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Angiotensin (1-7) does not interact directly with MAS1, but can potently antagonize signaling from the AT1 receptor. Cell Signal 2018; 50:9-24. [PMID: 29928987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin (1-7) has been reported to be a ligand for the GPCR MAS1. Small molecule MAS1 modulators have also been recently characterized. Aside from convincing evidence for MAS1 activation of Gq signaling, little is known about MAS1 mediated signaling pathways initiated by these ligands, especially Ang (1-7). We performed a comprehensive characterization of recombinant MAS1 signaling induced by Ang (1-7) and small molecule ligands through numerous G protein-dependent and independent pathways, and in a signaling pathway agnostic approach. We find that small molecule ligands modulate numerous G protein-dependent and independent pathways through MAS1, including Gq and Gi pathways, GTPγS binding, β-arrestin recruitment, Erk1/2 and Akt phosphorylation, arachidonic acid release, and receptor internalization. Moreover, in dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) assays that provide a pathway-agnostic readout of cellular responses, small molecule agonists produced robust responses. In contrast, Ang (1-7) failed to induce or block signaling in any of these assay platforms. We detected specific binding of radiolabeled Ang (1-7) to rat aortic endothelial cell (RAEC) membranes, but not to recombinant MAS1. Biphasic, concentration-dependent biased signaling responses to Ang II were detected in RAEC. These phases were associated with vastly different DMR characteristics and this likely provides a molecular basis for previously observed concentration-dependent divergent physiological actions of Ang II. Both phases of Ang II signaling in RAECs were potently inhibited by Ang (1-7), providing a plausible molecular mechanism for Ang (1-7) as counter regulator of the Ang II- AT1 axis, responsible at least in part for Ang (1-7) physiological activities.
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102
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Choi JE, Di Nardo A. Skin neurogenic inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:249-259. [PMID: 29713744 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis closely interacts with nerve endings, and both epidermis and nerves produce substances for mutual sustenance. Neuropeptides, like substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related protein (CGRP), are produced by sensory nerves in the dermis; they induce mast cells to release vasoactive amines that facilitate infiltration of neutrophils and T cells. Some receptors are more important than others in the generation of itch. The Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgpr) family as well as transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and protease activated receptor 2(Par2) have important roles in itch and inflammation. The activation of MrgprX1 degranulates mast cells to communicate with sensory nerve and cutaneous cells for developing neurogenic inflammation. Mrgprs and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) are crucial for the generation of skin diseases like rosacea, while SP, CGRP, somatostatin, β-endorphin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) can modulate the immune system during psoriasis development. The increased level of SP, in atopic dermatitis, induces the release of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-10 from the peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes. We are finally starting to understand the intricate connections between the skin neurons and resident skin cells and how their interaction can be key to controlling inflammation and from there the pathogenesis of diseases like atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Eun Choi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0869, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anna Di Nardo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0869, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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The angiotensin type 2 receptor in the human adrenocortical zona glomerulosa and in aldosterone-producing adenoma: low expression and no functional role. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:627-640. [PMID: 29436482 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin II (Ang II) type 2 receptor (AT2R) and the angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) receptor (MasR) play a cardiovascular protective role by counter-regulating Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R)-mediated effects, but whether this involves blunting of adrenocortical hormone secretion is unknown. We investigated the presence of AT1R, AT2R, and MasR in aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA), a condition featuring hyperaldosteronism, and in APA-adjacent tissue. The effect of Compound 21 (C21), an AT2R agonist, on CYP11B1 (cortisol synthase) and CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) gene expression in NCI-H295R and HAC15 cell lines, and in APA and APA-adjacent tissue, was also assessed using the AT1R antagonist irbesartan to ascertain the specificity of C21 effect. We found that the AT1R, AT2R, and MasR were expressed in APA and APA-adjacent tissue, albeit heterogeneously. The gene expression of AT1R and AT2R was lower, and that of the MasR higher in APAs than in APA-adjacent tissue. In steroid-producing NCI-H295R and HAC15 cell lines, and in APA and APA-adjacent tissue, C21 was ineffective at nanomolar concentrations, but increased CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 gene expression at micromolar concentrations through AT1R, as this effect was blunted by irbesartan. The scant expression of the AT2R, along with the lack of any effect of C21 at low concentrations on CYP11B2, do not support the contention that the protective arm of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blunts aldosterone synthase in the normal adrenal cortex and primary aldosteronism.
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de Souza-Neto FP, Carvalho Santuchi M, de Morais E Silva M, Campagnole-Santos MJ, da Silva RF. Angiotensin-(1-7) and Alamandine on Experimental Models of Hypertension and Atherosclerosis. Curr Hypertens Rep 2018. [PMID: 29541937 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-018-0798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review was to summarize the current knowledge on the role of angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] and alamandine in experimental hypertension and atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a very complex system, composed of a cascade of enzymes, peptides, and receptors, known to be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension and atherosclerosis. Ang-(1-7), identified and characterized in 1987, and alamandine, discovered 16 years after, are the newest two main effector molecules from the RAS, protecting the vascular system against hypertension and atherosclerosis. While the beneficial effects of Ang-(1-7) have been widely studied in several experimental models of hypertension, much less studies were performed in experimental models of atherosclerosis. Alamandine has shown similar vascular effects to Ang-(1-7), namely, endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation mediated by nitric oxide and hypotensive effects in experimental hypertension. There are few studies on the effects of alamandine on atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pedro de Souza-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Melissa Carvalho Santuchi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mario de Morais E Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maria José Campagnole-Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Fernandes da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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105
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Lu L, Parmar MB, Kulka M, Kwan P, Unsworth LD. Self-Assembling Peptide Nanoscaffold That Activates Human Mast Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:6107-6117. [PMID: 29308881 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Engineering biomaterials to manipulate the immune response to elicit specific therapeutic outcomes is a burgeoning field of research. Mast cells play a distinct and central role in the innate immune response, and are characterized by their rapid release of a myriad of proinflammatory mediators in response to stimulation. These mediators are central to protective actions such as wound healing, angiogenesis, and host defense against pathogens and animal venoms. Considering that mast cells are widely distributed in tissues that interface with the external environment, and are loaded with large amounts of preformed protective compounds, they are ideal targets for novel immunotherapies. Here we report that, by using an engineered nanoscaffold, human mast cells can be contact activated in cell and primary human skin tissue culture using a specific receptor-ligand mechanism. The IgE independent PAMP-12 peptide activates human mast cells through the recently identified Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2 (MRGPRX2) receptor. The PAMP-12 motif was conjugated, via a glycine spacer, with the self-assembling peptide (RADA)4 and mixed with unmodified (RADA)4 to form a nanofiber matrix; mast cell activation was influenced directly by this ratio. Moreover, conjugating the PAMP-12 motif within the matrix was shown to only activate local, tissue-resident mast cells. The result of ex vivo human skin tissue tests confirmed that the engineered nanoscaffold successfully activated skin-resident mast cells by contact. Thus, this nanoscaffold design may provide a new platform to modulate localized mast cell functions thereby facilitating their protective role in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta , 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology , 11421 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Manoj B Parmar
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1E2, Canada
| | - Marianna Kulka
- National Institute for Nanotechnology , 11421 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Peter Kwan
- Wound Healing Research Group, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Alberta , 2D2.28 WMC, 8440-112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Larry D Unsworth
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta , 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology , 11421 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
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106
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Falcone FH, Wan D, Barwary N, Sagi-Eisenberg R. RBL cells as models for in vitro studies of mast cells and basophils. Immunol Rev 2018; 282:47-57. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franco H. Falcone
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation; School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - Daniel Wan
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation; School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - Nafal Barwary
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation; School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
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107
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Angiotensin-(1-7)-induced Mas receptor activation attenuates atherosclerosis through a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism in apolipoproteinE-KO mice. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:661-667. [PMID: 29352340 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) ameliorates vascular injury by increasing nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Evidence that Ang-(1-7) attenuates the development of atherosclerosis through a NO-dependent mechanism is still missing. Moreover, it has been postulated that Ang-(1-7) may mediate its effects by other mechanisms than Mas receptor activation. To investigate Ang-(1-7)-dependent Mas receptor function, we treated apoE-KO and apoE/Mas-KO mice chronically with Ang-(1-7) (82 μg/kg per hour) or saline for 6 weeks. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD), a measure for NO-dependent vasodilation and the most accepted prognostic marker for the development of atherosclerosis, was measured in vivo. Chronic Ang-(1-7) treatment improved FMD and attenuated the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoproteinE (apoE)-KO but not in apoE/Mas-KO mice. These effects were accompanied by increased aortic nitrite and cGMP levels. To test whether Ang-(1-7) modulates atherosclerosis through a NO-dependent mechanism, apoE-KO mice were treated with the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME (20 mg/kg/day) in the presence or absence of Ang-(1-7). L-NAME treatment reduced aortic nitrite content and increased blood pressure and exaggerated atherosclerosis compared to untreated apoE-KO mice. In L-NAME-treated apoE-KO mice, chronic Ang-(1-7) treatment did not increase aortic nitrite content and consequently showed no effect on blood pressure and the development of atherosclerosis. The present study proves that Ang-(1-7) mediates its protective vascular effects through Mas receptor activation. Moreover, Ang-(1-7)-mediated NO generation is essential for improving vascular function and prevents atherosclerosis in apoE-KO mice.
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108
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de Kloet AD, Steckelings UM, Sumners C. Protective Angiotensin Type 2 Receptors in the Brain and Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2017; 19:46. [PMID: 28488048 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-017-0746-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this review is to assess the evidence that activation of angiotensin type 2 receptors (AT2R) in the brain can lower blood pressure and possibly constitute an endogenous anti-hypertensive mechanism. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies that detail the location of AT2R in the brain, particularly within or near cardiovascular control centers, mesh well with findings from pharmacological and gene transfer studies which demonstrate that activation of central AT2R can influence cardiovascular regulation. Collectively, these studies indicate that selective activation of brain AT2R causes moderate decreases in blood pressure in normal animals and more profound anti-hypertensive effects, along with restoration of baroreflex function, in rodent models of neurogenic hypertension. These findings have opened the door to studies that can (i) assess the role of specific AT2R neuron populations in depressing blood pressure, (ii) determine the relevance of such mechanisms, and (iii) investigate interactions between AT2R and depressor angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas mechanisms in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette D de Kloet
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Box 100274, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0274, USA
| | - Ulrike M Steckelings
- IMM - Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Colin Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Box 100274, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0274, USA.
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Karhu T, Akiyama K, Vuolteenaho O, Bergmann U, Naito T, Tatemoto K, Herzig KH. Isolation of new ligands for orphan receptor MRGPRX1-hemorphins LVV-H7 and VV-H7. Peptides 2017; 96:61-66. [PMID: 28867075 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor X1 (MRGPRX1) is a member of the GPCR family. The receptor is primate specific and expressed in the sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglion and trigeminal ganglion, where it is considered to be involved in the pain perception. The MRGPRX1 has unusual binding mechanism, as it is activated by several different ligands as well as several different fragments of precursor proteins. Thus, we hypothesize that it is activated by several unknown compounds as well since the receptor is still classified as orphan. Here, we describe the isolation of two novel endogenous ligands for the MRGPRX1 from human platelet preparation. The isolated ligands are hemoglobin β-chain fragments, known members of the hemorphin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Karhu
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - K Akiyama
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
| | - O Vuolteenaho
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Nordlab Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - U Bergmann
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - T Naito
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan; Research Institute of Natural-Drug Leads, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - K Tatemoto
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - K-H Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Medical Research Center (MRC) and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
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110
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Burghi V, Fernández NC, Gándola YB, Piazza VG, Quiroga DT, Guilhen Mario É, Felix Braga J, Bader M, Santos RAS, Dominici FP, Muñoz MC. Validation of commercial Mas receptor antibodies for utilization in Western Blotting, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry studies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183278. [PMID: 28813513 PMCID: PMC5558983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mas receptor (MasR) is a G protein-coupled receptor proposed as a candidate for mediating the angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme 2-Ang (1-7) protective axis of renin-angiotensin system. Because the role of this receptor is not definitively clarified, determination of MasR tissue distribution and expression levels constitutes a critical knowledge to fully understanding its function. Commercially available antibodies have been widely employed for MasR protein localization and quantification, but they have not been adequately validated. In this study, we carried on an exhaustive evaluation of four commercial MasR antibodies, following previously established criteria. Western Blotting (WB) and immunohistochemistry studies starting from hearts and kidneys from wild type (WT) mice revealed that antibodies raised against different MasR domains yielded different patterns of reactivity. Furthermore, staining patterns appeared identical in samples from MasR knockout (MasR-KO) mice. We verified by polymerase chain reaction analysis that the MasR-KO mice used were truly deficient in this receptor as MAS transcripts were undetectable in either heart or kidney from this animal model. In addition, we evaluated the ability of the antibodies to detect the human c-myc-tagged MasR overexpressed in human embryonic kidney cells. Three antibodies were capable of detecting the MasR either by WB or by immunofluorescence, reproducing the patterns obtained with an anti c-myc antibody. In conclusion, although three of the selected antibodies were able to detect MasR protein at high expression levels observed in a transfected cell line, they failed to detect this receptor in mice tissues at physiological expression levels. As a consequence, validated antibodies that can recognize and detect the MasR at physiological levels are still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Burghi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Cristina Fernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yamila Belén Gándola
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Gabriela Piazza
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Tomás Quiroga
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Érica Guilhen Mario
- INCT-NanoBiofar, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Janaína Felix Braga
- INCT-NanoBiofar, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- INCT-NanoBiofar, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul/University Foundation of Cardiology (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pablo Dominici
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Cecilia Muñoz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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111
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Azimi E, Reddy VB, Pereira PJS, Talbot S, Woolf CJ, Lerner EA. Substance P activates Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors to induce itch. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:447-453.e3. [PMID: 28219706 PMCID: PMC5546940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance P (SP) is linked to itch and inflammation through activation of receptors on mast cells and sensory neurons. There is increasing evidence that SP functions through Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgprs) in addition to its conventional receptor, neurokinin-1. OBJECTIVE Because Mrgprs mediate some aspects of inflammation that had been considered mediated by neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R), we sought to determine whether itch induced by SP can also be mediated by Mrgprs. METHODS Genetic and pharmacologic approaches were used to evaluate the contribution of Mrgprs to SP-induced scratching behavior and activation of cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons from mice. RESULTS SP-induced scratching behavior and activation of cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons was dependent on Mrgprs rather than NK-1R. CONCLUSION We deduce that SP activates MrgprA1 on sensory neurons rather than NK-1R to induce itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Azimi
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Mass
| | - Vemuri B Reddy
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Mass
| | - Paula Juliana Seadi Pereira
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Mass; PUCRS, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sebastien Talbot
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Mass
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Mass
| | - Ethan A Lerner
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Mass.
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112
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Li XC, Zhang J, Zhuo JL. The vasoprotective axes of the renin-angiotensin system: Physiological relevance and therapeutic implications in cardiovascular, hypertensive and kidney diseases. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:21-38. [PMID: 28619367 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is undisputedly one of the most prominent endocrine (tissue-to-tissue), paracrine (cell-to-cell) and intracrine (intracellular/nuclear) vasoactive systems in the physiological regulation of neural, cardiovascular, blood pressure, and kidney function. The importance of the RAS in the development and pathogenesis of cardiovascular, hypertensive and kidney diseases has now been firmly established in clinical trials and practice using renin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, type 1 (AT1) angiotensin II (ANG II) receptor blockers (ARBs), or aldosterone receptor antagonists as major therapeutic drugs. The major mechanisms of actions for these RAS inhibitors or receptor blockers are mediated primarily by blocking the detrimental effects of the classic angiotensinogen/renin/ACE/ANG II/AT1/aldosterone axis. However, the RAS has expanded from this classic axis to include several other complex biochemical and physiological axes, which are derived from the metabolism of this classic axis. Currently, at least five axes of the RAS have been described, with each having its key substrate, enzyme, effector peptide, receptor, and/or downstream signaling pathways. These include the classic angiotensinogen/renin/ACE/ANG II/AT1 receptor, the ANG II/APA/ANG III/AT2/NO/cGMP, the ANG I/ANG II/ACE2/ANG (1-7)/Mas receptor, the prorenin/renin/prorenin receptor (PRR or Atp6ap2)/MAP kinases ERK1/2/V-ATPase, and the ANG III/APN/ANG IV/IRAP/AT4 receptor axes. Since the roles and therapeutic implications of the classic angiotensinogen/renin/ACE/ANG II/AT1 receptor axis have been extensively reviewed, this article will focus primarily on reviewing the roles and therapeutic implications of the vasoprotective axes of the RAS in cardiovascular, hypertensive and kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao C Li
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jia L Zhuo
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA.
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Alamandine reduces leptin expression through the c-Src/p38 MAP kinase pathway in adipose tissue. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178769. [PMID: 28591164 PMCID: PMC5462406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Obesity is associated with an increased risk of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and renal dysfunction. Angiotensin 1–7 and alamandine are heptameric renin angiotensin system peptide hormones. Further, alamandine levels increase with renal dysfunction. In the cardiovascular system, angiotensin 1–7 and alamandine produce similar improvements and counterbalance angiotensin II in regulating vascular function. We aimed to determine whether the effect of alamandine on leptin expression and secretion in adipocytes was similar to that of angiotensin 1–7. Approach and results We studied isolated peri-renal visceral adipose tissue and peri-renal isolated visceral adipocytes from male Wistar rats. Angiotensin II from 0.01 to 10nM had no effect on leptin expression. Angiotensin 1–7 (1 nM) increased leptin secretion and expression, whereas alamandine (1 nM) decreased leptin secretion and expression in adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes and reduced blood leptin levels in vivo. These effects were mediated by Gq, c-Src, p38 mitogen-activated protein, and IκB activation. Additionally, alamandine induced nitric oxide expression via inducible nitric oxidase synthase and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 expression in adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes. Conclusions Angiotensin 1–7 and alamandine produced opposing effects on leptin expression and secretion in adipose tissue. This result suggests that the action of Mas (angiotensin 1–7 receptor) and Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor D in adipocytes exhibited opposing actions similar to angiotensin II type 1 and type 2 receptors.
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Karnik SS, Singh KD, Tirupula K, Unal H. Significance of angiotensin 1-7 coupling with MAS1 receptor and other GPCRs to the renin-angiotensin system: IUPHAR Review 22. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:737-753. [PMID: 28194766 PMCID: PMC5387002 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensins are a group of hormonal peptides and include angiotensin II and angiotensin 1-7 produced by the renin angiotensin system. The biology, pharmacology and biochemistry of the receptors for angiotensins were extensively reviewed recently. In the review, the receptor nomenclature committee was not emphatic on designating MAS1 as the angiotensin 1-7 receptor on the basis of lack of classical G protein signalling and desensitization in response to angiotensin 1-7, as well as a lack of consensus on confirmatory ligand pharmacological analyses. A review of recent publications (2013-2016) on the rapidly progressing research on angiotensin 1-7 revealed that MAS1 and two additional receptors can function as 'angiotensin 1-7 receptors', and this deserves further consideration. In this review we have summarized the information on angiotensin 1-7 receptors and their crosstalk with classical angiotensin II receptors in the context of the functions of the renin angiotensin system. It was concluded that the receptors for angiotensin II and angiotensin 1-7 make up a sophisticated cross-regulated signalling network that modulates the endogenous protective and pathogenic facets of the renin angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadashiva S Karnik
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
| | | | - Kalyan Tirupula
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
- Biological E Limited, ShamirpetHyderabadIndia
| | - Hamiyet Unal
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Betul Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell CenterErciyes UniversityKayseriTurkey
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Yang G, Chu PL, Rump LC, Le TH, Stegbauer J. ACE2 and the Homolog Collectrin in the Modulation of Nitric Oxide and Oxidative Stress in Blood Pressure Homeostasis and Vascular Injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:645-659. [PMID: 27889958 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hypertension is the leading risk factor causing mortality and morbidity worldwide. Angiotensin (Ang) II, the most active metabolite of the renin-angiotensin system, plays an outstanding role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and vascular injury. Activation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has shown to attenuate devastating effects of Ang II in the cardiovascular system by reducing Ang II degradation and increasing Ang-(1-7) generation leading to Mas receptor activation. Recent Advances: Activation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis reduces hypertension and improves vascular injury mainly through an increased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and decreased reactive oxygen species production. Recent studies reported that shedding of the enzymatically active ectodomain of ACE2 from the cell surface seems to regulate its activity and serves as an interorgan communicator in cardiovascular disease. In addition, collectrin, an ACE2 homolog with no catalytic activity, regulates blood pressure through an NO-dependent mechanism. CRITICAL ISSUES Large body of experimental data confirmed sustained beneficial effects of ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis activation on hypertension and vascular injury. Experimental studies also suggest that activation of collectrin might be beneficial in hypertension and endothelial dysfunction. Their role in clinical hypertension is unclear as selective and reliable activators of both axes are not yet available. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review will highlight the results of recent research progress that illustrate the role of both ACE and collectrin in the modulation of NO and oxidative stress in blood pressure homeostasis and vascular injury, providing evidence for the potential therapeutic application of ACE2 and collectrin in hypertension and vascular disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 645-659.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- 1 Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pei-Lun Chu
- 2 Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia.,3 Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Lars C Rump
- 1 Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thu H Le
- 2 Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Johannes Stegbauer
- 1 Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
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Regoli D, Gobeil F. Kallikrein-kinin system as the dominant mechanism to counteract hyperactive renin-angiotensin system. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1117-1124. [PMID: 28384411 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) generates, maintains, and makes worse hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) through its biologically active component angiotensin II (Ang II), that causes vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and structural alterations of the heart and the arteries. A few endogenous vasodilators, kinins, natriuretic peptides, and possibly angiotensin (1-7), exert opposite actions and may provide useful therapeutic agents. As endothelial autacoids, the kinins are potent vasodilators, active natriuretics, and protectors of the endothelium. Indeed, the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) is considered the dominant mechanism for counteracting the detrimental effects of the hyperactive RAS. The 2 systems, RAS and KKS, are controlled by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) that generates Ang II and inactivates the kinins. Inhibitors of ACE can reduce the impact of Ang II and potentiate the kinins, thus contributing to restore the cardiovascular homeostasis. In the last 20 years, ACE-inhibitors (ACE-Is) have become the drugs of first choice for the treatments of the major CVDs. ACE-Is not only reduce blood pressure, as sartans also do, but by protecting and potentiating the kinins, they can reduce morbidity and mortality and improve the quality of life for patients with CVDs. This paper provides a brief review of the literature on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Regoli
- a Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernand Gobeil
- b Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
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Azimi E, Reddy VB, Lerner EA. Brief communication: MRGPRX2, atopic dermatitis and red man syndrome. ITCH (PHILADELPHIA, PA.) 2017; 2:e5. [PMID: 28367504 PMCID: PMC5375112 DOI: 10.1097/itx.0000000000000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Vancoymycin causes red man syndrome, an itchy erythematous eruption involving the face, neck and upper torso. Atopic dermatitis also manifests itch and erythema, and staphylococcus δ-toxin contributes to this process. The antibiotic and toxin each provoke mast cell degranulation but the mechanism had not been understood. We have determined that these compounds evoke degranulation via interaction with the same receptor, MRGPRX2, on mast cells. A receptor antagonist inhibits this process. Antagonists of this receptor may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Azimi
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Vemuri B Reddy
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Ethan A Lerner
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
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Villalobos LA, San Hipólito-Luengo Á, Ramos-González M, Cercas E, Vallejo S, Romero A, Romacho T, Carraro R, Sánchez-Ferrer CF, Peiró C. The Angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas Axis Counteracts Angiotensin II-Dependent and -Independent Pro-inflammatory Signaling in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:482. [PMID: 28018220 PMCID: PMC5156706 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Targeting inflammation is nowadays considered as a challenging pharmacological strategy to prevent or delay the development of vascular diseases. Angiotensin-(1-7) is a member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that binds Mas receptors and has gained growing attention in the last years as a regulator of vascular homeostasis. Here, we explored the capacity of Ang-(1-7) to counteract human aortic smooth muscle cell (HASMC) inflammation triggered by RAS-dependent and -independent stimuli, such as Ang II or interleukin (IL)-1β. Methods and Results: In cultured HASMC, the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the release of nitric oxide were stimulated by both Ang II and IL-1β, as determined by Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence or the Griess method, respectively. iNOS induction was inhibited by Ang-(1-7) in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect was equally blocked by two different Mas receptor antagonists, A779 and D-Pro7-Ang-(1-7), suggesting the participation of a unique Mas receptor subtype. Using pharmacological inhibitors, the induction of iNOS was proven to rely on the consecutive upstream activation of NADPH oxidase and nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Indeed, Ang-(1-7) markedly inhibited the activation of the NADPH oxidase and subsequently of NF-κB, as determined by lucigenin-derived chemiluminescence and electromobility shift assay, respectively. Conclusion: Ang-(1-7) can act as a counter-regulator of the inflammation of vascular smooth muscle cells triggered by Ang II, but also by other stimuli beyond the RAS. Activating or mimicking the Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis may represent a pharmacological opportunity to attenuate the pro-inflammatory environment that promotes and sustains the development of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Villalobos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mariella Ramos-González
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Cercas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Vallejo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Romacho
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Raffaele Carraro
- Service of Endocrinology, Hospital de La PrincesaMadrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Carlos F Sánchez-Ferrer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Peiró
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
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119
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Manabe Y, Yoshimura M, Sakamaki K, Inoue A, Kakinoki A, Hokari S, Sakanaka M, Aoki J, Miyachi H, Furuta K, Tanaka S. 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and its derivatives act as secretagogues on rodent mast cells. Eur J Immunol 2016; 47:60-67. [PMID: 27748951 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that activated mast cells are involved in contact hypersensitivity, although the precise mechanisms of their activation are still not completely understood. We investigated the potential of common experimental allergens to induce mast cell activation using murine bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells and rat peritoneal mast cells. Among these allergens, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinirobenzene (DNFB) were found to induce degranulation of rat peritoneal mast cells. DNFB-induced degranulation is accompanied by cytosolic Ca2+ mobilization and is significantly inhibited by pertussis toxin, U73122 (a phospholipase C inhibitor), and BAPTA (a Ca2+ chelator), raising the possibility that DNFB acts on the G protein-coupled receptors and activates Gi , which induces activation of phospholipase C, as well as known mast cell secretagogues, such as compound 48/80. DNFB could induce mast cell degranulation in the absence of serum proteins and IgE. Structure-activity relationship analyses revealed an inverse correlation between the degree of degranulation and the electron density of the C1 carbon of the DNFB derivatives. These findings raise a possibility that DNFB functions as a potent contact allergen through induction of cutaneous mast cell degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Manabe
- Department of Immunobiology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Marie Yoshimura
- Department of Immunobiology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sakamaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Aya Kakinoki
- Department of Immunobiology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hokari
- Department of Immunobiology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mariko Sakanaka
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Koshien, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyachi
- Lead Exploration Unit, Drug Discovery Initiative, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Furuta
- Department of Immunobiology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Immunobiology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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120
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Azimi E, Reddy VB, Shade KTC, Anthony RM, Talbot S, Pereira PJS, Lerner EA. Dual action of neurokinin-1 antagonists on Mas-related GPCRs. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e89362. [PMID: 27734033 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenge of translating findings from animal models to the clinic is well known. An example of this challenge is the striking effectiveness of neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) antagonists in mouse models of inflammation coupled with their equally striking failure in clinical investigations in humans. Here, we provide an explanation for this dichotomy: Mas-related GPCRs (Mrgprs) mediate some aspects of inflammation that had been considered mediated by NK-1R. In support of this explanation, we show that conventional NK-1R antagonists have off-target activity on the mouse receptor MrgprB2 but not on the homologous human receptor MRGPRX2. An unrelated tripeptide NK-1R antagonist has dual activity on MRGPRX2. This tripeptide both suppresses itch in mice and inhibits degranulation from the LAD-2 human mast cell line elicited by basic secretagogue activation of MRGPRX2. Antagonists of Mrgprs may fill the void left by the failure of NK-1R antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Azimi
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, and
| | - Vemuri B Reddy
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, and
| | - Kai-Ting C Shade
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert M Anthony
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sebastien Talbot
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paula Juliana Seadi Pereira
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, and.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ethan A Lerner
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, and
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Ferrario CM, Ahmad S, Varagic J, Cheng CP, Groban L, Wang H, Collawn JF, Dell Italia LJ. Intracrine angiotensin II functions originate from noncanonical pathways in the human heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H404-14. [PMID: 27233763 PMCID: PMC5008653 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00219.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well-known that excess renin angiotensin system (RAS) activity contributes to the pathophysiology of cardiac and vascular disease, tissue-based expression of RAS genes has given rise to the possibility that intracellularly produced angiotensin II (Ang II) may be a critical contributor to disease processes. An extended form of angiotensin I (Ang I), the dodecapeptide angiotensin-(1-12) [Ang-(1-12)], that generates Ang II directly from chymase, particularly in the human heart, reinforces the possibility that an alternative noncanonical renin independent pathway for Ang II formation may be important in explaining the mechanisms by which the hormone contributes to adverse cardiac and vascular remodeling. This review summarizes the work that has been done in evaluating the functional significance of Ang-(1-12) and how this substrate generated from angiotensinogen by a yet to be identified enzyme enhances knowledge about Ang II pathological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ferrario
- Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine-Nephrology and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina;
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine-Nephrology and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jasmina Varagic
- Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine-Nephrology and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Che Ping Cheng
- Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Leanne Groban
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - James F Collawn
- Departments of Cell Biology, Microbiology, Physiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Louis J Dell Italia
- Departments of Cell Biology, Microbiology, Physiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Alabama; and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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Patel VB, Basu R, Oudit GY. ACE2/Ang 1-7 axis: A critical regulator of epicardial adipose tissue inflammation and cardiac dysfunction in obesity. Adipocyte 2016; 5:306-11. [PMID: 27617176 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2015.1131881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by an excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissues leading to weight gain and is increasing in prevalence and is strongly associated with metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has emerged as a key pathogenic mechanism for these disorders; activated RAS and angiotensin (Ang) II production results in worsening of cardiovascular diseases and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) negatively regulates RAS by metabolizing Ang II into Ang 1-7. ACE2 is expressed in the adipocytes and its expression is upregulated in response to high fat diet induced obesity in mice. Loss of ACE2 results in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction which is mediated in part by epicardial adipose tissue inflammation. Angiotensin 1-7 reduces the obesity associated cardiac dysfunction predominantly via its role in adiponectin expression and attenuation of epicardial adipose tissue inflammation. Human heart disease is also linked with inflammed epicardial adipose tissue. Here, we discuss the important interpretation of the novel of ACE2/Ang 1-7 pathway in obesity associated cardiac dysfunction.
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Machado-Silva A, Passos-Silva D, Santos RA, Sinisterra RD. Therapeutic uses for Angiotensin-(1-7). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:669-78. [PMID: 27121991 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1179283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiotensin-(1-7) is a key component of the Renin-Angiotensin System, which can counter-regulate several deleterious effects caused by angiotensin II. Due to the potential for therapeutic use, several of its actions are specifically described in patents. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors describe a plethora of therapeutic uses for Angiotensin-(1-7), claimed and supported by experimental evidence in patent documents and applications. EXPERT OPINION The clinical potential of Angiotensin-(1-7) as a therapeutic agent to treat several pathologies is evidenced by the variety of patents and clinical trials involving this peptide. Cancer treatment is one of the most advanced therapeutic areas, but clinical studies are also available in several other areas, such as cardiovascular, hematological, transplantation, surgical and medical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Machado-Silva
- a Fundação Oswaldo Cruz , Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Danielle Passos-Silva
- b Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Robson Augusto Santos
- b Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Rubén Dario Sinisterra
- c Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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Liang M, Niu J, Zhang L, Deng H, Ma J, Zhou W, Duan D, Zhou Y, Xu H, Chen L. Gene expression profiling reveals different molecular patterns in G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathways between early- and late-onset preeclampsia. Placenta 2016; 40:52-9. [PMID: 27016783 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Early-onset preeclampsia and late-onset preeclampsia have been regarded as two different phenotypes with heterogeneous manifestations; To gain insights into the pathogenesis of the two traits, we analyzed the gene expression profiles in preeclamptic placentas. A whole genome-wide microarray was used to determine the gene expression profiles in placental tissues from patients with early-onset (n = 7; <34 weeks), and late-onset (n = 8; >36 weeks) preeclampsia and their controls who delivered preterm (n = 5; <34 weeks) or at term (n = 5; >36 weeks). Genes were termed differentially expressed if they showed a fold-change ≥ 2 and q-value < 0.05. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR was used to verify the results. Western blotting was performed to verify the expressions of secreted genes at the protein level. RESULTS Six hundred twenty-seven genes were differentially expressed in early-compared with late-onset preeclampsia (177 genes were up-regulated and 450 were down-regulated). Gene ontology analysis identified significant alterations in several biological processes; the top two were immune response and cell surface receptor linked signal transduction. Among the cell surface receptor linked signal transduction-related, differentially expressed genes, those involved in the G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway were significantly enriched. G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway related genes, such as GPR124 and MRGPRF, were both found to be down-regulated in early-onset preeclampsia. The results were consistent with those of western blotting that the abundance of GPR124 was lower in early-onset compared with late-onset preeclampsia. The different gene expression profiles reflect the different levels of transcription regulation between the two conditions and supported the hypothesis that they are separate disease entities. Moreover, the G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway related genes may contribute to the mechanism underlying early- and late-onset preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liang
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Jianmin Niu
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China.
| | - Hua Deng
- Translational Medicine Center, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Translational Medicine Center, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Weiping Zhou
- Translational Medicine Center, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Dongmei Duan
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Yuheng Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Huikun Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Longding Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
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Heller D, Doyle JR, Raman VS, Beinborn M, Kumar K, Kopin AS. Novel Probes Establish Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor X1 Variants as Receptors with Loss or Gain of Function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 356:276-83. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.227058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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126
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Novel players in cardioprotection: Insulin like growth factor-1, angiotensin-(1–7) and angiotensin-(1–9). Pharmacol Res 2015; 101:41-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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127
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Chappell MC. Biochemical evaluation of the renin-angiotensin system: the good, bad, and absolute? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H137-52. [PMID: 26475588 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00618.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) constitutes a key hormonal system in the physiological regulation of blood pressure through peripheral and central mechanisms. Indeed, dysregulation of the RAS is considered a major factor in the development of cardiovascular pathologies, and pharmacological blockade of this system by the inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) or antagonism of the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) offers an effective therapeutic regimen. The RAS is now defined as a system composed of different angiotensin peptides with diverse biological actions mediated by distinct receptor subtypes. The classic RAS comprises the ACE-ANG II-AT1R axis that promotes vasoconstriction; water intake; sodium retention; and increased oxidative stress, fibrosis, cellular growth, and inflammation. In contrast, the nonclassical RAS composed primarily of the ANG II/ANG III-AT2R and the ACE2-ANG-(1-7)-AT7R pathways generally opposes the actions of a stimulated ANG II-AT1R axis. In lieu of the complex and multifunctional aspects of this system, as well as increased concerns on the reproducibility among laboratories, a critical assessment is provided on the current biochemical approaches to characterize and define the various components that ultimately reflect the status of the RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Chappell
- The Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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128
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Karnik SS, Unal H, Kemp JR, Tirupula KC, Eguchi S, Vanderheyden PML, Thomas WG. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIX. Angiotensin Receptors: Interpreters of Pathophysiological Angiotensinergic Stimuli [corrected]. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:754-819. [PMID: 26315714 PMCID: PMC4630565 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.010454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) produced hormone peptides regulate many vital body functions. Dysfunctional signaling by receptors for RAS peptides leads to pathologic states. Nearly half of humanity today would likely benefit from modern drugs targeting these receptors. The receptors for RAS peptides consist of three G-protein-coupled receptors—the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 receptor), the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2 receptor), the MAS receptor—and a type II trans-membrane zinc protein—the candidate angiotensin IV receptor (AngIV binding site). The prorenin receptor is a relatively new contender for consideration, but is not included here because the role of prorenin receptor as an independent endocrine mediator is presently unclear. The full spectrum of biologic characteristics of these receptors is still evolving, but there is evidence establishing unique roles of each receptor in cardiovascular, hemodynamic, neurologic, renal, and endothelial functions, as well as in cell proliferation, survival, matrix-cell interaction, and inflammation. Therapeutic agents targeted to these receptors are either in active use in clinical intervention of major common diseases or under evaluation for repurposing in many other disorders. Broad-spectrum influence these receptors produce in complex pathophysiological context in our body highlights their role as precise interpreters of distinctive angiotensinergic peptide cues. This review article summarizes findings published in the last 15 years on the structure, pharmacology, signaling, physiology, and disease states related to angiotensin receptors. We also discuss the challenges the pharmacologist presently faces in formally accepting newer members as established angiotensin receptors and emphasize necessary future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadashiva S Karnik
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Hamiyet Unal
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Jacqueline R Kemp
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Kalyan C Tirupula
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Patrick M L Vanderheyden
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Walter G Thomas
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
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129
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Gouin O, Lebonvallet N, L'Herondelle K, Le Gall-Ianotto C, Buhé V, Plée-Gautier E, Carré JL, Lefeuvre L, Misery L. Self-maintenance of neurogenic inflammation contributes to a vicious cycle in skin. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:723-6. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Gouin
- University of Western Brittany; Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest; Brest France
- Uriage Dermatological Laboratories; Courbevoie France
| | - Nicolas Lebonvallet
- University of Western Brittany; Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest; Brest France
| | - Killian L'Herondelle
- University of Western Brittany; Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest; Brest France
| | | | - Virginie Buhé
- University of Western Brittany; Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest; Brest France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Carré
- University of Western Brittany; Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest; Brest France
| | - Luc Lefeuvre
- Uriage Dermatological Laboratories; Courbevoie France
| | - Laurent Misery
- University of Western Brittany; Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest; Brest France
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130
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Wysocki J, Wilsbacher L, Batlle D. Angiotensins and the heart: is angiotensin-(1-7) cardioprotective? Hypertension 2015; 66:260-2. [PMID: 26077564 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wysocki
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (J.W., D.B.) and Division of Cardiology and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute (L.W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Lisa Wilsbacher
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (J.W., D.B.) and Division of Cardiology and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute (L.W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Daniel Batlle
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (J.W., D.B.) and Division of Cardiology and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute (L.W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
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131
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Mast cell-MrgprB2: sensing secretagogues or a means to overreact? Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:221-3. [PMID: 25776987 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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132
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Angiotensins as therapeutic targets beyond heart disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:310-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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133
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134
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Clayton D, Hanchapola I, Thomas WG, Widdop RE, Smith AI, Perlmutter P, Aguilar MI. Structural determinants for binding to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and angiotensin receptors 1 and 2. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:5. [PMID: 25688208 PMCID: PMC4311625 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a zinc carboxypeptidase involved in the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and inactivates the potent vasopressive peptide angiotensin II (Ang II) by removing the C-terminal phenylalanine residue to yield Ang1–7. This conversion inactivates the vasoconstrictive action of Ang II and yields a peptide that acts as a vasodilatory molecule at the Mas receptor and potentially other receptors. Given the growing complexity of RAS and level of cross-talk between ligands and their corresponding enzymes and receptors, the design of molecules with selectivity for the major RAS binding partners to control cardiovascular tone is an on-going challenge. In previous studies we used single β-amino acid substitutions to modulate the structure of Ang II and its selectivity for ACE2, AT1R, and angiotensin type 2 (AT2R) receptor. We showed that modification at the C-terminus of Ang II generally resulted in more pronounced changes to secondary structure and ligand binding, and here, we further explore this region for the potential to modulate ligand specificity. In this study, (1) a library of 47 peptides derived from the C-terminal tetrapeptide sequence (-IHPF) of Ang II was synthesized and assessed for ACE2 binding, (2) the terminal group requirements for high affinity ACE2 binding were explored by and N- and C-terminal modification, (3) high affinity ACE2 binding chimeric AngII analogs were then synthesized and assessed, (4) the structure of the full-length Ang II analogs were assessed by circular dichroism, and (5) the Ang II analogs were assessed for AT1R/AT2R selectivity by cell-based assays. Studies on the C-terminus of Ang II demonstrated varied specificity at different residue positions for ACE2 binding and four Ang II chimeric peptides were identified as selective ligands for the AT2 receptor. Overall, these results provide insight into the residue and structural requirements for ACE2 binding and angiotensin receptor selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Clayton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Iresha Hanchapola
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Walter G Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander I Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Marie-Isabel Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
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