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Ly H, Verma N, Wu F, Liu M, Saatman KE, Nelson PT, Slevin JT, Goldstein LB, Biessels GJ, Despa F. Brain microvascular injury and white matter disease provoked by diabetes-associated hyperamylinemia. Ann Neurol 2017; 82:208-222. [PMID: 28696548 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The brain blood vessels of patients with type 2 diabetes and dementia have deposition of amylin, an amyloidogenic hormone cosecreted with insulin. It is not known whether vascular amylin deposition is a consequence or a trigger of vascular injury. We tested the hypothesis that the vascular amylin deposits cause endothelial dysfunction and microvascular injury and are modulated by amylin transport in the brain via plasma apolipoproteins. METHODS Rats overexpressing amyloidogenic (human) amylin in the pancreas (HIP rats) and amylin knockout (AKO) rats intravenously infused with aggregated amylin were used for in vivo phenotyping. We also carried out biochemical analyses of human brain tissues and studied the effects of the aggregated amylin on endothelial cells ex vivo. RESULTS Amylin deposition in brain blood vessels is associated with vessel wall disruption and abnormal surrounding neuropil in patients with type 2 diabetes and dementia, in HIP rats, and in AKO rats infused with aggregated amylin. HIP rats have brain microhemorrhages, white matter injury, and neurologic deficits. Vascular amylin deposition provokes loss of endothelial cell coverage and tight junctions. Intravenous infusion in AKO rats of human amylin, or combined human amylin and apolipoprotein E4, showed that amylin binds to plasma apolipoproteins. The intravenous infusion of apolipoprotein E4 exacerbated the brain accumulation of aggregated amylin and vascular pathology in HIP rats. INTERPRETATION These data identify vascular amylin deposition as a trigger of brain endothelial dysfunction that is modulated by plasma apolipoproteins and represents a potential therapeutic target in diabetes-associated dementia and stroke. Ann Neurol 2017;82:208-222.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ly
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Nirmal Verma
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Fengen Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Kathryn E Saatman
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - John T Slevin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Lexington, KY.,Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Florin Despa
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.,Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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102
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Garcez ML, Mina F, Bellettini-Santos T, Carneiro FG, Luz AP, Schiavo GL, Andrighetti MS, Scheid MG, Bolfe RP, Budni J. Minocycline reduces inflammatory parameters in the brain structures and serum and reverses memory impairment caused by the administration of amyloid β (1-42) in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 77:23-31. [PMID: 28336494 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common type of age-related dementia. Cognitive decline, beta-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation are the main pathophysiological characteristics of AD. Minocycline is a tetracycline derivative with anti-inflammatory properties that has a neuroprotective effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of minocycline on memory, neurotrophins and neuroinflammation in an animal model of AD induced by the administration of Aβ (1-42) oligomer. Male BALB/c mice were treated with minocycline (50mg/kg) via the oral route for a total of 17days, 24h after intracerebroventricular administration of Aβ (1-42) oligomer. At the end of this period, was performed the radial maze test, and 24h after the last minocycline administration, serum was collected and the cortex and hippocampus were dissected for biochemical analysis. The administration of minocycline reversed the memory impairment caused by Aβ (1-42). In the hippocampus, minocycline reversed the increases in the levels of interleukin (IL-1β), Tumor Necrosis Factor- alpha (TNF-α) and, IL-10 caused by Aβ (1-42). In the cortex, AD-like model increase the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and, IL-4. Minocycline treatment reversed this. In the serum, Aβ (1-42) increased the levels of IL-1β and IL-4, and minocycline was able to reverse this action, but not to reverse the decrease of IL-10 levels. Minocycline also reversed the increase in the levels of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus caused by Aβ (1-42), and reduced Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) increases in the total cortex. Therefore, our results indicate that minocycline causes improvements in the spatial memory, and cytokine levels were correlated with this effect in the brain it. Besides this, minocycline reduced BDNF and NGF levels, highlighting the promising effects of minocycline in treating AD-like dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Lima Garcez
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil,; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Francielle Mina
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil,; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiani Bellettini-Santos
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil,; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Franciellen Gonçalves Carneiro
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil,; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Aline Pereira Luz
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil,; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Luis Schiavo
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil,; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Matheus Scopel Andrighetti
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil,; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Maylton Grégori Scheid
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil,; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Renan Pereira Bolfe
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil,; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Josiane Budni
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil,; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil..
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103
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Dodge HH, Zhu J, Woltjer R, Nelson PT, Bennett DA, Cairns NJ, Fardo DW, Kaye JA, Lyons DE, Mattek N, Schneider JA, Silbert LC, Xiong C, Yu L, Schmitt FA, Kryscio RJ, Abner EL. Risk of incident clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease-type dementia attributable to pathology-confirmed vascular disease. Alzheimers Dement 2017; 13:613-623. [PMID: 28017827 PMCID: PMC5466467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The presence of cerebrovascular pathology may increase the risk of clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We examined excess risk of incident clinical diagnosis of AD (probable and possible AD) posed by the presence of lacunes and large infarcts beyond AD pathology using data from the Statistical Modeling of Aging and Risk of Transition study, a consortium of longitudinal cohort studies with more than 2000 autopsies. We created six mutually exclusive pathology patterns combining three levels of AD pathology (low, moderate, or high AD pathology) and two levels of vascular pathology (without lacunes and large infarcts or with lacunes and/or large infarcts). RESULTS The coexistence of lacunes and large infarcts results in higher likelihood of clinical diagnosis of AD only when AD pathology burden is low. DISCUSSION Our results reinforce the diagnostic importance of AD pathology in clinical AD. Further harmonization of assessment approaches for vascular pathologies is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko H Dodge
- Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
| | - Jian Zhu
- School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Randy Woltjer
- Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - David W Fardo
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; College of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Jeffrey A Kaye
- Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR
| | - Deniz-Erten Lyons
- Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR
| | - Nora Mattek
- Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Lisa C Silbert
- Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; College of Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Richard J Kryscio
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; College of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Erin L Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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104
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Pontecorvo MJ, Devous MD, Navitsky M, Lu M, Salloway S, Schaerf FW, Jennings D, Arora AK, McGeehan A, Lim NC, Xiong H, Joshi AD, Siderowf A, Mintun MA. Relationships between flortaucipir PET tau binding and amyloid burden, clinical diagnosis, age and cognition. Brain 2017; 140:748-763. [PMID: 28077397 PMCID: PMC5382945 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of tau-targeted positron emission tomography tracers such as flortaucipir (18F-AV-1451, also known as 18F-T807) have made it possible to investigate the sequence of development of tau and amyloid-β in relationship to age, and to the development of cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease. In this study, flortaucipir tau and florbetapir amyloid positron emission tomography were obtained for 217 subjects including 16 young and 58 older cognitively normal subjects, 95 subjects with mild cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination 24-30) and 48 subjects with clinically-defined possible or probable Alzheimer's disease (Mini-Mental State Examination >10). Images were evaluated visually and quantitatively by regional and voxel-based cortical to cerebellar standard uptake value ratios. For amyloid positron emission tomography positive (Aβ+) subjects, flortaucipir neocortical standard uptake value ratio was significantly higher with more advanced clinical stage (Alzheimer's disease > mild cognitive impairment > older cognitively normal) and was significantly elevated for Aβ+ mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease subjects relative to the respective Aβ- subjects. In contrast, florbetapir Aβ- older cognitively normal subjects showed an increase in flortaucipir standard uptake value ratios in mesial temporal lobe regions (amygdala, hippocampus/choroid plexus region of interest) compared to younger cognitively normal subjects, but no increased standard uptake value ratios in neocortical regions. Analysis of covariance with planned contrasts showed no differences in regional or composite posterior neocortical flortaucipir standard uptake value ratio as a function of diagnostic group among Aβ- older cognitively normal or clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment subjects. The pattern of flortaucipir distribution among Aβ+ subjects was reminiscent of the cross-sectional distribution of tau reported in post-mortem pathology studies, in that the most commonly affected regions were the inferior and lateral temporal lobes, the same regions where the first signs of increased retention appeared in Aβ+ cognitively normal subjects. However, there was large variability in extent/density of flortaucipir tau binding among Aβ+ subjects. Although high neocortical flortaucipir retention was consistently associated with an Aβ+ florbetapir positron emission tomography scan, not all Aβ+ subjects had elevated flortaucipir standard uptake value ratios. Finally, within the Aβ+ group, increasing levels of flortaucipir tau binding were associated with increased cognitive impairment, as assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale. These results suggest development of tau beyond the mesial temporal lobe is associated with, and may be dependent on, amyloid accumulation. Further, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that cortical tau is associated with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ming Lu
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Frederick W Schaerf
- Neuropsychiatric Research Center of Southwest Florida, Fort Myers, FL 33912, USA
| | | | - Anupa K Arora
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anne McGeehan
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Hui Xiong
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Mark A Mintun
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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105
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Agadjanyan MG, Zagorski K, Petrushina I, Davtyan H, Kazarian K, Antonenko M, Davis J, Bon C, Blurton-Jones M, Cribbs DH, Ghochikyan A. Humanized monoclonal antibody armanezumab specific to N-terminus of pathological tau: characterization and therapeutic potency. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:33. [PMID: 28472993 PMCID: PMC5418694 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The experience from clinical trials indicates that anti-Aβ immunotherapy could be effective in early/pre-clinical stages of AD, whereas at the late stages promoting the clearing of Aβ alone may be insufficient to halt the disease progression. At the same time, pathological tau correlates much better with the degree of dementia than Aβ deposition. Therefore, targeting pathological tau may provide a more promising approach for the treatment of advanced stages of AD. Recent data demonstrates that the N-terminal region of tau spanning aa 2–18 termed “phosphatase activation domain” that is normally hidden in the native protein in ‘paperclip’-like conformation, becomes exposed in pathological tau and plays an essential role in the inhibition of fast axonal transport and in aggregation of tau. Hence, we hypothesized that anti-Tau2–18 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) may recognize pathological, but not normal tau at very early stages of tauopathy and prevent or decrease the aggregation of this molecule. Methods Mouse mAbs were generated using standard hybridoma methodology. CDR grafting was used for humanization of mouse mAb. Humanized mAb (Armanezumab) was characterized and tested in vitro/ex vivo/in vivo using biochemical and immunological methods (HPLC, Biacore, ELISA, IHC, FRET, etc.). Stable DG44 cell line expressing Armanezumab was generated by clone selection with increased concentrations of methotrexate (MTX). Results A panel of mouse mAbs was generated, clone 1C9 was selected based on binding to pathological human tau with high affinity and humanized. Fine epitope mapping revealed conservation of the epitope of human tau recognized by the parent murine mAb and Armanezumab. Importantly, Armanezumab (i) bound to tau with high affinity as determined by Biacore; (ii) bound pathological tau in brains from AD, FTD and Pick’s disease cases; (iii) inhibited seeding effect of aggregated tau from brain lysate of P301S Tg mice; (iv) inhibited cytotoxic effect of tau oligomers; (v) reduced total tau (HT7) and AT100, PHF1, AT8, AT180, p212, p214-positive tau species in brains of tau transgenic mice after intracranial injection. A stable CHO cell line producing >1.5 g/l humanized mAb, Armanezumab was generated. Conclusion These findings suggest that Armanezumab could be therapeutic in clinical studies for treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Agadjanyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, 16371 Gothard St, Huntington Beach, CA, 92647, USA. .,The Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Karen Zagorski
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, 16371 Gothard St, Huntington Beach, CA, 92647, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6025, USA
| | - Irina Petrushina
- The Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, 16371 Gothard St, Huntington Beach, CA, 92647, USA
| | - Konstantin Kazarian
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, 16371 Gothard St, Huntington Beach, CA, 92647, USA
| | - Maxim Antonenko
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, 16371 Gothard St, Huntington Beach, CA, 92647, USA
| | - Joy Davis
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | | | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- The Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - David H Cribbs
- The Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Anahit Ghochikyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, 16371 Gothard St, Huntington Beach, CA, 92647, USA.
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106
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Smith VD, Bachstetter AD, Ighodaro E, Roberts K, Abner EL, Fardo DW, Nelson PT. Overlapping but distinct TDP-43 and tau pathologic patterns in aged hippocampi. Brain Pathol 2017; 28:264-273. [PMID: 28281308 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular proteinaceous aggregates (inclusion bodies) are almost always detectable at autopsy in brains of elderly individuals. Inclusion bodies composed of TDP-43 and tau proteins often coexist in the same brain, and each of these pathologic biomarkers is associated independently with cognitive impairment. However, uncertainties remain about how the presence and neuroanatomical distribution of inclusion bodies correlate with underlying diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed data from the University of Kentucky AD Center autopsy series (n = 247); none of the brains had frontotemporal lobar degeneration. A specific question for this study was whether neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) pathology outside of the Braak NFT staging scheme is characteristic of brains with TDP-43 pathology but lacking AD, that is those with cerebral age-related TDP-43 with sclerosis (CARTS). We also tested whether TDP-43 pathology is associated with comorbid AD pathology, and whether argyrophilic grains are relatively likely to be present in cases with, vs. without, TDP-43 pathology. Consistent with prior studies, hippocampal TDP-43 pathology was associated with advanced AD - Braak NFT stages V/VI. However, argyrophilic grain pathology was not more common in cases with TDP-43 pathology in this data set. In brains with CARTS (TDP-43[+]/AD[-] cases), there were more NFTs in dentate granule neurons than were seen in TDP-43[-]/AD[-] cases. These dentate granule cell NFTs could provide a proxy indicator of CARTS pathology in cases lacking substantial AD pathology. Immunofluorescent experiments in a subsample of cases found that, in both advanced AD and CARTS, approximately 1% of dentate granule neurons were PHF-1 immunopositive, whereas ∼25% of TDP-43 positive cells showed colocalized PHF-1 immunoreactivity. We conclude that NFTs in hippocampal dentate granule neurons are often present in CARTS, and TDP-43 pathology may be secondary to or occurring in parallel with tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D Smith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Adam D Bachstetter
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Eseosa Ighodaro
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.,Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Kelly Roberts
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Erin L Abner
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - David W Fardo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.,Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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107
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Hartz AMS, Pekcec A, Soldner ELB, Zhong Y, Schlichtiger J, Bauer B. P-gp Protein Expression and Transport Activity in Rodent Seizure Models and Human Epilepsy. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:999-1011. [PMID: 28195743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A cure for epilepsy is currently not available, and seizure genesis, seizure recurrence, and resistance to antiseizure drugs remain serious clinical problems. Studies show that the blood-brain barrier is altered in animal models of epilepsy and in epileptic patients. In this regard, seizures increase expression of blood-brain barrier efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which is thought to reduce brain uptake of antiseizure drugs, and thus, contribute to antiseizure drug resistance. The goal of the current study was to assess the viability of combining in vivo and ex vivo preparations of isolated brain capillaries from animal models of seizures and epilepsy as well as from patients with epilepsy to study P-gp at the blood-brain barrier. Exposing isolated rat brain capillaries to glutamate ex vivo upregulated P-gp expression to levels that were similar to those in capillaries isolated from rats that had status epilepticus or chronic epilepsy. Moreover, the fold-increase in P-gp protein expression seen in animal models is consistent with the fold-increase in P-gp observed in human brain capillaries isolated from patients with epilepsy compared to age-matched control individuals. Overall, the in vivo/ex vivo approach presented here allows detailed analysis of the mechanisms underlying seizure-induced changes of P-gp expression and transport activity at the blood-brain barrier. This approach can be extended to other blood-brain barrier proteins that might contribute to drug-resistant epilepsy or other CNS disorders as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika M S Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Anton Pekcec
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Emma L B Soldner
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Yu Zhong
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Juli Schlichtiger
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Bjoern Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States.,Epilepsy Center, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
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108
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Suemoto CK, Ferretti-Rebustini REL, Rodriguez RD, Leite REP, Soterio L, Brucki SMD, Spera RR, Cippiciani TM, Farfel JM, Chiavegatto Filho A, Naslavsky MS, Zatz M, Pasqualucci CA, Jacob-Filho W, Nitrini R, Grinberg LT. Neuropathological diagnoses and clinical correlates in older adults in Brazil: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002267. [PMID: 28350821 PMCID: PMC5369698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinicopathological studies are important in determining the brain lesions underlying dementia. Although almost 60% of individuals with dementia live in developing countries, few clinicopathological studies focus on these individuals. We investigated the frequency of neurodegenerative and vascular-related neuropathological lesions in 1,092 Brazilian admixed older adults, their correlation with cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms, and the accuracy of dementia subtype diagnosis. METHODS AND FINDINGS In this cross-sectional study, we describe clinical and neuropathological variables related to cognitive impairment in 1,092 participants (mean age = 74 y, 49% male, 69% white, and mean education = 4 y). Cognitive function was investigated using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE); neuropsychiatric symptoms were evaluated using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Associations between neuropathological lesions and cognitive impairment were investigated using ordinal logistic regression. We developed a neuropathological comorbidity (NPC) score and compared it to CDR, IQCODE, and NPI scores. We also described and compared the frequency of neuropathological diagnosis to clinical diagnosis of dementia subtype. Forty-four percent of the sample met criteria for neuropathological diagnosis. Among these participants, 50% had neuropathological diagnoses of Alzheimer disease (AD), and 35% of vascular dementia (VaD). Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), hippocampal sclerosis, lacunar infarcts, hyaline atherosclerosis, siderocalcinosis, and Lewy body disease were independently associated with cognitive impairment. Higher NPC scores were associated with worse scores in the CDR sum of boxes (β = 1.33, 95% CI 1.20-1.46), IQCODE (β = 0.14, 95% CI 0.13-0.16), and NPI (β = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.33-2.16). Compared to neuropathological diagnoses, clinical diagnosis had high sensitivity to AD and high specificity to dementia with Lewy body/Parkinson dementia. The major limitation of our study is the lack of clinical follow-up of participants during life. CONCLUSIONS NFT deposition, vascular lesions, and high NPC scorewere associated with cognitive impairment in a unique Brazilian sample with low education. Our results confirm the high prevalence of neuropathological diagnosis in older adults and the mismatch between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia K. Suemoto
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata E. L. Ferretti-Rebustini
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, University of São Paulo Nursing School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta D. Rodriguez
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata E. P. Leite
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Soterio
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sonia M. D. Brucki
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael R. Spera
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jose M. Farfel
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Michel Satya Naslavsky
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayana Zatz
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Pasqualucci
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea T. Grinberg
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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109
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Ellison EM, Abner EL, Lovell MA. Multiregional analysis of global 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine throughout the progression of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2017; 140:383-394. [PMID: 27889911 PMCID: PMC5250541 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications to cytosine are known to alter transcriptional states and deregulate gene expression in cancer, embryonic development, and most recently in neurodegeneration. To test the hypothesis that global levels of cytosine modification are altered throughout the progression of Alzheimer's disease, 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) were quantified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and stable labeled internal standards of cytosine, 5-mC, and 5-hmC. Cytosine modifications were quantified in DNA extracted from tissue specimens of four brain regions (cerebellum, inferior parietal lobe, superior and middle temporal gyrus, and hippocampus/parahippocampal gyrus) of cognitively normal control (NC) subjects and subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), preclinical Alzheimer's disease (PCAD), late onset Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Repeated measures analyses of the data show significant alterations in 5-mC and 5-hmC in early stages of Alzheimer's disease (PCAD and MCI), as well as FTLD and DLB subjects, across multiple regions of the brain. These data suggest alterations in epigenetic regulation of genes may play an early role in the progression of AD as well as other types of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin L. Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Mark A. Lovell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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110
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Ighodaro ET, Abner EL, Fardo DW, Lin AL, Katsumata Y, Schmitt FA, Kryscio RJ, Jicha GA, Neltner JH, Monsell SE, Kukull WA, Moser DK, Appiah F, Bachstetter AD, Van Eldik LJ, Nelson PT. Risk factors and global cognitive status related to brain arteriolosclerosis in elderly individuals. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:201-216. [PMID: 26738751 PMCID: PMC5363738 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15621574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Risk factors and cognitive sequelae of brain arteriolosclerosis pathology are not fully understood. To address this, we used multimodal data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center and Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative data sets. Previous studies showed evidence of distinct neurodegenerative disease outcomes and clinical-pathological correlations in the "oldest-old" compared to younger cohorts. Therefore, using the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center data set, we analyzed clinical and neuropathological data from two groups according to ages at death: < 80 years (n = 1008) and ≥80 years (n = 1382). In both age groups, severe brain arteriolosclerosis was associated with worse performances on global cognition tests. Hypertension (but not diabetes) was a brain arteriolosclerosis risk factor in the younger group. In the ≥ 80 years age at death group, an ABCC9 gene variant (rs704180), previously associated with aging-related hippocampal sclerosis, was also associated with brain arteriolosclerosis. A post-hoc arterial spin labeling neuroimaging experiment indicated that ABCC9 genotype is associated with cerebral blood flow impairment; in a convenience sample from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (n = 15, homozygous individuals), non-risk genotype carriers showed higher global cerebral blood flow compared to risk genotype carriers. We conclude that brain arteriolosclerosis is associated with altered cognitive status and a novel vascular genetic risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eseosa T Ighodaro
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Erin L Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - David W Fardo
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yuriko Katsumata
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Richard J Kryscio
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Janna H Neltner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Neuropathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sarah E Monsell
- National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Walter A Kukull
- National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Debra K Moser
- College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Frank Appiah
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Adam D Bachstetter
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Peter T Nelson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA .,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Neuropathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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111
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Hane FT, Robinson M, Lee BY, Bai O, Leonenko Z, Albert MS. Recent Progress in Alzheimer's Disease Research, Part 3: Diagnosis and Treatment. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 57:645-665. [PMID: 28269772 PMCID: PMC5389048 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The field of Alzheimer's disease (AD) research has grown exponentially over the past few decades, especially since the isolation and identification of amyloid-β from postmortem examination of the brains of AD patients. Recently, the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease (JAD) put forth approximately 300 research reports which were deemed to be the most influential research reports in the field of AD since 2010. JAD readers were asked to vote on these most influential reports. In this 3-part review, we review the results of the 300 most influential AD research reports to provide JAD readers with a readily accessible, yet comprehensive review of the state of contemporary research. Notably, this multi-part review identifies the "hottest" fields of AD research providing guidance for both senior investigators as well as investigators new to the field on what is the most pressing fields within AD research. Part 1 of this review covers pathogenesis, both on a molecular and macro scale. Part 2 review genetics and epidemiology, and part 3 covers diagnosis and treatment. This part of the review, diagnosis and treatment, reviews the latest diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, imaging, and treatments in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis T. Hane
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
- Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Morgan Robinson
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Brenda Y. Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Owen Bai
- Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Zoya Leonenko
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Mitchell S. Albert
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
- Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
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112
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Koss DJ, Jones G, Cranston A, Gardner H, Kanaan NM, Platt B. Soluble pre-fibrillar tau and β-amyloid species emerge in early human Alzheimer's disease and track disease progression and cognitive decline. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:875-895. [PMID: 27770234 PMCID: PMC5106509 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Post-mortem investigations of human Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have largely failed to provide unequivocal evidence in support of the original amyloid cascade hypothesis, which postulated deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregates to be the cause of a demented state as well as inductive to tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Conflicting evidence suggests, however, that Aβ plaques and NFTs, albeit to a lesser extent, are present in a substantial subset of non-demented individuals. Hence, a range of soluble tau and Aβ species has more recently been implicated as the disease-relevant toxic entities. Despite the incorporation of soluble proteins into a revised amyloid cascade hypothesis, a detailed characterization of these species in the context of human AD onset, progression and cognitive decline has been lacking. Here, lateral temporal lobe samples (Brodmann area 21) of 46 human cases were profiled via tau and Aβ Western blot and native state dot blot protocols. Elevations in phospho-tau (antibodies: CP13, AT8 and PHF-1), pathological tau conformations (MC-1) and oligomeric tau (TOC1) agreed with medical diagnosis (non-AD cf. AD) and Braak stage classification (low, intermediate and high), alongside elevations in soluble Aβ species (MOAB-2 and pyro-glu Aβ) and a decline in levels of the amyloid precursor protein. Strong correlations were observed between individual Braak stages and multiple cognitive measures with all tau markers as well as total soluble Aβ. In contrast to previous reports, SDS-stable Aβ oligomers (*56) were not found to be reliable for all classifications and appeared likely to be a technical artefact. Critically, the robust predictive value of total soluble Aβ was dependent on native state quantification. Elevations in tau and Aβ within soluble fractions (Braak stage 2–3 cf. 0) were evident earlier than previously established in fibril-focused disease progression scales. Together, these data provide strong evidence that soluble forms of tau and Aβ co-localise early in AD and are closely linked to disease progression and cognitive decline.
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113
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Nelson PT, Katsumata Y, Nho K, Artiushin SC, Jicha GA, Wang WX, Abner EL, Saykin AJ, Kukull WA, Fardo DW. Genomics and CSF analyses implicate thyroid hormone in hippocampal sclerosis of aging. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:841-858. [PMID: 27815632 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report evidence of a novel pathogenetic mechanism in which thyroid hormone dysregulation contributes to dementia in elderly persons. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 12p12 were the initial foci of our study: rs704180 and rs73069071. These SNPs were identified by separate research groups as risk alleles for non-Alzheimer's neurodegeneration. We found that the rs73069071 risk genotype was associated with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) pathology among people with the rs704180 risk genotype (National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center/Alzheimer's Disease Genetic Consortium data; n = 2113, including 241 autopsy-confirmed HS cases). Furthermore, both rs704180 and rs73069071 risk genotypes were associated with widespread brain atrophy visualized by MRI (Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative data; n = 1239). In human brain samples from the Braineac database, both rs704180 and rs73069071 risk genotypes were associated with variation in expression of ABCC9, a gene which encodes a metabolic sensor protein in astrocytes. The rs73069071 risk genotype was also associated with altered expression of a nearby astrocyte-expressed gene, SLCO1C1. Analyses of human brain gene expression databases indicated that the chromosome 12p12 locus may regulate particular astrocyte-expressed genes induced by the active form of thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine (T3). This is informative biologically, because the SLCO1C1 protein transports thyroid hormone into astrocytes from blood. Guided by the genomic data, we tested the hypothesis that altered thyroid hormone levels could be detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from persons with HS pathology. Total T3 levels in CSF were elevated in HS cases (p < 0.04 in two separately analyzed groups), but not in Alzheimer's disease cases, relative to controls. No change was detected in the serum levels of thyroid hormone (T3 or T4) in a subsample of HS cases prior to death. We conclude that brain thyroid hormone perturbation is a potential pathogenetic factor in HS that may also provide the basis for a novel CSF-based clinical biomarker.
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114
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A Customized Quantitative PCR MicroRNA Panel Provides a Technically Robust Context for Studying Neurodegenerative Disease Biomarkers and Indicates a High Correlation Between Cerebrospinal Fluid and Choroid Plexus MicroRNA Expression. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8191-8202. [PMID: 27900678 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) expression varies in association with different tissue types and in diseases. Having been found in body fluids including blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), miRNAs constitute potential biomarkers. CSF miRNAs have been proposed as biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases; however, there is a lack of consensus about the best candidate miRNA biomarkers and there has been variability in results from different research centers, perhaps due to technical factors. Here, we sought to optimize technical parameters for CSF miRNA studies. We examined different RNA isolation methods and performed miRNA expression profiling with TaqMan® miRNA Arrays. More specifically, we developed a customized CSF-miRNA low-density array (TLDA) panel that contains 47 targets: miRNAs shown previously to be relevant to neurodegenerative disease, miRNAs that are abundant in CSF, data normalizers, and controls for potential blood and tissue contamination. The advantages of using this CSF-miRNA TLDA panel include specificity, sensitivity, fast processing and data analysis, and cost effectiveness. We optimized technical parameters for this assay. Further, the TLDA panel can be tailored to other specific purposes. We tested whether the profile of miRNAs in the CSF resembled miRNAs isolated from brain tissue (hippocampus or cerebellum), blood, or the choroid plexus. We found that the CSF miRNA expression profile most closely resembles that of choroid plexus tissue, underscoring the potential importance of choroid plexus-derived signaling through CSF miRNAs. In summary, the TLDA miRNA array panel will enable evaluation and discovery of CSF miRNA biomarkers and can potentially be utilized in clinical diagnosis and disease stage monitoring.
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115
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Abstract
Amyloid plaques, along with neurofibrillary tangles, are a neuropathologic hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD). Recently, amyloid PET radiotracers have been developed and approved for clinical use in the evaluation of suspected neurodegenerative disorders. In both research and clinical settings, amyloid PET imaging has provided important diagnostic and prognostic information for the management of patients with possible AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and other challenging diagnostic presentations. Although the overall impact of amyloid imaging is still being evaluated, the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and Alzheimer's Association Amyloid Imaging Task Force have created appropriate use criteria for the standard clinical use of amyloid PET imaging. By the appropriate use criteria, amyloid imaging is appropriate for patients with (1) persistent or unexplained MCI, (2) AD as a possible but still uncertain diagnosis after expert evaluation and (3) atypically early-age-onset progressive dementia. To better understand the clinical and economic effect of amyloid imaging, the Imaging Dementia-Evidence for Amyloid Scanning (IDEAS) study is an ongoing large multicenter study in the United States, which is evaluating how amyloid imaging affects diagnosis, management, and outcomes for cognitively impaired patients who cannot be completely evaluated by clinical assessment alone. Multiple other large-scale studies are evaluating the prognostic role of amyloid PET imaging for predicting MCI progression to AD in general and high-risk populations. At the same time, amyloid imaging is an important tool for evaluating potential disease-modifying therapies for AD. Overall, the increased use of amyloid PET imaging has led to a better understanding of the strengths and limitations of this imaging modality and how it may best be used with other clinical, molecular, and imaging assessment techniques for the diagnosis and management of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Mallik
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
| | - Alex Drzezga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Satoshi Minoshima
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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116
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Three Dimensional Human Neuro-Spheroid Model of Alzheimer's Disease Based on Differentiated Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163072. [PMID: 27684569 PMCID: PMC5042502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The testing of candidate drugs to slow progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) requires clinical trials that are lengthy and expensive. Efforts to model the biochemical milieu of the AD brain may be greatly facilitated by combining two cutting edge technologies to generate three-dimensional (3D) human neuro-spheroid from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) derived from AD subjects. We created iPSC from blood cells of five AD patients and differentiated them into 3D human neuronal culture. We characterized neuronal markers of our 3D neurons by immunocytochemical staining to validate the differentiation status. To block the generation of pathologic amyloid β peptides (Aβ), the 3D-differentiated AD neurons were treated with inhibitors targeting β-secretase (BACE1) and γ-secretases. As predicted, both BACE1 and γ-secretase inhibitors dramatically decreased Aβ generation in iPSC-derived neural cells derived from all five AD patients, under standard two-dimensional (2D) differentiation conditions. However, BACE1 and γ-secretase inhibitors showed less potency in decreasing Aβ levels in neural cells differentiated under 3D culture conditions. Interestingly, in a single subject AD1, we found that BACE1 inhibitor treatment was not able to significantly reduce Aβ42 levels. To investigate underlying molecular mechanisms, we performed proteomic analysis of 3D AD human neuronal cultures including AD1. Proteomic analysis revealed specific reduction of several proteins that might contribute to a poor inhibition of BACE1 in subject AD1. To our knowledge, this is the first iPSC-differentiated 3D neuro-spheroid model derived from AD patients’ blood. Our results demonstrate that our 3D human neuro-spheroid model can be a physiologically relevant and valid model for testing efficacy of AD drug.
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117
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Mufson EJ, Ikonomovic MD, Counts SE, Perez SE, Malek-Ahmadi M, Scheff SW, Ginsberg SD. Molecular and cellular pathophysiology of preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2016; 311:54-69. [PMID: 27185734 PMCID: PMC4931948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the two pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), senile plaques composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau, have been studied extensively in postmortem AD and relevant animal and cellular models, the pathogenesis of AD remains unknown, particularly in the early stages of the disease where therapies presumably would be most effective. We and others have demonstrated that Aβ plaques and NFTs are present in varying degrees before the onset and throughout the progression of dementia. In this regard, aged people with no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, a presumed prodromal AD transitional state, and AD all present at autopsy with varying levels of pathological hallmarks. Cognitive decline, a requisite for the clinical diagnosis of dementia associated with AD, generally correlates better with NFTs than Aβ plaques. However, correlations are even higher between cognitive decline and synaptic loss. In this review, we illustrate relevant clinical pathological research in preclinical AD and throughout the progression of dementia in several areas including Aβ and tau pathobiology, single population expression profiling of vulnerable hippocampal and basal forebrain neurons, neuroplasticity, neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker studies and their correlation with antemortem cognitive endpoints. In each of these areas, we provide evidence for the importance of studying the pathological hallmarks of AD not in isolation, but rather in conjunction with other molecular, cellular, and imaging markers to provide a more systematic and comprehensive assessment of the multiple changes that occur during the transition from NCI to MCI to frank AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott J Mufson
- Departments of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States.
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Scott E Counts
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Hauenstien Neuroscience Institute, Mercy Health Saint Mary's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Sylvia E Perez
- Departments of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | | | - Stephen W Scheff
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, Orangeburg, NY, United States
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118
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Malek-Ahmadi M, Perez SE, Chen K, Mufson EJ. Neuritic and Diffuse Plaque Associations with Memory in Non-Cognitively Impaired Elderly. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 53:1641-52. [PMID: 27540968 PMCID: PMC6314669 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related neuropathology among cognitively normal individuals has been well documented. It has been proposed that these individuals may represent a pre-clinical AD population. Previous studies have demonstrated a negative association between the presence of both amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles with ante-mortem cognitive performance, a relationship which is likely influenced by a number of factors including age and APOE ɛ4 carrier status. The present study determined whether the presence of neuritic plaques (NPs) and diffuse plaques (DPs) are associated with performance in a number of cognitive domains after accounting for APOE ɛ4 carrier status and neurofibrillary tangle presence in a cohort of 123 older participants from the Rush Religious Order Study who died with a premortem clinical diagnosis of no cognitive impairment (NCI). After adjusting for age at death, education, gender, Braak stage, and APOE ɛ4 carrier status, the presence of NPs was associated with lower performance in the cognitive domains of Global Cognition (p = 0.002), Episodic Memory (p = 0.03), Semantic Memory (p = 0.009), and Visuospatial performance (p = 0.006), while DPs showed no association with any cognitive domain examined. These results suggest that decreases in cognition in elderly NCI individuals are associated with an increase in NPs and not DPs when age at death, education, gender, APOE ɛ4 status, and Braak stage are taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvia E. Perez
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Elliott J. Mufson
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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119
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Cerebrovascular pathology and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15:895-896. [PMID: 27312739 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)30038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nelson PT, Trojanowski JQ, Abner EL, Al-Janabi OM, Jicha GA, Schmitt FA, Smith CD, Fardo DW, Wang WX, Kryscio RJ, Neltner JH, Kukull WA, Cykowski MD, Van Eldik LJ, Ighodaro ET. "New Old Pathologies": AD, PART, and Cerebral Age-Related TDP-43 With Sclerosis (CARTS). J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:482-98. [PMID: 27209644 PMCID: PMC6366658 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology-based classification of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases is a work in progress that is important for both clinicians and basic scientists. Analyses of large autopsy series, biomarker studies, and genomics analyses have provided important insights about AD and shed light on previously unrecognized conditions, enabling a deeper understanding of neurodegenerative diseases in general. After demonstrating the importance of correct disease classification for AD and primary age-related tauopathy, we emphasize the public health impact of an underappreciated AD "mimic," which has been termed "hippocampal sclerosis of aging" or "hippocampal sclerosis dementia." This pathology affects >20% of individuals older than 85 years and is strongly associated with cognitive impairment. In this review, we provide an overview of current hypotheses about how genetic risk factors (GRN, TMEM106B, ABCC9, and KCNMB2), and other pathogenetic influences contribute to TDP-43 pathology and hippocampal sclerosis. Because hippocampal sclerosis of aging affects the "oldest-old" with arteriolosclerosis and TDP-43 pathologies that extend well beyond the hippocampus, more appropriate terminology for this disease is required. We recommend "cerebral age-related TDP-43 and sclerosis" (CARTS). A detailed case report is presented, which includes neuroimaging and longitudinal neurocognitive data. Finally, we suggest a neuropathology-based diagnostic rubric for CARTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Nelson
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC).
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Erin L Abner
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Omar M Al-Janabi
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Charles D Smith
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - David W Fardo
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Wang-Xia Wang
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Richard J Kryscio
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Janna H Neltner
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Walter A Kukull
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Matthew D Cykowski
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Eseosa T Ighodaro
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
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Pleiss MM, Sompol P, Kraner SD, Abdul HM, Furman JL, Guttmann RP, Wilcock DM, Nelson PT, Norris CM. Calcineurin proteolysis in astrocytes: Implications for impaired synaptic function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1521-32. [PMID: 27212416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that astrocyte activation, found in most forms of neural injury and disease, is linked to the hyperactivation of the protein phosphatase calcineurin. In many tissues and cell types, calcineurin hyperactivity is the direct result of limited proteolysis. However, little is known about the proteolytic status of calcineurin in activated astrocytes. Here, we developed a polyclonal antibody to a high activity calcineurin proteolytic fragment in the 45-48kDa range (ΔCN) for use in immunohistochemical applications. When applied to postmortem human brain sections, the ΔCN antibody intensely labeled cell clusters in close juxtaposition to amyloid deposits and microinfarcts. Many of these cells exhibited clear activated astrocyte morphology. The expression of ΔCN in astrocytes near areas of pathology was further confirmed using confocal microscopy. Multiple NeuN-positive cells, particularly those within microinfarct core regions, also labeled positively for ΔCN. This observation suggests that calcineurin proteolysis can also occur within damaged or dying neurons, as reported in other studies. When a similar ΔCN fragment was selectively expressed in hippocampal astrocytes of intact rats (using adeno-associated virus), we observed a significant reduction in the strength of CA3-CA1 excitatory synapses, indicating that the hyperactivation of astrocytic calcineurin is sufficient for disrupting synaptic function. Together, these results suggest that proteolytic activation of calcineurin in activated astrocytes may be a central mechanism for driving and/or exacerbating neural dysfunction during neurodegenerative disease and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Pleiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Pradoldej Sompol
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Susan D Kraner
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Hafiz Mohmmad Abdul
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Furman
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Rodney P Guttmann
- Department of Psychology, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, USA.
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
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122
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Bernstein AI, Lin Y, Street RC, Lin L, Dai Q, Yu L, Bao H, Gearing M, Lah JJ, Nelson PT, He C, Levey AI, Mullé JG, Duan R, Jin P. 5-Hydroxymethylation-associated epigenetic modifiers of Alzheimer's disease modulate Tau-induced neurotoxicity. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2437-2450. [PMID: 27060332 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive deterioration of cognitive function. Pathogenesis of AD is incompletely understood; evidence suggests a role for epigenetic regulation, in particular the cytosine modifications 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). 5hmC is enriched in the nervous system and displays neurodevelopment and age-related changes. To determine the role of 5hmC in AD, we performed genome-wide analyses of 5hmC in DNA from prefrontal cortex of post-mortem AD patients, and RNA-Seq to correlate changes in 5hmC with transcriptional changes. We identified 325 genes containing differentially hydroxymethylated loci (DhMLs) in both discovery and replication datasets. These are enriched for pathways involved in neuron projection development and neurogenesis. Of these, 140 showed changes in gene expression. Proteins encoded by these genes form direct protein-protein interactions with AD-associated genes, expanding the network of genes implicated in AD. We identified AD-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within or near DhMLs, suggesting these SNPs may identify regions of epigenetic gene regulation that play a role in AD pathogenesis. Finally, using an existing AD fly model, we showed some of these genes modulate AD-associated toxicity. Our data implicate neuronal projection development and neurogenesis pathways as potential targets in AD. By incorporating epigenomic and transcriptomic data with genome-wide association studies data, with verification in the Drosophila model, we can expand the known network of genes involved in disease pathogenesis and identify epigenetic modifiers of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison I Bernstein
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yunting Lin
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - R Craig Street
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Qing Dai
- Department of Chemistry.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Li Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Han Bao
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Marla Gearing
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - James J Lah
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Department of Pathology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jennifer G Mullé
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ranhui Duan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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123
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Pietrzak M, Rempala GA, Nelson PT, Hetman M. Non-random distribution of methyl-CpG sites and non-CpG methylation in the human rDNA promoter identified by next generation bisulfite sequencing. Gene 2016; 585:35-43. [PMID: 27008990 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A next generation bisulfite sequencing (NGBS) was used to study rDNA promoter methylation in human brain using postmortem samples of the parietal cortex. Qualitative analysis of patterns of CpG methylation was performed at the individual rDNA unit level. CpG site-specific differences in methylation frequency were observed with the core promoter harboring three out of four most methylated CpGs. Moreover, there was an overall trend towards co-methylation for all possible pairs of 26 CpG sites. The hypermethylated CpGs from the core promoter were also most likely to be co-methylated. Finally, although rare, non-CpG (CpH) methylation was detected at several sites with one of them confirmed using the PspGI-qPCR assay. Similar trends were observed in samples from control individuals as well as patients suffering of Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or ataxia telangiectasia (AT). Taken together, while some methyl-CpG sites including those in the core promoter may have relatively greater inhibitory effect on rRNA transcription, co-methylation at multiple sites may be required for full and/or long lasting silencing of human rDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Pietrzak
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States
| | - Grzegorz A Rempala
- Division of Biostatistics and Mathematical Biosciences Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Michal Hetman
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States.
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124
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Furman R, Murray IVJ, Schall HE, Liu Q, Ghiwot Y, Axelsen PH. Amyloid Plaque-Associated Oxidative Degradation of Uniformly Radiolabeled Arachidonic Acid. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:367-77. [PMID: 26800372 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a frequently observed feature of Alzheimer's disease, but its pathological significance is not understood. To explore the relationship between oxidative stress and amyloid plaques, uniformly radiolabeled arachidonate was introduced into transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease via intracerebroventricular injection. Uniform labeling with carbon-14 is used here for the first time, and made possible meaningful quantification of arachidonate oxidative degradation products. The injected arachidonate entered a fatty acid pool that was subject to oxidative degradation in both transgenic and wild-type animals. However, the extent of its degradation was markedly greater in the hippocampus of transgenic animals where amyloid plaques were abundant. In human Alzheimer's brain, plaque-associated proteins were post-translationally modified by hydroxynonenal, a well-known oxidative degradation product of arachidonate. These results suggest that several recurring themes in Alzheimer's pathogenesis, amyloid β proteins, transition metal ions, oxidative stress, and apolipoprotein isoforms, may be involved in a common mechanism that has the potential to explain both neuronal loss and fibril formation in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Furman
- Department
of Pharmacology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ian V. J. Murray
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77807, United States
- Department
of Physiology and Neuroscience, St. George’s University, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Hayley E. Schall
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77807, United States
| | - Qiwei Liu
- Department
of Pharmacology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yonatan Ghiwot
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77807, United States
| | - Paul H. Axelsen
- Department
of Pharmacology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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125
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Elobeid A, Libard S, Leino M, Popova SN, Alafuzoff I. Altered Proteins in the Aging Brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:316-25. [PMID: 26979082 PMCID: PMC4793886 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the prevalence of common altered brain proteins in 296 cognitively unimpaired subjects ranging from age 50 to 102 years. The incidence and the stage of hyperphosphorylated-τ (HPτ), β-amyloid, α-synuclein (αS), and transactive response DNA (TDP) binding protein 43 (TDP43)-immunoreactivity (-IR) increased with age. HPτ-IR was observed in 98% of the subjects; the locus coeruleus was solely affected in 46%, and 79% of the subjects were in Braak stages a to II. β-Amyloid was seen in 47% of subjects and the Thal phase correlated with the HPτ Braak stage and age. Intermediate Alzheimer disease-related pathology (ADRP) was seen in 12%; 52% of the subjects with HPτ-IR fulfilled criteria for definite primary age-related tauopathy (PART). The incidence of concomitant pathology (αS, TDP43) did not differ between those with PART and those with ADRP but the former were younger. TDP43-IR was observed in 36%; the most frequently affected region was the medulla; αS-IR was observed in 19% of subjects. In 41% of the subjects from 80 to 89 years at death, 3 altered proteins were seen in the brain. Thus, altered proteins are common in the brains of cognitively unimpaired aged subjects; this should be considered while developing diagnostic biomarkers, particularly for identifying subjects at early stages of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adila Elobeid
- From the Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (AE, SL, IA); and Department of Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (AE, SL, ML, SNP, IA)
| | - Sylwia Libard
- From the Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (AE, SL, IA); and Department of Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (AE, SL, ML, SNP, IA)
| | - Marina Leino
- From the Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (AE, SL, IA); and Department of Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (AE, SL, ML, SNP, IA)
| | - Svetlana N Popova
- From the Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (AE, SL, IA); and Department of Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (AE, SL, ML, SNP, IA)
| | - Irina Alafuzoff
- From the Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (AE, SL, IA); and Department of Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (AE, SL, ML, SNP, IA).
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Cykowski MD, Takei H, Van Eldik LJ, Schmitt FA, Jicha GA, Powell SZ, Nelson PT. Hippocampal Sclerosis but Not Normal Aging or Alzheimer Disease Is Associated With TDP-43 Pathology in the Basal Forebrain of Aged Persons. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:397-407. [PMID: 26971127 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transactivating responsive sequence (TAR) DNA-binding protein 43-kDa (TDP-43) pathology has been described in various brain diseases, but the full anatomical distribution and clinical and biological implications of that pathology are incompletely characterized. Here, we describe TDP-43 neuropathology in the basal forebrain, hypothalamus, and adjacent nuclei in 98 individuals (mean age, 86 years; median final mini-mental state examination score, 27). On examination blinded to clinical and pathologic diagnoses, we identified TDP-43 pathology that most frequently involved the ventromedial basal forebrain in 19 individuals (19.4%). As expected, many of these brains had comorbid pathologies including those of Alzheimer disease (AD), Lewy body disease (LBD), and/or hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS-Aging). The basal forebrain TDP-43 pathology was strongly associated with comorbid HS-Aging (odds ratio = 6.8, p = 0.001), whereas there was no significant association between basal forebrain TDP-43 pathology and either AD or LBD neuropathology. In this sample, there were some cases with apparent preclinical TDP-43 pathology in the basal forebrain that may indicate that this is an early affected area in HS-Aging. We conclude that TDP-43 pathology in the basal forebrain is strongly associated with HS-Aging. These results raise questions about a specific pathogenetic relationship between basal forebrain TDP-43 and non-HS-Aging comorbid diseases (AD and LBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Cykowski
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine (MDC, HT, SZP) and Houston Methodist Neurological Institute (HT, SZP), Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (LJVE, FAS, GAJ, PTN), Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology(LJVE), Department of Neurology(FAS, GAJ), and Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology (PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
| | - Hidehiro Takei
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine (MDC, HT, SZP) and Houston Methodist Neurological Institute (HT, SZP), Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (LJVE, FAS, GAJ, PTN), Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology(LJVE), Department of Neurology(FAS, GAJ), and Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology (PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine (MDC, HT, SZP) and Houston Methodist Neurological Institute (HT, SZP), Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (LJVE, FAS, GAJ, PTN), Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology(LJVE), Department of Neurology(FAS, GAJ), and Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology (PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine (MDC, HT, SZP) and Houston Methodist Neurological Institute (HT, SZP), Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (LJVE, FAS, GAJ, PTN), Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology(LJVE), Department of Neurology(FAS, GAJ), and Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology (PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine (MDC, HT, SZP) and Houston Methodist Neurological Institute (HT, SZP), Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (LJVE, FAS, GAJ, PTN), Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology(LJVE), Department of Neurology(FAS, GAJ), and Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology (PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Suzanne Z Powell
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine (MDC, HT, SZP) and Houston Methodist Neurological Institute (HT, SZP), Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (LJVE, FAS, GAJ, PTN), Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology(LJVE), Department of Neurology(FAS, GAJ), and Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology (PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Peter T Nelson
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine (MDC, HT, SZP) and Houston Methodist Neurological Institute (HT, SZP), Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (LJVE, FAS, GAJ, PTN), Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology(LJVE), Department of Neurology(FAS, GAJ), and Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology (PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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127
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Eisenmenger LB, Huo EJ, Hoffman JM, Minoshima S, Matesan MC, Lewis DH, Lopresti BJ, Mathis CA, Okonkwo DO, Mountz JM. Advances in PET Imaging of Degenerative, Cerebrovascular, and Traumatic Causes of Dementia. Semin Nucl Med 2016; 46:57-87. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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128
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Dunn WD, Gearing M, Park Y, Zhang L, Hanfelt J, Glass JD, Gutman DA. Applicability of digital analysis and imaging technology in neuropathology assessment. Neuropathology 2015; 36:270-82. [PMID: 26577803 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that affects more than 30 million people worldwide. While various dementia-related losses in cognitive functioning are its hallmark clinical symptoms, ultimate diagnosis is based on manual neuropathological assessments using various schemas, including Braak staging, CERAD (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease) and Thal phase scoring. Since these scoring systems are based on subjective assessment, there is inevitably some degree of variation between readers, which could affect ultimate neuropathology diagnosis. Here, we report a pilot study investigating the applicability of computer-driven image analysis for characterizing neuropathological features, as well as its potential to supplement or even replace manually derived ratings commonly performed in medical settings. In this work, we quantitatively measured amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque in various brain regions from 34 patients using a robust digital quantification algorithm. We next verified these digitally derived measures to the manually derived pathology ratings using correlation and ordinal logistic regression methods, while also investigating the association with other AD-related neuropathology scoring schema commonly used at autopsy, such as Braak and CERAD. In addition to successfully verifying our digital measurements of Aβ plaques with respective categorical measurements, we found significant correlations with most AD-related scoring schemas. Our results demonstrate the potential for digital analysis to be adapted to more complex staining procedures commonly used in neuropathological diagnosis. As the efficiency of scanning and digital analysis of histology images increases, we believe that the basis of our semi-automatic approach may better standardize quantification of neuropathological changes and AD diagnosis, ultimately leading to a more comprehensive understanding of neurological disorders and more efficient patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Dunn
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marla Gearing
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yuna Park
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lifan Zhang
- Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John Hanfelt
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jonathan D Glass
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David A Gutman
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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129
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Neltner JH, Abner EL, Jicha GA, Schmitt FA, Patel E, Poon LW, Marla G, Green RC, Davey A, Johnson MA, Jazwinski SM, Kim S, Davis D, Woodard JL, Kryscio RJ, Van Eldik LJ, Nelson PT. Brain pathologies in extreme old age. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 37:1-11. [PMID: 26597697 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
With an emphasis on evolving concepts in the field, we evaluated neuropathologic data from very old research volunteers whose brain autopsies were performed at the University of Kentucky Alzheimer's Disease Center, incorporating data from the Georgia Centenarian Study (n = 49 cases included), Nun Study (n = 17), and University of Kentucky Alzheimer's Disease Center (n = 11) cohorts. Average age of death was 102.0 (range: 98-107) years overall. Alzheimer's disease pathology was not universal (62% with "moderate" or "frequent" neuritic amyloid plaque densities), whereas frontotemporal lobar degeneration was absent. By contrast, some hippocampal neurofibrillary tangles (including primary age-related tauopathy) were observed in every case. Lewy body pathology was seen in 16.9% of subjects and hippocampal sclerosis of aging in 20.8%. We describe anatomic distributions of pigment-laden macrophages, expanded Virchow-Robin spaces, and arteriolosclerosis among Georgia Centenarians. Moderate or severe arteriolosclerosis pathology, throughout the brain, was associated with both hippocampal sclerosis of aging pathology and an ABCC9 gene variant. These results provide fresh insights into the complex cerebral multimorbidity, and a novel genetic risk factor, at the far end of the human aging spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna H Neltner
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Erin L Abner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ela Patel
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Leonard W Poon
- Institute of Gerontology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Gearing Marla
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert C Green
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam Davey
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mary Ann Johnson
- Institute of Gerontology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S Michal Jazwinski
- Department of Medicine, Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sangkyu Kim
- Department of Medicine, Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Daron Davis
- Department of Pathology, Baptist Health Care, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John L Woodard
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit MI, USA
| | - Richard J Kryscio
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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130
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The role of cerebrovascular disease when there is concomitant Alzheimer disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:952-6. [PMID: 26408957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular Pathologies (CVP) are the most common co-existent pathologies observed in conjunction with Alzheimer disease. CVP rarely exists in isolation in later life, and CVP most likely plays a supporting role, rather than a sole leading role, in the pathogenesis of dementia. Our goal is to illustrate CVP's role using neuroimaging biomarkers. First, we discuss the frequency of CVP and present data from population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. Here, we used a novel metric for identifying individuals with cerebrovascular imaging abnormalities (that we designate as "V+") and present the frequency of V-/V+ in the context of absence and presence of β-amyloid elevation (designated A-/A+). Next, we discuss the contribution of CVP to neurodegeneration and use hippocampal volume loss over time in a subset of participants categorized as A-V-, A-V+, A+V-, A+V+. Lastly, we discuss the contribution of CVP to cognitive impairment and conclude with the considerations for design of future studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia edited by M. Paul Murphy, Roderick A. Corriveau and Donna M. Wilcock.
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131
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Michalski B, Corrada MM, Kawas CH, Fahnestock M. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and TrkB expression in the "oldest-old," the 90+ Study: correlation with cognitive status and levels of soluble amyloid-beta. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:3130-3139. [PMID: 26410307 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Factors associated with maintaining good cognition into old age are unclear. Decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) contributes to memory loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and soluble assemblies of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau contribute to neurodegeneration. However, it is unknown whether AD-type neuropathology, soluble Aβ and tau, or levels of BDNF and its receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) correlate with dementia in the oldest-old. We examined these targets in postmortem Brodmann's areas 7 and 9 (BA7 and BA9) in 4 groups of subjects >90 years old: (1) no dementia/no AD pathology, (2) no dementia/AD pathology, (3) dementia/no AD pathology, (4) dementia/AD pathology. In BA7, BDNF messenger RNA correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination scores and was decreased in demented versus nondemented subjects, regardless of pathology. Soluble Aβ42 was increased in both groups with AD pathology, demented or not, compared to no dementia/no AD pathology subjects. Groups did not differ in TrkB isoform levels or in levels of total soluble tau, individual tau isoforms, threonine-181 tau phosphorylation, or ratio of phosphorylated 3R-4R isoforms. In BA9, soluble Aβ42 correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination scores and with BDNF messenger RNA expression. Thus, soluble Aβ42 and BDNF, but not TrkB or soluble tau, correlate with dementia in the oldest-old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadeta Michalski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria M Corrada
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Claudia H Kawas
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Margaret Fahnestock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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132
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Flanagan M, Larson EB, Latimer CS, Cholerton B, Crane PK, Montine KS, White LR, Keene CD, Montine TJ. Clinical-pathologic correlations in vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:945-51. [PMID: 26319420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The most common causes of cognitive impairment and dementia are Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular brain injury (VBI), either independently, in combination, or in conjunction with other neurodegenerative disorders. The contribution of VBI to cognitive impairment and dementia, particularly in the context of AD pathology, has been examined extensively yet remains difficult to characterize due to conflicting results. Describing the relative contribution and mechanisms of VBI in dementia is important because of the profound impact of dementia on individuals, caregivers, families, and society, particularly the stability of health care systems with the rapidly increasing age of our population. Here we discuss relationships between pathologic processes of VBI and clinical expression of dementia, specific subtypes of VBI including microvascular brain injury, and what is currently known regarding contributions of VBI to the development and pathogenesis of the dementia syndrome. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia edited by M. Paul Murphy, Roderick A. Corriveau and Donna M. Wilcock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Flanagan
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Eric B Larson
- Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Caitlin S Latimer
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brenna Cholerton
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Paul K Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kathleen S Montine
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lon R White
- Pacific Health Research and Education Institute, Honolulu, HI, United States; Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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133
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Hippocampal Sclerosis of Aging Can Be Segmental: Two Cases and Review of the Literature. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:642-52. [PMID: 26083567 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS-Aging) is a neurodegenerative disease that mimics Alzheimer disease (AD) clinically and has a prevalence rivaling AD in advanced age. Whereas clinical biomarkers are not yet optimized, HS-Aging has distinctive pathological features that distinguish it from other diseases with "hippocampal sclerosis" pathology, such as epilepsy, cerebrovascular perturbations, and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. By definition, HS-Aging brains show neuronal cell loss and gliosis in the hippocampal formation out of proportion to AD-type pathology; it is strongly associated with aberrant TDP-43 pathology and arteriolosclerosis. Here, we describe 2 cases of "segmental" HS-Aging in which "sclerosis" in the hippocampus was evident only in a subset of brain sections by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. In these cases, TDP-43 pathology was more widespread on immunostained sections than the neuronal cell loss and gliosis seen in H&E stains. The 2 patients were cognitively intact at baseline and were tracked longitudinally over a decade using cognitive studies with at least 1 neuroimaging scan. We discuss the relevant HS-Aging literature, which indicates the need for a clearer consensus-based delineation of "hippocampal sclerosis" and TDP-43 pathologies in aged subjects.
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134
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Oliveira FHD, Rodrigues Neto E, Fonseca MK, Costa ASRD, Rockenbach MABC, Padilha RDS, Fernandez LL, Hilbig A. Neurodegenerative changes in the brainstem and olfactory bulb in people older than 50 years old: a descriptive study. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20150066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in life expectancy in Brazil, concerns have grown about the most prevalent diseases in elderly people. Among these diseases are neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Protein deposits related to the development of these diseases can pre-date the symptomatic phases by years. The tau protein is particularly interesting: it might be found in the brainstem and olfactory bulb long before it reaches the limbic cortex, at which point symptoms occur. Of the 14 brains collected in this study, the tau protein was found in the brainstems of 10 (71.42%) and in olfactory bulbs of 3 out 11. Of the 7 individuals who had a final diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 6 presented tau deposits in some region of the brainstem. Our data support the idea of the presence of tau protein in the brainstem and olfactory bulb in the earliest stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arlete Hilbig
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
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135
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Del Campo Milan M, Zuroff L, Jimenez CR, Scheltens P, Teunissen CE. Can agrin cerebrospinal fluid concentration be used as an early biomarker for Alzheimer's disease? ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 1:75-80. [PMID: 27239494 PMCID: PMC4876904 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The need for effective treatments halting Alzheimer's disease (AD) urges the discovery of the earliest possible biomarkers. Agrin is increased in the early stages of AD and is involved in amyloid-β (Aβ) fibrillation and synaptogenesis. We investigated the potential of agrin as an early AD cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker. We analyzed the agrin CSF concentration in nondemented controls (n = 20) and those with mild (n = 20) and severe (n = 20) AD. The levels of agrin CSF were not significantly divergent among the different patient groups and did not correlate with the concentration of Aβ42, total tau, phosphorylated tau, or the Mini Mental State Examination scores. However, agrin strongly correlated with age in those with dementia. The results indicate that agrin cannot be used as an early AD CSF biomarker using the current immunoassay. However, our population was relatively young; thus, the correlation between agrin and age suggests that stronger differences in agrin concentrations might be found in older groups with more heterogeneous AD pathologic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Del Campo Milan
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leah Zuroff
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Connie R. Jimenez
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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136
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Abner EL, Schmitt FA, Nelson PT, Lou W, Wan L, Gauriglia R, Dodge HH, Woltjer RL, Yu L, Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Chen R, Masaki K, Katz MJ, Lipton RB, Dickson DW, Lim KO, Hemmy LS, Cairns NJ, Grant E, Tyas SL, Xiong C, Fardo DW, Kryscio RJ. The Statistical Modeling of Aging and Risk of Transition Project: Data Collection and Harmonization Across 11 Longitudinal Cohort Studies of Aging, Cognition, and Dementia. OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES 2015; 1:56-73. [PMID: 25984574 PMCID: PMC4431579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal cognitive trajectories and other factors associated with mixed neuropathologies (such as Alzheimer's disease with co-occurring cerebrovascular disease) remain incompletely understood, despite being the rule and not the exception in older populations. The Statistical Modeling of Aging and Risk of Transition study (SMART) is a consortium of 11 different high-quality longitudinal studies of aging and cognition (N=11,541 participants) established for the purpose of characterizing risk and protective factors associated with subtypes of age-associated mixed neuropathologies (N=3,001 autopsies). While brain donation was not required for participation in all SMART cohorts, most achieved substantial autopsy rates (i.e., > 50%). Moreover, the studies comprising SMART have large numbers of participants who were followed from intact cognition and transitioned to cognitive impairment and dementia, as well as participants who remained cognitively intact until death. These data provide an exciting opportunity to apply sophisticated statistical methods, like Markov processes, that require large, well-characterized samples. Thus, SMART will serve as an important resource for the field of mixed dementia epidemiology and neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Abner
- Snders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky
| | - F A Schmitt
- Oregon Center for Aging & Technology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - P T Nelson
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center
| | | | - L Wan
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
| | - R Gauriglia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville
| | - H H Dodge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota
| | - R L Woltjer
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University
| | - L Yu
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo
| | - D A Bennett
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky
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137
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Baker S, Götz J. What we can learn from animal models about cerebral multi-morbidity. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2015; 7:11. [PMID: 25810783 PMCID: PMC4373088 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-015-0097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Late-onset diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, or frontotemporal lobar degeneration are considered to be protein-folding disorders, with the accumulation of protein deposits causing a gain-of-toxic function. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by two histological hallmark lesions: amyloid-β-containing plaques and tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles. However, signature proteins, including α-synuclein, which are found in an aggregated fibrillar form in the Lewy bodies of Parkinson's disease brains, are also frequently found in Alzheimer's disease. This highlights the fact that, although specific aggregates form the basis for diagnosis, there is a high prevalence of clinical overlap between neuropathological lesions linked to different diseases, a finding known as cerebral co- or multi-morbidity. Furthermore, the proteins forming these lesions interact, and this interaction accelerates an ongoing degenerative process. Here, we review the contribution that transgenic animal models have made to a better mechanistic understanding of the causes and consequences of co- or multi-morbidity. We discuss selected vertebrate and invertebrate models as well as the insight gained from non-transgenic senescence-accelerated mouse-prone mice. This article is part of a series on 'Cerebral multi-morbidity of the aging brain'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân Baker
- Clem Jones Centre for Aging Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Upland Road, Building 79, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Jürgen Götz
- Clem Jones Centre for Aging Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Upland Road, Building 79, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
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138
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Joshi YB, Praticò D. The 5-lipoxygenase pathway: oxidative and inflammatory contributions to the Alzheimer's disease phenotype. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:436. [PMID: 25642165 PMCID: PMC4294160 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common, and, arguably, one of the most-well studied, neurodegenerative conditions. Several decades of investigation have revealed that amyloid-β and tau proteins are critical pathological players in this condition. Genetic analyses have revealed specific mutations in the cellular machinery that produces amyloid-β, but these mutations are found in only a small fraction of patients with the early-onset variant of AD. In addition to development of amyloid-β and tau pathology, oxidative damage and inflammation are consistently found in the brains of these patients. The 5-lipoxygenase protein enzyme (5LO) and its downstream leukotriene metabolites have long been known to be important modulators of oxidation and inflammation in other disease states. Recent in vivo evidence using murine knock-out models has implicated the 5LO pathway, which also requires the 5LO activating protein (FLAP), in the molecular pathology of AD, including the metabolism of amyloid-β and tau. In this manuscript, we will provide an overview of 5LO and FLAP, discussing their involvement in biochemical pathways relevant to AD pathogenesis. We will also discuss how the 5LO pathway contributes to the molecular and behavioral insults seen in AD and provide an assessment of how targeting these proteins could lead to therapeutics relevant not only for AD, but also other related neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash B. Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Domenico Praticò
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
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139
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Masica DL, Sosnay PR, Raraigh KS, Cutting GR, Karchin R. Missense variants in CFTR nucleotide-binding domains predict quantitative phenotypes associated with cystic fibrosis disease severity. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1908-17. [PMID: 25489051 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting the impact of genetic variation on human health remains an important and difficult challenge. Often, algorithmic classifiers are tasked with predicting binary traits (e.g. positive or negative for a disease) from missense variation. Though useful, this arrangement is limiting and contrived, because human diseases often comprise a spectrum of severities, rather than a discrete partitioning of patient populations. Furthermore, labeling variants as causal or benign can be error prone, which is problematic for training supervised learning algorithms (the so-called garbage in, garbage out phenomenon). We explore the potential value of training classifiers using continuous-valued quantitative measurements, rather than binary traits. Using 20 variants from cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) nucleotide-binding domains and six quantitative measures of cystic fibrosis (CF) severity, we trained classifiers to predict CF severity from CFTR variants. Employing cross validation, classifier prediction and measured clinical/functional values were significantly correlated for four of six quantitative traits (correlation P-values from 1.35 × 10(-4) to 4.15 × 10(-3)). Classifiers were also able to stratify variants by three clinically relevant risk categories with 85-100% accuracy, depending on which of the six quantitative traits was used for training. Finally, we characterized 11 additional CFTR variants using clinical sweat chloride testing, two functional assays, or all three diagnostics, and validated our classifier using blind prediction. Predictions were within the measured sweat chloride range for seven of eight variants, and captured the differential impact of specific variants on the two functional assays. This work demonstrates a promising and novel framework for assessing the impact of genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Masica
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Computational Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rachel Karchin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Computational Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Crary JF, Trojanowski JQ, Schneider JA, Abisambra JF, Abner EL, Alafuzoff I, Arnold SE, Attems J, Beach TG, Bigio EH, Cairns NJ, Dickson DW, Gearing M, Grinberg LT, Hof PR, Hyman BT, Jellinger K, Jicha GA, Kovacs GG, Knopman DS, Kofler J, Kukull WA, Mackenzie IR, Masliah E, McKee A, Montine TJ, Murray ME, Neltner JH, Santa-Maria I, Seeley WW, Serrano-Pozo A, Shelanski ML, Stein T, Takao M, Thal DR, Toledo JB, Troncoso JC, Vonsattel JP, White CL, Wisniewski T, Woltjer RL, Yamada M, Nelson PT. Primary age-related tauopathy (PART): a common pathology associated with human aging. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:755-66. [PMID: 25348064 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 986] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We recommend a new term, "primary age-related tauopathy" (PART), to describe a pathology that is commonly observed in the brains of aged individuals. Many autopsy studies have reported brains with neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) that are indistinguishable from those of Alzheimer's disease (AD), in the absence of amyloid (Aβ) plaques. For these "NFT+/Aβ-" brains, for which formal criteria for AD neuropathologic changes are not met, the NFTs are mostly restricted to structures in the medial temporal lobe, basal forebrain, brainstem, and olfactory areas (bulb and cortex). Symptoms in persons with PART usually range from normal to amnestic cognitive changes, with only a minority exhibiting profound impairment. Because cognitive impairment is often mild, existing clinicopathologic designations, such as "tangle-only dementia" and "tangle-predominant senile dementia", are imprecise and not appropriate for most subjects. PART is almost universally detectable at autopsy among elderly individuals, yet this pathological process cannot be specifically identified pre-mortem at the present time. Improved biomarkers and tau imaging may enable diagnosis of PART in clinical settings in the future. Indeed, recent studies have identified a common biomarker profile consisting of temporal lobe atrophy and tauopathy without evidence of Aβ accumulation. For both researchers and clinicians, a revised nomenclature will raise awareness of this extremely common pathologic change while providing a conceptual foundation for future studies. Prior reports that have elucidated features of the pathologic entity we refer to as PART are discussed, and working neuropathological diagnostic criteria are proposed.
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Attems J, Neltner JH, Nelson PT. Quantitative neuropathological assessment to investigate cerebral multi-morbidity. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2014; 6:85. [PMID: 25435922 PMCID: PMC4247208 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-014-0085-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aging brain is characterized by the simultaneous presence of multiple pathologies, and the prevalence of cerebral multi-morbidity increases with age. To understand the impact of each subtype of pathology and the combined effects of cerebral multi-morbidity on clinical signs and symptoms, large clinico-pathological correlative studies have been performed. However, such studies are often based on semi-quantitative assessment of neuropathological hallmark lesions. Here, we discuss some of the new methods for high-throughput quantitative neuropathological assessment. These methods combine increased quantitative rigor with the added technical capacity of computers and networked analyses. There are abundant new opportunities - with specific techniques that include slide scanners, automated microscopes, and tissue microarrays - and also potential pitfalls. We conclude that quantitative and digital neuropathologic approaches will be key resources to further elucidate cerebral multi-morbidity in the aged brain and also hold the potential for changing routine neuropathologic diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Attems
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL UK
| | - Janna H Neltner
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Kentucky, 800 Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0230 USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Kentucky, 800 Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0230 USA
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Attems J, Jellinger KA. The overlap between vascular disease and Alzheimer's disease--lessons from pathology. BMC Med 2014; 12:206. [PMID: 25385447 PMCID: PMC4226890 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-014-0206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiological and clinico-pathological data indicate considerable overlap between cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and suggest additive or synergistic effects of both pathologies on cognitive decline. The most frequent vascular pathologies in the aging brain and in AD are cerebral amyloid angiopathy and small vessel disease. Up to 84% of aged subjects show morphological substrates of CVD in addition to AD pathology. AD brains with minor CVD, similar to pure vascular dementia, show subcortical vascular lesions in about two-thirds, while in mixed type dementia (AD plus vascular dementia), multiple larger infarcts are more frequent. Small infarcts in patients with full-blown AD have no impact on cognitive decline but are overwhelmed by the severity of Alzheimer pathology, while in early stages of AD, cerebrovascular lesions may influence and promote cognitive impairment, lowering the threshold for clinically overt dementia. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the many hitherto unanswered questions regarding the overlap between CVD and AD as well as the impact of both CVD and AD pathologies on the development and progression of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Attems
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK.
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Murray PS, Kirkwood CM, Gray MC, Fish KN, Ikonomovic MD, Hamilton RL, Kofler JK, Klunk WE, Lopez OL, Sweet RA. Hyperphosphorylated tau is elevated in Alzheimer's disease with psychosis. J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 39:759-73. [PMID: 24270207 DOI: 10.3233/jad-131166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Psychosis occurs in 40-60% of Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects, is heritable, and indicates a more rapidly progressive disease phenotype. Neuroimaging and postmortem evidence support an exaggerated prefrontal cortical synaptic deficit in AD with psychosis. Microtubule-associated protein tau is a key mediator of amyloid-β-induced synaptotoxicity in AD, and differential mechanisms of progressive intraneuronal phospho-tau accumulation and interneuronal spread of tau aggregates have recently been described. We hypothesized that psychosis in AD would be associated with greater intraneuronal concentration of phospho-tau and greater spread of tau aggregates in prefrontal cortex. We therefore evaluated prefrontal cortex phospho-tau in a cohort of 45 AD cases with and without psychosis. Intraneuronal phospho-tau concentration was higher in subjects with psychosis, while a measure of phospho-tau spread, volume fraction, was not. Across groups both measures were associated with lower scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination and Digit Span Backwards test. These novel findings indicate that tau phosphorylation may be accelerated in AD with psychosis, indicating a more dynamic, exaggerated pathology in AD with psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Caitlin M Kirkwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Megan C Gray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth N Fish
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ronald L Hamilton
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julia K Kofler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William E Klunk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert A Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Kryscio RJ, Abner EL, Cooper GE, Fardo DW, Jicha GA, Nelson PT, Smith CD, Van Eldik LJ, Wan L, Schmitt FA. Self-reported memory complaints: implications from a longitudinal cohort with autopsies. Neurology 2014; 83:1359-65. [PMID: 25253756 PMCID: PMC4189103 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed salience of subjective memory complaints (SMCs) by older individuals as a predictor of subsequent cognitive impairment while accounting for risk factors and eventual neuropathologies. METHODS Subjects (n = 531) enrolled while cognitively intact at the University of Kentucky were asked annually if they perceived changes in memory since their last visit. A multistate model estimated when transition to impairment occurred while adjusting for intervening death. Risk factors affecting the timing and probability of an impairment were identified. The association between SMCs and Alzheimer-type neuropathology was assessed from autopsies (n = 243). RESULTS SMCs were reported by more than half (55.7%) of the cohort, and were associated with increased risk of impairment (unadjusted odds ratio = 2.8, p < 0.0001). Mild cognitive impairment (dementia) occurred 9.2 (12.1) years after SMC. Multistate modeling showed that SMC reporters with an APOE ε4 allele had double the odds of impairment (adjusted odds ratio = 2.2, p = 0.036). SMC smokers took less time to transition to mild cognitive impairment, while SMC hormone-replaced women took longer to transition directly to dementia. Among participants (n = 176) who died without a diagnosed clinical impairment, SMCs were associated with elevated neuritic amyloid plaques in the neocortex and medial temporal lobe. CONCLUSION SMC reporters are at a higher risk of future cognitive impairment and have higher levels of Alzheimer-type brain pathology even when impairment does not occur. As potential harbingers of future cognitive decline, physicians should query and monitor SMCs from their older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Kryscio
- From the Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (R.J.K., E.L.A., G.E.C., G.A.J., P.T.N., C.D.S., L.J.V.E., L.W., F.A.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (R.J.K., E.L.A., G.E.C., D.W.F., G.A.J., P.T.N., C.D.S., L.J.V.E., F.A.S.), Departments of Biostatistics (R.J.K., D.W.F.), Statistics (R.J.K., L.W.), Epidemiology (E.L.A.), and Pathology (P.T.N.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine (L.J.V.E.), and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine (G.A.J., C.D.S., F.A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Baptist Neurology Center (G.E.C.), Lexington, KY.
| | - Erin L Abner
- From the Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (R.J.K., E.L.A., G.E.C., G.A.J., P.T.N., C.D.S., L.J.V.E., L.W., F.A.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (R.J.K., E.L.A., G.E.C., D.W.F., G.A.J., P.T.N., C.D.S., L.J.V.E., F.A.S.), Departments of Biostatistics (R.J.K., D.W.F.), Statistics (R.J.K., L.W.), Epidemiology (E.L.A.), and Pathology (P.T.N.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine (L.J.V.E.), and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine (G.A.J., C.D.S., F.A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Baptist Neurology Center (G.E.C.), Lexington, KY
| | - Gregory E Cooper
- From the Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (R.J.K., E.L.A., G.E.C., G.A.J., P.T.N., C.D.S., L.J.V.E., L.W., F.A.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (R.J.K., E.L.A., G.E.C., D.W.F., G.A.J., P.T.N., C.D.S., L.J.V.E., F.A.S.), Departments of Biostatistics (R.J.K., D.W.F.), Statistics (R.J.K., L.W.), Epidemiology (E.L.A.), and Pathology (P.T.N.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine (L.J.V.E.), and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine (G.A.J., C.D.S., F.A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Baptist Neurology Center (G.E.C.), Lexington, KY
| | - David W Fardo
- From the Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (R.J.K., E.L.A., G.E.C., G.A.J., P.T.N., C.D.S., L.J.V.E., L.W., F.A.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (R.J.K., E.L.A., G.E.C., D.W.F., G.A.J., P.T.N., C.D.S., L.J.V.E., F.A.S.), Departments of Biostatistics (R.J.K., D.W.F.), Statistics (R.J.K., L.W.), Epidemiology (E.L.A.), and Pathology (P.T.N.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine (L.J.V.E.), and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine (G.A.J., C.D.S., F.A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Baptist Neurology Center (G.E.C.), Lexington, KY
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- From the Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (R.J.K., E.L.A., G.E.C., G.A.J., P.T.N., C.D.S., L.J.V.E., L.W., F.A.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (R.J.K., E.L.A., G.E.C., D.W.F., G.A.J., P.T.N., C.D.S., L.J.V.E., F.A.S.), Departments of Biostatistics (R.J.K., D.W.F.), Statistics (R.J.K., L.W.), Epidemiology (E.L.A.), and Pathology (P.T.N.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine (L.J.V.E.), and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine (G.A.J., C.D.S., F.A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Baptist Neurology Center (G.E.C.), Lexington, KY
| | - Peter T Nelson
- From the Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (R.J.K., E.L.A., G.E.C., G.A.J., P.T.N., C.D.S., L.J.V.E., L.W., F.A.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (R.J.K., E.L.A., G.E.C., D.W.F., G.A.J., P.T.N., C.D.S., L.J.V.E., F.A.S.), Departments of Biostatistics (R.J.K., D.W.F.), Statistics (R.J.K., L.W.), Epidemiology (E.L.A.), and Pathology (P.T.N.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine (L.J.V.E.), and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine (G.A.J., C.D.S., F.A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Baptist Neurology Center (G.E.C.), Lexington, KY
| | - Charles D Smith
- From the Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (R.J.K., E.L.A., G.E.C., G.A.J., P.T.N., C.D.S., L.J.V.E., L.W., F.A.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (R.J.K., E.L.A., G.E.C., D.W.F., G.A.J., P.T.N., C.D.S., L.J.V.E., F.A.S.), Departments of Biostatistics (R.J.K., D.W.F.), Statistics (R.J.K., L.W.), Epidemiology (E.L.A.), and Pathology (P.T.N.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine (L.J.V.E.), and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine (G.A.J., C.D.S., F.A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Baptist Neurology Center (G.E.C.), Lexington, KY
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- From the Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (R.J.K., E.L.A., G.E.C., G.A.J., P.T.N., C.D.S., L.J.V.E., L.W., F.A.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (R.J.K., E.L.A., G.E.C., D.W.F., G.A.J., P.T.N., C.D.S., L.J.V.E., F.A.S.), Departments of Biostatistics (R.J.K., D.W.F.), Statistics (R.J.K., L.W.), Epidemiology (E.L.A.), and Pathology (P.T.N.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine (L.J.V.E.), and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine (G.A.J., C.D.S., F.A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Baptist Neurology Center (G.E.C.), Lexington, KY
| | - Lijie Wan
- From the Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (R.J.K., E.L.A., G.E.C., G.A.J., P.T.N., C.D.S., L.J.V.E., L.W., F.A.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (R.J.K., E.L.A., G.E.C., D.W.F., G.A.J., P.T.N., C.D.S., L.J.V.E., F.A.S.), Departments of Biostatistics (R.J.K., D.W.F.), Statistics (R.J.K., L.W.), Epidemiology (E.L.A.), and Pathology (P.T.N.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine (L.J.V.E.), and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine (G.A.J., C.D.S., F.A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Baptist Neurology Center (G.E.C.), Lexington, KY
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- From the Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (R.J.K., E.L.A., G.E.C., G.A.J., P.T.N., C.D.S., L.J.V.E., L.W., F.A.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (R.J.K., E.L.A., G.E.C., D.W.F., G.A.J., P.T.N., C.D.S., L.J.V.E., F.A.S.), Departments of Biostatistics (R.J.K., D.W.F.), Statistics (R.J.K., L.W.), Epidemiology (E.L.A.), and Pathology (P.T.N.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine (L.J.V.E.), and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine (G.A.J., C.D.S., F.A.S.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Baptist Neurology Center (G.E.C.), Lexington, KY
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Jellinger KA, Attems J. Challenges of multimorbidity of the aging brain: a critical update. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:505-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Webster SJ, Bachstetter AD, Nelson PT, Schmitt FA, Van Eldik LJ. Using mice to model Alzheimer's dementia: an overview of the clinical disease and the preclinical behavioral changes in 10 mouse models. Front Genet 2014; 5:88. [PMID: 24795750 PMCID: PMC4005958 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this review is to discuss how behavioral tests in mice relate to the pathological and neuropsychological features seen in human Alzheimer's disease (AD), and present a comprehensive analysis of the temporal progression of behavioral impairments in commonly used AD mouse models that contain mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP). We begin with a brief overview of the neuropathological changes seen in the AD brain and an outline of some of the clinical neuropsychological assessments used to measure cognitive deficits associated with the disease. This is followed by a critical assessment of behavioral tasks that are used in AD mice to model the cognitive changes seen in the human disease. Behavioral tests discussed include spatial memory tests [Morris water maze (MWM), radial arm water maze (RAWM), Barnes maze], associative learning tasks (passive avoidance, fear conditioning), alternation tasks (Y-Maze/T-Maze), recognition memory tasks (Novel Object Recognition), attentional tasks (3 and 5 choice serial reaction time), set-shifting tasks, and reversal learning tasks. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each of these behavioral tasks, and how they may correlate with clinical assessments in humans. Finally, the temporal progression of both cognitive and non-cognitive deficits in 10 AD mouse models (PDAPP, TG2576, APP23, TgCRND8, J20, APP/PS1, TG2576 + PS1 (M146L), APP/PS1 KI, 5×FAD, and 3×Tg-AD) are discussed in detail. Mouse models of AD and the behavioral tasks used in conjunction with those models are immensely important in contributing to our knowledge of disease progression and are a useful tool to study AD pathophysiology and the resulting cognitive deficits. However, investigators need to be aware of the potential weaknesses of the available preclinical models in terms of their ability to model cognitive changes observed in human AD. It is our hope that this review will assist investigators in selecting an appropriate mouse model, and accompanying behavioral paradigms to investigate different aspects of AD pathology and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Webster
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Adam D Bachstetter
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
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Neuropathologic heterogeneity does not impair florbetapir-positron emission tomography postmortem correlates. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:72-80. [PMID: 24335535 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathologic heterogeneity is often present among Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. We sought to determine whether amyloid imaging measures of AD are affected by concurrent pathologies. Thirty-eight clinically and pathologically defined AD and 17 nondemented patients with quantitative florbetapir F-18 (F-AV-45) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging during life and postmortem histological β-amyloid quantification and neuropathologic examination were assessed. AD patients were divided on the basis of concurrent pathologies, including those with Lewy bodies (LBs) (n = 21), white matter rarefaction (n = 27), severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy (n = 11), argyrophilic grains (n = 5), and TAR DNA binding protein-43 inclusions (n = 18). Many patients exhibited more than 1 type of concurrent pathology. The ratio of cortical to cerebellar amyloid imaging signal (SUVr) and immunohistochemical β-amyloid load were analyzed in 6 cortical regions of interest. All AD subgroups had strong and significant correlations between SUVr and histological β-amyloid measures (p μ 0.001). All AD subgroups had significantly greater amyloid measures versus nondemented patients, and mean amyloid measures did not significantly differ between AD subgroups. When comparing AD cases with and without each pathology, AD cases with LBs had significantly lower SUVr measures versus AD cases without LBs (p = 0.002); there were no other paired comparison differences. These findings indicate that florbetapir-PET imaging is not confounded by neuropathological heterogeneity within AD.
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Del Campo M, Hoozemans JJM, Dekkers LL, Rozemuller AJ, Korth C, Müller-Schiffmann A, Scheltens P, Blankenstein MA, Jimenez CR, Veerhuis R, Teunissen CE. BRI2-BRICHOS is increased in human amyloid plaques in early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:1596-604. [PMID: 24524963 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BRI2 protein binds amyloid precursor protein to halt amyloid-β production and inhibits amyloid-β aggregation via its BRICHOS-domain suggesting a link between BRI2 and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we investigate the possible involvement of BRI2 in human AD pathogenesis. BRI2 containing BRICHOS-domain was increased up to 3-fold in AD hippocampus (p = 0.003, n = 14/group). Immunohistochemistry showed BRI2 deposits associated with amyloid-β plaques in early pathologic stages (Braak-III; Thal-2/3). We observed a decrease in the protein levels of ADAM10 (p = 0.02) and furin (p = 0.066), as well as an increase in SPPL2b (p < 0.0001) in AD hippocampus. Because these enzymes are involved in BRI2 processing, their changes may lead to aberrant processing of BRI2 promoting its deposition and likely affecting BRI2 function. Loss of BRI2 function in AD was supported by the decreased presence of BRI2-amyloid precursor protein complexes in the hippocampus of AD patients compared with control subjects. In conclusion, our data obtained from human samples indicate that in early stages of AD there is an increased deposition of BRI2, which likely leads to impaired BRI2 function thereby influencing AD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Del Campo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurochemistry Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen J M Hoozemans
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lois-Lee Dekkers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurochemistry Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Carsten Korth
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Medical School, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marinus A Blankenstein
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurochemistry Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- Department of Medical Oncology and OncoProteomics Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Veerhuis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurochemistry Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurochemistry Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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149
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Scheff SW, Neltner JH, Nelson PT. Is synaptic loss a unique hallmark of Alzheimer's disease? Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:517-28. [PMID: 24412275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synapses may represent a key nidus for dementia including Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Here we review published studies and present new ideas related to the question of the specificity of synapse loss in AD. Currently, AD is defined by the regional presence of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. The severity of involvement by those pathological hallmarks tends to correlate both with antemortem cognitive status, and also with synapse loss in multiple brain areas. Recent studies from large autopsy series have led to a new standard of excellence with regard to clinical-pathological correlation and to improved comprehension of the numerous brain diseases of the elderly. These studies have provided evidence that it is the rule rather than the exception for brains of aged individuals to demonstrate pathologies (often multiple) other than AD plaques and tangles. For many of these comorbid pathologies, the extent of synapse loss is imperfectly understood but could be substantial. These findings indicate that synapse loss is probably not a hallmark specific to AD but rather a change common to many diseases associated with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Scheff
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Janna H Neltner
- Department of Pathology and Division of Neuropathology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Department of Pathology and Division of Neuropathology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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150
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Hallgren J, Pietrzak M, Rempala G, Nelson PT, Hetman M. Neurodegeneration-associated instability of ribosomal DNA. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:860-8. [PMID: 24389328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR)-mediated instability of the repetitively organized ribosomal DNA (rDNA) has been proposed as a mediator of cell senescence in yeast triggering the DNA damage response. High individual variability in the content of human rDNA suggests that this genomic region remained relatively unstable throughout evolution. Therefore, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the genomic content of rDNA in post mortem samples of parietal cortex from 14 young and 9 elderly individuals with no diagnosis of a chronic neurodegenerative/neurological disease. In addition, rDNA content in that brain region was compared between 10 age-matched control individuals and 10 patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) which involves neurodegeneration of the cerebral cortex. Probing rRNA-coding regions of rDNA revealed no effects of aging on the rDNA content. Elevated rDNA content was observed in DLB. Conversely, in the DLB pathology-free cerebellum, lower genomic content of rDNA was present in the DLB group. In the parietal cortex, such a DLB-associated instability of rDNA was not accompanied by any major changes of cytosine-phosphate-guanine methylation of the rDNA promoter. As increased cerebro-cortical rDNA content was previously reported in Alzheimer's disease, neurodegeneration appears to be associated with instability of rDNA. The hypothetical origins and consequences of this phenomenon are discussed including possibilities that the DNA damage-induced recombination destabilizes rDNA and that differential content of rDNA affects heterochromatin formation, gene expression and/or DNA damage response. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Role of the Nucleolus in Human Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Hallgren
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Maciej Pietrzak
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Grzegorz Rempala
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA
| | - Michal Hetman
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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