, we analyzed the effects of severely injured patient plasma on each of the cell types in monoculture and together in a triculture model for the transcriptional and translational expression of the tight junction proteins Claudins 3 and 5, (CLDN3, CLDN5) and Zona Occludens 1 (ZO-1). Conditioned media transfer studies were performed to illuminate the cell type responsible for differential tight junction expression. Our data show that incubation with 5% human ex vivo severely injured patient plasma is sufficient to produce a differential response in endothelial cell tight junction mRNA and protein expression. Endothelial cells in monoculture produced a significant increase of CLDN3 and CLDN5 mRNA expression, (3.98 and 3.51 fold increase vs. control respectively, p<0.01) and CLDN5 protein expression, (2.58 fold change vs. control, p<0.01), whereas in triculture, this increase was attenuated. Our triculture model and conditioned media experiments suggest that conditioned media from astrocytes and pericytes and a triculture of astrocytes, pericytes and endothelial cells are sufficient in attenuating the transcriptional increases of tight junction proteins CLDN3 and CLDN5 observed in endothelial monocultures following incubation with severely injured trauma plasma. This data suggests that inhibitory molecular signals from astrocytes and pericytes contributes to prolonged BBB breakdown following injury via tight junction transcriptional and translational downregulation of CLDN5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston Stafford
- Division of GITES, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sanchayita Mitra
- Division of GITES, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Margot Debot
- Division of GITES, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Patrick Lutz
- Division of GITES, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Arthur Stem
- Division of GITES, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jamie Hadley
- Division of GITES, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Patrick Hom
- Division of GITES, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Terry R. Schaid
- Division of GITES, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mitchell J. Cohen
- Division of GITES, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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145
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Yazbeck P, Cullere X, Bennett P, Yajnik V, Wang H, Kawada K, Davis V, Parikh A, Kuo A, Mysore V, Hla T, Milstone D, Mayadas TN. DOCK4 Regulation of Rho GTPases Mediates Pulmonary Vascular Barrier Function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:886-902. [PMID: 35477279 PMCID: PMC9233130 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vascular endothelium maintains tissue-fluid homeostasis by controlling the passage of large molecules and fluid between the blood and interstitial space. The interaction of catenins and the actin cytoskeleton with VE-cadherin (vascular endothelial cadherin) is the primary mechanism for stabilizing AJs (adherens junctions), thereby preventing lung vascular barrier disruption. Members of the Rho (Ras homology) family of GTPases and conventional GEFs (guanine exchange factors) of these GTPases have been demonstrated to play important roles in regulating endothelial permeability. Here, we evaluated the role of DOCK4 (dedicator of cytokinesis 4)-an unconventional Rho family GTPase GEF in vascular function. METHODS We generated mice deficient in DOCK4' used DOCK4 silencing and reconstitution approaches in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells' used assays to evaluate protein localization, endothelial cell permeability, and small GTPase activation. RESULTS Our data show that DOCK4-deficient mice are viable. However, these mice have hemorrhage selectively in the lung, incomplete smooth muscle cell coverage in pulmonary vessels, increased basal microvascular permeability, and impaired response to S1P (sphingosine-1-phosphate)-induced reversal of thrombin-induced permeability. Consistent with this, DOCK4 rapidly translocates to the cell periphery and associates with the detergent-insoluble fraction following S1P treatment, and its absence prevents S1P-induced Rac-1 activation and enhancement of barrier function. Moreover, DOCK4-silenced pulmonary artery endothelial cells exhibit enhanced basal permeability in vitro that is associated with enhanced Rho GTPase activation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that DOCK4 maintains AJs necessary for lung vascular barrier function by establishing the normal balance between RhoA (Ras homolog family member A) and Rac-1-mediated actin cytoskeleton remodeling, a previously unappreciated function for the atypical GEF family of molecules. Our studies also identify S1P as a potential upstream regulator of DOCK4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Yazbeck
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Xavier Cullere
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Paul Bennett
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Vijay Yajnik
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02445
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kenji Kawada
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02445
| | - Vanessa Davis
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Asit Parikh
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02445
| | - Andrew Kuo
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 20115
| | - Vijayashree Mysore
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 20115
| | - David Milstone
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tanya N. Mayadas
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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146
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Ben-Zvi A, Liebner S. Developmental regulation of barrier- and non-barrier blood vessels in the CNS. J Intern Med 2022; 292:31-46. [PMID: 33665890 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for creating and maintaining tissue homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS), which is key for proper neuronal function. In most vertebrates, the BBB is localized to microvascular endothelial cells that acquire barrier properties during angiogenesis of the neuroectoderm. Complex and continuous tight junctions, and the lack of fenestrae combined with low pinocytotic activity render the BBB endothelium a tight barrier for water-soluble molecules that may only enter the CNS via specific transporters. The differentiation of these unique endothelial properties during embryonic development is initiated by endothelial-specific flavours of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in a precise spatiotemporal manner. In this review, we summarize the currently known cellular (neural precursor and endothelial cells) and molecular (VEGF and Wnt/β-catenin) mechanisms mediating brain angiogenesis and barrier formation. Moreover, we introduce more recently discovered crosstalk with cellular and acellular elements within the developing CNS such as the extracellular matrix. We discuss recent insights into the downstream molecular mechanisms of Wnt/β-catenin in particular, the recently identified target genes like Foxf2, Foxl2, Foxq1, Lef1, Ppard, Zfp551, Zic3, Sox17, Apcdd1 and Fgfbp1 that are involved in refining and maintaining barrier characteristics in the mature BBB endothelium. Additionally, we elute to recent insight into barrier heterogeneity and differential endothelial barrier properties within the CNS, focussing on the circumventricular organs as well as on the neurogenic niches in the subventricular zone and the hippocampus. Finally, open questions and future BBB research directions are highlighted in the context of taking benefit from understanding BBB development for strategies to modulate BBB function under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ben-Zvi
- From the, The Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - S Liebner
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Systems (ECCPS), Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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147
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Lansdell TA, Chambers LC, Dorrance AM. Endothelial Cells and the Cerebral Circulation. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3449-3508. [PMID: 35766836 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells form the innermost layer of all blood vessels and are the only vascular component that remains throughout all vascular segments. The cerebral vasculature has several unique properties not found in the peripheral circulation; this requires that the cerebral endothelium be considered as a unique entity. Cerebral endothelial cells perform several functions vital for brain health. The cerebral vasculature is responsible for protecting the brain from external threats carried in the blood. The endothelial cells are central to this requirement as they form the basis of the blood-brain barrier. The endothelium also regulates fibrinolysis, thrombosis, platelet activation, vascular permeability, metabolism, catabolism, inflammation, and white cell trafficking. Endothelial cells regulate the changes in vascular structure caused by angiogenesis and artery remodeling. Further, the endothelium contributes to vascular tone, allowing proper perfusion of the brain which has high energy demands and no energy stores. In this article, we discuss the basic anatomy and physiology of the cerebral endothelium. Where appropriate, we discuss the detrimental effects of high blood pressure on the cerebral endothelium and the contribution of cerebrovascular disease endothelial dysfunction and dementia. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3449-3508, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Lansdell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Laura C Chambers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Anne M Dorrance
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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148
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Hua Y, Shen J, Fan R, Xiao R, Ma W. High-fat diets containing different types of fatty acids modulate gut-brain axis in obese mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2022; 19:40. [PMID: 35739547 PMCID: PMC9219185 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-022-00675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive consumption of high-fat diets is associated with disordered metabolic responses, which may lead to chronic diseases. High-fat diets containing different types of fatty acids lead to distinct alterations in metabolic responses of gut-brain axis. Methods In our study, normal male C57BL/6J mice were fed to multiple high fatty acid diets (long-chain and medium-chain saturated fatty acid, LCSFA and MCSFA group; n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, n-3 and n-6 PUFA group; monounsaturated fatty acid, MUFA group; trans fatty acid, TFA group) and a basic diet (control, CON group) for 19 weeks. To investigate the effects of high-fat diets on metabolic responses of gut-brain axis in obese mice, blood lipids were detected by fast gas chromatography, and related proteins in brain and intestine were detected using Western blotting, ELISA, and immunochemistry analysis. Results All high-fat diets regardless of their fatty acid composition induced obesity, lipid disorders, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and changes in gut-brain axis related factors except basal diet in mice. For example, the protein expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in ileum in the n-3 PUFA group was higher than that in the MCSFA group (P < 0.05). The expressions of insulin in hippocampus and leptin in ileum in the MCSFA group significantly increased, compared with other groups (all Ps < 0.05). Conclusion The high MCSFA diet had the most effect on metabolic disorders in gut-brain axis, but the high n-3 PUFA diet had the least effect on changes in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Hua
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
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149
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Matsuoka RL, Buck LD, Vajrala KP, Quick RE, Card OA. Historical and current perspectives on blood endothelial cell heterogeneity in the brain. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:372. [PMID: 35726097 PMCID: PMC9209386 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic brain activity requires timely communications between the brain parenchyma and circulating blood. Brain-blood communication is facilitated by intricate networks of brain vasculature, which display striking heterogeneity in structure and function. This vascular cell heterogeneity in the brain is fundamental to mediating diverse brain functions and has long been recognized. However, the molecular basis of this biological phenomenon has only recently begun to be elucidated. Over the past century, various animal species and in vitro systems have contributed to the accumulation of our fundamental and phylogenetic knowledge about brain vasculature, collectively advancing this research field. Historically, dye tracer and microscopic observations have provided valuable insights into the anatomical and functional properties of vasculature across the brain, and these techniques remain an important approach. Additionally, recent advances in molecular genetics and omics technologies have revealed significant molecular heterogeneity within brain endothelial and perivascular cell types. The combination of these conventional and modern approaches has enabled us to identify phenotypic differences between healthy and abnormal conditions at the single-cell level. Accordingly, our understanding of brain vascular cell states during physiological, pathological, and aging processes has rapidly expanded. In this review, we summarize major historical advances and current knowledge on blood endothelial cell heterogeneity in the brain, and discuss important unsolved questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota L Matsuoka
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Luke D Buck
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Keerti P Vajrala
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Kansas City University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA
| | - Rachael E Quick
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Olivia A Card
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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Li Y, Wang C, Zhang L, Chen B, Mo Y, Zhang J. Claudin-5a is essential for the functional formation of both zebrafish blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:40. [PMID: 35658877 PMCID: PMC9164509 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mammalian Claudin-5 is the main endothelial tight junction component maintaining blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, while Claudin-1 and -3 seal the paracellular space of choroid plexus (CP) epithelial cells contributing to the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). In zebrafish, two paralogs of claudin-5a and -5b are expressed while their roles in the formation of BBB and BCSFB are unclear. Methods The expression patterns of Claudin-5a and -5b in zebrafish brains were systematically analyzed by immunofluorescence (IF) assay. The developmental functions of Claudin-5a and -5b were characterized by generating of claudin-5a and -5b mutants respectively. Meanwhile, the cerebral inflammation and cell apoptosis in claudin-5a-/- were assessed by live imaging of transgenic zebrafish, RT-qPCR, IF, and TUNEL assay. The integrity of BBB and BCSFB was evaluated by in vivo angiographic and dye permeation assay. Finally, RT-qPCR, whole-mount RNA in situ hybridization (WISH), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses were performed to investigate the development of cerebral vessels and choroid plexus. Results We showed that Claudin-5a and -5b are both expressed in zebrafish cerebrovascular endothelial cells (ECs). In addition, Claudin-5a was strongly expressed in CP epithelial cells. Loss of Claudin-5b showed no effect on zebrafish vasculogenesis or BBB function. In contrast, the knockout of claudin-5a caused a lethal phenotype of severe whole-brain oedema, ventricular dilatation, and cerebral hernia in zebrafish larvae, although the cerebral vasculogenesis and the development of CP were not altered. In claudin-5a-/- , although ultrastructural analysis of CP and cerebral capillary showed intact integrity of epithelial and endothelial tight junctions, permeability assay indicated a disruption of both BBB and BCSFB functions. On the molecular level, it was found that ZO-1 was upregulated in the CP epithelium of claudin-5a-/-, while the notch and shh pathway responsible for CP development was not affected due to loss of Claudin-5a. Conclusions Our findings verified a non-functional role of zebrafish Claudin-5b in the BBB and identified Claudin-5a as the ortholog of mammalian Claudin-5, contributing to the development and the functional maintenance of both BBB and BCSFB. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-022-00337-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Chunchun Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Yuqian Mo
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.,School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China. .,The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
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