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Thomas AJ, Hamilton CA, Donaghy PC, Martin-Ruiz C, Morris CM, Barnett N, Olsen K, Taylor JP, O'Brien JT. Prospective longitudinal evaluation of cytokines in mild cognitive impairment due to AD and Lewy body disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2020; 35:1250-1259. [PMID: 32557792 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We conducted a prospective longitudinal study of plasma cytokines during the Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) stage of Lewy body disease and Alzheimer's disease, hypothesizing that cytokine levels would decrease over time and that this would be correlated with decline in cognition. METHODS Older (≥60) people with MCI were recruited from memory services in healthcare trusts in North East England, UK. MCI was diagnosed as due to Alzheimer's disease (MCI-AD) or Lewy body disease (MCI-LB). Baseline and repeat annual clinical and cognitive assessments were undertaken and plasma samples were obtained at the same time. Cytokine assays were performed on all samples using the Meso Scale Discovery V-Plex Plus Proinflammatory Panel 1, which included IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13 and TNFα. RESULTS Fifty-six patients (21 MCI-AD, 35 MCI-LB) completed prospective evaluations and provided samples up to 3 years after baseline. Six cytokines (IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10) showed highly significant (P < .002) decreases over time. AD and LB did not differ in rate of decrease nor were there any effects related to age or general morbidity. Decrease in five of these cytokines (IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10) was highly correlated with decrease in cognition (P < .003). CONCLUSIONS Peripheral inflammation decreased in both disease groups during MCI suggesting this may be a therapeutic window for future anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Thomas
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Calum A Hamilton
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul C Donaghy
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carmen Martin-Ruiz
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Chris M Morris
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nicola Barnett
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kirsty Olsen
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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102
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Heras-Garvin A, Stefanova N. From Synaptic Protein to Prion: The Long and Controversial Journey of α-Synuclein. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:584536. [PMID: 33071772 PMCID: PMC7536368 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.584536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery 30 years ago, α-synuclein (α-syn) has been one of the most studied proteins in the field of neuroscience. Dozens of groups worldwide have tried to reveal not only its role in the CNS but also in other organs. α-syn has been linked to several processes essential in brain homeostasis such as neurotransmitter release, synaptic function, and plasticity. However, despite the efforts made in this direction, the main function of α-syn is still unknown. Moreover, α-syn became a protein of interest for neurologists and neuroscientists when mutations in its gene were found associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and even more when α-syn protein deposits were observed in the brain of PD, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients. At present, the abnormal accumulation of α-syn constitutes one of the pathological hallmarks of these disorders, also referred to as α-synucleinopathies, and it is used for post-mortem diagnostic criteria. Whether α-syn aggregation is cause or consequence of the pathogenic events underlying α-synucleinopathies remains unclear and under discussion. Recently, different in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the ability of pathogenic α-syn to spread between cells, not only within the CNS but also from peripheral locations such as the gut, salivary glands, and through the olfactory network into the CNS, inducing abnormal misfolding of endogenous α-syn and leading to neurodegeneration and motor and cognitive impairment in animal models. Thus, it has been suggested that α-syn should be considered a prion protein. Here we present an update of what we know about α-syn function, aggregation and spreading, and its role in neurodegeneration. We also discuss the rationale and findings supporting the hypothetical prion nature of α-syn, its weaknesses, and future perspectives for research and the development of disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Heras-Garvin
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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103
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HMGB1 A box protects neurons by potently inhibiting both microglia and T cell-mediated inflammation in a mouse Parkinson's disease model. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:2075-2090. [PMID: 32706028 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the subacute Parkinson's disease (PD) mice model of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), injection of HMGB1 competitive inhibitor protein HMGB1 A box and the ethyl pyruvate (EP) that inhibit the release of HMGB1 from cells restored the number of dopaminergic neurons and TH+ fibers in the SN and striatum. Our data show that A box up-regulated CD200-CD200R signal of microglia inhibited the activation of microglia mediated by HMGB1, and the production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in vivo and in vitro mixed culture system. Microglia overexpressing CD200R produced less inflammatory chemokines and reduced the loss of TH+ neurons. In addition, HMGB1 A box decreased the level of CCL5 and significantly inhibited the infiltration of almost all T cells including Th17 and the proportion of Th17 in CD4+ T cells. In vitro MPP+ induced model and HMGB1-stimulated mesencephalic cell system activated microglia induced the differentiation of naïve T cells to Th17, and A box significantly inhibited this process. To sum up, our results show that HMGB1 A box targeting HMGB1, which effectively reduces the activation of microglia in MPTP PD model by restoring CD200-CD200R signal inhibit microglia mediated neuroinflammation and the differentiation of T cells to Th17.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are, respectively, the most prevalent and fastest growing neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. The former is primarily characterized by memory loss and the latter by the motor symptoms of tremor and bradykinesia. Both AD and PD are progressive diseases that share several key underlying mitochondrial, inflammatory, and other metabolic pathologies. This review will detail how these pathologies intersect with ketone body metabolism and signaling, and how ketone bodies, particularly d-β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB), may serve as a potential adjunctive nutritional therapy for two of the world's most devastating conditions.
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105
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Farombi EO, Awogbindin IO, Owoeye O, Abah VO, Izomoh ER, Ezekiel IO. Kolaviron ameliorates behavioural deficit and injury to striatal dopaminergic terminals via modulation of oxidative burden, DJ-1 depletion and CD45R + cells infiltration in MPTP-model of Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:933-946. [PMID: 32430695 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Currently, the precise pathogenic detail of PD is not entirely clear and first line therapeutics fail to attenuate the progress of the disease. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effect of kolaviron, a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biflavonoid from Garcinia kola seed, on behavioural impairment, neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in an acute MPTP-induced PD model. Kolaviron mitigated the frequently interrupted MPTP-associated hyperkinesia, inefficient gait, immobility, inability to pay attention to sizable holes on walking path, habitual clockwise rotations characterized with minimal diversion of movements and impaired balance. Also, kolaviron suppressed MPTP-mediated striatal oxidative stress, depletion as well as degeneration of dopaminergic terminals, reduced DJ-1 secretion and upregulated expression of caspase-3. Kolaviron facilitated cytoprotective antioxidant response and prevented MPTP-mediated neuroinflammation by blocking striatal infiltration of peripheral CD45R positive cells. Additionally, kolaviron reversed MPTP-induced inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. Together, our study provides evidence that the neuroprotective capacity of kolaviron to modulate striatal degeneration, behavioural impairment, antioxidant/redox imbalance and neuroinflammation implicated in the pathogenesis of PD may involve upregulation of DJ-1 secretion and inhibition of CD45R cells infiltration. Our data recommend kolaviron as a possible neuroprotective strategy in the management of Parkinson's disease and the associated behavioural complications, albeit the identity of MPTP-associated striatal CD45R infiltrate needs to be further characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer O Farombi
- Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Ifeoluwa O Awogbindin
- Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olatunde Owoeye
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Victoria O Abah
- Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Edirin R Izomoh
- Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ibukunoluwa O Ezekiel
- Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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106
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Angelopoulou E, Paudel YN, Shaikh MF, Piperi C. Fractalkine (CX3CL1) signaling and neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease: Potential clinical and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104930. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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107
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Pajares M, I. Rojo A, Manda G, Boscá L, Cuadrado A. Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071687. [PMID: 32674367 PMCID: PMC7408280 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons that project from the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although the molecular bases for PD development are still little defined, extensive evidence from human samples and animal models support the involvement of inflammation in onset or progression. However, the exact trigger for this response remains unclear. Here, we provide a systematic review of the cellular mediators, i.e., microglia, astroglia and endothelial cells. We also discuss the genetic and transcriptional control of inflammation in PD and the immunomodulatory role of dopamine and reactive oxygen species. Finally, we summarize the preclinical and clinical approaches targeting neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pajares
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Rojo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gina Manda
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERcv), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-915854383; Fax: +34-915854401
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108
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Belloli S, Morari M, Murtaj V, Valtorta S, Moresco RM, Gilardi MC. Translation Imaging in Parkinson's Disease: Focus on Neuroinflammation. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:152. [PMID: 32581765 PMCID: PMC7289967 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the appearance of α-synuclein insoluble aggregates known as Lewy bodies. Neurodegeneration is accompanied by neuroinflammation mediated by cytokines and chemokines produced by the activated microglia. Several studies demonstrated that such an inflammatory process is an early event, and contributes to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions. α-synuclein fibrillization and aggregation activate microglia and contribute to disease onset and progression. Mutations in different genes exacerbate the inflammatory phenotype in the monogenic compared to sporadic forms of PD. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) with selected radiopharmaceuticals allow in vivo imaging of molecular modifications in the brain of living subjects. Several publications showed a reduction of dopaminergic terminals and dopamine (DA) content in the basal ganglia, starting from the early stages of the disease. Moreover, non-dopaminergic neuronal pathways are also affected, as shown by in vivo studies with serotonergic and glutamatergic radiotracers. The role played by the immune system during illness progression could be investigated with PET ligands that target the microglia/macrophage Translocator protein (TSPO) receptor. These agents have been used in PD patients and rodent models, although often without attempting correlations with other molecular or functional parameters. For example, neurodegeneration and brain plasticity can be monitored using the metabolic marker 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoroglucose ([18F]-FDG), while oxidative stress can be probed using the copper-labeled diacetyl-bis(N-methyl-thiosemicarbazone) ([Cu]-ATSM) radioligand, whose striatal-specific binding ratio in PD patients seems to correlate with a disease rating scale and motor scores. Also, structural and functional modifications during disease progression may be evaluated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), using different parameters as iron content or cerebral volume. In this review article, we propose an overview of in vivo clinical and non-clinical imaging research on neuroinflammation as an emerging marker of early PD. We also discuss how multimodal-imaging approaches could provide more insights into the role of the inflammatory process and related events in PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Belloli
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Morari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute for Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Murtaj
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Valtorta
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Gilardi
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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109
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Merchant KM, Cedarbaum JM, Brundin P, Dave KD, Eberling J, Espay AJ, Hutten SJ, Javidnia M, Luthman J, Maetzler W, Menalled L, Reimer AN, Stoessl AJ, Weiner DM. A Proposed Roadmap for Parkinson's Disease Proof of Concept Clinical Trials Investigating Compounds Targeting Alpha-Synuclein. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 9:31-61. [PMID: 30400107 PMCID: PMC6398545 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-181471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The convergence of human molecular genetics and Lewy pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) have led to a robust, clinical-stage pipeline of alpha-synuclein (α-syn)-targeted therapies that have the potential to slow or stop the progression of PD and other synucleinopathies. To facilitate the development of these and earlier stage investigational molecules, the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research convened a group of leaders in the field of PD research from academia and industry, the Alpha-Synuclein Clinical Path Working Group. This group set out to develop recommendations on preclinical and clinical research that can de-risk the development of α-syn targeting therapies. This consensus white paper provides a translational framework, from the selection of animal models and associated end-points to decision-driving biomarkers as well as considerations for the design of clinical proof-of-concept studies. It also identifies current gaps in our biomarker toolkit and the status of the discovery and validation of α-syn-associated biomarkers that could help fill these gaps. Further, it highlights the importance of the emerging digital technology to supplement the capture and monitoring of clinical outcomes. Although the development of disease-modifying therapies targeting α-syn face profound challenges, we remain optimistic that meaningful strides will be made soon toward the identification and approval of disease-modifying therapeutics targeting α-syn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana M Merchant
- Vincere Biosciences, Inc., and Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Patrik Brundin
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Kuldip D Dave
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jamie Eberling
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- UC Gardner Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Samantha J Hutten
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Monica Javidnia
- Center for Health and Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Liliana Menalled
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alyssa N Reimer
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Jon Stoessl
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Pacific Parkinson's Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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110
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Advances in modelling alpha-synuclein-induced Parkinson’s diseases in rodents: Virus-based models versus inoculation of exogenous preformed toxic species. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 338:108685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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111
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Belova OV, Arefieva TI, Moskvina SN. [Immunological aspects of Parkinson's disease]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:110-119. [PMID: 32307420 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2020120021110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The review summarizes information on immunological disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD). The data on neuroinflammation associated with degeneration of the medial substantia nigra cells are presented. It is pointed out that innate and adaptive immunity cells are involved in the process of neuroinflammation. The authors analyze the cytokine level in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood as well as the relationship between neuroinflammation and neuron dysfunction and provide information on immunological disorders in people with PD and animal models of PD. Specific features of PD models and data on blood-brain barrier damage and evidence of autoimmune inflammation in PD are presented. Identification of PD preclinical markers, including cytokines, HLA-DR and HLA-DQ antigens, autoantibodies, etc, is discussed. Pre-symptomatic diagnosis of PD, prevention and treatment at the pre-symptomatic stage could lead to interruption or slowdown the neurons death.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Belova
- NRC 'Kurchatov Institute', Moscow, Russia
| | - T I Arefieva
- NRC 'Kurchatov Institute', Moscow, Russia; National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
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112
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Keller S, Polanski WH, Enzensperger C, Reichmann H, Hermann A, Gille G. 9-Methyl-β-carboline inhibits monoamine oxidase activity and stimulates the expression of neurotrophic factors by astrocytes. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:999-1012. [PMID: 32285253 PMCID: PMC8592951 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
β-Carbolines (BC) are pyridoindoles, which can be found in various exogenous and endogenous sources. Recent studies revealed neurostimulative, neuroprotective, neuroregenerative and anti-inflammatory effects of 9-methyl-BC (9-Me-BC). Additionally, 9-me-BC increased neurite outgrowth of dopaminergic neurons independent of dopamine uptake into these neurons. In this study, the role of astrocytes in neurostimulative, neuroregenerative and neuroprotective properties of 9-me-BC was further explored. 9-Me-BC exerted anti-proliferative effects without toxic properties in dopaminergic midbrain and cortical astrocyte cultures. The organic cation transporter (OCT) but not the dopamine transporter seem to mediate at least part the effect of 9-me-BC on astrocytes. Remarkably, 9-me-BC stimulated the gene expression of several important neurotrophic factors for dopaminergic neurons like Artn, Bdnf, Egln1, Tgfb2 and Ncam1. These factors are well known to stimulate neurite outgrowth and to show neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties to dopaminergic neurons against various toxins. Further, we show that effect of 9-me-BC is mediated through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Additionally, 9-me-BC showed inhibitory properties to monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity with an IC50 value of 1 µM for MAO-A and of 15.5 µM for MAO-B. The inhibition of MAO by 9-me-BC might contribute to the observed increased dopamine content and anti-apoptotic properties in cell culture after 9-me-BC treatment in recent studies. Thus, 9-me-BC have a plethora of beneficial effects on dopaminergic neurons warranting its exploration as a new multimodal anti-parkinsonian medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Keller
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Witold Henryk Polanski
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Christoph Enzensperger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
- SmartDyeLivery GmbH, Botzstraße 5, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Heinz Reichmann
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht-Kossel", Department of Neurology and Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147, Rostock, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gabriele Gille
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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113
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Wang L, Liu Y, Yan S, Du T, Fu X, Gong X, Zhou X, Zhang T, Wang X. Disease Progression-Dependent Expression of CD200R1 and CX3CR1 in Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease. Aging Dis 2020; 11:254-268. [PMID: 32257540 PMCID: PMC7069458 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Microglia are tightly and efficiently regulated by immune checkpoints, including CD200-CD200R1 and CX3CL1-CX3CR1. Understanding the involvement of these checkpoints in disease progression provides important insights into how microglial activation contributes to PD pathology. However, so far, studies have produced seemingly conflicting results. In this study, we demonstrate that CD200R1 expression is down-regulated at both early and late stage of PD model, and CX3CR1 expression is down-regulated in early stage and recovered in late stage. In primary cultured microglia, CD200R1 and CX3CR1 expressions are both directly regulated by LPS or α-synuclein, and CD200R1 expression is more sensitively regulated than CX3CR1. In addition, CD200 knockout causes an increase in proinflammatory cytokine production and microglial activation in the midbrain. Remarkably, DA neurons in the substantial nigra are degenerated in CD200-/- mice. Finally, activation of the CD200R with CD200Fc alleviates the neuroinflammation in microglia. Together, these results suggest that immune checkpoints play distinct functional roles in different stage of PD pathology, and the CD200-CD200R1 axis plays a significant role in nigrostriatal neuron viability and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- 1Department of Neurobiology, Center of Parkinson Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- 1Department of Neurobiology, Center of Parkinson Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxin Yan
- 1Department of Neurobiology, Center of Parkinson Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianshu Du
- 1Department of Neurobiology, Center of Parkinson Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Fu
- 1Department of Neurobiology, Center of Parkinson Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Gong
- 2Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- 1Department of Neurobiology, Center of Parkinson Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- 1Department of Neurobiology, Center of Parkinson Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- 1Department of Neurobiology, Center of Parkinson Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,2Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Innate Immunity: A Common Denominator between Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031115. [PMID: 32046139 PMCID: PMC7036760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricate relationships between innate immunity and brain diseases raise increased interest across the wide spectrum of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Barriers, such as the blood–brain barrier, and innate immunity cells such as microglia, astrocytes, macrophages, and mast cells are involved in triggering disease events in these groups, through the action of many different cytokines. Chronic inflammation can lead to dysfunctions in large-scale brain networks. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and frontotemporal dementia, are associated with a substrate of dysregulated immune responses that impair the central nervous system balance. Recent evidence suggests that similar phenomena are involved in psychiatric diseases, such as depression, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The present review summarizes and discusses the main evidence linking the innate immunological response in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, thus providing insights into how the responses of innate immunity represent a common denominator between diseases belonging to the neurological and psychiatric sphere. Improved knowledge of such immunological aspects could provide the framework for the future development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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115
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Heras-Garvin A, Refolo V, Reindl M, Wenning GK, Stefanova N. High-salt diet does not boost neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in a model of α-synucleinopathy. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:35. [PMID: 31980040 PMCID: PMC6982394 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Pre-clinical studies in models of multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory disorders suggest that high-salt diet may induce activation of the immune system and potentiate inflammation. However, high-salt diet constitutes a common non-pharmacological intervention to treat autonomic problems in synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Since neuroinflammation plays an important pathogenic role in these neurodegenerative disorders, we asked here whether high-salt diet may aggravate the disease phenotype in a transgenic model of multiple system atrophy. METHODS Nine-month-old PLP-hαSyn and matched wildtype mice received normal or high-salt diet for a period of 3 months. Behavioral, histological, and molecular analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of high-salt diet on motor decline, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and α-synuclein accumulation in these mice. RESULTS Brain subregion-specific molecular and histological analyses showed no deleterious effects of high-salt diet on the level of microglial activation. Moreover, neuroinflammation-related cytokines and chemokines, T cell recruitment or astrogliosis were unaffected by high-salt diet exposure. Behavioral testing showed no effect of diet on motor decline. High-salt diet was not related to the deterioration of neurodegeneration or α-synuclein accumulation in PLP-hαSyn mice. CONCLUSIONS Here, we demonstrate that high-salt diet does not aggravate neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in PLP-hαSyn mice. Our findings discard a deleterious pro-neuroinflammatory effect of high-salt diet in multiple system atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Heras-Garvin
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurobiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Violetta Refolo
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurobiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Reindl
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology Research Group, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurobiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurobiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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116
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Schwab AD, Thurston MJ, Machhi J, Olson KE, Namminga KL, Gendelman HE, Mosley RL. Immunotherapy for Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 137:104760. [PMID: 31978602 PMCID: PMC7933730 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD), there is an immediate need to interdict disease signs and symptoms. In recent years this need was met through therapeutic approaches focused on regenerative stem cell replacement and alpha-synuclein clearance. However, neither have shown long-term clinical benefit. A novel therapeutic approach designed to affect disease is focused on transforming the brain’s immune microenvironment. As disordered innate and adaptive immune functions are primary components of neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis, this has emerged as a clear opportunity for therapeutic development. Interventions that immunologically restore the brain’s homeostatic environment can lead to neuroprotective outcomes. These have recently been demonstrated in both laboratory and early clinical investigations. To these ends, efforts to increase the numbers and function of regulatory T cells over dominant effector cells that exacerbate systemic inflammation and neurodegeneration have emerged as a primary research focus. These therapeutics show broad promise in affecting disease outcomes beyond PD, such as for Alzheimer’s disease, stroke and traumatic brain injuries, which share common neurodegenerative disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Schwab
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5110, United States of America
| | - Mackenzie J Thurston
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5110, United States of America
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5110, United States of America
| | - Katherine E Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5110, United States of America
| | - Krista L Namminga
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5110, United States of America
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5110, United States of America.
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5110, United States of America
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117
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O'Neill E, Yssel JD, McNamara C, Harkin A. Pharmacological targeting of β 2 -adrenoceptors is neuroprotective in the LPS inflammatory rat model of Parkinson's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:282-297. [PMID: 31506926 PMCID: PMC6989960 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chronic inflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Noradrenaline is an endogenous neurotransmitter with anti-inflammatory properties. In the present investigation, we assessed the immunomodulatory and neuroprotective efficacy of pharmacologically targeting the CNS noradrenergic system in a rat model of PD. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The impact of treatment with the β2 -adrenoceptor agonists clenbuterol and formoterol was assessed in the intranigral LPS rat model of PD. The immunomodulatory potential of formoterol to influence the CNS response to systemic inflammation was also assessed. KEY RESULTS LPS-induced deficits in motor function (akinesia and forelimb-use asymmetry) and nigrostriatal dopamine loss were rescued by both agents. Treatment with the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine reduced striatal dopamine loss and motor deficits following intranigral LPS injection. Co-treatment with the β2 -adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118,551 attenuated the protective effects of atomoxetine. Systemic LPS challenge exacerbated reactive microgliosis, IL-1β production, dopamine cell loss in the substantia nigra, nerve terminal degeneration in the striatum, and associated motor impairments in animals that previously received intranigral LPS. This exacerbation was attenuated by formoterol treatment. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The results indicate that pharmacologically targeting β2 -adrenoceptors has the propensity to regulate the neuroinflammatory phenotype in vivo and may be a potential neuroprotective strategy where inflammation contributes to the progression of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. In accordance with this, clinical agents such as β2 -adrenoceptor agonists may prove useful as immunomodulatory agents in the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions associated with brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin O'Neill
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Justin D. Yssel
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Caoimhe McNamara
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
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118
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Odajiu I, Davidescu EI, Mitu C, Popescu BO. Patients with Parkinson's Disease and Myasthenia Gravis-A Report of Three New Cases and Review of the Literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 56:medicina56010005. [PMID: 31878081 PMCID: PMC7022960 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD)have increasing incidence, due to lifespan expansion. The association between PD and Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is uncommon, and so far, since 1987, 26 cases have been reported. We report here a series of three new cases, two men and one woman with this peculiar combination of conditions, identified in the Neurology Department of Colentina Clinical Hospital. In this article, the pathogenesis of MG in patients with PD is discussed, along with a literature review regarding the co-occurrence of these two neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Odajiu
- Neurology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania; (I.O.); (C.M.); (B.O.P.)
| | - Eugenia Irene Davidescu
- Neurology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania; (I.O.); (C.M.); (B.O.P.)
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-722-258-350
| | - Cristina Mitu
- Neurology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania; (I.O.); (C.M.); (B.O.P.)
| | - Bogdan Ovidiu Popescu
- Neurology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania; (I.O.); (C.M.); (B.O.P.)
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, ‘Victor Babeș’ National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
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119
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Schonhoff AM, Williams GP, Wallen ZD, Standaert DG, Harms AS. Innate and adaptive immune responses in Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 252:169-216. [PMID: 32247364 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has classically been defined as a movement disorder, in which motor symptoms are explained by the aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) and subsequent death of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). More recently, the multisystem effects of the disease have been investigated, with the immune system being implicated in a number of these processes in the brain, the blood, and the gut. In this review, we highlight the dysfunctional immune system found in both human PD and animal models of the disease, and discuss how genetic risk factors and risk modifiers are associated with pro-inflammatory immune responses. Finally, we emphasize evidence that the immune response drives the pathogenesis and progression of PD, and discuss key questions that remain to be investigated in order to identify immunomodulatory therapies in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey M Schonhoff
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Gregory P Williams
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Zachary D Wallen
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - David G Standaert
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ashley S Harms
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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120
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Liu CY, Wang X, Liu C, Zhang HL. Pharmacological Targeting of Microglial Activation: New Therapeutic Approach. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:514. [PMID: 31803024 PMCID: PMC6877505 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is not just a consequence but a vital contributor to the development and progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Microglia in particular, may contribute to the induction and modulation of inflammation in PD. Upon stimulation, microglia convert into activated phenotypes, which exist along a dynamic continuum and bear different immune properties depending on the disease stage and severity. Activated microglia release various factors involved in neuroinflammation, such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and prostaglandins (PGs). Further, activated microglia interact with other cell types (e.g., neurons, astrocytes and mast cells) and are closely associated with α-synuclein (α-syn) pathophysiology and iron homeostasis disturbance. Taken together, microglial activation and microglia-mediated inflammatory responses play essential roles in the pathogenesis of PD and elucidation of the complexity and imbalance of microglial activation may shed light on novel therapeutic approaches for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Life Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, China
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121
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Kwon S, Iba M, Masliah E, Kim C. Targeting Microglial and Neuronal Toll-like Receptor 2 in Synucleinopathies. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:547-553. [PMID: 31698547 PMCID: PMC6844834 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.5.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the progressive accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in neurons and glia and include Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). In this review, we consolidate our key findings and recent studies concerning the role of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), a pattern recognition innate immune receptor, in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies. First, we address the pathological interaction of α-syn with microglial TLR2 and its neurotoxic inflammatory effects. Then, we show that neuronal TLR2 activation not only induces abnormal α-syn accumulation by impairing autophagy, but also modulates α-syn transmission. Finally, we demonstrate that administration of a TLR2 functional inhibitor improves the neuropathology and behavioral deficits of a synucleinopathy mouse model. Altogether, we present TLR2 modulation as a promising immunotherapy for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somin Kwon
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892,
USA
| | - Michiyo Iba
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892,
USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892,
USA
| | - Changyoun Kim
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892,
USA
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122
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Pei Y, Maitta RW. Alpha synuclein in hematopoiesis and immunity. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02590. [PMID: 31692680 PMCID: PMC6806402 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative condition and intracellular deposition of Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra (SN), which can cause dopaminergic neuronal death, is the hallmark of this syndrome. α-synuclein (syn) is a small protein expressed mainly in neurons but can also be found in a number of tissues. It can be present as a soluble monomer under normal physiological conditions, but can be toxic in its oligomeric or fibrillary forms. Most of the available literature has focused on the effects of α-syn pathology in the mechanisms leading to PD. However, the normal functions of α-syn still remain to be fully elucidated. Notably, α-syn in the hematopoietic system seems to mediate important functions as indicated by anemia and incomplete cell maturation when this protein is absent. This review will summarize basic genetic and structural findings, and critical information that suggests an essential role of α-syn in the development and activation of the hematopoietic system and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pei
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Robert W. Maitta
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
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123
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Liu Z, Qiu AW, Huang Y, Yang Y, Chen JN, Gu TT, Cao BB, Qiu YH, Peng YP. IL-17A exacerbates neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration by activating microglia in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:630-645. [PMID: 31351185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been involved in pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized neuropathologically by progressive dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra (SN). We recently have shown that helper T (Th)17 cells facilitate dopaminergic neuronal loss in vitro. Herein, we demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-17A, a proinflammatory cytokine produced mainly by Th17 cells, contributed to PD pathogenesis depending on microglia. Mouse and rat models for PD were prepared by intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or striatal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), respectively. Both in MPTP-treated mice and MPP+-treated rats, blood-brain barrier (BBB) was disrupted and IL-17A level increased in the SN but not in cortex. Effector T (Teff) cells that were adoptively transferred via tail veins infiltrated into the brain of PD mice but not into that of normal mice. The Teff cell transfer aggravated nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration, microglial activation and motor impairment. Contrarily, IL-17A deficiency alleviated BBB disruption, dopaminergic neurodegeneration, microglial activation and motor impairment. Anti-IL-17A-neutralizing antibody that was injected into lateral cerebral ventricle in PD rats ameliorated the manifestations mentioned above. IL-17A activated microglia but did not directly affect dopaminergic neuronal survival in vitro. IL-17A exacerbated dopaminergic neuronal loss only in the presence of microglia, and silencing IL-17A receptor gene in microglia abolished the IL-17A effect. IL-17A-treated microglial medium that contained higher concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α facilitated dopaminergic neuronal death. Further, TNF-α-neutralizing antibody attenuated MPP+-induced neurotoxicity. The findings suggest that IL-17A accelerates neurodegeneration in PD depending on microglial activation and at least partly TNF-α release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Ao-Wang Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Ya Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Jin-Na Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Ting-Ting Gu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Bei-Bei Cao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Yi-Hua Qiu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China.
| | - Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China.
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124
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Mosley RL, Lu Y, Olson KE, Machhi J, Yan W, Namminga KL, Smith JR, Shandler SJ, Gendelman HE. A Synthetic Agonist to Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor-2 Induces Regulatory T Cell Neuroprotective Activities in Models of Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:421. [PMID: 31619964 PMCID: PMC6759633 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A paradigm shift has emerged in Parkinson’s disease (PD) highlighting the prominent role of CD4+ Tregs in pathogenesis and treatment. Bench to bedside research, conducted by others and our own laboratories, advanced a neuroprotective role for Tregs making pharmacologic transformation of immediate need. Herein, a vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor-2 (VIPR2) peptide agonist, LBT-3627, was developed as a neuroprotectant for PD-associated dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Employing both 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and α-synuclein (α-Syn) overexpression models in rats, the sequential administration of LBT-3627 increased Treg activity without altering cell numbers both in naïve animals and during progressive nigrostriatal degeneration. LBT-3627 administration was linked to reductions of inflammatory microglia, increased survival of dopaminergic neurons, and improved striatal densities. While α-Syn overexpression resulted in reduced Treg activity, LBT-3627 rescued these functional deficits. This occurred in a dose-dependent manner closely mimicking neuroprotection. Taken together, these data provide the basis for the use of VIPR2 agonists as potent therapeutic immune modulating agents to restore Treg activity, attenuate neuroinflammation, and interdict dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD. The data underscore an important role of immunity in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Yaman Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Katherine E Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Wenhui Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Krista L Namminga
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jenell R Smith
- Longevity Biotech, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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125
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Krashia P, Cordella A, Nobili A, La Barbera L, Federici M, Leuti A, Campanelli F, Natale G, Marino G, Calabrese V, Vedele F, Ghiglieri V, Picconi B, Di Lazzaro G, Schirinzi T, Sancesario G, Casadei N, Riess O, Bernardini S, Pisani A, Calabresi P, Viscomi MT, Serhan CN, Chiurchiù V, D'Amelio M, Mercuri NB. Blunting neuroinflammation with resolvin D1 prevents early pathology in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3945. [PMID: 31477726 PMCID: PMC6718379 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11928-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and may contribute to midbrain dopamine (DA) neuron degeneration. Recent studies link chronic inflammation with failure to resolve early inflammation, a process operated by specialized pro-resolving mediators, including resolvins. However, the effects of stimulating the resolution of inflammation in PD – to modulate disease progression – still remain unexplored. Here we show that rats overexpressing human α-synuclein (Syn) display altered DA neuron properties, reduced striatal DA outflow and motor deficits prior to nigral degeneration. These early alterations are coupled with microglia activation and perturbations of inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators, namely IFN-γ and resolvin D1 (RvD1). Chronic and early RvD1 administration in Syn rats prevents central and peripheral inflammation, as well as neuronal dysfunction and motor deficits. We also show that endogenous RvD1 is decreased in human patients with early-PD. Our results suggest there is an imbalance between neuroinflammatory and pro-resolving processes in PD. Resolvins are endogenous lipids with pro-resolving activity. Here the authors find that rats overexpressing human α-synuclein show defects in dopamine signalling before dopamine cell loss, and that this is associated with low Resolvin D1 levels and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Krashia
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Department of Science and Technology for Humans and Environment, University Campus Bio-medico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Cordella
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Nobili
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Department of Science and Technology for Humans and Environment, University Campus Bio-medico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia La Barbera
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Federici
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leuti
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Department of Science and Technology for Humans and Environment, University Campus Bio-medico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Campanelli
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Natale
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Gioia Marino
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Calabrese
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Francescangelo Vedele
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Ghiglieri
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Philosophy, Human, Social and Educational Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Picconi
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Lazzaro
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Schirinzi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Sancesario
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolas Casadei
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Neurology Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, 06156, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Charles Nicholas Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anaesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 02115, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valerio Chiurchiù
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Department of Science and Technology for Humans and Environment, University Campus Bio-medico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello D'Amelio
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Department of Science and Technology for Humans and Environment, University Campus Bio-medico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133, Rome, Italy.
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126
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Russo I, Kaganovich A, Ding J, Landeck N, Mamais A, Varanita T, Biosa A, Tessari I, Bubacco L, Greggio E, Cookson MR. Transcriptome analysis of LRRK2 knock-out microglia cells reveals alterations of inflammatory- and oxidative stress-related pathways upon treatment with α-synuclein fibrils. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 129:67-78. [PMID: 31102768 PMCID: PMC6749993 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several previous studies have linked the Parkinson's disease (PD) gene LRRK2 to the biology of microglia cells. However, the precise ways in which LRRK2 affects microglial function have not been fully resolved. Here, we used the RNA-Sequencing to obtain transcriptomic profiles of LRRK2 wild-type (WT) and knock-out (KO) microglia cells treated with α-synuclein pre-formed fibrils (PFFs) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a general inflammatory insult. We observed that, although α-synuclein PFFs and LPS mediate overlapping gene expression profiles in microglia, there are also distinct responses to each stimulus. α-Synuclein PFFs trigger alterations of oxidative stress-related pathways with the mitochondrial dismutase Sod2 as a strongly differentially regulated gene. We validated SOD2 at mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, we found that LRRK2 KO microglia cells reported attenuated induction of mitochondrial SOD2 in response to α-synuclein PFFs, indicating a potential contribution of LRRK2 to oxidative stress-related pathways. We validate several genes in vivo using single-cell RNA-Seq from acutely isolated microglia after striatal injection of LPS into the mouse brain. Overall, these results suggest that microglial LRRK2 may contribute to the pathogenesis of PD via altered oxidative stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Russo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy.
| | - Alice Kaganovich
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Natalie Landeck
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Adamantios Mamais
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Tatiana Varanita
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Alice Biosa
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Isabella Tessari
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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127
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Methyl jasmonate abrogates rotenone-induced parkinsonian-like symptoms through inhibition of oxidative stress, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and down-regulation of immnopositive cells of NF-κB and α-synuclein expressions in mice. Neurotoxicology 2019; 74:172-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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128
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Kalampokini S, Becker A, Fassbender K, Lyros E, Unger MM. Nonpharmacological Modulation of Chronic Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease: Role of Diet Interventions. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2019; 2019:7535472. [PMID: 31534664 PMCID: PMC6732577 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7535472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized as an important pathophysiological feature of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent evidence suggests that neuroinflammation in PD might originate in the intestine and the bidirectional communication between the central and enteric nervous system, the so-called "gut-brain axis," has received growing attention due to its contribution to the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Diet targets mediators of inflammation with various mechanisms and combined with dopaminergic treatment can exert various beneficial effects in PD. Food-based therapies may favorably modulate gut microbiota composition and enhance the intestinal epithelial integrity or decrease the proinflammatory response by direct effects on immune cells. Diets rich in pre- and probiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, phenols including flavonoids, and vitamins, such as the Mediterranean diet or a plant-based diet, may attenuate chronic inflammation and positively influence PD symptoms and even progression of the disease. Dietary strategies should be encouraged in the context of a healthy lifestyle with physical activity, which also has neuroimmune-modifying properties. Thus, diet adaptation appears to be an effective additive, nonpharmacological therapeutic strategy that can attenuate the chronic inflammation implicated in PD, potentially slow down degeneration, and thereby modify the course of the disease. PD patients should be highly encouraged to adopt corresponding lifestyle modifications, in order to improve not only PD symptoms, but also general quality of life. Future research should focus on planning larger clinical trials with dietary interventions in PD in order to obtain hard evidence for the hypothesized beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Kalampokini
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Saarland, Kirrberger Straße, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Anouck Becker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Saarland, Kirrberger Straße, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Fassbender
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Saarland, Kirrberger Straße, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Epameinondas Lyros
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Saarland, Kirrberger Straße, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Marcus M. Unger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Saarland, Kirrberger Straße, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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129
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Porro C, Panaro MA, Lofrumento DD, Hasalla E, Trotta T. The multiple roles of exosomes in Parkinson's disease: an overview. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:469-476. [PMID: 31405314 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1650371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a relatively new field of research in neurodegenerative disease and they are thought to be one of the ways that neurodegenerative pathologies, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), spread in the brain. EVs are membrane vesicles released from cells into the extracellular space and they are produced by all cells of the nervous tissue. The classification of the vesicle subtypes comprises exosomes, microvesicles/microparticles, apoptotic bodies. EVs change in number and content in response to environmental conditions and may function as shuttles for the delivery of cargo between cells. Recent data suggest that exosomes secreted by both activated microglia and neurons play an important role in α-synuclein (α-syn) spreading and increase of neuroinflammation, thus exacerbating neuronal dysfunction and disease progression. α-syn is a presynaptic protein secreted by neurons in small amounts, and it is the main component of Lewy bodies, one of the histopathological features of PD. Several factors have shown to induce and/or modulate α-syn structure and oligomerization in vitro. Under pathological conditions, progressive accumulation of α-syn and the formation of oligomers have been proposed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of PD. This review gives an overview about the multiple roles of exosomes in PD, despite their role in the progression of neurodegeneration, exosomes could represent a specific drug delivery tool for a difficult target such as the brain, which poses an obstacle to most drugs and they could also represent new biomarkers to track the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Porro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Panaro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Dario Domenico Lofrumento
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Salento , Lecce , Italy
| | - Elona Hasalla
- Department of Pre-Clinic Subjects, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Elbasan "Aleksander Xhuvani" , Elbasan , Albania
| | - Teresa Trotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
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130
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Du T, Wu Z, Luo H, Lu S, Ma K. Injection of α-syn-98 Aggregates Into the Brain Triggers α-Synuclein Pathology and an Inflammatory Response. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:189. [PMID: 31447645 PMCID: PMC6691047 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) is a major component of Lewy bodies (LB), which play a central role in pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Differential expression of α-syn isoforms has been shown in PD. Isoform α-syn-98 is generated by excision of exon-3 and exon-5 of the α-syn gene. In contrast to the canonical full-length α-syn isoform (α-syn140), little is known about the function of the α-syn-98 isoform. In the present study, to identify the potential role of α-syn-98 protein in PD, we examined the effects of exogenous recombinant insoluble α-syn-98 aggregates on α-syn pathology and inflammatory responses in the midbrain. After injection of α-syn-98 aggregates into the substantia nigra (SN), mice exhibited motor dysfunction accompanied by nigral dopaminergic neuron loss. In addition, α-syn-98 aggregates injection resulted in a significant increase in phosphorylation of endogenous α-syn. Accumulations of α-syn were co-localized with p62 and ubiquitin, which suggests α-syn-98 aggregates-induced pathology exhibits properties similar to human LB. Many glial cells were activated after α-syn-98 aggregates injection. In addition, expression of NF-κB, interleukin 6 (IL6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and levels of oxidative stress increased after α-syn-98 aggregates injection. Our results suggest that α-syn-98 may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfu Du
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China.,Medical Primate Research Center & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Zhengcun Wu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Haiyu Luo
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Kaili Ma
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China.,Medical Primate Research Center & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
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131
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Grünewald A, Kumar KR, Sue CM. New insights into the complex role of mitochondria in Parkinson’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 177:73-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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132
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Crabbé M, Van der Perren A, Kounelis S, Lavreys T, Bormans G, Baekelandt V, Casteels C, Van Laere K. Temporal changes in neuroinflammation and brain glucose metabolism in a rat model of viral vector-induced α-synucleinopathy. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112964. [PMID: 31136763 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rat models based on viral vector-mediated overexpression of α-synuclein are regarded as highly valuable models that closely mimic cardinal features of human Parkinson's disease (PD) such as L-DOPA-dependent motor impairment, dopaminergic neurodegeneration and α-synuclein inclusions. To date, the downstream effects of dopaminergic cell loss on brain glucose metabolism, including the neuroinflammation component, have not been phenotyped in detail for this model. Cerebral glucose metabolism was monitored throughout different stages of the disease using in vivo 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and was combined with in vitro [18F]DPA-714 autoradiography to assess concomitant inflammation. Rats were unilaterally injected with recombinant adeno-associated viral vector serotype 2/7 (rAAV2/7) encoding either A53T α-synuclein or eGFP. Brain [18F]FDG microPET was performed at baseline, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9 weeks post-surgery, in combination with behavioral tests. As a second experiment, [18F]DPA-714 autoradiography was executed across the same timeline. Voxel-based analysis of relative [18F]FDG uptake showed a dynamic pattern of PD-related metabolic changes throughout the disease progression (weeks 2-9). Glucose hypermetabolism covering a large bilateral area reaching from the insular, motor- and somatosensory cortex to the striatum was observed at week 2. At week 4, hypermetabolism presented in a cluster covering the ipsilateral nigra-thalamic region, whereas hypometabolism was noted in the ipsilateral striatum at week 6. Elevated [18F]FDG uptake was seen in a cluster extending across the contralateral striatum, motor- and somatosensory cortex at week 9. Increased [18F]FDG in the region of the substantia nigra was associated with increased [18F]DPA-714 binding, and correlated significantly with motor symptoms. These findings point to disease-associated metabolic and neuroinflammatory changes taking place in the primary area of dopaminergic neurodegeneration but also closely interconnected motor and somatosensory brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Crabbé
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; MoSAIC - Molecular Small Animal Imaging Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Anke Van der Perren
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Savannah Kounelis
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; MoSAIC - Molecular Small Animal Imaging Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Lavreys
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; MoSAIC - Molecular Small Animal Imaging Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- MoSAIC - Molecular Small Animal Imaging Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cindy Casteels
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; MoSAIC - Molecular Small Animal Imaging Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; MoSAIC - Molecular Small Animal Imaging Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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133
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Mitochondrial-Derived Vesicles as Candidate Biomarkers in Parkinson's Disease: Rationale, Design and Methods of the EXosomes in PArkiNson Disease (EXPAND) Study. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102373. [PMID: 31091653 PMCID: PMC6566801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigro-striatal system is a major trait of Parkinson’s disease (PD), manifesting clinically as motor and non-motor symptoms. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are alleged pathogenic mechanisms underlying aggregation of misfolded α-synuclein that in turn triggers dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Peripheral processes, including inflammation, may precede and contribute to neurodegeneration. Whether mitochondrial dyshomeostasis in the central nervous system and systemic inflammation are linked to one another in PD is presently unclear. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are delivery systems through which cells can communicate or unload noxious materials. EV trafficking also participates in mitochondrial quality control (MQC) by generating mitochondrial-derived vesicles to dispose damaged organelles. Disruption of MQC coupled with abnormal EV secretion may play a role in the pathogenesis of PD. Furthermore, due to its bacterial ancestry, circulating mitochondrial DNA can elicit an inflammatory response. Therefore, purification and characterisation of molecules packaged in, and secreted through, small EVs (sEVs)/exosomes in body fluids may provide meaningful insights into the association between mitochondrial dysfunction and systemic inflammation in PD. The EXosomes in PArkiNson Disease (EXPAND) study was designed to characterise the cargo of sEVs/exosomes isolated from the serum of PD patients and to identify candidate biomarkers for PD.
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134
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Subhramanyam CS, Wang C, Hu Q, Dheen ST. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 94:112-120. [PMID: 31077796 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, being the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, play an important role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and contributes towards brain development under normal conditions. However, when there is a neuronal injury or other insult, depending on the type and magnitude of stimuli, microglia will be activated to secrete either proinflammatory factors that enhance cytotoxicity or anti-inflammatory neuroprotective factors that assist in wound healing and tissue repair. Excessive microglial activation damages the surrounding healthy neural tissue, and the factors secreted by the dead or dying neurons in turn exacerbate the chronic activation of microglia, causing progressive loss of neurons. It is the case observed in many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This review gives a detailed account of the microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in various neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, resolving chronic inflammation mediated by microglia bears great promise as a novel treatment strategy to reduce neuronal damage and to foster a permissive environment for further regeneration effort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, 117594, Singapore
| | - Qidong Hu
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, 117594, Singapore.
| | - S Thameem Dheen
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, 117594, Singapore.
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135
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Fuzzati-Armentero MT, Cerri S, Blandini F. Peripheral-Central Neuroimmune Crosstalk in Parkinson's Disease: What Do Patients and Animal Models Tell Us? Front Neurol 2019; 10:232. [PMID: 30941089 PMCID: PMC6433876 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is no longer considered an immune privileged organ and neuroinflammation has long been associated with Parkinson's disease. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that innate and adaptive responses take place in the CNS. The extent to which peripheral immune alterations impacts on the CNS, or vice and versa, is, however, still a matter of debate. Gaining a better knowledge of the molecular and cellular immune dysfunctions present in these two compartments and clarifying their mutual interactions is a fundamental step in understanding and preventing Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on inflammatory processes evidenced both in PD patients and in toxin-induced animal models of the disease. It discusses differences and similarities between human and animal studies in the context of neuroinflammation and immune responses and how they have guided therapeutic strategies to slow down disease progression. Future longitudinal studies are necessary and can help gain a better understanding on peripheral-central nervous system crosstalk to improve therapeutic strategies for PD.
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136
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Garretti F, Agalliu D, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Sette A, Sulzer D. Autoimmunity in Parkinson's Disease: The Role of α-Synuclein-Specific T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:303. [PMID: 30858851 PMCID: PMC6397885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from a variety of studies implicates a role for the adaptive immune system in Parkinson's disease (PD). Similar to multiple sclerosis (MS) patients who display a high number of T cells in the brain attacking oligodendrocytes, PD patients show higher numbers of T cells in the ventral midbrain than healthy, age-matched controls. Mouse models of the disease also show the presence of T cells in the brain. The role of these infiltrating T cells in the propagation of disease is controversial; however, recent studies indicate that they may be autoreactive in nature, recognizing disease-altered self-proteins as foreign antigens. T cells of PD patients can generate an autoimmune response to α-synuclein, a protein that is aggregated in PD. α-Synuclein and other proteins are post-translationally modified in an environment in which protein processing is altered, possibly leading to the generation of neo-epitopes, or self-peptides that have not been identified by the host immune system as non-foreign. Infiltrating T cells may also be responding to such modified proteins. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown associations of PD with haplotypes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes, and a polymorphism in a non-coding region that may increase MHC class II in PD patients. We speculate that the inflammation observed in PD may play both pathogenic and protective roles. Future studies on the adaptive immune system in neurodegenerative disorders may elucidate steps in disease pathogenesis and assist with the development of both biomarkers and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Garretti
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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137
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Nasrolahi A, Safari F, Farhoudi M, Khosravi A, Farajdokht F, Bastaminejad S, Sandoghchian Shotorbani S, Mahmoudi J. Immune system and new avenues in Parkinson’s disease research and treatment. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:709-727. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. However, although 200 years have now passed since the primary clinical description of PD by James Parkinson, the etiology and mechanisms of neuronal loss in this disease are still not fully understood. In addition to genetic and environmental factors, activation of immunologic responses seems to have a crucial role in PD pathology. Intraneuronal accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn), as the main pathological hallmark of PD, potentially mediates initiation of the autoimmune and inflammatory events through, possibly, auto-reactive T cells. While current therapeutic regimens are mainly used to symptomatically suppress PD signs, application of the disease-modifying therapies including immunomodulatory strategies may slow down the progressive neurodegeneration process of PD. The aim of this review is to summarize knowledge regarding previous studies on the relationships between autoimmune reactions and PD pathology as well as to discuss current opportunities for immunomodulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Nasrolahi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz 51666-14756 , Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Departmant of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Mehdi Farhoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz 51666-14756 , Iran
| | - Afra Khosravi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz 51666-14756 , Iran
| | - Saiyad Bastaminejad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | | | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , P.O. 51666-14756, Tabriz , Iran , e-mail:
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138
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Caggiu E, Arru G, Hosseini S, Niegowska M, Sechi G, Zarbo IR, Sechi LA. Inflammation, Infectious Triggers, and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2019; 10:122. [PMID: 30837941 PMCID: PMC6389614 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta with a reduction of dopamine concentration in the striatum. The complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors seems to play a role in determining susceptibility to PD and may explain the heterogeneity observed in clinical presentations. The exact etiology is not yet clear, but different possible causes have been identified. Inflammation has been increasingly studied as part of the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, corroborating the hypothesis that the immune system may be the nexus between environmental and genetic factors, and the abnormal immune function can lead to disease. In this review we report the different aspects of inflammation and immune system in Parkinson's disease, with particular interest in the possible role played by immune dysfunctions in PD, with focus on autoimmunity and processes involving infectious agents as a trigger and alpha-synuclein protein (α-syn).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Caggiu
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giannina Arru
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sepideh Hosseini
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Magdalena Niegowska
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - GianPietro Sechi
- Department of Clinical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ignazio Roberto Zarbo
- Department of Clinical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Leonardo A Sechi
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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139
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Tansey MG, Romero-Ramos M. Immune system responses in Parkinson's disease: Early and dynamic. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:364-383. [PMID: 30474172 PMCID: PMC6391192 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) are the degeneration and death of dopamine-producing neurons in the ventral midbrain, the widespread intraneuronal aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α) in Lewy bodies and neurites, neuroinflammation, and gliosis. Signs of microglia activation in the PD brain postmortem as well as during disease development revealed by neuroimaging, implicate immune responses in the pathophysiology of the disease. Intensive research during the last two decades has advanced our understanding of the role of these responses in the disease process, yet many questions remain unanswered. A transformative finding in the field has been the confirmation that in vivo microglia are able to respond directly to pathological a-syn aggregates but also to neuronal dysfunction due to intraneuronal a-syn toxicity well in advance of neuronal death. In addition, clinical research and disease models have revealed the involvement of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Indeed, the data suggest that PD leads not only to a microglia response, but also to a cellular and humoral peripheral immune response. Together, these findings compel us to consider a more holistic view of the immunological processes associated with the disease. Central and peripheral immune responses aimed at maintaining neuronal health will ultimately have consequences on neuronal survival. We will review here the most significant findings that have contributed to the current understanding of the immune response in PD, which is proposed to occur early, involve peripheral and brain immune cells, evolve as neuronal dysfunction progresses, and is likely to influence disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malú G Tansey
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, & AU IDEAS center NEURODIN, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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140
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Novel Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Target Alpha-Synuclein and Related Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020105. [PMID: 30708997 PMCID: PMC6406239 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is significantly influenced by disease-causing changes in the protein alpha-Synuclein (aSyn). It can trigger and promote intracellular stress and thereby impair the function of dopaminergic neurons. However, these damage mechanisms do not only extend to neuronal cells, but also affect most glial cell populations, such as astroglia and microglia, but also T lymphocytes, which can no longer maintain the homeostatic CNS milieu because they produce neuroinflammatory responses to aSyn pathology. Through precise neuropathological examination, molecular characterization of biomaterials, and the use of PET technology, it has been clearly demonstrated that neuroinflammation is involved in human PD. In this review, we provide an in-depth overview of the pathomechanisms that aSyn elicits in models of disease and focus on the affected glial cell and lymphocyte populations and their interaction with pathogenic aSyn species. The interplay between aSyn and glial cells is analyzed both in the basic research setting and in the context of human neuropathology. Ultimately, a strong rationale builds up to therapeutically reduce the burden of pathological aSyn in the CNS. The current antibody-based approaches to lower the amount of aSyn and thereby alleviate neuroinflammatory responses is finally discussed as novel therapeutic strategies for PD.
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141
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Abstract
Microglia are the most abundant immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), where they interact with neurons and exhibit a wide array of functions in physiological and pathological conditions. Physiologically, microglia mediate synaptic pruning and remodeling crucial for neural circuits and brain connectivity. In pathological conditions such as neurodegeneration in the Parkinson's disease (PD), microglia are activated, migrated to the injury site, and prone to engulf debris, sense pathology, and secrete possible pro- and anti-inflammatory factors. Microglia mediate responses such as inflammation and phagocytosis associated with neurodegeneration and are pivotal players in exacerbating or relieving disease progression. This chapter provides an overview on microglial function in the neurodegenerative disease-Parkinson's disease (PD). An overview on the pathology of PD will first be given, followed by discussion on receptors and signaling pathways involved in microglia-mediated inflammation and phagocytosis. Mechanism of how microglia contribute to PD by inflammation, phagocytosis of α-Synuclein (α-Syn), and interaction with PD genes will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Ho
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, #B416, L Building, #230 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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142
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Peripheral blood inflammatory markers in early Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 58:30-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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143
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Heras-Garvin A, Weckbecker D, Ryazanov S, Leonov A, Griesinger C, Giese A, Wenning GK, Stefanova N. Anle138b modulates α-synuclein oligomerization and prevents motor decline and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 2018; 34:255-263. [PMID: 30452793 PMCID: PMC6492169 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MSA is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by autonomic failure and severe motor impairment. Its main pathological hallmark is the accumulation of α‐synuclein in oligodendrocytes, leading to glial and neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration. These features are recapitulated in the PLP‐hαSyn mouse model expressing human α‐synuclein in oligodendrocytes. At present, there is no effective disease‐modifying therapy. Previous experiments have shown that the aggregation inhibitor, anle138b, reduces neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits in mouse models of other proteinopathies. Objectives To test the therapeutic potential of anle138b in a mouse model of MSA. Methods Two‐month‐old PLP‐hαSyn mice were fed over a period of 4 months with pellets containing anle138b at two different doses (0.6 and 2 g/kg) and compared to healthy controls and PLP‐hαSyn mice fed with placebo pellets. At the end of the treatment, behavioral and histological analyses were performed. Results We observed a reversal of motor function to healthy control levels when PLP‐hαSyn mice were treated with both doses of anle138b. Histological and molecular analyses showed a significant reduction in α‐synuclein oligomers and glial cytoplasmic inclusions in animals fed with anle138b compared to nontreated mice. These animals also present preservation of dopaminergic neurons and reduction in microglial activation in SN correlating with the α‐synuclein reduction observed. Conclusions Anle138b reduces α‐synuclein accumulation in PLP‐hαSyn mice, leading to neuroprotection, reduction of microglial activation, and preservation of motor function supporting the use of anle138b in a future clinical trial for MSA. © 2018 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Heras-Garvin
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurobiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Sergey Ryazanov
- NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrei Leonov
- NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.,MODAG GmbH, Wendelsheim, Germany
| | - Christian Griesinger
- NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurobiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurobiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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144
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The key role of T cells in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis and therapy. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018; 60:25-31. [PMID: 30404763 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and highlights evidence for modulation of the T cell response as an effective neuroprotective strategy. In preclinical models of Parkinson's disease, modulation of the T cell response results in neuroprotection. Peripheral markers of T cell response show changes in Parkinson's patients relative to controls that have potential application as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers. The article also discusses the important immunomodulatory effects of dopamine which may confound study of T cells in patients on dopaminergic therapies, and highlights glatiramer acetate, an FDA-approved therapy for multiple sclerosis that works through modulating the T cell response, as a promising target for translation.
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145
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Butkovich LM, Houser MC, Tansey MG. α-Synuclein and Noradrenergic Modulation of Immune Cells in Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:626. [PMID: 30258347 PMCID: PMC6143806 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology and loss of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) are among the most ubiquitous features of Parkinson's disease (PD). While noradrenergic dysfunction is associated with non-motor symptoms of PD, preclinical research suggests that the loss of LC norepinephrine (NE), and subsequently its immune modulatory and neuroprotective actions, may exacerbate or even accelerate disease progression. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which α-syn pathology and loss of central NE may directly impact brain health by interrupting neurotrophic factor signaling, exacerbating neuroinflammation, and altering regulation of innate and adaptive immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Malú G. Tansey
- Tansey Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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146
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Williams GP, Schonhoff AM, Jurkuvenaite A, Thome AD, Standaert DG, Harms AS. Targeting of the class II transactivator attenuates inflammation and neurodegeneration in an alpha-synuclein model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:244. [PMID: 30165873 PMCID: PMC6117927 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by intracellular alpha-synuclein (α-syn) inclusions, progressive death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Disruption of immune signaling between the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery, such as through targeting the chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) or the major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII), is neuroprotective in rodent models of PD, suggesting a key role for innate and adaptive immunity in disease progression. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether genetic knockout or RNA silencing of the class II transactivator (CIITA), a transcriptional co-activator required for MHCII induction, is effective in reducing the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration observed in an α-syn mouse model of PD. METHODS In vitro, we utilized microglia cultures from WT or CIITA -/- mice treated with α-syn fibrils to investigate inflammatory iNOS expression and antigen processing via immunocytochemistry (ICC). In vivo, an adeno-associated virus (AAV) was used to overexpress α-syn in WT and CIITA -/- mice as a model for PD. Concurrently with AAV-mediated overexpression of α-syn, WT mice received CIITA-targeted shRNAs packaged in lentiviral constructs. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were used to assess inflammation and peripheral cell infiltration at 4 weeks post transduction, and unbiased stereology was used 6 months post transduction to assess neurodegeneration. RESULTS Using ICC and DQ-ovalbumin, we show that CIITA -/- microglial cultures failed to upregulate iNOS and MHCII expression, and had decreased antigen processing in response to α-syn fibrils when compared to WT microglia. In vivo, global knock-out of CIITA as well as local knockdown using lentiviral shRNAs targeting CIITA attenuated MHCII expression, peripheral immune cell infiltration, and α-syn-induced neurodegeneration. CONCLUSION Our data provide evidence that CIITA is required for α-syn-induced MHCII induction and subsequent infiltration of peripheral immune cells in an α-syn mouse model of PD. Additionally, we demonstrate that CIITA in the CNS drives neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. These data provide further support that the disruption or modulation of antigen processing and presentation via CIITA is a promising target for therapeutic development in preclinical animal models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Williams
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1719 6th Ave. South, CIRC 525, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0021, USA
| | - Aubrey M Schonhoff
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1719 6th Ave. South, CIRC 525, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0021, USA
| | - Asta Jurkuvenaite
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1719 6th Ave. South, CIRC 525, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0021, USA
| | - Aaron D Thome
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David G Standaert
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1719 6th Ave. South, CIRC 525, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0021, USA
| | - Ashley S Harms
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1719 6th Ave. South, CIRC 525, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0021, USA.
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147
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Chen Z, Chen S, Liu J. The role of T cells in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 169:1-23. [PMID: 30114440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, different components of the brain's immune system may exert diverse effects on neuroinflammatory events in PD. The adaptive immune response, especially the T cell response, can trigger type 1 pro-inflammatory activities and suppress type 2 anti-inflammatory activities, eventually resulting in deregulated neuroinflammation and subsequent dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Additionally, studies have increasingly shown that therapies targeting T cells can alleviate neurodegeneration and motor behavior impairment in animal models of PD. Therefore, we conclude that abnormal T cell-mediated immunity is a fundamental pathological process that may be a promising translational therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichun Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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148
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Ferreira SA, Romero-Ramos M. Microglia Response During Parkinson's Disease: Alpha-Synuclein Intervention. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:247. [PMID: 30127724 PMCID: PMC6087878 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the central role played by the protein alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease and other Lewy body brain disorders has had a great relevance in the understanding of the degenerative process occurring in these diseases. In addition, during the last two decades, the evidence suggesting an immune response in Parkinson's disease patients have multiplied. The role of the immune system in the disease is supported by data from genetic studies and patients, as well as from laboratory animal models and cell cultures. In the immune response, the microglia, the immune cell of the brain, will have a determinant role. Interestingly, alpha-synuclein is suggested to have a central function not only in the neuronal events occurring in Parkinson's disease, but also in the immune response during the disease. Numerous studies have shown that alpha-synuclein can act directly on immune cells, such as microglia in brain, initiating a sterile response that will have consequences for the neuronal health and that could also translate in a peripheral immune response. In parallel, microglia should also act clearing alpha-synuclein thus avoiding an overabundance of the protein, which is crucial to the disease progression. Therefore, the microglia response in each moment will have significant consequences for the neuronal fate. Here we will review the literature addressing the microglia response in Parkinson's disease with an especial focus on the protein alpha-synuclein. We will also reflect upon the limitations of the studies carried so far and in the therapeutic possibilities opened based on these recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Ferreira
- AU IDEAS center NEURODIN, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- AU IDEAS center NEURODIN, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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149
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Lecca D, Janda E, Mulas G, Diana A, Martino C, Angius F, Spolitu S, Casu MA, Simbula G, Boi L, Batetta B, Spiga S, Carta AR. Boosting phagocytosis and anti-inflammatory phenotype in microglia mediates neuroprotection by PPARγ agonist MDG548 in Parkinson's disease models. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3298-3314. [PMID: 29570770 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Microglial phenotype and phagocytic activity are deregulated in Parkinson's disease (PD). PPARγ agonists are neuroprotective in experimental PD, but their role in regulating microglial phenotype and phagocytosis has been poorly investigated. We addressed it by using the PPARγ agonist MDG548. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Murine microglial cell line MMGT12 was stimulated with LPS and/or MDG548, and their effect on phagocytosis of fluorescent microspheres or necrotic neurons was investigated by flow cytometry. Cytokines and markers of microglia phenotype, such as mannose receptor C type 1; MRC1), Ym1 and CD68 were measured by elisa and fluorescent immunohistochemistry. Levels of Beclin-1, which plays a role in microglial phagocytosis, were measured by Western blotting. In the in vivo MPTP-probenecid (MPTPp) model of PD in mice, MDG548 was tested on motor impairment, nigral neurodegeneration, microglial activation and phenotype. KEY RESULTS In LPS-stimulated microglia, MDG548 increased phagocytosis of both latex beads and necrotic cells, up-regulated the expression of MRC1, CD68 and to a lesser extent IL-10, while blocking the LPS-induced increase of TNF-α and iNOS. MDG548 also induced Beclin-1. Chronic MPTPp treatment in mice down-regulated MRC1 and TGF-β and up-regulated TNF-α and IL-1β immunoreactivity in activated CD11b-positive microglia, causing the death of nigral dopaminergic neurons. MDG548 arrested MPTPp-induced cell death, enhanced MRC1 and restored cytokine levels. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study adds a novel mechanism for PPARγ-mediated neuroprotection in PD and suggests that increasing phagocytic activity and anti-inflammatory markers may represent an effective disease-modifying approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lecca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elzbieta Janda
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mulas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Diana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Concetta Martino
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Angius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Spolitu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Simbula
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laura Boi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Barbara Batetta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Saturnino Spiga
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna R Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Henrich MT, Geibl FF, Lee B, Chiu WH, Koprich JB, Brotchie JM, Timmermann L, Decher N, Matschke LA, Oertel WH. A53T-α-synuclein overexpression in murine locus coeruleus induces Parkinson's disease-like pathology in neurons and glia. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:39. [PMID: 29747690 PMCID: PMC5946574 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons occurs during the prodromal phase of Parkinson's disease and contributes to a variety of non-motor symptoms, e.g. depression, anxiety and REM sleep behavior disorder. This study was designed to establish the first locus coeruleus α-synucleinopathy mouse model, which should provide sufficient information about the time-course of noradrenergic neurodegeneration, replicate cardinal histopathological features of the human Parkinson's disease neuropathology and finally lead to robust histological markers, which are sufficient to assess the pathological changes in a quantitative and qualitative way. We show that targeted viral vector-mediated overexpression of human mutant A53T-α-synuclein in vivo in locus coeruleus neurons of wild-type mice resulted in progressive noradrenergic neurodegeneration over a time frame of 9 weeks. Observed neuronal cell loss was accompanied by progressive α-synuclein phosphorylation, formation of proteinase K-resistant α-synuclein-aggregates, accumulation of Ubi-1- and p62-positive inclusions in microglia and induction of progressive micro- and astrogliosis. Apart from this local pathology, abundant α-synuclein-positive axons were found in locus coeruleus output regions, indicating rapid anterograde axonal transport of A53T-α-synuclein. Taken together, we present the first model of α-synucleinopathy in the murine locus coeruleus, replicating essential morphological features of human Parkinson's disease pathology. This new model may contribute to the research on prodromal Parkinson's disease, in respect to pathophysiology and the development of disease-modifying therapy.
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