101
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102
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Albertí M, Aguilar A, Pirani F. Cation−π-Anion Interaction in Alkali Ion−Benzene−Halogen Ion Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:14741-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp904852x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Albertí
- IQTCUB, Departament de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Aguilar
- IQTCUB, Departament de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fernando Pirani
- IQTCUB, Departament de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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103
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Stokes GY, Chen EH, Walter SR, Geiger FM. Two Reactivity Modes in the Heterogeneous Cyclohexene Ozonolysis under Tropospherically Relevant Ozone-Rich and Ozone-Limited Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:8985-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jp904104s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y. Stokes
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Ehow H. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Stephanie R. Walter
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Franz M. Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, Illinois 60208
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104
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105
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Feng RR, Bian HT, Guo Y, Wang HF. Spectroscopic evidence for the specific Na+ and K+ interactions with the hydrogen-bonded water molecules at the electrolyte aqueous solution surfaces. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:134710. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3104610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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106
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107
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Reactions at surfaces in the atmosphere: integration of experiments and theory as necessary (but not necessarily sufficient) for predicting the physical chemistry of aerosols. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:7760-79. [DOI: 10.1039/b906540g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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108
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Kang S, Hwang H, Park Y, Kim H, Ro CU. Chemical compositions of subway particles in Seoul, Korea determined by a quantitative single particle analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:9051-9057. [PMID: 19174870 DOI: 10.1021/es802267b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel single particle analytical technique, low-Z particle electron probe X-ray microanalysis, was applied to characterize seasonal subway samples collected at a subway station in Seoul, Korea. For all 8 samples collected twice in each season, 4 major types of subway particles, based on their chemical compositions, are significantly encountered: Fe-containing; soil-derived; carbonaceous; and secondary nitrate and/or sulfate particles. Fe-containing particles are generated indoors from wear processes at rail-wheel-brake interfaces while the others may be introduced mostly from the outdoor urban atmosphere. Fe-containing particles are the most frequently encountered with relative abundances in the range of 61-79%. In this study, it is shown that Fe-containing subway particles almost always exist either as partially or fully oxidized forms in underground subway microenvironments. Their relative abundances of Fe-containing particles increase as particle sizes decrease. Relative abundances of Fe-containing particles are higher in morning samples than in afternoon samples because of heavier train traffic in the morning. In the summertime samples, Fe-containing particles are the most abundantly encountered, whereas soil-derived and nitrate/sulfate particles are the least encountered, indicating the air-exchange between indoor and outdoor environments is limited in the summer, owing to the air-conditioning in the subway system. In our work, it was observed that the relative abundances of the particles of outdoor origin vary somewhat among seasonal samples to a lesser degree, reflecting that indoor emission sources predominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunni Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 253, Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Korea
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109
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Xiao HS, Dong JL, Wang LY, Zhao LJ, Wang F, Zhang YH. Spatially resolved micro-Raman observation on the phase separation of effloresced sea salt droplets. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:8698-8702. [PMID: 19192784 DOI: 10.1021/es801181f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on the investigation of the phase separation of individual seawater droplets in the efflorescence processes with the spatially resolved Raman system. Upon decreasing the relative humidity (RH), CaSO4.0.5H2O separated out foremost fromthe droplet atan unexpectedly high RH of approcimately 90%. Occasionally, CaSO4.2H2O substituted for CaSO4.O.5H2O crystallizing first at approximately 78% RH. Relatively large NaCI solids followed to crystallize at approximately 55% RH and led to the great loss of the solution. Then, the KMgCl3.6H2O crystallites separated out from the residual solutions, adjacentto NaCl at approximately 44% RH. Moreover, a shell structure of dried sea salt particle was found to form at low RHs, with the NaCl crystals in the core and minor supersaturated solutions covered with MgSO4 gel coating on the surface. Ultimately, the shielded solution partly effloresced into MgSO4 hydrates at very dry state (<5% RH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Shuang Xiao
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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110
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Hernández-Pascacio J, Banquy X, Pérez-Casas S, Costas M, Amigo A, Piñeiro A. A small molecular size system giving unexpected surface effects: alpha-Cyclodextrin + sodium dodecyl sulfate in water. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 328:391-5. [PMID: 18829044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Maximum drop volumes (MDV) and the resultant surface tension values (sigma) of alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) + sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) aqueous mixtures have been determined over a broad concentration range of both solutes at 283.15, 293.15, 303.15, 313.15, and 323.15 K. Drops significantly larger than those of pure water (up to approximately 25% larger) were observed at low temperatures for solutions with [alpha-CD]/[SDS] concentration ratios, approximately > 2, producing unexpectedly high surface tension values. Our results indicate that at certain solute concentration ratios and temperatures, the drop volume method provides wrong values for equilibrium surface tensions. This is due to the high viscoelasticity of the surface film whose effect is important even though the injection rate of the drops was slow and the solutes molecular sizes are small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Hernández-Pascacio
- Laboratorio de Biofisicoquímica, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd Universitaria, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
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111
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Park JH, Ivanov AV, Molina MJ. Effect of Relative Humidity on OH Uptake by Surfaces of Atmospheric Importance. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:6968-77. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8012317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ho Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039
| | - Andrey V. Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039
| | - Mario J. Molina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039
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112
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Ma Q, Liu Y, He H. Synergistic Effect between NO2 and SO2 in Their Adsorption and Reaction on γ-Alumina. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:6630-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp802025z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Ma
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hong He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
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113
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Petersen PB, Saykally RJ. Is the liquid water surface basic or acidic? Macroscopic vs. molecular-scale investigations. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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114
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Hopkins RJ, Desyaterik Y, Tivanski AV, Zaveri RA, Berkowitz CM, Tyliszczak T, Gilles MK, Laskin A. Chemical speciation of sulfur in marine cloud droplets and particles: Analysis of individual particles from the marine boundary layer over the California current. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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115
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Kamiya M, Hirata S, Valiev M. Fast electron correlation methods for molecular clusters without basis set superposition errors. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:074103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2828517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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116
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Kajino M, Ueda H, Nakayama S. Secondary acidification: Changes in gas-aerosol partitioning of semivolatile nitric acid and enhancement of its deposition due to increased emission and concentration of SOx. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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117
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Bencs L, Ravindra K, de Hoog J, Rasoazanany EO, Deutsch F, Bleux N, Berghmans P, Roekens E, Krata A, Van Grieken R. Mass and ionic composition of atmospheric fine particles over Belgium and their relation with gaseous air pollutants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:1148-57. [DOI: 10.1039/b805157g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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118
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Bian HT, Feng RR, Xu YY, Guo Y, Wang HF. Increased interfacial thickness of the NaF, NaCl and NaBr salt aqueous solutions probed with non-resonant surface second harmonic generation (SHG). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:4920-31. [DOI: 10.1039/b806362a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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119
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Patris N, Cliff SS, Quinn PK, Kasem M, Thiemens MH. Isotopic analysis of aerosol sulfate and nitrate during ITCT-2k2: Determination of different formation pathways as a function of particle size. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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120
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Li L, Chen ZM, Zhang YH, Zhu T, Li S, Li HJ, Zhu LH, Xu BY. Heterogeneous oxidation of sulfur dioxide by ozone on the surface of sodium chloride and its mixtures with other components. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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121
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Tyree CA, Hellion VM, Alexandrova OA, Allen JO. Foam droplets generated from natural and artificial seawaters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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122
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Abstract
A qualitatively new understanding of the nature of ions at the liquid water surface is emerging. Traditionally, the characterization of liquid surfaces has been limited to macroscopic experimental techniques such as surface tension and electrostatic potential measurements, wherein the microscopic picture then has to be inferred by applying theoretical models. Because the surface tension of electrolyte solutions generally increases with ion concentration, all inorganic ions have been thought to be repelled from the air-water interface, leaving the outermost surface layer essentially devoid of ions. This oversimplified picture has recently been challenged: first by chemical kinetics measurements, then by theoretical molecular dynamics simulations using polarizable models, and most recently by new surface sensitive experimental observations. Here we present an overview of the nature of the interfacial structure of electrolyte solutions and give a detailed description of the new picture that is emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poul B Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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123
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Sloutskin E, Baumert J, Ocko BM, Kuzmenko I, Checco A, Tamam L, Ofer E, Gog T, Gang O, Deutsch M. The surface structure of concentrated aqueous salt solutions. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:054704. [PMID: 17302495 DOI: 10.1063/1.2431361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface-normal electron density profile rhos(z) of concentrated aqueous salt solutions of RbBr, CsCl, LiBr, RbCl, and SrCl2 was determined by x-ray reflectivity (XR). For all but RbBr and SrCl2 rhos(z) increases monotonically with depth z from rhos(z)=0 in the vapor (z<0) to rhos(z)=rhob of the bulk (z>0) over a width of a few angstroms. The width is commensurate with the expected interface broadening by thermally excited capillary waves. Anomalous (resonant) XR of RbBr reveals a depletion at the surface of Br- ions to a depth of approximately 10 A. For SrCl2, the observed rhos(z)>rhob may imply a similar surface depletion of Cl- ions to a depth of a few angstorms. However, as the deviations of the XRs of RbBr and SrCl2 from those of the other solutions are small, the evidence for a different ion composition in the surface and the bulk is not strongly conclusive. Overall, these results contrast earlier theoretical and simulational results and nonstructural measurements, where significant surface layering of alternate, oppositely charged, ions is concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sloutskin
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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124
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Choël M, Deboudt K, Flament P. Evaluation of quantitative procedures for X-ray microanalysis of environmental particles. Microsc Res Tech 2007; 70:996-1002. [PMID: 17661395 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry is particularly suited to characterizing morphology and elemental composition of individual microparticles. Although not straightforward, quantitative X-ray microanalysis of low-Z-containing particles is achievable using atmospheric thin-window X-ray detectors. A critical aspect of light element analysis is the choice of substrate material. In this work, particles were deposited on specially developed boron substrates. Three case studies were investigated successively in the order of increasing difficulty. Firstly, hundreds of calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)) particles ranging in size from 0.3 to 10 microm were analyzed. Three quantitative procedures were tested: the "k-ratio" method, conventional ZAF correction, and Monte Carlo simulations. Average relative errors obtained by the reverse Monte Carlo quantitative program named CASINO were better than 2.5 wt %, carbon included. Secondly, further evaluation was carried out on a finely crushed biotite mineral, containing more than nine elements. Finally, airborne particulate matter, consisting of a complex heterogeneous mixture of particles, was investigated. By applying the Monte Carlo quantitative procedure, the observed particles were easily classified into particle types. Pure compounds (e.g., CaSO(4).2H(2)O, SiO(2), CaCO(3), etc) were directly assigned according to stoichiometry. In some cases (marine-derived particles), a partial reactivity of atmospheric particles was demonstrated by quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Choël
- Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Littoraux et Côtiers FRE CNRS 2816, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 32 Avenue Foch, F-62930 Wimereux, France
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125
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Shaka' H, Robertson WH, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. A new approach to studying aqueous reactions using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometry: application to the uptake and oxidation of SO2 on OH-processed model sea salt aerosol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:1980-90. [PMID: 17431526 DOI: 10.1039/b612624c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometry (DRIFTS) is a powerful technique for analyzing solid powders and for following their reactions in real time. We demonstrate that it can also be applied to studying the uptake and reactions of gases in liquid films. Within the DRIFTS cell, a 10%(w/w) mixture of MgCl(2) x 6H(2)O in NaCl was equilibrated with air at 50% RH, which is above the deliquescence point of the magnesium salt but below that of NaCl. This mixture of NaCl coated with an aqueous magnesium chloride solution was then reacted with gas phase OH to generate hydroxide ions via a previously identified interface reaction. This treatment, hereafter referred to as OH-processing, was sufficient to convert some of the magnesium chloride to Mg(OH)(2) and Mg(2)(OH)(3)Cl x 4H(2)O, making the aqueous film basic and providing a reservoir of alkalinity. Subsequent addition of SO(2) to the basic processed mixture resulted in its uptake and conversion to sulfite which was measured by FTIR. The sulfite was simultaneously oxidized to sulfate by HOCl/OCl(-) that was formed in the initial OH-processing of the salt. Further uptake and oxidation of SO(2) in the aqueous film took place when the salt was subsequently exposed to O(3). These studies demonstrate that DRIFTS can be used to study the chemistry in liquid films in real time, and are consistent with the hypothesis that the reaction of gaseous OH with chloride ions generates alkalinity that enhances the uptake and oxidation of SO(2) under these laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda Shaka'
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA92697-2025, USA
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126
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127
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Thomas JL, Jimenez-Aranda A, Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Dabdub D. Gas-Phase Molecular Halogen Formation from NaCl and NaBr Aerosols: When Are Interface Reactions Important? J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:1859-67. [PMID: 16451018 DOI: 10.1021/jp054911c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Unique interface reactions at the surface of sea-salt particles have been suggested as an important source of photolyzable gas-phase halogen species in the troposphere. Many factors influence the relative importance of interface chemistry compared to aqueous-phase chemistry. The Model of Aerosol, Gas, and Interfacial Chemistry (MAGIC 2.0) is used to study the influence of interface reactions on gas-phase molecular halogen production from pure NaCl and NaBr aerosols. The main focus is to identify the relative importance of bulk compared to interface chemistry and to determine when interface chemistry dominates. Results show that the interface process involving Cl-(surf) and OH(g) is the main source of Cl2(g). For the analogous oxidation of bromide by OH, gaseous Br2 is formed mainly in the bulk aqueous phase and transferred across the interface. However, the reaction of Br-(surf) with O3(g) at the interface is the primary source of Br2(g) under dark conditions. The effect of aerosol size is also studied. Potential atmospheric implications and effects of interface processes on aerosol pH are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie L Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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128
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Virkkula A, Teinilä K, Hillamo R, Kerminen VM, Saarikoski S, Aurela M, Koponen IK, Kulmala M. Chemical size distributions of boundary layer aerosol over the Atlantic Ocean and at an Antarctic site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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129
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Abstract
Primordial proteins regulate the response of nanobacteria to variations in their environment and reinforce existing pathogenic potentials. By analyzing specific response patterns, we predicted the prevalence of nanobacteria in HIV--and in the atmosphere. A current clinical study indicates the identification of a possibly giant nanobacterial reservoir in Africa: a significant fraction of a test group (40 HIV-infected mothers and 13 babies) was infected with nanobacteria. Concurrently, a multitude of 80-300 nm nanovesicles, apparently nanobacteria, were detected in the atmosphere of the Earth. Nanobacterial infections in HIV are possibly comparable to the twin epidemics HIV and tuberculosis. Models inspired by proteomics recommend methods to inactivate nanobacteria (and other slime-producing bacteria) in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei P Sommer
- Central Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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130
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Ro CU, Hwang H, Kim H, Chun Y, Van Grieken R. Single-particle characterization of four "Asian Dust" samples collected in Korea, using low-Z particle electron probe X-ray microanalysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:1409-1419. [PMID: 15819192 DOI: 10.1021/es049772b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A single-particle analytical technique, named low-Z particle electron probe X-ray microanalysis (low-Z particle EPMA), employing an ultrathin window X-ray detector and enabling the quantitative determination of even low-Z elements such as C, N, and O, is applied to characterize "Asian Dust" samples, collected in ChunCheon, Korea, during four Asian Dust storm events on March 7, 2000, April 7, 2000, March 22, 2001, and May 17, 2001. In this study, it is demonstrated that single-particle analysis using the low-Z particle EPMA provides detailed information on various types of chemical species in the samples. The most abundantly encountered particles, both in coarse and fine fractions, are aluminosilicates. The relative abundances of those particles on the basis of their size are different between the four Asian Dust samples. The sample collected on March 7, 2000 did not experience any chemical modification during its transport because the sample does not contain particles of chemical species that result from atmospheric reactions. The sample collected on April 7, 2000 contains both genuine and reacted sea-salt particles. The genuine sea-salts are in the form of a mixture of NaCl and MgCl2 entrained during their passage over the Yellow Sea. The reacted sea-salts particles are encountered very much in fine fraction. The sample collected on March 22, 2001 shows somewhat significant chemical modification both for CaCO3 and sea-salts particles. For this sample, a significant number of reacted CaCO3 and sea-salt particles, such as those containing nitrate and/or sulfate, are encountered, implying that CaCO3 and sea-salts particles have reacted with sulfur or nitrogen oxide species during their long-range transport. The sample collected on May 17, 2001 experienced the most extensive chemical modification during its transport. In addition to the observation of the extensively reacted CaCO3 and sea-salt particles, reacted K2CO3 particles are also extensively encountered in this sample, which implies that K2CO3 species should be regarded as an additional important chemical species in the study of the chemical modification of Asian Dust particles during long-range transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Un Ro
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, Korea.
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131
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Schrader W. Atmosphäre - ein chemischer Reaktor: Bildungsmechanismus sekundärer organischer Aerosole. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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132
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Schrader W. Atmosphere, a Chemical Reactor?Formation Pathways of Secondary Organic Aerosols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:1444-6. [PMID: 15724253 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Schrader
- Max Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser Wilhelm Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
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133
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Hoppel WA, Caffrey PF. Oxidation of S(IV) in sea-salt aerosol at high pH: Ozone versus aerobic reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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134
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Hwang H, Ro CU. Single-particle characterization of four aerosol samples collected in ChunCheon, Korea, during Asian dust storm events in 2002. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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135
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Alexander B. Sulfate formation in sea-salt aerosols: Constraints from oxygen isotopes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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136
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Keene WC, Pszenny AAP, Maben JR, Stevenson E, Wall A. Closure evaluation of size-resolved aerosol pH in the New England coastal atmosphere during summer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William C. Keene
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Alexander A. P. Pszenny
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
- Mount Washington Observatory; North Conway New Hampshire USA
| | - John R. Maben
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Eric Stevenson
- Mount Washington Observatory; North Conway New Hampshire USA
| | - Andrew Wall
- Mount Washington Observatory; North Conway New Hampshire USA
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138
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139
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Zhang R, Suh I, Zhao J, Zhang D, Fortner EC, Tie X, Molina LT, Molina MJ. Atmospheric new particle formation enhanced by organic acids. Science 2004; 304:1487-90. [PMID: 15178797 DOI: 10.1126/science.1095139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols often contain a substantial fraction of organic matter, but the role of organic compounds in new nanometer-sized particle formation is highly uncertain. Laboratory experiments show that nucleation of sulfuric acid is considerably enhanced in the presence of aromatic acids. Theoretical calculations identify the formation of an unusually stable aromatic acid-sulfuric acid complex, which likely leads to a reduced nucleation barrier. The results imply that the interaction between organic and sulfuric acids promotes efficient formation of organic and sulfate aerosols in the polluted atmosphere because of emissions from burning of fossil fuels, which strongly affect human health and global climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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140
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Abstract
Molecular beam scattering experiments provide a way to disentangle the elementary steps involved in energy transfer and chemical reactions between gases and liquids. After surveying the history and recent progress in this field, we review studies of the kinematics of gas-liquid collisions and proton exchange of HCl, DCl, and HBr with supercooled sulfuric acid and liquid glycerol. These experiments help to clarify the role of the surface region in controlling trapping and interfacial- and bulk-phase reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert M Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, USA.
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141
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce C Garrett
- Chemical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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142
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Laskin A, Gaspar DJ, Wang W, Hunt SW, Cowin JP, Colson SD, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Response to Comments on "Reactions at Interfaces As a Source of Sulfate Formation in Sea-Salt Particles". Science 2004. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1092750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Laskin
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Post Office Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Daniel J. Gaspar
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Post Office Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Weihong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697–2025, USA
| | - Sherri W. Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697–2025, USA
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143
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Sander R, Crutzen PJ, von Glasow R. Comment on "Reactions at Interfaces As a Source of Sulfate Formation in Sea-Salt Particles" (II). Science 2004; 303:628; author reply 628. [PMID: 14752146 DOI: 10.1126/science.1090971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Sander
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry, Air Chemistry Division, Postfach 306055020 Mainz, Germany
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144
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Keene WC, Pszenny AAP. Comment on "Reactions at Interfaces As a Source of Sulfate Formation in Sea-Salt Particles" (I). Science 2004; 303:628; author reply 628. [PMID: 14752145 DOI: 10.1126/science.1090707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William C Keene
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4123, USA
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145
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Liao H. Global radiative forcing of coupled tropospheric ozone and aerosols in a unified general circulation model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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