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Malkova D, Polyviou T, Rizou E, Gerasimidis K, Chambers ES, Preston T, Tedford MC, Frost G, Morrison DJ. Moderate intensity exercise training combined with inulin-propionate ester supplementation increases whole body resting fat oxidation in overweight women. Metabolism 2020; 104:154043. [PMID: 31790692 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.154043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous work has shown that oral supplementation with inulin propionate ester (IPE) reduces intra-abdominal fat and prevents weight gain and that oral propionate intake enhances resting fat oxidation. The effects of IPE combined with exercise training on energy substrate utilisation are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of 4-weeks IPE supplementation, in combination with a moderate intensity exercise training programme, on whole body fat oxidation and on plasma GLP-1 and PYY. METHODS Twenty overweight healthy women participated in randomised parallel study and underwent 4 weeks of supervised exercise training either with IPE (EX/IPE group) or Placebo (EX/Placebo group) supplementation. Before and after the intervention participants conducted an experimental trial, which involved collection of expired gas and blood samples in the fasted state and during 7 h of the postprandial state. RESULTS Within groups, the EX/IPE group significantly enhanced the amount of fat (Pre, 24.1 ± 1.2 g; Post, 35.9 ± 4.0 g, P < 0.05) oxidised and reduced CHO (Pre, 77.8 ± 6.0 g; Post, 57.8 ± 7.7 g, P < 0.05) oxidised, reduced body weight (Pre, 77.3 ± 4.2 kg; Post, 76.6 ± 4.1 kg, P < 0.05) and body fat mass (Pre, 37.7 ± 1.9%; Post, 36.9 ± 1.9%, P < 0.05). In EX/Placebo group, changes in amount of fat (Pre, 36.8 ± 3.9 g; Post, 37.0 ± 4.0 g) and CHO (Pre, 62.7 ± 6.5 g; Post, 61.5 ± 7.4 g) oxidised, body weight (Pre, 84.2 ± 4.3 kg; Post, 83.6 ± 4.3 kg) and body fat mass (Pre, 40.1 ± 1.9%; Post, 38.7 ± 1.5%) were not significant (P > 0.05). Comparing between groups, changes in the amount of fat oxidised were significantly (P < 0.05) different and a trend for difference was observed for amount of CHO oxidised (P = 0.06) and RER (P = 0.06). The interventions had no impact on fasting or postprandial plasma concentrations of GLP-1 and PYY. CONCLUSION Moderate intensity exercise training programmes when combined with daily oral IPE supplementation may help overweight women to achieve increase in fat oxidation. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04016350.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Malkova
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thelma Polyviou
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), University of Glasgow, East Kilbride, UK
| | - Eleni Rizou
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Konstantinos Gerasimidis
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Edward S Chambers
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tom Preston
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), University of Glasgow, East Kilbride, UK
| | - M Catriona Tedford
- School of Computing, Engineering &Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Gary Frost
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Douglas J Morrison
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), University of Glasgow, East Kilbride, UK.
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Liu M, Yun P, Hu Y, Yang J, Khadka RB, Peng X. Effects of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract on Obesity. Obes Facts 2020; 13:279-291. [PMID: 32114568 PMCID: PMC7250358 DOI: 10.1159/000502235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease resulting from excessive fat accumulation and/or abnormal distribution caused by multiple factors. As a major component of metabolic syndrome, obesity is closely related to many diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke and cancer. Hence, the problem of obesity cannot be ignored, and recent studies have shown that grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) has an antiobesity effect. This paper systematically reviews the research progress and potential mechanism of GSPE emphasizing on obesity prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Peng Yun
- Department of Endocrinology, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | | | - Xiaochun Peng
- Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China,
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Castro EA, Carraça EV, Cupeiro R, López-Plaza B, Teixeira PJ, González-Lamuño D, Peinado AB. The Effects of the Type of Exercise and Physical Activity on Eating Behavior and Body Composition in Overweight and Obese Subjects. Nutrients 2020; 12:E557. [PMID: 32093339 PMCID: PMC7071486 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether a type of exercise favors better compliance with a prescribed diet, higher eating-related motivation, healthier diet composition or greater changes in body composition in overweight and obese subjects. One hundred and sixty-two (males n = 79), aged 18-50 years, were randomized into four intervention groups during 24 weeks: strength, endurance, combined strength + endurance and guideline-based physical activity; all in combination with a 25-30% caloric restriction diet. A food frequency questionnaire and a "3-day food and drink record" were applied pre- and post-intervention. Diet and exercise-related motivation levels were evaluated with a questionnaire developed for this study. Body composition was assessed by DXA and habitual physical activity was measured by accelerometry. Body weight, body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage decreased and lean body mass increased after the intervention, without differences by groups. No interactions were observed between intervention groups and time; all showing a decreased in energy intake (p < 0.001). Carbohydrate and protein intakes increased, and fat intake decreased from pre- to post-intervention without significant interactions with intervention groups, BMI category or gender (p < 0.001). Diet-related motivation showed a tendency to increase from pre- to post-intervention (70.0 ± 0.5 vs 71.0 ± 0.6, p = 0.053), without significant interactions with intervention groups, BMI or gender. Regarding motivation for exercise, gender x time interactions were observed (F(1,146) = 7.452, p = 0.007): Women increased their motivation after the intervention (pre: 17.6 ± 0.3, post: 18.2 ± 0.3), while men maintained it. These findings suggest that there are no substantial effects of exercise type on energy intake, macronutrient selection or body composition changes. After a six-month weight loss program, individuals did not reduce their motivation related to diet or exercise, especially women. Individuals who initiate a long-term exercise program do not increase their energy intake in a compensatory fashion, if diet advices are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane A. Castro
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción 4090541, Chile;
- LFE Research Group, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.); (A.B.P.)
| | - Eliana V. Carraça
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-688 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.V.C.); (P.J.T.)
| | - Rocío Cupeiro
- LFE Research Group, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.); (A.B.P.)
| | - Bricia López-Plaza
- Nutrition Department, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Pedro J. Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-688 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.V.C.); (P.J.T.)
| | - Domingo González-Lamuño
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cantabria-University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain
| | - Ana B. Peinado
- LFE Research Group, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.); (A.B.P.)
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The drive to eat in homo sapiens: Energy expenditure drives energy intake. Physiol Behav 2020; 219:112846. [PMID: 32081814 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The drive to eat is a component of appetite control, independent of the omnivorous habit of humans, and separate from food choice, satiety and food reward. The drive forms part of the tonic component of appetite and arises from biological needs; it is distinct from episodic aspects of appetite which are heavily influenced by culture and the environment (and which reflect the omnivorous habit). It is proposed that the tonic drive to eat reflects a need state generated by metabolic energy expenditure (EE) required to maintain the functioning and integrity of vital organs. Specifically, the tonic drive is quantitatively associated with fat-free mass (FFM) and resting metabolic rate (RMR). A rational proposition is that high metabolic rate organs (such as heart, liver, kidneys, brain) together with skeletal muscle generate a metabolic need which drives energy intake (EI). The basic phenomenon of a relationship between FFM, RMR and EI, first published in 2011, has been substantially replicated and there are at least 14 concordant published studies carried out in 9 different countries (and 4 continents) with various ethnic groups of lean and obese humans. These studies demonstrate that FFM and RMR represent major determinants of the drive to eat, and this is rational from an evolutionary perspective. The EE of bodily movements through skeletal muscle activity (namely physical activity and exercise) represents another driver which is clearly but more weakly associated with an increase in EI. This account of appetite control, developed within an energy balance framework, is consistent with the apparent inexorable escalation of fatness in individual humans, and for the progressive increase in the prevalence of obesity which, among other factors, reflects the difficulty of managing the biological drive to eat.
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105
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Satiety responsiveness but not food reward is modified in response to an acute bout of low versus high intensity exercise in healthy adults. Appetite 2020; 145:104500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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106
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Crochiere RJ, Kerrigan SG, Lampe EW, Manasse SM, Crosby RD, Butryn ML, Forman EM. Is physical activity a risk or protective factor for subsequent dietary lapses among behavioral weight loss participants? Health Psychol 2020; 39:240-244. [PMID: 31916827 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary lapses drive weight loss failure, and specific factors influence risk of lapse. Physical activity (PA) may be one such risk factor, though whether PA increases or decreases appetite, and thus risk of lapse, is unclear. In fact, most studies examining the relation between PA and energy intake are limited by use of laboratory-based settings, intensive PA manipulations, and healthy-weight samples. This study aimed to maximize ecological validity by examining the extent to which free-living PA of various intensities prospectively predicts same-day dietary lapses among individuals enrolled in a weight loss program. METHOD Participants were 130 adults with overweight/obesity in a behavioral weight loss treatment instructed to follow a PA and dietary prescription. At midtreatment, moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and light PA were measured using hip-worn Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers (Actigraph, Pensacola, FL). Lapses were assessed using ecological momentary assessment. Within-subject total PA (b = -0.012, SE = 0.005, p = .01) and light PA (b = -0.014, SE = 0.006, p = .01) negatively predicted lapse. MVPA followed the same pattern, but the effect was not statistically significant (b = -0.013, SE = 0.009, p = .12). CONCLUSION This study was the first to investigate if objectively measured PA prospectively predicts lapse from a weight loss program. Results suggested that for every additional 10 min of total PA one engaged in, the risk of lapse decreased by 1%. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Crochiere
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Sciences (WELL Center) and Department of Psychology, Drexel University
| | | | - Elizabeth W Lampe
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Sciences (WELL Center) and Department of Psychology, Drexel University
| | - Stephanie M Manasse
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Sciences (WELL Center), Drexel University
| | | | - Meghan L Butryn
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Sciences (WELL Center) and Department of Psychology, Drexel University
| | - Evan M Forman
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Sciences (WELL Center) and Department of Psychology, Drexel University
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107
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Associations of Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sleep with Weight Loss Maintenance: A Preliminary Study of Japanese Adults. Behav Sci (Basel) 2019; 10:bs10010003. [PMID: 31861449 PMCID: PMC7016799 DOI: 10.3390/bs10010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining weight loss is considerably more challenging than losing weight. Most previous studies on weight loss maintenance have been conducted in Western countries and have assessed physical activity and sleep with the use of questionnaires. This preliminary study investigated the associations of objectively measured physical activity and sleep with weight loss maintenance among 25 Japanese adults who had intentionally lost ≥ 10% of their original weight. Participants wore tri-axial accelerometers on their waists and sleep monitors on their wrists for two weeks to measure their physical activity and sleep, respectively. A linear regression adjusted for sex, age, maximum weight, and time since losing weight was performed to investigate these associations. Participants had a mean body mass index of 23.4 kg/m2 and a median weight loss of 12.5%. Compared to those who maintained < 12.5% weight loss, those who maintained ≥ 12.5% weight loss slept longer (adjusted mean difference: 66.1 min/night, 95% confidence interval (CI): −14.0, 146.3 min/night, p = 0.10) and performed less moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (adjusted mean difference: −21.7 min/day, 95% CI: −58.0, 14.5 min/day, p = 0.22). Though statistical power was limited, sleep behavior may be an important modifiable factor that facilitates weight loss maintenance. Our findings can be used to establish a well-designed study to confirm this association.
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108
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Fillon A, Masurier J, Pereira B, Miguet M, Mathieu ME, Drapeau V, Tremblay A, Boirie Y, Thivel D. Usefulness of the satiety quotient in a clinical pediatric obesity context. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019; 74:930-937. [DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0540-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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109
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Manirafasha C, Rebecca Oyenihi O, Lisa Brooks N, S. du Plessis S, Guillaume Aboua Y. Potential Antioxidative Effects of Kolaviron on Reproductive Function in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Goltz FR, Thackray AE, Varela-Mato V, King JA, Dorling JL, Dowejko M, Mastana S, Thompson J, Atkinson G, Stensel DJ. Exploration of associations between the FTO rs9939609 genotype, fasting and postprandial appetite-related hormones and perceived appetite in healthy men and women. Appetite 2019; 142:104368. [PMID: 31310836 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) rs9939609 A-allele has been associated with obesity risk. Although the exact mechanisms involved remain unknown, the FTO rs9939609 A-allele has been associated with an impaired postprandial suppression of appetite. OBJECTIVES To explore the influence of FTO rs9939609 genotype on fasting and postprandial appetite-related hormones and perceived appetite in a heterogeneous sample of men and women. DESIGN 112 healthy men and women aged 18-50-years-old completed three laboratory visits for the assessment of FTO rs9939609 genotype, body composition, aerobic fitness, resting metabolic rate, visceral adipose tissue, liver fat, fasting leptin, and fasting and postprandial acylated ghrelin, total PYY, insulin, glucose and perceived appetite. Participants wore accelerometers for seven consecutive days for the assessment of physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Multivariable general linear models quantified differences between FTO rs9939609 groups for fasting and postprandial appetite outcomes, with and without the addition of a priori selected physiological and behavioural covariates. Sex-specific univariable Pearson's correlation coefficients were quantified between the appetite-related outcomes and individual characteristics. RESULTS 95% confidence intervals for mean differences between FTO rs9939609 groups overlapped zero in unadjusted and adjusted general linear models for all fasting (P ≥ 0.28) and postprandial (P ≥ 0.19) appetite-related outcomes. Eta2 values for explained variance attributable to FTO rs9939609 were <5% for all outcomes. An exploratory correlation matrix indicated that associations between fasting and postprandial acylated ghrelin, total PYY and general or abdominal adiposity were also small (r = -0.23 to 0.15, P ≥ 0.09). Fasting leptin, glucose and insulin and postprandial insulin concentrations were associated with adiposity outcomes (r = 0.29 to 0.81, P ≤ 0.033). CONCLUSIONS Associations between the FTO rs9939609 genotype and fasting or postprandial appetite-related outcomes were weak in healthy men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda R Goltz
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom; University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Infirmary Square, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Alice E Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom; University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Infirmary Square, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Varela-Mato
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - James A King
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom; University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Infirmary Square, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - James L Dorling
- Ingestive Behavior Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, United States
| | - Monika Dowejko
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Sarabjit Mastana
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Thompson
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom; University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Infirmary Square, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Atkinson
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - David J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom; University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Infirmary Square, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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Melby CL, Paris HL, Sayer RD, Bell C, Hill JO. Increasing Energy Flux to Maintain Diet-Induced Weight Loss. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102533. [PMID: 31640123 PMCID: PMC6835968 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term maintenance of weight loss requires sustained energy balance at the reduced body weight. This could be attained by coupling low total daily energy intake (TDEI) with low total daily energy expenditure (TDEE; low energy flux), or by pairing high TDEI with high TDEE (high energy flux). Within an environment characterized by high energy dense food and a lack of need for movement, it may be particularly difficult for weight-reduced individuals to maintain energy balance in a low flux state. Most of these individuals will increase body mass due to an inability to sustain the necessary level of food restriction. This increase in TDEI may lead to the re-establishment of high energy flux at or near the original body weight. We propose that following weight loss, increasing physical activity can effectively re-establish a state of high energy flux without significant weight regain. Although the effect of extremely high levels of physical activity on TDEE may be constrained by compensatory reductions in non-activity energy expenditure, moderate increases following weight loss may elevate energy flux and encourage physiological adaptations favorable to weight loss maintenance, including better appetite regulation. It may be time to recognize that few individuals are able to re-establish energy balance at a lower body weight without permanent increases in physical activity. Accordingly, there is an urgent need for more research to better understand the role of energy flux in long-term weight maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Melby
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Hunter L Paris
- Division of Natural Sciences, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA.
| | - R Drew Sayer
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Christopher Bell
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - James O Hill
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Hägele FA, Büsing F, Nas A, Hasler M, Müller MJ, Blundell JE, Bosy-Westphal A. Appetite Control Is Improved by Acute Increases in Energy Turnover at Different Levels of Energy Balance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:4481-4491. [PMID: 31305927 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight control is hypothesized to be improved when physical activity and energy intake are both high [high energy turnover (ET)]. OBJECTIVE The impact of three levels of ET on short-term appetite control is therefore investigated at fixed levels of energy balance. DESIGN In a randomized crossover trial, 16 healthy adults (25.1 ± 3.9 y of age; body mass index, 24.0 ± 3.2 kg/m2) spent three daylong protocols for four times in a metabolic chamber. Four conditions of energy balance (ad libitum energy intake, zero energy balance, -25% caloric restriction, and +25% overfeeding) were each performed at three levels of ET (PAL 1.3 low, 1.6 medium, and 1.8 high ET; by walking on a treadmill). Levels of appetite hormones ghrelin, GLP-1, and insulin (total area under the curve) were measured during 14 hours. Subjective appetite ratings were assessed by visual analog scales. RESULTS Compared with high ET, low ET led to decreased GLP-1 (at all energy balance conditions: P < 0.001) and increased ghrelin concentrations (caloric restriction and overfeeding: P < 0.001), which was consistent with higher feelings of hunger (zero energy balance: P < 0.001) and desire to eat (all energy balance conditions: P < 0.05) and a positive energy balance during ad libitum intake (+17.5%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Appetite is regulated more effectively at a high level of ET, whereas overeating and consequently weight gain are likely to occur at low levels of ET. In contrast to the prevailing concept of body weight control, the positive impact of physical activity is independent from burning up more calories and is explained by improved appetite sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska A Hägele
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Applied Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Franziska Büsing
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Applied Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alessa Nas
- Department of Applied Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mario Hasler
- Applied Statistics, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - John E Blundell
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Applied Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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113
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Braun B, Newman A. Accounting for the Nutritional Context to Correctly Interpret Results from Studies of Exercise and Sedentary Behavior. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092230. [PMID: 31527417 PMCID: PMC6769997 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a wealth of research lauding the benefits of exercise to oppose cardiometabolic disease such as diabetes, CVD and hypertension. However, in the great majority of these studies, the nutritional context (energy balance, deficit, or surplus) has been ignored, despite its profound effect on responses to both exercise and inactivity. Even a minor energy deficit or surplus can strongly modulate the magnitude and duration of the metabolic responses to an intervention; therefore, failure to account for this important confounding variable obscures clear interpretation of the results from studies of exercise or inactivity. The aim of this review is to highlight key lessons from studies examining the interaction between exercise and sedentary behavior, energy status, and glucose and insulin regulation. In addition to identifying notable problems, we suggest a few potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Braun
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Alissa Newman
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Joo J, Williamson SA, Vazquez AI, Fernandez JR, Bray MS. The influence of 15-week exercise training on dietary patterns among young adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:1681-1690. [PMID: 30659257 PMCID: PMC6639161 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Little is currently known about how exercise may influence dietary patterns and/or food preferences. The present study aimed to examine the effect of a 15-week exercise training program on overall dietary patterns among young adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS This study consisted of 2680 young adults drawn from the Training Intervention and Genetics of Exercise Response (TIGER) study. Subjects underwent 15 weeks of aerobic exercise training, and exercise duration, intensity, and dose were recorded for each session using computerized heart rate monitors. In total, 4355 dietary observations with 102 food items were collected using a self-administered food frequency questionnaire before and after exercise training (n = 2476 at baseline; n = 1859 at 15 weeks). Dietary patterns were identified using a Bayesian sparse latent factor model. Changes in dietary pattern preferences were evaluated based on the pre/post-training differences in dietary pattern scores, accounting for the effects of gender, race/ethnicity, and BMI. RESULTS Within each of the seven dietary patterns identified, most dietary pattern scores were decreased following exercise training, consistent with increased voluntary regulation of food intake. A longer duration of exercise was associated with decreased preferences for the western (β: -0.0793; 95% credible interval: -0.1568, -0.0017) and snacking (β: -0.1280; 95% credible interval: -0.1877, -0.0637) patterns, while a higher intensity of exercise was linked to an increased preference for the prudent pattern (β: 0.0623; 95% credible interval: 0.0159, 0.1111). Consequently, a higher dose of exercise was related to a decreased preference for the snacking pattern (β: -0.0023; 95% credible interval: -0.0042, -0.0004) and an increased preference for the prudent pattern (β: 0.0029; 95% credible interval: 0.0009, 0.0048). CONCLUSIONS The 15-week exercise training appeared to motivate young adults to pursue healthier dietary preferences and to regulate their food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Joo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sinead A Williamson
- Departments of Information, Risk, & Operations Management and Statistics & Data Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ana I Vazquez
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jose R Fernandez
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Molly S Bray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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115
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Hopkins M. Does Hepatic Carbohydrate Availability Influence Postexercise Compensation in Energy Intake? J Nutr 2019; 149:1305-1306. [PMID: 31188453 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hopkins
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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116
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Bagińska JO, Liszewska A, Wasilewska A, Korzeniecka-Kozerska A. The role of appetite-regulating hormones: Ghrelin and leptin in the nutritional status of children with neurogenic bladder due to myelomeningocele. J Paediatr Child Health 2019; 55:928-931. [PMID: 30488610 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM We wanted to investigate serum levels of ghrelin and leptin - appetite-regulating hormones - and their correlation with the nutritional status of children with neurogenic bladder (NB) due to myelomeningocele (MMC) in comparison to healthy individuals. METHODS This prospective analysis was conducted on 67 children with NB after MMC and 20 healthy children. Children's medical charts were analysed to determine age, gender, anthropometric measurements, body mass index (BMI), activity assessment using Hoffer's scale and renal function parameters. Serum total ghrelin and leptin levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS There were no differences in the age, gender, weight and BMI between the studied groups. Median serum levels of ghrelin and leptin were higher compared with the reference group. A significant negative correlation between serum leptin concentration and Hoffer's scale was found in children with NB. CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of leptin and ghrelin could be considered factors influencing nutritional status in children with NB due to MMC. Children with NB after MMC may have disturbed endocrine regulation of energy homeostasis. Physical activity may be the factor that affects serum leptin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna O Bagińska
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Alicja Liszewska
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Wasilewska
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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117
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Pickering C, Kiely J. Exercise Response Efficiency: A Novel Way to Enhance Population Health? Lifestyle Genom 2019; 11:129-135. [PMID: 31302657 DOI: 10.1159/000501206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rates of obesity and its related comorbidities have increased substantially over the last 30 years, with approximately 35% of all US adults now classified as obese. Whilst the causes of obesity are both complex and multifactorial, one contributor is a reduction in leisure time physical activity, with no concurrent reduction in energy intake. Physical activity interventions have been demonstrated to promote fat loss, yet more than 50% of US adults undertake no leisure time physical activity at all, with a lack of time and enjoyment often cited as the main drivers of rising inactivity levels. Furthermore, recent evidence has demonstrated that a sub-group of individuals may experience no improvement in a given fitness or health-related measure following a specific training programme, suggesting that there may be optimal exercise types for different groups of individuals. In this paper, we introduce the concept of exercise response efficiency, whereby individuals are matched to the training type from which they are most likely to derive the greatest improvements for the least time commitment. We propose that a more precise targeting of exercise interventions is likely to drive more rapid improvements in health, thereby promoting exercise adherence and enjoyment, whilst simultaneously reducing obesity and mortality risks. Such an innovation would, we suggest, confer important public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Pickering
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom,
| | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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118
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Abstract
Neurological and mental illnesses account for a considerable proportion of the global burden of disease. Exercise has many beneficial effects on brain health, contributing to decreased risks of dementia, depression and stress, and it has a role in restoring and maintaining cognitive function and metabolic control. The fact that exercise is sensed by the brain suggests that muscle-induced peripheral factors enable direct crosstalk between muscle and brain function. Muscle secretes myokines that contribute to the regulation of hippocampal function. Evidence is accumulating that the myokine cathepsin B passes through the blood-brain barrier to enhance brain-derived neurotrophic factor production and hence neurogenesis, memory and learning. Exercise increases neuronal gene expression of FNDC5 (which encodes the PGC1α-dependent myokine FNDC5), which can likewise contribute to increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. Serum levels of the prototype myokine, IL-6, increase with exercise and might contribute to the suppression of central mechanisms of feeding. Exercise also increases the PGC1α-dependent muscular expression of kynurenine aminotransferase enzymes, which induces a beneficial shift in the balance between the neurotoxic kynurenine and the neuroprotective kynurenic acid, thereby reducing depression-like symptoms. Myokine signalling, other muscular factors and exercise-induced hepatokines and adipokines are implicated in mediating the exercise-induced beneficial impact on neurogenesis, cognitive function, appetite and metabolism, thus supporting the existence of a muscle-brain endocrine loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) and Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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119
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Association of Exercise with Control of Eating and Energy Intake. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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120
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Laurens C, Simon C, Vernikos J, Gauquelin-Koch G, Blanc S, Bergouignan A. Revisiting the Role of Exercise Countermeasure on the Regulation of Energy Balance During Space Flight. Front Physiol 2019; 10:321. [PMID: 30984019 PMCID: PMC6449861 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A body mass loss has been consistently observed in astronauts. This loss is of medical concern since energy deficit can exacerbate some of the deleterious physiological changes observed during space flight including cardiovascular deconditioning, bone density, muscle mass and strength losses, impaired exercise capacity, and immune deficiency among others. These may jeopardize crew health and performance, a healthy return to Earth and mission’s overall success. In the context of planning for planetary exploration, achieving energy balance during long-term space flights becomes a research and operational priority. The regulation of energy balance and its components in current longer duration missions in space must be re-examined and fully understood. The purpose of this review is to summarize current understanding of how energy intake, energy expenditure, and hence energy balance are regulated in space compared to Earth. Data obtained in both actual and simulated microgravity thus far suggest that the obligatory exercise countermeasures program, rather than the microgravity per se, may be partly responsible for the chronic weight loss in space. Little is known of the energy intake, expenditure, and balance during the intense extravehicular activities which will become increasingly more frequent and difficult. The study of the impact of exercise on energy balance in space also provides further insights on lifestyle modalities such as intensity and frequency of exercise, metabolism, and the regulation of body weight on Earth, which is currently a topic of animated debate in the field of energy and obesity research. While not dismissing the significance of exercise as a countermeasure during space flight, data now challenge the current exercise countermeasure program promoted and adopted for many years by all the International Space Agencies. An alternative exercise approach that has a minimum impact on total energy expenditure in space, while preventing muscle mass loss and other physiological changes, is needed in order to better understand the in-flight regulation of energy balance and estimate daily energy requirements. A large body of data generated on Earth suggests that alternate approaches, such as high intensity interval training (HIIT), in combination or not with sessions of resistive exercise, might fulfill such needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Laurens
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France.,Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Simon
- Carmen INSERM U1060, Laboratoire de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Human Nutrition Research Centre of Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Stéphane Blanc
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France.,Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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121
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Effects of Different Physical Activity Levels during a Single Day on Energy Intake, Appetite, and Energy Balance: A Preliminary Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030690. [PMID: 30909563 PMCID: PMC6471929 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of a wide range of daily physical activity (PA) levels on energy balance (EB), energy intake (EI), and appetite. Nine young men completed three different PA levels in a metabolic chamber in a random order: (1) no exercise (Low-PA); (2) 25 min walking seven times (Mid-PA); and (3) 25 min running seven times (High-PA) within a 24 h period. Interval exercise (25 min exercise and 35 min rest) was performed three times in the morning and four times in the afternoon. The exercise intensities were 21.6% and 53.7% V˙O2 peak for the Mid-PA and High-PA days, respectively. Participants were served three standardized meals and a buffet for dinner. The 24 h EB was calculated as 24 h energy expenditure (EE) minus 24 h EI. The 24 h EEs for the Low-PA, Mid-PA, and High-PA days were 1907 ± 200, 2232 ± 240, and 3224 ± 426 kcal, respectively, with significant differences observed among the three conditions (p < 0.01 for Low-PA vs. Mid-PA, Low-PA vs. High-PA, and Mid-PA vs. High-PA, respectively). The 24 h EIs for the Low-PA, Mid-PA, and High-PA days were 3232 ± 528, 2991 ± 617, and 3337 ± 684 kcal, and were unaffected by PA levels (p = 0.115). The 24 h EBs were 1324 ± 441 kcal (Low-PA), 759 ± 543 kcal (Mid-PA), and 113 ± 430 kcal (High-PA), with significant differences observed between Low-PA vs. Mid-PA (p = 0.0496), Low-PA vs. High-PA (p ≤ 0.01), and Mid-PA vs. High-PA (p = 0.017) conditions. The EB in the Low-PA group was the highest of the three conditions. Appetite perception did not differ among the study days, however there was an interaction trend (p = 0.078, time × condition). Thus, significantly different daily PA did not affect 24 h EI, however markedly affected 24 h EB, implying that EB is not automatically matched during a single day.
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122
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Andreae C, Årestedt K, Evangelista L, Strömberg A. The relationship between physical activity and appetite in patients with heart failure: A prospective observational study. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2019; 18:410-417. [PMID: 30866679 DOI: 10.1177/1474515119836567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical activity and appetite are important components for maintaining health. Yet, the association between physical activity and appetite in heart failure (HF) populations is not completely understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between physical activity, functional capacity, and appetite in patients with HF. METHODS This was a prospective observational study. In total, 186 patients diagnosed with HF, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II-IV (mean age 70.7, 30% female), were included. Physical activity was measured using a multi-sensor actigraph for seven days and with a self-reported numeric rating scale. Physical capacity was measured by the six-minute walk test. Appetite was measured using the Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire. Data were collected at inclusion and after 18 months. A series of linear regression analyses, adjusted for age, NYHA class, and B-type natriuretic peptide were conducted. RESULTS At baseline, higher levels of physical activity and functional capacity were significantly associated with a higher level of appetite in the unadjusted models. In the adjusted models, number of steps ( p = 0.019) and the six-minute walk test ( p = 0.007) remained significant. At the 18-month follow-up, all physical activity variables and functional capacity were significantly associated with appetite in the unadjusted regression models. In the adjusted models, number of steps ( p = 0.001) and metabolic equivalent daily averages ( p = 0.040) remained significant. CONCLUSION A higher level of physical activity measured by number of steps/day was associated with better self-reported appetite, both at baseline and the 18-month follow-up. Further research is needed to establish causality and explore the intertwined relationship between activity and appetite in patients with HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Andreae
- 1 Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Nursing Science, Linköping University, Sweden.,2 Centre for Clinical Research Sörmland, Uppsala University, Eskilstuna, Sweden
| | - Kristofer Årestedt
- 3 Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.,4 The Research Section, Region Kalmar County, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Strömberg
- 1 Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Nursing Science, Linköping University, Sweden.,5 Sue and Bill Gross School of Nursing, University of California, Irvine, USA.,6 Department of Cardiology, Linköping University, Sweden
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123
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Déficit énergétique induit par différentes modalités de pédalage en immersion : étude pilote. NUTR CLIN METAB 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2019.01.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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124
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Effects of running on adiponectin, insulin and cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid in healthy young individuals. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1959. [PMID: 30760755 PMCID: PMC6374465 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise can prevent the sedentary lifestyle-related risk of metabolic and cognitive decline, but mechanisms and mediators of exercise effects on human brain are relatively unexplored. We measured acute exercise-induced changes in adiponectin, insulin and other bioactive molecules in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum from young lean individuals. Samples of serum and CSF were obtained before and 1-h after the 90-min run (75–80% HRmax; maximal heart rate), additional serum was taken at finish-line. Body composition, physical fitness, metabolic rate, cognitive functions, food preference, glucose, insulin and albumin were measured. The spectrum of 174 cytokines was assessed by protein arrays, adiponectin was also determined by ELISA and immunoblotting. CSF adiponectin decreased post-exercise by 21.3% (arrays) and 25.8% (ELISA) (p < 0.009). Immunoblotting revealed reduction in a low-molecular-weight-adiponectin (p < 0.005). CSF adiponectin positively correlated with CSF/serum albumin ratio (p < 0.022), an indicator of blood-brain-barrier permeability. CSF and serum adiponectin were positively associated with memory and running-induced changes in insulinemia and CSF insulin. Additionally, running modulated CSF levels of 16 other cytokines. Acute running reduced CSF adiponectin and modulated insulin and albumin in CSF and serum. Associations of adiponectin with memory and metabolism indicate the potential role of this bioactive molecule in mediating exercise-induced adaptive response in human brain.
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125
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Thivel D, Finlayson G, Blundell JE. Homeostatic and neurocognitive control of energy intake in response to exercise in pediatric obesity: a psychobiological framework. Obes Rev 2019; 20:316-324. [PMID: 30358051 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While energy intake and energy expenditure have long been studied independently, the alarming progression of obesity has led to a more integrative approach to energy balance considering their potential interactions. Although the available literature concerned with the effect of chronic and acute exercise on energy intake and appetite control in adults is considerable, these questions remain less explored among children and adolescents. Based on the search of four databases (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library; articles published until May 2018), the objective of this review is to summarize and discuss the effect of acute and chronic physical exercise on energy intake and appetite control in children and adolescents with obesity, and to identify the physiological and neurocognitive signals and pathways involved. Evidence suggested that acute intensive exercise has the potential to reduce subsequent energy intake in children and adolescents with obesity but not healthy weight, through both peripheral (mainly gastro-peptides) and neurocognitive (neural responses to food cues) pathways. The nutritional responses to chronic physical activity remain less clear and require further consideration, especially from an anti-obesity perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Thivel
- EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CRNH-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - G Finlayson
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - J E Blundell
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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126
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Gatzemeier J, Price M, L Wilkinson L, Lee M. Understanding everyday strategies used to manage indulgent food consumption: A mixed-methods design. Appetite 2019; 136:70-79. [PMID: 30668967 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To maintain a healthy body weight or support weight loss efforts, dietary self-management must allow for the limitation of tempting high energy-dense foods. We were interested in people's implementation of day-to-day strategies in order to successfully manage their indulgent food and beverage consumption. Participants from the Swansea area, UK (N = 25; Mage = 37; 68% male) were divided into four focus groups. The average BMI was within the healthy range (23 kg/m2). Each group discussed the approaches that they used to manage their consumption of indulgent foods and drinks. Group discussions were then transcribed, thematically analysed and independently reviewed by a second researcher. In a follow-up phase, participants were asked to rate how often they used the identified strategies and to rate the perceived effectiveness of any that applied to them. The thematic analysis revealed four major themes: Exercise, Cognitive Strategies, Availability and Meal Formation. Variability in the frequency with which strategies were used and perceived as effective was evident. Notably, participants tended to use multiple strategies and even lean participants who did not identify themselves as 'dieters' none-the-less employed a variety of strategies to successfully manage their exposure to and consumption of tempting foods. The findings suggest that dietary advice could be improved by taking into account the strategies for managing indulgent food consumption that are frequently used by individuals, as well as those that are perceived as effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Gatzemeier
- Department of Psychology, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Menna Price
- Department of Psychology, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Laura L Wilkinson
- Department of Psychology, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Michelle Lee
- Department of Psychology, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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127
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Cognitive dietary restraint, disinhibition, and hunger are associated with 24-h energy expenditure. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:1456-1465. [PMID: 30651576 PMCID: PMC6610661 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Higher energy expenditure (EE) is associated with greater food intake, possibly because the human body senses EE and modifies eating behaviors to regulate food intake and ultimately achieve energy balance. As eating behaviors are also influenced by social and cultural factors, any association between EE and eating behavior may differ between ethnicities and sexes. Objective: To assess relationships between EE and eating behavior constructs of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). Subjects/Methods: 307 healthy adults (201M/106F, 160 Native Americans) completed the TFEQ and had measures of 24-h EE in a whole-room calorimeter during energy balance. Body composition was assessed by DXA. Results: On average, adjusted 24-h EE was lower (β=−229 kcal/day, CI: −309-−148, p<0.001) but cognitive restraint (Δ=+1.5; CI: 0.5–2.5, p=0.003) and disinhibition (Δ=+2.1, CI: 1.3–2.8, p<0.001) scores were higher in women compared to men. In Native Americans, adjusted 24-h EE (β=+94 kcal/day, CI: 48–139, p<0.001) and disinhibition scores (Δ=+1.0, CI: 0.1–2.0, p=0.003) were higher compared to other ethnicities. Higher 24-h EE associated with lower cognitive restraint in women (ρ=−0.20, p=0.04), but not men (p=0.71; interaction term p=0.01) with no ethnic differences. Greater 24-h EE associated with higher disinhibition (ρ=0.20, p=0.001) and hunger cues (ρ=0.16, p=0.004) with no gender differences. These associations were primarily present in non-Native Americans (ρ=0.23, p=0.006 and ρ=0.25, p=0.003) but not observed in Native Americans (both p>0.40). Conclusions: Higher EE is associated with psychological constructs of eating behaviors that favors overeating including lower cognitive restraint, higher dietary disinhibition, and greater susceptibility to hungers cues, supporting the existence of energy-sensing mechanisms influencing human eating behavior. These associations were observed in ethnicities other than Native Americans, possibly explaining the contradictory relationships reported between EE and weight change in different ethnic groups. We propose that increased EE may alter eating behaviors, potentially leading to uncontrolled overeating and weight gain.
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128
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Quist JS, Blond MB, Gram AS, Steenholt CB, Janus C, Holst JJ, Rehfeld JF, Sjödin A, Stallknecht B, Rosenkilde M. Effects of active commuting and leisure-time exercise on appetite in individuals with overweight and obesity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:941-951. [PMID: 30605397 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00239.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise is associated with a transient suppression of appetite. The effects of regular exercise on appetite are not well understood. We aimed to determine the effects of active commuting and leisure-time exercise on appetite. One hundred thirty physically inactive women and men (20-45 yr) with overweight and obesity were randomized to 6 mo of habitual lifestyle (CON, n = 18), active commuting (BIKE, n = 35), or leisure-time exercise of moderate [MOD, 50% peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak)-reserve, n = 39] or vigorous (VIG, 70% V̇o2peak-reserve, n = 38) intensity. Appetite ratings, acylated ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon were assessed in the basal state and in response to meal and exercise challenges at baseline and 3 and 6 mo. Ad libitum energy intake was determined during test meals. Data from 90 participants (per protocol) were available, and results are comparisons with CON. At 3 mo, ad libitum energy intake was lower in VIG (-22%, P < 0.01), basal glucagon was lower in BIKE ( P < 0.05) and VIG ( P = 0.01), and postprandial ratings of prospective food consumption were lower in MOD ( P = 0.02) and VIG ( P < 0.001). In VIG, ratings of hunger ( P = 0.01) and prospective food consumption ( P = 0.03) were lower after acute exercise at 3 mo. At 6 mo, basal and postprandial GLP-1 were higher ( P ≤ 0.04) whereas postexercise PYY was lower ( P = 0.03) in VIG and postexercise CCK was lower in BIKE ( P = 0.03). Vigorous-intensity exercise training leads to a transient suppression of energy intake and subjective appetite (3 mo) but a more long-term increase in basal and postprandial GLP-1 (6 mo) in individuals with overweight and obesity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first randomized controlled trial, to our knowledge, investigating long-term effects of exercise domain and intensity on subjective and hormonal markers of appetite and ad libitum energy intake in individuals with overweight and obesity. Appetite was assessed in response to meal and exercise challenges at baseline and at 3 and 6 mo. Anorexigenic effects of exercise vary with the duration of intervention and are restricted to regular leisure-time exercise of vigorous intensity in individuals with overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Salling Quist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Martin Bæk Blond
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Anne Sofie Gram
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Carina Bjørnskov Steenholt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Charlotte Janus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Anders Sjödin
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Bente Stallknecht
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Mads Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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129
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One-month of high-intensity exercise did not change the food intake and the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus proopiomelanocortin and neuropeptide Y expression levels in male Wistar rats. Endocr Regul 2019; 53:8-13. [PMID: 31517616 DOI: 10.2478/enr-2019-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) circuitries are involved in the inhibition and stimulation of the appetite, respectively. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of one-month lasting high-intensity exercise on the POMC mRNA and NPY mRNA expression in the above-mentioned brain structure and appetite and food intake levels. METHODS Fourteen male Wistar rats (250±50 g) were used and kept in the well-controlled conditions (22±2 °C, 50±5% humidity, and 12 h dark/light cycle) with food and water ad libitum. The rats were divided into two groups (n=7): 1) control group (C, these rats served as controls) and 2) exercised group (RIE, these rats performed a high-intensity exercise for one month (5 days per week) 40 min daily with speed 35 m/min. The total exercise time was 60 min. The body weight and food intake were recorded continuously during the experiments. RESULTS The results showed relative mRNA expression of POMC and NPY estimated in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. There were no significant differences in the NPY and POMC mRNAs expression levels and food intake between C and RIE groups. CONCLUSIONS The present data indicate that one-month regular intensive exercise did not alter the levels of NPY and POMC mRNAs expression (as two important factors in the regulation of appetite) in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and food intake suggesting that this type of exercise itself is not an appropriate procedure for the body weight reduction.
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130
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Thivel D, Tremblay MS, Katzmarzyk PT, Fogelholm M, Hu G, Maher C, Maia J, Olds T, Sarmiento OL, Standage M, Tudor-Locke C, Chaput JP. Associations between meeting combinations of 24-hour movement recommendations and dietary patterns of children: A 12-country study. Prev Med 2019; 118:159-165. [PMID: 30393016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine whether meeting movement behavior recommendations (i.e., ≥60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA] per day, ≤2 h of recreational screen time per day, and between 9 and 11 h of nightly sleep), and combinations of these recommendations, are associated with dietary patterns of children. This cross-sectional study was conducted between 2011 and 2013 and included 5873 children 9-11 years of age from 12 countries around the world. MVPA and nightly sleep duration were measured using 24-hour waist-worn accelerometry. Screen time habits were assessed via self-report. A food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary patterns, and the whole diet was described by two components derived from principal component analysis: "healthy" and "unhealthy" dietary pattern scores. Covariates included in the multilevel statistical models included age, sex, highest parental education, and body mass index z-score. A healthier dietary pattern score was observed when more movement behavior recommendations were met. Among the three movement behaviors, limiting screen time habits to the recommended amount was most strongly associated with healthier dietary patterns. Similarly, a less unhealthy dietary pattern was observed when more movement behavior recommendations were met. Surprisingly, the highest unhealthy dietary pattern was associated with children meeting the MVPA recommendation alone. Combinations including ≤2 h of screen time per day were those most strongly associated with a less unhealthy dietary pattern. Findings were similar across study sites and in boys and girls. In conclusion, meeting more movement behavior recommendations is generally associated with better dietary patterns in children from around the world, with limiting screen time habits showing the strongest relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | | | - Gang Hu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, USA
| | - Carol Maher
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jose Maia
- University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Timothy Olds
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | - Catrine Tudor-Locke
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, USA; University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, USA
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131
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Fernández Menéndez A, Saubade M, Hans D, Millet GP, Malatesta D. The Determinants of the Preferred Walking Speed in Individuals with Obesity. Obes Facts 2019; 12:543-553. [PMID: 31505515 PMCID: PMC6876590 DOI: 10.1159/000501968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The preferred walking speed (PWS), also known as the "spontaneous" or "self-selected" walking speed, is the speed normally used during daily living activities and may represent an appropriate exercise intensity for weight reduction programs aiming to enhance a more negative energy balance. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine, simultaneously, the energetics, mechanics, and perceived exertion determinants of PWS in individuals with obesity. METHODS Twenty-three adults with obesity (age 32.7 ± 6.8 years, body mass index 33.6 ± 2.6 kg/m2) were recruited. The participants performed 10 min of treadmill familiarization, and PWS was determined. Each subject performed six 5-min walking trials (PWS 0.56, 0.83, 1.11, 1.39, and 1.67 m/s). Gas exchanges were collected and analyzed to obtain the gross energy cost of walking (GCw), rated perceived exertion (RPE) was measured using a 6-20 Borg scale, and the external mechanical work (Wext) and the fraction of mechanical energy recovered by the pendular mechanism (Recovery) were computed using an instrumented treadmill. Second-order least-squares regression was used to calculate the optimal walking speed (OWS) of each variable. RESULTS No significant difference was found between PWS (1.28 ± 0.13 m/s) and OWS for GCw (1.28 ± 0.10 m/s), RPE cost of walking (1.38 ± 0.14 m/s), and Recovery (1.48 ± 0.27 m/s; p > 0.06 for all), but the PWS was significantly faster than the OWS for Wext (0.98 ± 0.56 m/s; p < 0.02). Multiple regression (r = 0.72; p = 0.003) showed that ∼52% of the variance in PWS was explained by Recovery, Wext, and height. CONCLUSION The main finding of this study was that obese adults may select their PWS in function of several competing demands, since this speed simultaneously minimizes pendular energy transduction, energy cost, and perceived exertion during walking. Moreover, recovery of mechanical work, external work, and height seem to be the major determinants of PWS in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Fernández Menéndez
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,
| | - Mathieu Saubade
- Sports Medicine Unit, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Didier Hans
- Center for Bone Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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132
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Exercise and the Timing of Snack Choice: Healthy Snack Choice is Reduced in the Post-Exercise State. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121941. [PMID: 30544508 PMCID: PMC6315457 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise can induce either a compensatory increase in food intake or a reduction in food intake, which results from appetite suppression in the post-exercise state. The timing of food choice—choosing for immediate or later consumption—has been found to influence the healthfulness of foods consumed. To examine both of these effects, we tested in our study whether the timing of food choice interacts with exposure to exercise to impact food choices such that choices would differ when made prior to or following an exercise bout. Visitors to a university recreational center were equipped with an accelerometer prior to their habitual workout regime, masking the true study purpose. As a reward, participants were presented with a snack for consumption after workout completion. Participants made their snack choice from either an apple or chocolate brownie after being pseudo-randomly assigned to choose prior to (“before”) or following workout completion (“after”). Complete data were available for 256 participants (54.7% male, 22.1 ± 3.1 years, 24.7 ± 3.7 kg/m2) who exercised 65.3 ± 22.5 min/session. When compared with “before,” the choice of an apple decreased (73.7% vs. 54.6%) and the choices of brownie (13.9% vs. 20.2%) or no snack (12.4% vs. 25.2%) increased in the “after” condition (χ2 = 26.578, p < 0.001). Our results provide support for both compensatory eating and exercise-induced anorexia. More importantly, our findings suggest that the choice of food for post-exercise consumption can be altered through a simple behavioral intervention.
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133
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Isacco L, Miles-Chan JL. Gender-specific considerations in physical activity, thermogenesis and fat oxidation: implications for obesity management. Obes Rev 2018; 19 Suppl 1:73-83. [PMID: 30511503 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
With current 'one-size-fits-all' obesity prevention and management strategies proving largely ineffective, the focus has shifted towards a more tailored, individualized approach. However, investigation of the mechanisms underlying inter-individual variability in metabolic profile and response to intervention often yield conflicting results. Indeed, it is perhaps surprising that despite at least a century of recognition that sex hormones influence metabolism, firm conclusions regarding the effects of the menstrual cycle, hormonal contraception and menopause on many aspects of energy expenditure and substrate utilization remain to be drawn. In this review, we examine current evidence relating to gender-specific considerations in the promotion of physical activity, thermogenesis and fat oxidation for body-weight regulation, including the relationship between sex hormone status and non-exercise activity thermogenesis - an energy expenditure compartment that is often overlooked in favour of traditional exercise/sport physical activities yet presents a viable target in the search for effective weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Isacco
- Research Unit EA3920 Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - J L Miles-Chan
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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134
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Pontzer H, Wood BM, Raichlen DA. Hunter-gatherers as models in public health. Obes Rev 2018; 19 Suppl 1:24-35. [PMID: 30511505 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hunter-gatherer populations are remarkable for their excellent metabolic and cardiovascular health and thus are often used as models in public health, in an effort to understand the root, evolutionary causes of non-communicable diseases. Here, we review recent work on health, activity, energetics and diet among hunter-gatherers and other small-scale societies (e.g. subsistence farmers, horticulturalists and pastoralists), as well as recent fossil and archaeological discoveries, to provide a more comprehensive perspective on lifestyle and health in these populations. We supplement these analyses with new data from the Hadza, a hunter-gatherer population in northern Tanzania. Longevity among small-scale populations approaches that of industrialized populations, and metabolic and cardiovascular disease are rare. Obesity prevalence is very low (<5%), and mean body fat percentage is modest (women: 24-28%, men: 9-18%). Activity levels are high, exceeding 100 min d-1 of moderate and vigorous physical activity, but daily energy expenditures are similar to industrialized populations. Diets in hunter-gatherer and other small-scale societies tend to be less energy dense and richer in fibre and micronutrients than modern diets but are not invariably low carbohydrate as sometimes argued. A more integrative understanding of hunter-gatherer health and lifestyle, including elements beyond diet and activity, will improve public health efforts in industrialized populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pontzer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - B M Wood
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - D A Raichlen
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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135
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Changes in Pain and Nutritional Intake Modulate Ultra-Running Performance: A Case Report. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6040111. [PMID: 30287789 PMCID: PMC6316849 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultra-endurance running provides numerous physiological, psychological, and nutritional challenges to the athlete and supporting practitioners. We describe the changes in physiological status, psychological condition, and nutritional intake over the course of two 100-mile running races, with differing outcomes: non-completion and completion. Athlete perception of pain, freshness, and motivation differed between events, independent of rating of perceived exertion. Our data suggest that the integration of multiple sensations (freshness, motivation, hunger, pain, and thirst) produce performance. Increases in carbohydrate feeding (+5 g·h−1) and protein intake (+0.3 g·kg−1) also likely contributed to successful completion of a 100-mile race, by reducing the fractional utilization of maximal oxygen uptake and satiating hunger, respectively. Nutritional data support the notion that the gut is a trainable, and critical organ with respect to ultra-endurance performance. Finally, we propose future research to investigate the rate at which peak feeding occurs throughout ultra-endurance events, as this may further serve to personalize sports nutrition strategies.
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136
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Rosenbaum M, Heaner M, Goldsmith RL, Christian Schulze P, Shukla A, Shen W, Shane EJ, Naor E, Leibel RL, Aronne LJ. Resistance Training Reduces Skeletal Muscle Work Efficiency in Weight-Reduced and Non-Weight-Reduced Subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:1576-1583. [PMID: 30260099 PMCID: PMC6905638 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine whether resistance training is similarly effective in reducing skeletal muscle efficiency and increasing strength in weight-reduced and maximal weight subjects. METHODS This study examined the effects of supervised resistance exercise on skeletal muscle in 14 individuals with overweight and obesity sustaining a 10% or greater weight loss for over 6 months and a phenotypically similar group of 15 subjects who had not reduced weight and were weight stable at their maximal lifetime body weight. We assessed skeletal muscle work efficiency and fuel utilization (bicycle ergometry), strength (dynamometry), body composition (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry), and resting energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry) before and after 12 weeks of thrice-weekly resistance training. RESULTS Non-weight-reduced subjects were significantly (10%-20%) stronger before and after the intervention than reduced-weight subjects and gained significantly more fat-free mass with a greater decline in percentage of body fat than weight-reduced subjects. Resistance training resulted in similar significant decreases (~10%) in skeletal muscle work efficiency at low-level exercise and ~10% to 20% increases in leg strength in both weight-reduced and non-weight-reduced subjects. CONCLUSIONS Resistance training similarly increases muscle strength and decreases efficiency regardless of weight loss history. Increased resistance training could be an effective adjunct to reduced-weight maintenance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rosenbaum
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Martica Heaner
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rochelle L Goldsmith
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - P Christian Schulze
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alpana Shukla
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, New York Weill Cornell Medical Center Comprehensive Weight Control Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wei Shen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and the Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Shane
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Columbia , University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elinor Naor
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Louis J Aronne
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, New York Weill Cornell Medical Center Comprehensive Weight Control Center, New York, New York, USA
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137
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Hunschede S, Schwartz A, Kubant R, Thomas SG, Anderson GH. The role of IL-6 in exercise-induced anorexia in normal-weight boys. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:979-987. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that interleukin-6 (IL-6) is associated with suppression of appetite after high-intensity exercise (HIEX), but an independent role in food intake (FI) was not defined. We hypothesized that IL-6 suppresses appetite and FI, independently of appetite hormones, after HIEX in normal-weight (NW) boys. We investigated the effect of HIEX, with and without the inflammation inhibitor ibuprofen (IBU), on IL-6, other biomarkers of inflammation and appetite, FI, and ratings of appetite in NW boys. Fifteen NW boys (aged 13–18 years) were randomly assigned in a crossover design to 4 sessions: (i) water and rest, (ii) IBU and rest, (iii) water and HIEX, and (iv) IBU and HIEX. HIEX consisted of three 10-min bouts of exercise at 75% of maximal oxygen uptake with 90 s of active rest between bouts. IBU (300 mg) was given as a liquid suspension. FI, ratings of appetite, and plasma biomarkers of appetite, inflammation, stress, and glucose control were measured. FI was not affected by HIEX or IBU. Appetite increased over time (p = 0.002) but was lower after HIEX (p < 0.001) and not affected by IBU. HIEX, but not IBU, resulted in higher levels of IL-6 (p < 0.001) and cortisol (p < 0.001) and lower active ghrelin (p < 0.001). IL-6 correlated with active ghrelin (r = 0.37; p = 0.036) and cortisol (r = 0.26; p = 0.049). An independent role for IL-6 in appetite suppression was not supported. However, IL-6 was correlated with active ghrelin and cortisol, thus potentially mediating appetite via these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Hunschede
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Alexander Schwartz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Ruslan Kubant
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Scott G. Thomas
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada
| | - G. Harvey Anderson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada
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138
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Blachier F, Beaumont M, Portune KJ, Steuer N, Lan A, Audebert M, Khodorova N, Andriamihaja M, Airinei G, Benamouzig R, Davila AM, Armand L, Rampelli S, Brigidi P, Tomé D, Claus SP, Sanz Y. High-protein diets for weight management: Interactions with the intestinal microbiota and consequences for gut health. A position paper by the my new gut study group. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:1012-1022. [PMID: 30274898 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS This review examines to what extent high-protein diets (HPD), which may favor body weight loss and improve metabolic outcomes in overweight and obese individuals, may also impact the gut environment, shaping the microbiota and the host-microbe (co)metabolic pathways and products, possibly affecting large intestine mucosa homeostasis. METHODS PubMed-referenced publications were analyzed with an emphasis on dietary intervention studies involving human volunteers in order to clarify the beneficial vs. deleterious effects of HPD in terms of both metabolic and gut-related health parameters; taking into account the interactions with the gut microbiota. RESULTS HPD generally decrease body weight and improve blood metabolic parameters, but also modify the fecal and urinary contents in various bacterial metabolites and co-metabolites. The effects of HPD on the intestinal microbiota composition appear rather heterogeneous depending on the type of dietary intervention. Recently, HPD consumption was shown to modify the expression of genes playing key roles in homeostatic processes in the rectal mucosa, without evidence of intestinal inflammation. Importantly, the effects of HPD on the gut were dependent on the protein source (i.e. from plant or animal sources), a result which should be considered for further investigations. CONCLUSION Although HPD appear to be efficient for weight loss, the effects of HPD on microbiota-derived metabolites and gene expression in the gut raise new questions on the impact of HPD on the large intestine mucosa homeostasis leading the authors to recommend some caution regarding the utilization of HPD, notably in a recurrent and/or long-term ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Blachier
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
| | - Martin Beaumont
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Joseph Portune
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agronomy and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nils Steuer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France
| | - Annaïg Lan
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Marc Audebert
- Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRA, Toulouse, France
| | - Nadezda Khodorova
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | | | - Gheorghe Airinei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France
| | - Robert Benamouzig
- Department of Gastroenterology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France
| | - Anne-Marie Davila
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Armand
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Simone Rampelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniel Tomé
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Paule Claus
- Department of Food Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agronomy and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council, Valencia, Spain
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139
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Caldeira RS, Panissa VLG, Inoue DS, Campos EZ, Monteiro PA, Giglio BDM, Pimentel GD, Hofmann P, Lira FS. Impact to short-term high intensity intermittent training on different storages of body fat, leptin and soluble leptin receptor levels in physically active non-obese men: A pilot investigation. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2018; 28:186-192. [PMID: 30390879 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Studies have postulated High Intensity Intermittent Training (HIIT) as a superior strategy to reduce body fat. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects HIIT and steady-state training (SST) on body composition, leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R) levels, and hunger perception in physically active non-obese men. METHODS Twenty men performed five weeks of HIIT (5 km - 1 min running at 100% speed correspondent to VȩO2peak - v VȩO2peak - interspersed with 1-min passive recovery; n = 10) or SST (5 km at 70% of vVȩO2peak continuously; n = 10) three times a week. Body composition, and hunger perception were assessed at pre- and post-training and were compared by a two-way analysis (group and training period) with repeated measures in the second factor. A fasting time-course (baseline, 24 h, and 48 h after an experimental session of exercise) of leptin and sOB-R levels were measured at pre- and post-five weeks of training and assessed by a three-way analysis (group, period and time of measurement) with repeated measures in the second and third factors. RESULTS There was no effect on body composition and hunger perception. Leptin was reduced in both groups, while sOB-R was increased post-five weeks of training in HIIT but not in the SST. CONCLUSIONS Although both training groups exerted alterations in leptin levels, only HIIT was able increased sOB-R levels, this suggest a superior impact on central responses in physically active non-obese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Santos Caldeira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), School of Technology and Science, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Sayuri Inoue
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), School of Technology and Science, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Alves Monteiro
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), School of Technology and Science, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna de Melo Giglio
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory (Labince), Nutrition Faculty (FANUT) - Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Duarte Pimentel
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory (Labince), Nutrition Faculty (FANUT) - Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Exercise Physiology, Training and Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Fábio Santos Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), School of Technology and Science, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
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140
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Westerterp KR. Exercise, energy balance and body composition. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 72:1246-1250. [PMID: 30185845 PMCID: PMC6125254 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Activity-induced energy expenditure, as determined by the activity pattern including exercise, is the most variable component of daily energy expenditure. Here, the focus is on effects of exercise training on energy balance and body composition in subjects with a sedentary or light-active lifestyle. Then, exercise training induces an energy imbalance consistently lower than prescribed energy expenditure from exercise. Additionally, individual responses are highly variable and decrease in time. Combining the results from 23 exercise training studies in normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects, varying in duration from 2 to 64 weeks, showed an average initial energy imbalance of about 2 MJ/day with an exponential decline to nearly zero after about 1 year. A compensatory increase in energy intake is the most likely explanation for the lower than expected effect of exercise on energy balance. Overall, exercise training results in a healthier body composition as reflected by a reduction of body fat, especially in overweight and obese subjects, with little or no long-term effect on body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas R Westerterp
- NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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141
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Acute and Chronic Effects of Exercise on Appetite, Energy Intake, and Appetite-Related Hormones: The Modulating Effect of Adiposity, Sex, and Habitual Physical Activity. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091140. [PMID: 30131457 PMCID: PMC6164815 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise facilitates weight control, partly through effects on appetite regulation. Single bouts of exercise induce a short-term energy deficit without stimulating compensatory effects on appetite, whilst limited evidence suggests that exercise training may modify subjective and homeostatic mediators of appetite in directions associated with enhanced meal-induced satiety. However, a large variability in responses exists between individuals. This article reviews the evidence relating to how adiposity, sex, and habitual physical activity modulate exercise-induced appetite, energy intake, and appetite-related hormone responses. The balance of evidence suggests that adiposity and sex do not modify appetite or energy intake responses to acute or chronic exercise interventions, but individuals with higher habitual physical activity levels may better adjust energy intake in response to energy balance perturbations. The effect of these individual characteristics and behaviours on appetite-related hormone responses to exercise remains equivocal. These findings support the continued promotion of exercise as a strategy for inducing short-term energy deficits irrespective of adiposity and sex, as well as the ability of exercise to positively influence energy balance over the longer term. Future well-controlled studies are required to further ascertain the potential mediators of appetite responses to exercise.
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142
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Homeostatic and non-homeostatic appetite control along the spectrum of physical activity levels: An updated perspective. Physiol Behav 2018; 192:23-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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143
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Effect of Exercise Duration on Subsequent Appetite and Energy Intake in Obese Adolescent Girls. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28:593-601. [PMID: 29431521 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest regarding the effect of exercise on appetite and energy intake in youth. While the role of exercise intensity has been a primary focus of study, the effect of exercise duration on subsequent food intake has not been fully examined in obese adolescents. On three separate mornings in a randomly assigned order, obese adolescent girls (n = 20) aged 12-15 years old were asked to perform a rest session (control, CON) or two cycling sessions for 20 (EX20) or 40 min (EX40) set at their ventilatory threshold. Absolute and relative energy intake were measured from an ad libitum lunch meal 30 min after rest or exercise and appetite feelings assessed using visual analogue scales throughout the day. Hunger, satiety, and prospective food consumption were not significantly different between conditions. Absolute energy intake (kcal) did not differ between conditions, while relative energy intake on EX40 (571 ± 381 kcal) was significantly lower than during CON (702 ± 320 kcal; p < .05) and EX20 (736 ± 457 kcal; p < .05). Fat ingestion (in grams) was significantly lower on CON (7.8 ± 3.2 g) compared with EX20 (10.3 ± 4.6 g; p < .01). Protein intake (in grams) was higher on EX20 (37.0 ± 16.6 g) compared with both CON (29.5 ± 11.7 g; p < .01) and EX40 (33.1 ± 10.9 g; p < .05). However, the percentage of total energy derived from each macronutrient was not different between conditions. Obese adolescent girls do not compensate for an acute bout of exercise set at their ventilatory threshold by increasing energy intake, regardless of the exercise duration.
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144
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McMullan RC, Ferris MT, Bell TA, Menachery VD, Baric RS, Hua K, Pomp D, Smith‐Ryan AE, de Villena FP. CC002/Unc females are mouse models of exercise-induced paradoxical fat response. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13716. [PMID: 29924460 PMCID: PMC6009762 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise results in beneficial health outcomes and protects against a variety of chronic diseases. However, U.S. exercise guidelines recommend identical exercise programs for everyone, despite individual variation in responses to these programs, including paradoxical fat gain. Experimental models of exercise-induced paradoxical outcomes may enable the dissection of underlying physiological mechanisms as well as the evaluation of potential interventions. Whereas several studies have identified individual mice exhibiting paradoxical fat gain following exercise, no systematic effort has been conducted to identify and characterize models of paradoxical response. Strains from the Collaborative Cross (CC) genetic reference population were used due to its high levels of genetic variation, its reproducible nature, and the observation that the CC is a rich source of novel disease models, to assess the impact genetic background has on exercise responses. We identified the strain CC002/Unc as an exercise-induced paradoxical fat response model in a controlled voluntary exercise study across multiple ages in female mice. We also found sex and genetic differences were consistent with this pattern in a study of forced exercise programs. These results provide a novel model for studies to determine the mechanisms behind paradoxical metabolic responses to exercise, and enable development of more rational personalized exercise recommendations based on factors such as age, sex, and genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. McMullan
- Department of GeneticsSchool of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
- Genetics and Molecular Biology CurriculumSchool of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Martin T. Ferris
- Department of GeneticsSchool of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Timothy A. Bell
- Department of GeneticsSchool of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Vineet D. Menachery
- Department of EpidemiologyGillings School of Global Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of EpidemiologyGillings School of Global Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Kunjie Hua
- Department of GeneticsSchool of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Daniel Pomp
- Department of GeneticsSchool of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Abbie E. Smith‐Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport ScienceCollege of Arts and SciencesUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Fernando Pardo‐Manuel de Villena
- Department of GeneticsSchool of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
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145
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Beaulieu K, Hopkins M, Blundell J, Finlayson G. Does Habitual Physical Activity Increase the Sensitivity of the Appetite Control System? A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 46:1897-1919. [PMID: 27002623 PMCID: PMC5097075 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background It has been proposed that habitual physical activity improves appetite control; however, the evidence has never been systematically reviewed. Objective To examine whether appetite control (e.g. subjective appetite, appetite-related peptides, food intake) differs according to levels of physical activity. Data Sources Medline, Embase and SPORTDiscus were searched for articles published between 1996 and 2015, using keywords pertaining to physical activity, appetite, food intake and appetite-related peptides. Study Selection Articles were included if they involved healthy non-smoking adults (aged 18–64 years) participating in cross-sectional studies examining appetite control in active and inactive individuals; or before and after exercise training in previously inactive individuals. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Of 77 full-text articles assessed, 28 studies (14 cross-sectional; 14 exercise training) met the inclusion criteria. Results Appetite sensations and absolute energy intake did not differ consistently across studies. Active individuals had a greater ability to compensate for high-energy preloads through reductions in energy intake, in comparison with inactive controls. When physical activity level was graded across cross-sectional studies (low, medium, high, very high), a significant curvilinear effect on energy intake (z-scores) was observed. Limitations Methodological issues existed concerning the small number of studies, lack of objective quantification of food intake, and various definitions used to define active and inactive individuals. Conclusion Habitually active individuals showed improved compensation for the energy density of foods, but no consistent differences in appetite or absolute energy intake, in comparison with inactive individuals. This review supports a J-shaped relationship between physical activity level and energy intake. Further studies are required to confirm these findings. PROSPERO Registration Number CRD42015019696 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0518-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Hopkins
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - John Blundell
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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146
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Dulloo AG, Miles-Chan JL, Schutz Y. Collateral fattening in body composition autoregulation: its determinants and significance for obesity predisposition. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 72:657-664. [PMID: 29559726 PMCID: PMC5945583 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Collateral fattening refers to the process whereby excess fat is deposited as a result of the body’s attempt to counter a deficit in lean mass through overeating. Its demonstration and significance to weight regulation and obesity can be traced to work on energy budget strategies in growing mammals and birds, and to men recovering from experimental starvation. The cardinal features of collateral fattening rests upon (i) the existence of a feedback system between lean tissue and appetite control, with lean tissue deficit driving hyperphagia, and (ii) upon the occurrence of a temporal desynchronization in the recovery of body composition, with complete recovery of fat mass preceeding that of lean mass. Under these conditions, persistent hyperphagia driven by the need to complete the recovery of lean tissue will result in the excess fat deposition (hence collateral fattening) and fat overshooting. After reviewing the main lines of evidence for the phenomenon of collateral fattening in body composition autoregulation, this article discusses the causes and determinants of the desynchronization in fat and lean tissue recovery leading to collateral fattening and fat overshooting, and points to their significance in the mechanisms by which dieting, developmental programming and sedentariness predispose to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul G Dulloo
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Jennifer L Miles-Chan
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yves Schutz
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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147
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Blanchet C, Mathieu MÈ, St-Laurent A, Fecteau S, St-Amour N, Drapeau V. A Systematic Review of Physical Activity Interventions in Individuals with Binge Eating Disorders. Curr Obes Rep 2018; 7:76-88. [PMID: 29460067 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-018-0295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Our systematic review aims to assess the overall evidence available in the literature regarding the role of physical activity (PA) in individuals with binge eating disorder (BED) and better understand the potential underlying mechanisms of action. RECENT FINDINGS Currently, the most effective and well-established psychological treatment for BED is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with a remission rate around 80%. CBT is sometimes combined with pharmacotherapy targeting comorbidities associated with BED, such as obesity and depression. Another avenue of treatment that has been less studied is PA. It has been suggested that PA addresses the underlying mechanisms of BED and, thus, increases treatment efficiency. This systematic review provides additional knowledge concerning the benefits of PA in the treatment of individuals with BED including reduction of binge eating (BE) episodes and improvement in other associated comorbidities. Potential mechanisms of action of PA include neurochemical alterations affecting the reward system, reduction of negative affect, and its anorexigenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Blanchet
- Département des Sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Mathieu
- Département de kinésiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey St-Laurent
- Département des Sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Shirley Fecteau
- Centre intégré universitaire en santé et services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie St-Amour
- Département des Sciences infirmières, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Lévis, QC, Canada
- Programme de traitement des troubles du comportement alimentaire, Clinique St-Amour, Lévis, QC, Canada
| | - Vicky Drapeau
- Département d'éducation physique, PEPS, Université Laval, 2300, rue de la Terrasse, suite 2214, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, QC, Canada.
- Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
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148
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Associations of serum leptin, ghrelin and peptide YY levels with physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescent boys with different BMI values. Biol Sport 2018; 34:345-352. [PMID: 29472737 PMCID: PMC5819470 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2017.69822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in associations of serum acylated and des-acylated ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY) and leptin levels with physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CReF) in adolescent boys (mean age of 14.0 years) with overweight (OWB; n=55) and with normal weight (NWB; n=154). METHODS Total PA was measured by 7-day accelerometry (counts/min) and CReF by peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak/kg). RESULTS No differences were found in serum PYY, acylated ghrelin or des-acyl ghrelin levels, whereas mean leptin (11.6±10.6 vs. 2.0±2.7 ng/ml; p<0.05) and insulin (18.1±8.7 vs. 11.0±6.2 mU/l; p<0.05) levels were significantly higher in OWB compared to NWB. Mean CReF was significantly lower in OWB compared to NWB (39.7±8.7 vs. 50.5±6.8 ml/min/kg; p<0.05). Leptin was negatively correlated with CReF in both groups (r=-0.43; p<0.05), des-acylated ghrelin with CReF only in OWB (r =-0.36; p<0.05). In OWB leptin was negatively correlated with total PA (r=-0.32; p<0.05) and positively with sedentary time of PA (r=0.35; p<0.05). In NWB 28.1% of the variability of CReF was determined by leptin and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), whereas in OWB 71.9% was determined by trunk FM and BMI. CONCLUSIONS Leptin concentration was inversely associated with CReF in adolescent boys independently of BMI in both groups, while des-acylated ghrelin was associated with CReF only in OWB. Low PA in OWB was associated with high serum leptin level.
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149
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Ikizler TA, Robinson-Cohen C, Ellis C, Headley SA, Tuttle K, Wood RJ, Evans EE, Milch CM, Moody KA, Germain M, Limkunakul C, Bian A, Stewart TG, Himmelfarb J. Metabolic Effects of Diet and Exercise in Patients with Moderate to Severe CKD: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:250-259. [PMID: 29038285 PMCID: PMC5748901 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CKD is steadily increasing along with obesity worldwide. Furthermore, obesity is a proinflammatory risk factor for progression of CKD and cardiovascular disease. We tested the hypothesis that implementation of caloric restriction and aerobic exercise is feasible and can improve the proinflammatory metabolic milieu in patients with moderate to severe CKD through a pilot, randomized, 2×2 factorial design trial. Of 122 participants consented, 111 were randomized to receive caloric restriction and aerobic exercise, caloric restriction alone, aerobic exercise alone, or usual care. Of those randomized, 42% were women, 25% were diabetic, and 91% were hypertensive; 104 started intervention, and 92 completed the 4-month study. Primary outcomes were a change from baseline in absolute fat mass, body weight, plasma F2-isoprostane concentrations, and peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak). Compared with usual care, the combined intervention led to statistically significant decreases in body weight and body fat percentage. Caloric restriction alone also led to significant decreases in these measures, but aerobic exercise alone did not. The combined intervention and each independent intervention also led to significant decreases in F2-isoprostane and IL-6 concentrations. No intervention produced significant changes in VO2 peak, kidney function, or urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. In conclusion, 4-month dietary calorie restriction and aerobic exercise had significant, albeit clinically modest, benefits on body weight, fat mass, and markers of oxidative stress and inflammatory response in patients with moderate to severe CKD. These results suggest healthy lifestyle interventions as a nonpharmacologic strategy to improve markers of metabolic health in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Alp Ikizler
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, and
| | | | - Charles Ellis
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, and
| | - Samuel A.E. Headley
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine Tuttle
- Kidney Research Institute and
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Health Care, Spokane, Washington
| | - Richard J. Wood
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth Elspeth Evans
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Charles M. Milch
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Kelsey Anne Moody
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Germain
- University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts; and
| | - Chutatip Limkunakul
- Department of Medicine, Panyananthaphikkhu Chonprathan Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Pakkret, Thailand
| | - Aihua Bian
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Thomas G. Stewart
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Kidney Research Institute and
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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150
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Taylor J, Keating SE, Holland DJ, Coombes JS, Leveritt MD. The Chronic Effect of Interval Training on Energy Intake: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Obes 2018; 2018:6903208. [PMID: 29808115 PMCID: PMC5901477 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6903208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Single bouts of acute exercise do not appear to increase subsequent energy intake (EI), even when energy deficit is large. However, studies have shown a compensatory effect on EI following chronic exercise, and it remains unclear whether this is affected by exercise intensity. We investigated the chronic effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) on EI when compared with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) or no exercise (CON). Databases were searched until 13 March 2017 for studies measuring EI in response to chronic exercise (≥4 weeks of duration) of a high-intensity interval nature. Meta-analysis was conducted for between-group comparisons on EI (kilojoules) and bodyweight (kg). Results showed large heterogeneity, and therefore, metaregression analyses were conducted. There were no significant differences in EI between HIIT/SIT versus MICT (P=0.282), HIIT/SIT versus CON (P=0.398), or MICT versus CON (P=0.329). Although bodyweight was significantly reduced after HIIT/SIT versus CON but not HIIT/SIT versus MICT (in studies measuring EI), this was not clinically meaningful (<2% mean difference). In conclusion, there is no compensatory increase in EI following a period of HIIT/SIT compared to MICT or no exercise. However, this review highlights important methodological considerations for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Taylor
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Shelley E. Keating
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David J. Holland
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jeff S. Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael D. Leveritt
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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