101
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Multiple mechanisms of 3D migration: the origins of plasticity. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 42:7-12. [PMID: 27082869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cells migrate through 3D environments using a surprisingly wide variety of molecular mechanisms. These distinct modes of migration often rely on the same intracellular components, which are used in different ways to achieve cell motility. Recent work reveals that how a cell moves can be dictated by the relative amounts of cell-matrix adhesion and actomyosin contractility. A current concept is that the level of difficulty in squeezing the nucleus through a confining 3D environment determines the amounts of adhesion and contractility required for cell motility. Ultimately, determining how the nucleus controls the mode of cell migration will be essential for understanding both physiological and pathological processes dependent on cell migration in the body.
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102
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Actin depolymerization mediated loss of SNTA1 phosphorylation and Rac1 activity has implications on ROS production, cell migration and apoptosis. Apoptosis 2016; 21:737-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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103
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Tian L, Choi SC, Murakami Y, Allen J, Morse HC, Qi CF, Krzewski K, Coligan JE. p85α recruitment by the CD300f phosphatidylserine receptor mediates apoptotic cell clearance required for autoimmunity suppression. Nat Commun 2016; 5:3146. [PMID: 24477292 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cell (AC) clearance is essential for immune homeostasis. Here we show that mouse CD300f (CLM-1) recognizes outer membrane-exposed phosphatidylserine, and regulates the phagocytosis of ACs. CD300f accumulates in phagocytic cups at AC contact sites. Phosphorylation within CD300f cytoplasmic tail tyrosine-based motifs initiates signals that positively or negatively regulate AC phagocytosis. Y276 phosphorylation is necessary for enhanced CD300f-mediated phagocytosis through the recruitment of the p85α regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K). CD300f-PI3K association leads to activation of downstream Rac/Cdc42 GTPase and mediates changes of F-actin that drive AC engulfment. Importantly, primary macrophages from CD300f-deficient mice have impaired phagocytosis of ACs. The biological consequence of CD300f deficiency is predisposition to autoimmune disease development, as FcγRIIB-deficient mice develop a systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease at a markedly accelerated rate if CD300f is absent. In this report we identify the mechanism and role of CD300f in AC phagocytosis and maintenance of immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Tian
- 1] Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA [2]
| | - Seung-Chul Choi
- 1] Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA [2]
| | - Yousuke Murakami
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Joselyn Allen
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Herbert C Morse
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Chen-Feng Qi
- Pathology core, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Konrad Krzewski
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - John E Coligan
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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104
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Radoshitzky SR, Pegoraro G, Chī X, Dǒng L, Chiang CY, Jozwick L, Clester JC, Cooper CL, Courier D, Langan DP, Underwood K, Kuehl KA, Sun MG, Caì Y, Yú S, Burk R, Zamani R, Kota K, Kuhn JH, Bavari S. siRNA Screen Identifies Trafficking Host Factors that Modulate Alphavirus Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005466. [PMID: 27031835 PMCID: PMC4816540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the repertoire of cellular factors involved in the replication of pathogenic alphaviruses. To uncover molecular regulators of alphavirus infection, and to identify candidate drug targets, we performed a high-content imaging-based siRNA screen. We revealed an actin-remodeling pathway involving Rac1, PIP5K1- α, and Arp3, as essential for infection by pathogenic alphaviruses. Infection causes cellular actin rearrangements into large bundles of actin filaments termed actin foci. Actin foci are generated late in infection concomitantly with alphavirus envelope (E2) expression and are dependent on the activities of Rac1 and Arp3. E2 associates with actin in alphavirus-infected cells and co-localizes with Rac1-PIP5K1-α along actin filaments in the context of actin foci. Finally, Rac1, Arp3, and actin polymerization inhibitors interfere with E2 trafficking from the trans-Golgi network to the cell surface, suggesting a plausible model in which transport of E2 to the cell surface is mediated via Rac1- and Arp3-dependent actin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheli R. Radoshitzky
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gianluca Pegoraro
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiǎolì Chī
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lián Dǒng
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chih-Yuan Chiang
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lucas Jozwick
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeremiah C. Clester
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Cooper
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Duane Courier
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David P. Langan
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Knashka Underwood
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathleen A. Kuehl
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mei G. Sun
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yíngyún Caì
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shuǐqìng Yú
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robin Burk
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rouzbeh Zamani
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Krishna Kota
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sina Bavari
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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105
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Martin K, Reimann A, Fritz RD, Ryu H, Jeon NL, Pertz O. Spatio-temporal co-ordination of RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 activation during prototypical edge protrusion and retraction dynamics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21901. [PMID: 26912264 PMCID: PMC4766498 DOI: 10.1038/srep21901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The three canonical Rho GTPases RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 co-ordinate cytoskeletal dynamics. Recent studies indicate that all three Rho GTPases are activated at the leading edge of motile fibroblasts, where their activity fluctuates at subminute time and micrometer length scales. Here, we use a microfluidic chip to acutely manipulate fibroblast edge dynamics by applying pulses of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 (which lowers contractility). This induces acute and robust membrane protrusion and retraction events, that exhibit stereotyped cytoskeletal dynamics, allowing us to fairly compare specific morphodynamic states across experiments. Using a novel Cdc42, as well as previously described, second generation RhoA and Rac1 biosensors, we observe distinct spatio-temporal signaling programs that involve all three Rho GTPases, during protrusion/retraction edge dynamics. Our results suggest that Rac1, Cdc42 and RhoA regulate different cytoskeletal and adhesion processes to fine tune the highly plastic edge protrusion/retraction dynamics that power cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Martin
- Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Reimann
- Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rafael D Fritz
- Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hyunryul Ryu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Olivier Pertz
- Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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106
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Gupta A, Kumar N. A review of mechanisms for fluorescent ‘‘turn-on’’ probes to detect Al3+ ions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23682k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The adverse effect of Al3+ ions on human health as well as the environment makes it desirable to develop sensitive and specific techniques for the detection of Al3+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- DAV University
- Jalandhar-144012
- India
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- DAV University
- Jalandhar-144012
- India
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107
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Kalcheim C. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions during Neural Crest and Somite Development. J Clin Med 2015; 5:jcm5010001. [PMID: 26712793 PMCID: PMC4730126 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a central process during embryonic development that affects selected progenitor cells of all three germ layers. In addition to driving the onset of cellular migrations and subsequent tissue morphogenesis, the dynamic conversions of epithelium into mesenchyme and vice-versa are intimately associated with the segregation of homogeneous precursors into distinct fates. The neural crest and somites, progenitors of the peripheral nervous system and of skeletal tissues, respectively, beautifully illustrate the significance of EMT to the above processes. Ongoing studies progressively elucidate the gene networks underlying EMT in each system, highlighting the similarities and differences between them. Knowledge of the mechanistic logic of this normal ontogenetic process should provide important insights to the understanding of pathological conditions such as cancer metastasis, which shares some common molecular themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaya Kalcheim
- Edmond and Lili Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel.
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108
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Ismail OZ, Zhang X, Bonventre JV, Gunaratnam L. G protein α 12 (Gα 12) is a negative regulator of kidney injury molecule-1-mediated efferocytosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 310:F607-F620. [PMID: 26697979 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00169.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is a receptor for the "eat me" signal, phosphatidylserine, on apoptotic cells. The specific upregulation of KIM-1 by injured tubular epithelial cells (TECs) enables them to clear apoptotic cells (also known as efferocytosis), thereby protecting from acute kidney injury. Recently, we uncovered that KIM-1 binds directly to the α-subunit of heterotrimeric G12 protein (Gα12) and inhibits its activation by reactive oxygen species during renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (Ismail OZ, Zhang X, Wei J, Haig A, Denker BM, Suri RS, Sener A, Gunaratnam L. Am J Pathol 185: 1207-1215, 2015). Here, we investigated the role that Gα12 plays in KIM-1-mediated efferocytosis by TECs. We showed that KIM-1 remains bound to Gα12 and suppresses its activity during phagocytosis. When we silenced Gα12 expression using small interefering RNA, KIM-1-mediated engulfment of apoptotic cells was increased significantly; in contrast overexpression of constitutively active Gα12 (QLGα12) resulted in inhibition of efferocytosis. Inhibition of RhoA, a key effector of Gα12, using a chemical inhibitor or expression of dominant-negative RhoA, had the same effect as inhibition of Gα12 on efferocytosis. Consistent with this, silencing Gα12 suppressed active RhoA in KIM-1-expressing cells. Finally, using primary TECs from Kim-1+/+ and Kim-1-/- mice, we confirmed that engulfment of apoptotic cells requires KIM-1 expression and that silencing Gα12 enhanced efferocytosis by primary TECs. Our data reveal a previously unknown role for Gα12 in regulating efferocytosis and that renal TECs require KIM-1 to mediate this process. These results may have therapeutic implications given the known harmful role of Gα12 in acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Z Ismail
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplant Studies, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xizhong Zhang
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplant Studies, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Renal Division and Biomedical Engineering Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Lakshman Gunaratnam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; .,Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplant Studies, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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109
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Higgins AM, Banik BL, Brown JL. Geometry sensing through POR1 regulates Rac1 activity controlling early osteoblast differentiation in response to nanofiber diameter. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:229-36. [PMID: 25539497 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00225c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bone grafting procedures in the United States rely heavily upon autografts and allografts, which are donor-dependent, cause donor site pain, and can transmit disease. Synthetic bone grafts can reduce these risks; however, synthetics lack the bone differentiating (osteoinductive) abilities of auto- and allografts. Achieving innate osteoinductive properties of synthetics through surface modifications is currently under investigation. This study focuses on nanofibers, with emphasis on how fiber diameter and the potential curvature sensor POR1 affect the activation of the signaling molecules Rac1 and Arf1, and leading to expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an osteoinductive marker. Diameters of 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 μm were compared against a flat control. The highest level of Rac1 activation was achieved on the smallest fibers (0.1 μm), a trend that was lost in POR1 knockdowns. This supports the hypothesis that on small nanofibers, POR1 favorably binds to highly curved cell membranes, which allows Rac1 to subsequently dissociate and activate. When the curvature is insufficient to bind POR1, POR1 binds to inactive Rac1 and competitively inhibits its activation. Arf1 activation followed an opposite trend, with the largest nanofibers exhibiting the highest activity. This trend reinforces the known interaction between Rac1 and Arf1 through the GIT-PIX complex, an Arf1 GAP and Rac1 GEF, respectively. Large, (1.0 μm), nanofibers demonstrated the highest ALP activity, indicating that ALP expression is inversely dependent on Rac1 activation. Knockdown of POR1 resulted in increased ALP activity across the substrates but without regard to the curvature sensing trend seen previously. Thus, POR1 senses curvature and increases Rac1 activity, which negatively regulates bone differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Higgins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 205 Hallowell Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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110
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Shao X, Kawauchi K, Shivashankar GV, Bershadsky AD. Novel localization of formin mDia2: importin β-mediated delivery to and retention at the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope. Biol Open 2015; 4:1569-75. [PMID: 26519515 PMCID: PMC4728353 DOI: 10.1242/bio.013649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The formin family proteins are important regulators of actin polymerization that are involved in many cellular processes. However, little is known about their specific cellular localizations. Here, we show that Diaphanous-related formin-3 (mDia2) localizes to the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope. This localization of mDia2 to the nuclear rim required the presence of a nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence at the mDia2 N-terminal. Consistent with this result, super-resolution images demonstrated that at the nuclear rim, mDia2 co-localized with the nuclear pore complexes and a nuclear transport receptor, importin β. Furthermore, an interaction between mDia2 and importin β was detected by immunoprecipitation, and silencing of importin β was shown to attenuate accumulation of mDia2 to the nuclear rim. We have shown previously that Ca2+ entry leads to the assembly of perinuclear actin rim in an inverted formin 2 (INF2) dependent manner. mDia2, however, was not involved in this process since abolishing its localization at the nuclear rim by silencing of importin β had no effect on actin assembly at the nuclear rim triggered by Ca2+ stimulation. Summary: Formin mDia2 accumulates to the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope and co-localizes with the nuclear pore complexes in an importin β-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Shao
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Keiko Kawauchi
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology, Konan University, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - G V Shivashankar
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Alexander D Bershadsky
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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111
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Rowland CE, Brown CW, Medintz IL, Delehanty JB. Intracellular FRET-based probes: a review. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2015; 3:042006. [PMID: 29148511 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/3/4/042006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Probes that exploit Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) in their feedback mechanism are touted for their sensitivity, robustness, and low background, and thanks to the exceptional distance dependence of the energy transfer process, they provide a means of probing lengthscales well below the resolution of light. These attributes make FRET-based probes superbly suited to an intracellular environment, and recent developments in biofunctionalization and expansion of imaging capabilities have put them at the forefront of intracellular studies. Here, we present an overview of the engineering and execution of a variety of recent intracellular FRET probes, highlighting the diversity of this class of materials and the breadth of application they have found in the intracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Rowland
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA. National Research Council, Washington, DC 20036, USA
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112
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Trinh LA, Fraser SE. Imaging the Cell and Molecular Dynamics of Craniofacial Development: Challenges and New Opportunities in Imaging Developmental Tissue Patterning. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 115:599-629. [PMID: 26589939 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate head requires cell-cell and tissue-tissue interactions between derivatives of the three germ layers to coordinate morphogenetic movements in four dimensions (4D: x, y, z, t). The high spatial and temporal resolution offered by optical microscopy has made it the main imaging modularity for capturing the molecular and cellular dynamics of developmental processes. In this chapter, we highlight the challenges and new opportunities provided by emerging technologies that enable dynamic, high-information-content imaging of craniofacial development. We discuss the challenges of varying spatial and temporal scales encountered from the biological and technological perspectives. We identify molecular and fluorescence imaging technology that can provide solutions to some of the challenges. Application of the techniques described within this chapter combined with considerations of the biological and technical challenges will aid in formulating the best image-based studies to extend our understanding of the genetic and environmental influences underlying craniofacial anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le A Trinh
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Scott E Fraser
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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113
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Petrie RJ, Yamada KM. Fibroblasts Lead the Way: A Unified View of 3D Cell Motility. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:666-674. [PMID: 26437597 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Primary human fibroblasts are remarkably adaptable, able to migrate in differing types of physiological 3D tissue and on rigid 2D tissue culture surfaces. The crawling behavior of these and other vertebrate cells has been studied intensively, which has helped generate the concept of the cell motility cycle as a comprehensive model of 2D cell migration. However, this model fails to explain how cells force their large nuclei through the confines of a 3D matrix environment and why primary fibroblasts can use more than one mechanism to move in 3D. Recent work shows that the intracellular localization of myosin II activity is governed by cell-matrix interactions to both force the nucleus through the extracellular matrix (ECM) and dictate the type of protrusions used to migrate in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Petrie
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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114
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Fritz RD, Menshykau D, Martin K, Reimann A, Pontelli V, Pertz O. SrGAP2-Dependent Integration of Membrane Geometry and Slit-Robo-Repulsive Cues Regulates Fibroblast Contact Inhibition of Locomotion. Dev Cell 2015; 35:78-92. [PMID: 26439400 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Migrating fibroblasts undergo contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL), a process that was discovered five decades ago and still is not fully understood at the molecular level. We identify the Slit2-Robo4-srGAP2 signaling network as a key regulator of CIL in fibroblasts. CIL involves highly dynamic contact protrusions with a specialized actin cytoskeleton that stochastically explore cell-cell overlaps between colliding fibroblasts. A membrane curvature-sensing F-BAR domain pre-localizes srGAP2 to protruding edges and terminates their extension phase in response to cell collision. A FRET-based biosensor reveals that Rac1 activity is focused in a band at the tip of contact protrusions, in contrast to the broad activation gradient in contact-free protrusions. SrGAP2 specifically controls the duration of Rac1 activity in contact protrusions, but not in contact-free protrusions. We propose that srGAP2 integrates cell edge curvature and Slit-Robo-mediated repulsive cues to fine-tune Rac1 activation dynamics in contact protrusions to spatiotemporally coordinate CIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Dominik Fritz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denis Menshykau
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Martin
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Reimann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Pontelli
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Olivier Pertz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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Alexandrova AY. Plasticity of tumor cell migration: acquisition of new properties or return to the past? BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:947-63. [PMID: 25385021 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914090107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
During tumor development cancer cells pass through several stages when cell morphology and migration abilities change remarkably. These stages are named epithelial-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-amoeboid transitions. The molecular mechanisms underlying cell motility are changing during these transitions. As result of transitions the cells acquire new characteristics and modes of motility. Cell migration becomes more independent from the environmental conditions, and thus cell dissemination becomes more aggressive, which leads to formation of distant metastases. In this review we discuss the characteristics of each of the transitions, cell morphology, and the specificity of cellular structures responsible for different modes of cell motility as well as molecular mechanisms regulating each transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Alexandrova
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 115478, Russia.
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116
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Competition for actin between two distinct F-actin networks defines a bistable switch for cell polarization. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:1435-45. [PMID: 26414403 PMCID: PMC4628555 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Symmetry-breaking polarization enables functional plasticity of cells and tissues and is yet not well understood. Here we show that epithelial cells, hard-wired to maintain a static morphology and to preserve tissue organization, can spontaneously switch to a migratory polarized phenotype upon relaxation of the actomyosin cytoskeleton. We find that myosin-II engages actin in the formation of cortical actomyosin bundles and thus makes it unavailable for deployment in the process of dendritic growth normally driving cell motility. At low contractility regimes epithelial cells polarize in a front-back manner due to emergence of actin retrograde flows powered by dendritic polymerization of actin. Coupled to cell movement, the flows transport myosin-II from the front to the back of the cell, where the motor locally “locks” actin in contractile bundles. This polarization mechanism could be employed by embryonic and cancer epithelial cells in microenvironments where high contractility-driven cell motion is inefficient.
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117
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Abstract
SUMMARY Stimuli that promote cell migration, such as chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors in metazoans and cyclic AMP in Dictyostelium, activate signaling pathways that control organization of the actin cytoskeleton and adhesion complexes. The Rho-family GTPases are a key convergence point of these pathways. Their effectors include actin regulators such as formins, members of the WASP/WAVE family and the Arp2/3 complex, and the myosin II motor protein. Pathways that link to the Rho GTPases include Ras GTPases, TorC2, and PI3K. Many of the molecules involved form gradients within cells, which define the front and rear of migrating cells, and are also established in related cellular behaviors such as neuronal growth cone extension and cytokinesis. The signaling molecules that regulate migration can be integrated to provide a model of network function. The network displays biochemical excitability seen as spontaneous waves of activation that propagate along the cell cortex. These events coordinate cell movement and can be biased by external cues to bring about directed migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Alan Rick Horwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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118
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Jurchenko C, Salaita KS. Lighting Up the Force: Investigating Mechanisms of Mechanotransduction Using Fluorescent Tension Probes. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2570-82. [PMID: 26031334 PMCID: PMC4524122 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00195-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to sense the physical nature of their surroundings is critical to the survival of multicellular organisms. Cellular response to physical cues from adjacent cells and the extracellular matrix leads to a dynamic cycle in which cells respond by remodeling their local microenvironment, fine-tuning cell stiffness, polarity, and shape. Mechanical regulation is important in cellular development, normal morphogenesis, and wound healing. The mechanisms by which these finely balanced mechanotransduction events occur, however, are not well understood. In large part, this is due to the limited availability of tools to study molecular mechanotransduction events in live cells. Several classes of molecular tension probes have been recently developed which are rapidly transforming the study of mechanotransduction. Molecular tension probes are primarily based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and report on piconewton scale tension events in live cells. In this minireview, we describe the two main classes of tension probes, genetically encoded tension sensors and immobilized tension sensors, and discuss the advantages and limitations of each type. We discuss future opportunities to address major biological questions and outline the challenges facing the next generation of molecular tension probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Jurchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Khalid S Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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119
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Schaefer A, Reinhard NR, Hordijk PL. Toward understanding RhoGTPase specificity: structure, function and local activation. Small GTPases 2015; 5:6. [PMID: 25483298 DOI: 10.4161/21541248.2014.968004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion and migration are regulated through the concerted action of cytoskeletal dynamics and adhesion proteins, the activity of which is governed by RhoGTPases. Specific RhoGTPase signaling requires spatio-temporal activation and coordination of subsequent protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. The nature, location and duration of these interactions are dependent on polarized extracellular triggers, such as cell-cell contact, and intracellular modifying events, such as phosphorylation. RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC are highly homologous GTPases that, however, succeed in generating specific intracellular responses. Here, we discuss the key features that contribute to this specificity. These not only include the well-studied switch regions, the conformation of which is nucleotide-dependent, but also additional regions and seemingly small differences in primary sequence that also contribute to specific interactions. These differences translate into differential surface charge distribution, local exposure of amino acid side-chains and isoform-specific post-translational modifications. The available evidence supports the notion that multiple regions in RhoA/B/C cooperate to provide specificity in binding to regulators and effectors. These specific interactions are highly regulated in time and space. We therefore subsequently discuss current approaches means to visualize and analyze localized GTPase activation using biosensors that allow imaging of isoform-specific, localized regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Schaefer
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Center; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences ; University of Amsterdam ; Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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120
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Manes NP, Angermann BR, Koppenol-Raab M, An E, Sjoelund VH, Sun J, Ishii M, Germain RN, Meier-Schellersheim M, Nita-Lazar A. Targeted Proteomics-Driven Computational Modeling of Macrophage S1P Chemosensing. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015. [PMID: 26199343 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.048918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are monocyte-derived multinuclear cells that directly attach to and resorb bone. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)(1) regulates bone resorption by functioning as both a chemoattractant and chemorepellent of osteoclast precursors through two G-protein coupled receptors that antagonize each other in an S1P-concentration-dependent manner. To quantitatively explore the behavior of this chemosensing pathway, we applied targeted proteomics, transcriptomics, and rule-based pathway modeling using the Simmune toolset. RAW264.7 cells (a mouse monocyte/macrophage cell line) were used as model osteoclast precursors, RNA-seq was used to identify expressed target proteins, and selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mass spectrometry using internal peptide standards was used to perform absolute abundance measurements of pathway proteins. The resulting transcript and protein abundance values were strongly correlated. Measured protein abundance values, used as simulation input parameters, led to in silico pathway behavior matching in vitro measurements. Moreover, once model parameters were established, even simulated responses toward stimuli that were not used for parameterization were consistent with experimental findings. These findings demonstrate the feasibility and value of combining targeted mass spectrometry with pathway modeling for advancing biological insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Manes
- From the ‡Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-0421
| | - Bastian R Angermann
- From the ‡Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-0421
| | - Marijke Koppenol-Raab
- From the ‡Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-0421
| | - Eunkyung An
- From the ‡Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-0421
| | - Virginie H Sjoelund
- From the ‡Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-0421
| | - Jing Sun
- From the ‡Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-0421
| | - Masaru Ishii
- §Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ronald N Germain
- From the ‡Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-0421
| | - Martin Meier-Schellersheim
- From the ‡Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-0421
| | - Aleksandra Nita-Lazar
- From the ‡Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-0421;
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121
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Donnelly SK, Bravo-Cordero JJ, Hodgson L. Rho GTPase isoforms in cell motility: Don't fret, we have FRET. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:526-34. [PMID: 25482645 PMCID: PMC4594258 DOI: 10.4161/cam.29712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rho-family of p21 small GTPases are directly linked to the regulation of actin-based motile machinery and play a key role in the control of cell migration. Aside from the original and most well-characterized canonical Rho GTPases RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42, numerous isoforms of these key proteins have been identified and shown to have specific roles in regulating various cellular motility processes. The major difficulty in addressing these isoform-specific effects is that isoforms typically contain highly similar primary amino acid sequences and thus are able to interact with the same upstream regulators and the downstream effector targets. Here, we will introduce the major members of each GTPase subfamily and discuss recent advances in the design and application of fluorescent resonance energy transfer-based probes, which are at the forefront of the technologies available to directly probe the differential, spatiotemporal activation dynamics of these proteins in live single cells. Currently, it is possible to specifically detect the activation status of RhoA vs. RhoC isoforms, as well as Cdc42 vs. TC-10 isoforms in living cells. Clearly, additional efforts are still required to produce biosensor systems capable of detecting other isoforms of Rho GTPases including RhoB, Rac2/3, RhoG, etc. Through such efforts, we will uncover the isoform-specific roles of these near-identical proteins in living cells, clearly an important area of the Rho GTPase biology that is not yet fully appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Donnelly
- a Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology ; Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University ; Bronx , NY USA
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122
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PI3K therapy reprograms mitochondrial trafficking to fuel tumor cell invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:8638-43. [PMID: 26124089 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500722112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular therapies are hallmarks of "personalized" medicine, but how tumors adapt to these agents is not well-understood. Here we show that small-molecule inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) currently in the clinic induce global transcriptional reprogramming in tumors, with activation of growth factor receptors, (re)phosphorylation of Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and increased tumor cell motility and invasion. This response involves redistribution of energetically active mitochondria to the cortical cytoskeleton, where they support membrane dynamics, turnover of focal adhesion complexes, and random cell motility. Blocking oxidative phosphorylation prevents adaptive mitochondrial trafficking, impairs membrane dynamics, and suppresses tumor cell invasion. Therefore, "spatiotemporal" mitochondrial respiration adaptively induced by PI3K therapy fuels tumor cell invasion, and may provide an important antimetastatic target.
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123
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Pajic M, Herrmann D, Vennin C, Conway JR, Chin VT, Johnsson AKE, Welch HC, Timpson P. The dynamics of Rho GTPase signaling and implications for targeting cancer and the tumor microenvironment. Small GTPases 2015; 6:123-33. [PMID: 26103062 PMCID: PMC4601362 DOI: 10.4161/21541248.2014.973749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous large scale genomics studies have demonstrated that cancer is a molecularly heterogeneous disease, characterized by acquired changes in the structure and DNA sequence of tumor genomes. More recently, the role of the equally complex tumor microenvironment in driving the aggressiveness of this disease is increasingly being realized. Tumor cells are surrounded by activated stroma, creating a dynamic environment that promotes cancer development, metastasis and chemoresistance. The Rho family of small GTPases plays an essential role in the regulation of cell shape, cytokinesis, cell adhesion, and cell motility. Importantly, these processes need to be considered in the context of a complex 3-dimensional (3D) environment, with reciprocal feedback and cross-talk taking place between the tumor cells and host environment. Here we discuss the role of molecular networks involving Rho GTPases in cancer, and the therapeutic implications of inhibiting Rho signaling in both cancer cells and the emerging concept of targeting the surrounding stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pajic
- a The Kinghorn Cancer Center; Cancer Division; Garvan Institute of Medical Research ; Sydney , Australia
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124
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Marinković G, Heemskerk N, van Buul JD, de Waard V. The Ins and Outs of Small GTPase Rac1 in the Vasculature. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:91-102. [PMID: 26036474 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.223610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho family of small GTPases forms a 20-member family within the Ras superfamily of GTP-dependent enzymes that are activated by a variety of extracellular signals. The most well known Rho family members are RhoA (Ras homolog gene family, member A), Cdc42 (cell division control protein 42), and Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1), which affect intracellular signaling pathways that regulate a plethora of critical cellular functions, such as oxidative stress, cellular contacts, migration, and proliferation. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the role of GTPase Rac1 in the vasculature. Whereas most recent reviews focus on the role of vascular Rac1 in endothelial cells, in the present review we also highlight the functional involvement of Rac1 in other vascular cells types, namely, smooth muscle cells present in the media and fibroblasts located in the adventitia of the vessel wall. Collectively, this overview shows that Rac1 activity is involved in various functions within one cell type at distinct locations within the cell, and that there are overlapping but also cell type-specific functions in the vasculature. Chronically enhanced Rac1 activity seems to contribute to vascular pathology; however, Rac1 is essential to vascular homeostasis, which makes Rac1 inhibition as a therapeutic option a delicate balancing act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Marinković
- Department Medical Biochemistry (G.M., V.d.W.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (N.H., J.D.v.B.), Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Heemskerk
- Department Medical Biochemistry (G.M., V.d.W.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (N.H., J.D.v.B.), Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Department Medical Biochemistry (G.M., V.d.W.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (N.H., J.D.v.B.), Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian de Waard
- Department Medical Biochemistry (G.M., V.d.W.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (N.H., J.D.v.B.), Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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125
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Jackson BC, Ivanova IA, Dagnino L. An ELMO2-RhoG-ILK network modulates microtubule dynamics. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2712-25. [PMID: 25995380 PMCID: PMC4501367 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-10-1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Complexes that contain ELMO2, RhoG, and integrin-linked kinase are required to maintain microtubule stability. Mechanistically, these complexes are involved in activation of Rac1, which in turn interferes with the destabilizing activity of stathmin. In addition, these complexes also mediate activation of GSK-3β, which promotes CRMP2-mediated microtubule stabilization. ELMO2 belongs to a family of scaffold proteins involved in phagocytosis and cell motility. ELMO2 can simultaneously bind integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and RhoG, forming tripartite ERI complexes. These complexes are involved in promoting β1 integrin–dependent directional migration in undifferentiated epidermal keratinocytes. ELMO2 and ILK have also separately been implicated in microtubule regulation at integrin-containing focal adhesions. During differentiation, epidermal keratinocytes cease to express integrins, but ERI complexes persist. Here we show an integrin-independent role of ERI complexes in modulation of microtubule dynamics in differentiated keratinocytes. Depletion of ERI complexes by inactivating the Ilk gene in these cells reduces microtubule growth and increases the frequency of catastrophe. Reciprocally, exogenous expression of ELMO2 or RhoG stabilizes microtubules, but only if ILK is also present. Mechanistically, activation of Rac1 downstream from ERI complexes mediates their effects on microtubule stability. In this pathway, Rac1 serves as a hub to modulate microtubule dynamics through two different routes: 1) phosphorylation and inactivation of the microtubule-destabilizing protein stathmin and 2) phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK-3β, which leads to the activation of CRMP2, promoting microtubule growth. At the cellular level, the absence of ERI species impairs Ca2+-mediated formation of adherens junctions, critical to maintaining mechanical integrity in the epidermis. Our findings support a key role for ERI species in integrin-independent stabilization of the microtubule network in differentiated keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C Jackson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute, and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Iordanka A Ivanova
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute, and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Lina Dagnino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute, and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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126
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Bugaj LJ, Spelke DP, Mesuda CK, Varedi M, Kane RS, Schaffer DV. Regulation of endogenous transmembrane receptors through optogenetic Cry2 clustering. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6898. [PMID: 25902152 PMCID: PMC4408875 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane receptors are the predominant conduit through which cells sense and transduce extracellular information into intracellular biochemical signals. Current methods to control and study receptor function, however, suffer from poor resolution in space and time and often employ receptor overexpression, which can introduce experimental artifacts. We report a genetically-encoded approach, termed Clustering Indirectly using Cryptochrome 2 (CLICR), for spatiotemporal control over endogenous transmembrane receptor activation, enabled through the optical regulation of target receptor clustering and downstream signaling using non-covalent interactions with engineered Arabidopsis Cryptochrome 2 (Cry2). CLICR offers a modular platform to enable photocontrol of the clustering of diverse transmembrane receptors including FGFR, PDGFR, and integrins in multiple cell types including neural stem cells. Furthermore, light-inducible manipulation of endogenous receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activity can modulate cell polarity and establish phototaxis in fibroblasts. The resulting spatiotemporal control over cellular signaling represents a powerful new optogenetic framework for investigating and controlling cell function and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Bugaj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,The UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D P Spelke
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,The UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C K Mesuda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M Varedi
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R S Kane
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - D V Schaffer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,The UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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127
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Wu B, Miskolci V, Sato H, Tutucci E, Kenworthy CA, Donnelly SK, Yoon YJ, Cox D, Singer RH, Hodgson L. Synonymous modification results in high-fidelity gene expression of repetitive protein and nucleotide sequences. Genes Dev 2015; 29:876-86. [PMID: 25877922 PMCID: PMC4403262 DOI: 10.1101/gad.259358.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive nucleotide or amino acid sequences are often engineered into probes and biosensors to achieve functional readouts and robust signal amplification, but these repeated sequences are notoriously prone to aberrant deletion and degradation. Wu et al. developed an approach to solve this problem by modifying the nucleotide sequences of the target mRNA to make them nonrepetitive but still functional (“synonymous”). Using the synonymous modification to FRET biosensors, they achieved correct expression of full-length sensors and found that the biological interpretations of the sensor are significantly different when a correct, full-length biosensor is expressed. Repetitive nucleotide or amino acid sequences are often engineered into probes and biosensors to achieve functional readouts and robust signal amplification. However, these repeated sequences are notoriously prone to aberrant deletion and degradation, impacting the ability to correctly detect and interpret biological functions. Here, we introduce a facile and generalizable approach to solve this often unappreciated problem by modifying the nucleotide sequences of the target mRNA to make them nonrepetitive but still functional (“synonymous”). We first demonstrated the procedure by designing a cassette of synonymous MS2 RNA motifs and tandem coat proteins for RNA imaging and showed a dramatic improvement in signal and reproducibility in single-RNA detection in live cells. The same approach was extended to enhancing the stability of engineered fluorescent biosensors containing a fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) pair of fluorescent proteins on which a great majority of systems thus far in the field are based. Using the synonymous modification to FRET biosensors, we achieved correct expression of full-length sensors, eliminating the aberrant truncation products that often were assumed to be due to nonspecific proteolytic cleavages. Importantly, the biological interpretations of the sensor are significantly different when a correct, full-length biosensor is expressed. Thus, we show here a useful and generally applicable method to maintain the integrity of expressed genes, critical for the correct interpretation of probe readouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA; Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Veronika Miskolci
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Hanae Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Evelina Tutucci
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Charles A Kenworthy
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Sara K Donnelly
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA; Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Young J Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Dianne Cox
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA; Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Robert H Singer
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA; Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA; Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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128
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Abstract
Navarro-Lérida et al. (2015) report in this issue of Developmental Cell that RAC1 nuclear accumulation causes actin-dependent deformation of the nuclear envelope and increases nuclear plasticity. It further leads to depletion of cytoplasmic, active RAC1 with a concomitant increase in RHOA signaling driving actomyosin-mediated cell shape changes. These two properties combine to enhance tumor cells invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Disanza
- IFOM (FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology), 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM (FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology), 20139 Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Science della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy.
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129
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von Karstedt S, Conti A, Nobis M, Montinaro A, Hartwig T, Lemke J, Legler K, Annewanter F, Campbell AD, Taraborrelli L, Grosse-Wilde A, Coy JF, El-Bahrawy MA, Bergmann F, Koschny R, Werner J, Ganten TM, Schweiger T, Hoetzenecker K, Kenessey I, Hegedüs B, Bergmann M, Hauser C, Egberts JH, Becker T, Röcken C, Kalthoff H, Trauzold A, Anderson KI, Sansom OJ, Walczak H. Cancer cell-autonomous TRAIL-R signaling promotes KRAS-driven cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:561-73. [PMID: 25843002 PMCID: PMC6591140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Many cancers harbor oncogenic mutations of KRAS. Effectors mediating cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis in KRAS-mutated cancers are only incompletely understood. Here we identify cancer cell-expressed murine TRAIL-R, whose main function ascribed so far has been the induction of apoptosis as a crucial mediator of KRAS-driven cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis and in vivo Rac-1 activation. Cancer cell-restricted genetic ablation of murine TRAIL-R in autochthonous KRAS-driven models of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) reduces tumor growth, blunts metastasis, and prolongs survival by inhibiting cancer cell-autonomous migration, proliferation, and invasion. Consistent with this, high TRAIL-R2 expression correlates with invasion of human PDAC into lymph vessels and with shortened metastasis-free survival of KRAS-mutated colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia von Karstedt
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Annalisa Conti
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Max Nobis
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Antonella Montinaro
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Torsten Hartwig
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Johannes Lemke
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Karen Legler
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franka Annewanter
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrew D Campbell
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Lucia Taraborrelli
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Anne Grosse-Wilde
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Johannes F Coy
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; TAVARLIN AG, Biotechpark Pfungstadt, Reißstraße 1a, 64319 Pfungstadt, Germany
| | - Mona A El-Bahrawy
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Frank Bergmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ronald Koschny
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tom M Ganten
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schweiger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Istvan Kenessey
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University Budapest, Ulloi ut 93, 1091 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balazs Hegedüs
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Molecular Oncology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, 1091 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael Bergmann
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charlotte Hauser
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Egberts
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Department of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Holger Kalthoff
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Trauzold
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
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130
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Lin B, Yin T, Wu YI, Inoue T, Levchenko A. Interplay between chemotaxis and contact inhibition of locomotion determines exploratory cell migration. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6619. [PMID: 25851023 PMCID: PMC4391292 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Directed cell migration in native environments is influenced by multiple migratory cues. These cues may include simultaneously occurring attractive soluble growth factor gradients and repulsive effects arising from cell-cell contact, termed contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL). How single cells reconcile potentially conflicting cues remains poorly understood. Here we show that a dynamic crosstalk between epidermal growth factor (EGF)-mediated chemotaxis and CIL guides metastatic breast cancer cell motility, whereby cells become progressively insensitive to CIL in a chemotactic input-dependent manner. This balance is determined via integration of protrusion-enhancing signalling from EGF gradients and protrusion-suppressing signalling induced by CIL, mediated in part through EphB. Our results further suggest that EphB and EGF signalling inputs control protrusion formation by converging onto regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). We propose that this intricate interplay may enhance the spread of loose cell ensembles in pathophysiological conditions such as cancer, and possibly other physiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - Taofei Yin
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Yi I Wu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology Investigator, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
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131
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Artym VV, Swatkoski S, Matsumoto K, Campbell CB, Petrie RJ, Dimitriadis EK, Li X, Mueller SC, Bugge TH, Gucek M, Yamada KM. Dense fibrillar collagen is a potent inducer of invadopodia via a specific signaling network. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 208:331-50. [PMID: 25646088 PMCID: PMC4315243 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201405099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
High-density fibrillar collagen matrix induces invadopodia formation in both fibroblasts and carcinoma cell lines through a kindlin2-dependent mechanism that drives local ECM remodeling. Cell interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) can regulate multiple cellular activities and the matrix itself in dynamic, bidirectional processes. One such process is local proteolytic modification of the ECM. Invadopodia of tumor cells are actin-rich proteolytic protrusions that locally degrade matrix molecules and mediate invasion. We report that a novel high-density fibrillar collagen (HDFC) matrix is a potent inducer of invadopodia, both in carcinoma cell lines and in primary human fibroblasts. In carcinoma cells, HDFC matrix induced formation of invadopodia via a specific integrin signaling pathway that did not require growth factors or even altered gene and protein expression. In contrast, phosphoproteomics identified major changes in a complex phosphosignaling network with kindlin2 serine phosphorylation as a key regulatory element. This kindlin2-dependent signal transduction network was required for efficient induction of invadopodia on dense fibrillar collagen and for local degradation of collagen. This novel phosphosignaling mechanism regulates cell surface invadopodia via kindlin2 for local proteolytic remodeling of the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vira V Artym
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; Proteomics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Biomolecular Engineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource Program, National Institute of Biomolecular Imaging and Bioengineering; Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical School; and Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics; Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Stephen Swatkoski
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; Proteomics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Biomolecular Engineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource Program, National Institute of Biomolecular Imaging and Bioengineering; Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kazue Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; Proteomics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Biomolecular Engineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource Program, National Institute of Biomolecular Imaging and Bioengineering; Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Catherine B Campbell
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; Proteomics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Biomolecular Engineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource Program, National Institute of Biomolecular Imaging and Bioengineering; Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ryan J Petrie
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; Proteomics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Biomolecular Engineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource Program, National Institute of Biomolecular Imaging and Bioengineering; Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Emilios K Dimitriadis
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; Proteomics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Biomolecular Engineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource Program, National Institute of Biomolecular Imaging and Bioengineering; Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical School; and Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics; Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Susette C Mueller
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical School; and Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics; Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Thomas H Bugge
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; Proteomics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Biomolecular Engineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource Program, National Institute of Biomolecular Imaging and Bioengineering; Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Marjan Gucek
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; Proteomics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Biomolecular Engineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource Program, National Institute of Biomolecular Imaging and Bioengineering; Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; Proteomics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Biomolecular Engineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource Program, National Institute of Biomolecular Imaging and Bioengineering; Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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132
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Johnson HE, King SJ, Asokan SB, Rotty JD, Bear JE, Haugh JM. F-actin bundles direct the initiation and orientation of lamellipodia through adhesion-based signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 208:443-55. [PMID: 25666809 PMCID: PMC4332254 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201406102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts are weakly polarized and reorient directionality by a lamellipodial branching mechanism that is stabilized by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling. However, the mechanisms by which new lamellipodia are initiated and directed are unknown. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to monitor cytoskeletal and signaling dynamics in migrating cells, we show that peripheral F-actin bundles/filopodia containing fascin-1 serve as templates for formation and orientation of lamellipodia. Accordingly, modulation of fascin-1 expression tunes cell shape, quantified as the number of morphological extensions. Ratiometric imaging reveals that F-actin bundles/filopodia play both structural and signaling roles, as they prime the activation of PI3K signaling mediated by integrins and focal adhesion kinase. Depletion of fascin-1 ablated fibroblast haptotaxis on fibronectin but not platelet-derived growth factor chemotaxis. Based on these findings, we conceptualize haptotactic sensing as an exploration, with F-actin bundles directing and lamellipodia propagating the process and with signaling mediated by adhesions playing the role of integrator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath E Johnson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Samantha J King
- UNC Lineberger Cancer Center, the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 UNC Lineberger Cancer Center, the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Sreeja B Asokan
- UNC Lineberger Cancer Center, the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 UNC Lineberger Cancer Center, the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jeremy D Rotty
- UNC Lineberger Cancer Center, the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 UNC Lineberger Cancer Center, the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - James E Bear
- UNC Lineberger Cancer Center, the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 UNC Lineberger Cancer Center, the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 UNC Lineberger Cancer Center, the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jason M Haugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
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133
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Flynn DC, Bhagwat AR, Brenner MH, Núñez MF, Mork BE, Cai D, Swanson JA, Ogilvie JP. Pulse-shaping based two-photon FRET stoichiometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:3353-72. [PMID: 25836193 PMCID: PMC4394757 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.003353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) based measurements that calculate the stoichiometry of intermolecular interactions in living cells have recently been demonstrated, where the technique utilizes selective one-photon excitation of donor and acceptor fluorophores to isolate the pure FRET signal. Here, we present work towards extending this FRET stoichiometry method to employ two-photon excitation using a pulse-shaping methodology. In pulse-shaping, frequency-dependent phases are applied to a broadband femtosecond laser pulse to tailor the two-photon excitation conditions to preferentially excite donor and acceptor fluorophores. We have also generalized the existing stoichiometry theory to account for additional cross-talk terms that are non-vanishing under two-photon excitation conditions. Using the generalized theory we demonstrate two-photon FRET stoichiometry in live COS-7 cells expressing fluorescent proteins mAmetrine as the donor and tdTomato as the acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Flynn
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
| | - Amar R. Bhagwat
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
| | - Meredith H. Brenner
- Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
| | - Marcos F. Núñez
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
| | - Briana E. Mork
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
| | - Dawen Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
| | - Joel A. Swanson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
| | - Jennifer P. Ogilvie
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
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134
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Navarro-Lérida I, Pellinen T, Sanchez SA, Guadamillas MC, Wang Y, Mirtti T, Calvo E, Del Pozo MA. Rac1 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling drives nuclear shape changes and tumor invasion. Dev Cell 2015; 32:318-34. [PMID: 25640224 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear membrane microdomains are proposed to act as platforms for regulation of nuclear function, but little is known about the mechanisms controlling their formation. Organization of the plasma membrane is regulated by actin polymerization, and the existence of an actin pool in the nucleus suggests that a similar mechanism might operate here. We show that nuclear membrane organization and morphology are regulated by the nuclear level of active Rac1 through actin polymerization-dependent mechanisms. Rac1 nuclear export is mediated by two internal nuclear export signals and through its interaction with nucleophosmin-1 (B23), which acts as a Rac1 chaperone inside the nucleus. Rac1 nuclear accumulation alters the balance between cytosolic Rac1 and Rho, increasing RhoA signaling in the cytoplasm and promoting a highly invasive phenotype. Nuclear Rac1 shuttling is a finely tuned mechanism for controlling nuclear shape and organization and cell invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Navarro-Lérida
- Integrin Signaling Laboratory, Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teijo Pellinen
- Integrin Signaling Laboratory, Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, P.O. Box 20, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susana A Sanchez
- Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, 4070371 Concepción, Chile
| | - Marta C Guadamillas
- Integrin Signaling Laboratory, Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yinhai Wang
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, P.O. Box 20, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, P.O. Box 20, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 3 C, P.O. Box 400, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Del Pozo
- Integrin Signaling Laboratory, Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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135
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Abstract
Morphogenesis is the developmental process by which tissues and organs acquire the shape that is critical to their function. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that drive morphogenesis in the developing eye. These investigations have shown that regulation of the actin cytoskeleton is central to shaping the presumptive lens and retinal epithelia that are the major components of the eye. Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton is mediated by Rho family GTPases, by signaling pathways and indirectly, by transcription factors that govern the expression of critical genes. Changes in the actin cytoskeleton can shape cells through the generation of filopodia (that, in the eye, connect adjacent epithelia) or through apical constriction, a process that produces a wedge-shaped cell. We have also learned that one tissue can influence the shape of an adjacent one, probably by direct force transmission, in a process we term inductive morphogenesis. Though these mechanisms of morphogenesis have been identified using the eye as a model system, they are likely to apply broadly where epithelia influence the shape of organs during development.
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136
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Song EH, Oh W, Ulu A, Carr HS, Zuo Y, Frost JA. Acetylation of the RhoA GEF Net1A controls its subcellular localization and activity. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:913-22. [PMID: 25588829 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.158121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Net1 isoform A (Net1A) is a RhoA GEF that is required for cell motility and invasion in multiple cancers. Nuclear localization of Net1A negatively regulates its activity, and we have recently shown that Rac1 stimulates Net1A relocalization to the plasma membrane to promote RhoA activation and cytoskeletal reorganization. However, mechanisms controlling the subcellular localization of Net1A are not well understood. Here, we show that Net1A contains two nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequences within its N-terminus and that residues surrounding the second NLS sequence are acetylated. Treatment of cells with deacetylase inhibitors or expression of active Rac1 promotes Net1A acetylation. Deacetylase inhibition is sufficient for Net1A relocalization outside the nucleus, and replacement of the N-terminal acetylation sites with arginine residues prevents cytoplasmic accumulation of Net1A caused by deacetylase inhibition or EGF stimulation. By contrast, replacement of these sites with glutamine residues is sufficient for Net1A relocalization, RhoA activation and downstream signaling. Moreover, the N-terminal acetylation sites are required for rescue of F-actin accumulation and focal adhesion maturation in Net1 knockout MEFs. These data indicate that Net1A acetylation regulates its subcellular localization to impact on RhoA activity and actin cytoskeletal organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hyeon Song
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wonkyung Oh
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arzu Ulu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Heather S Carr
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Zuo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Frost
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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137
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Leader cells regulate collective cell migration via Rac activation in the downstream signaling of integrin β1 and PI3K. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7656. [PMID: 25563751 PMCID: PMC5379035 DOI: 10.1038/srep07656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration plays a crucial role in several biological processes, such as embryonic development, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. Here, we focused on collectively migrating Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells that follow a leader cell on a collagen gel to clarify the mechanism of collective cell migration. First, we removed a leader cell from the migrating collective with a micromanipulator. This then caused disruption of the cohesive migration of cells that followed in movement, called “follower” cells, which showed the importance of leader cells. Next, we observed localization of active Rac, integrin β1, and PI3K. These molecules were clearly localized in the leading edge of leader cells, but not in follower cells. Live cell imaging using active Rac and active PI3K indicators was performed to elucidate the relationship between Rac, integrin β1, and PI3K. Finally, we demonstrated that the inhibition of these molecules resulted in the disruption of collective migration. Our findings not only demonstrated the significance of a leader cell in collective cell migration, but also showed that Rac, integrin β1, and PI3K are upregulated in leader cells and drive collective cell migration.
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138
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Chen H, Wang B, Zhang J, Nie C, Lv F, Liu L, Wang S. Guanidinium-pendant oligofluorene for rapid and specific identification of antibiotics with membrane-disrupting ability. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:4036-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09729g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new method based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer was developed for specifically screening membrane-disrupting antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Bing Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Jiangyan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Chenyao Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Fengting Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
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139
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Kurgonaite K, Gandhi H, Kurth T, Pautot S, Schwille P, Weidemann T, Bökel C. Essential role of endocytosis for Interleukin-4 receptor mediated JAK/STAT signalling. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3781-95. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.170969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many important signalling cascades operate through specialized signalling endosomes, but a corresponding mechanism has as yet not been described for hematopoietic cytokine receptors. Based on live cell affinity measurements we recently proposed that ligand induced Interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R) complex formation and thus JAK/STAT pathway activation requires a local, subcellular increase in receptor density. Here we show that this concentration step is provided by the internalization of IL-4R subunits through a constitutive, Rac1/Pak and actin mediated endocytosis route that causes IL-4R subunits to become enriched by about two orders of magnitude within a population of cortical endosomes. Consistently, ligand induced receptor dimers are preferentially detected within these endosomes. IL-4 signalling can be blocked by pharmacological inhibitors targeting the actin polymerization machinery driving receptor internalization, placing endocytosis unambigously upstream of receptor activation. Together these observations demonstrate a role for endocytosis that is mechanistically distinct from the scaffolding function of signalling endosomes in other pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kurgonaite
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hetvi Gandhi
- BIOTEC/Biophysics, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurth
- BIOTEC/Biophysics, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sophie Pautot
- BIOTEC/Biophysics, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Weidemann
- BIOTEC/Biophysics, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Bökel
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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140
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Riching KM, Keely PJ. Rho family GTPases: making it to the third dimension. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 59:111-5. [PMID: 25478651 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of Rho family GTPases in controlling the actin cytoskeleton and thereby regulating cell migration has been well studied for cells migrating on 2D surfaces. In vivo, cell migration occurs within three-dimensional matrices and along aligned collagen fibers with rather different spatial requirements. Recently, a handful of studies coupled with new approaches have demonstrated that Rho GTPases have unique regulation and roles during cell migration within 3D matrices, along collagen fibers, and in vivo. Here we propose that migration on aligned matrices facilitates spatial organization of Rho family GTPases to restrict and stabilize protrusions in the principle direction of alignment, thereby maintaining persistent migration. The result is coordinated cell movement that ultimately leads to higher rates of metastasis in vivo.
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141
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Feng H, Li Y, Yin Y, Zhang W, Hou Y, Zhang L, Li Z, Xie B, Gao WQ, Sarkaria JN, Raizer JJ, James CD, Parsa AT, Hu B, Cheng SY. Protein kinase A-dependent phosphorylation of Dock180 at serine residue 1250 is important for glioma growth and invasion stimulated by platelet derived-growth factor receptor α. Neuro Oncol 2014; 17:832-42. [PMID: 25468898 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dedicator of cytokinesis 1 (Dock1 or Dock180), a bipartite guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1, plays critical roles in receptor tyrosine kinase-stimulated cancer growth and invasion. Dock180 activity is required in cell migration cancer tumorigenesis promoted by platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and epidermal growth factor receptor. METHODS To demonstrate whether PDGFRα promotes tumor malignant behavior through protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent serine phosphorylation of Dock180, we performed cell proliferation, viability, migration, immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, colony formation, and in vivo tumorigenesis assays using established and short-term explant cultures of glioblastoma cell lines. RESULTS Stimulation of PDGFRα results in phosphorylation of Dock180 at serine residue 1250 (S1250), whereas PKA inhibitors H-89 and KT5720 oppose this phosphorylation. S1250 locates within the Rac1-binding Dock homology region 2 domain of Dock180, and its phosphorylation activates Rac1, p-Akt, and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, while promoting cell migration, in vitro. By expressing RNA interference (RNAi)-resistant wild-type Dock180, but not mutant Dock180 S1250L, we were able to rescue PDGFRα-associated signaling and biological activities in cultured glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells that had been treated with RNAi for suppression of endogenous Dock180. In addition, expression of the same RNAi-resistant Dock180 rescued an invasive phenotype of GBM cells following intracranial engraftment in immunocompromised mice. CONCLUSION These data describe an important mechanism by which PDGFRα promotes glioma malignant phenotypes through PKA-dependent serine phosphorylation of Dock180, and the data thereby support targeting the PDGFRα-PKA-Dock180-Rac1 axis for treating GBM with molecular profiles indicating PDGFRα signaling dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (H.F., W.Z., Y.H., L.Z., Z.L., W.-Q.G., S.-Y.C.); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (H.F., J.J.R., B.H., S.-Y.C.); Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.L.); Department of Neurological Surgery (Y.Y., B.X.); Department of Radiotherapy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.N.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (C.D.J., A.T.P.)
| | - Yanxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (H.F., W.Z., Y.H., L.Z., Z.L., W.-Q.G., S.-Y.C.); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (H.F., J.J.R., B.H., S.-Y.C.); Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.L.); Department of Neurological Surgery (Y.Y., B.X.); Department of Radiotherapy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.N.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (C.D.J., A.T.P.)
| | - Yuhua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (H.F., W.Z., Y.H., L.Z., Z.L., W.-Q.G., S.-Y.C.); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (H.F., J.J.R., B.H., S.-Y.C.); Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.L.); Department of Neurological Surgery (Y.Y., B.X.); Department of Radiotherapy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.N.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (C.D.J., A.T.P.)
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (H.F., W.Z., Y.H., L.Z., Z.L., W.-Q.G., S.-Y.C.); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (H.F., J.J.R., B.H., S.-Y.C.); Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.L.); Department of Neurological Surgery (Y.Y., B.X.); Department of Radiotherapy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.N.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (C.D.J., A.T.P.)
| | - Yanli Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (H.F., W.Z., Y.H., L.Z., Z.L., W.-Q.G., S.-Y.C.); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (H.F., J.J.R., B.H., S.-Y.C.); Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.L.); Department of Neurological Surgery (Y.Y., B.X.); Department of Radiotherapy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.N.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (C.D.J., A.T.P.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (H.F., W.Z., Y.H., L.Z., Z.L., W.-Q.G., S.-Y.C.); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (H.F., J.J.R., B.H., S.-Y.C.); Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.L.); Department of Neurological Surgery (Y.Y., B.X.); Department of Radiotherapy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.N.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (C.D.J., A.T.P.)
| | - Zuoqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (H.F., W.Z., Y.H., L.Z., Z.L., W.-Q.G., S.-Y.C.); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (H.F., J.J.R., B.H., S.-Y.C.); Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.L.); Department of Neurological Surgery (Y.Y., B.X.); Department of Radiotherapy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.N.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (C.D.J., A.T.P.)
| | - Baoshu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (H.F., W.Z., Y.H., L.Z., Z.L., W.-Q.G., S.-Y.C.); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (H.F., J.J.R., B.H., S.-Y.C.); Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.L.); Department of Neurological Surgery (Y.Y., B.X.); Department of Radiotherapy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.N.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (C.D.J., A.T.P.)
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (H.F., W.Z., Y.H., L.Z., Z.L., W.-Q.G., S.-Y.C.); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (H.F., J.J.R., B.H., S.-Y.C.); Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.L.); Department of Neurological Surgery (Y.Y., B.X.); Department of Radiotherapy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.N.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (C.D.J., A.T.P.)
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (H.F., W.Z., Y.H., L.Z., Z.L., W.-Q.G., S.-Y.C.); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (H.F., J.J.R., B.H., S.-Y.C.); Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.L.); Department of Neurological Surgery (Y.Y., B.X.); Department of Radiotherapy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.N.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (C.D.J., A.T.P.)
| | - Jeffery J Raizer
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (H.F., W.Z., Y.H., L.Z., Z.L., W.-Q.G., S.-Y.C.); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (H.F., J.J.R., B.H., S.-Y.C.); Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.L.); Department of Neurological Surgery (Y.Y., B.X.); Department of Radiotherapy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.N.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (C.D.J., A.T.P.)
| | - C David James
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (H.F., W.Z., Y.H., L.Z., Z.L., W.-Q.G., S.-Y.C.); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (H.F., J.J.R., B.H., S.-Y.C.); Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.L.); Department of Neurological Surgery (Y.Y., B.X.); Department of Radiotherapy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.N.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (C.D.J., A.T.P.)
| | - Andrew T Parsa
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (H.F., W.Z., Y.H., L.Z., Z.L., W.-Q.G., S.-Y.C.); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (H.F., J.J.R., B.H., S.-Y.C.); Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.L.); Department of Neurological Surgery (Y.Y., B.X.); Department of Radiotherapy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.N.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (C.D.J., A.T.P.)
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (H.F., W.Z., Y.H., L.Z., Z.L., W.-Q.G., S.-Y.C.); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (H.F., J.J.R., B.H., S.-Y.C.); Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.L.); Department of Neurological Surgery (Y.Y., B.X.); Department of Radiotherapy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.N.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (C.D.J., A.T.P.)
| | - Shi-Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (H.F., W.Z., Y.H., L.Z., Z.L., W.-Q.G., S.-Y.C.); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (H.F., J.J.R., B.H., S.-Y.C.); Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.L.); Department of Neurological Surgery (Y.Y., B.X.); Department of Radiotherapy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.N.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (C.D.J., A.T.P.)
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Slattery SD, Hahn KM. A High-Content Assay for Biosensor Validation and for Examining Stimuli that Affect Biosensor Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 65:14.15.1-31. [PMID: 25447074 DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb1415s65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors are valuable tools used to monitor many different protein behaviors in vivo. Demand for new biosensors is high, but their development and characterization can be difficult. During biosensor design, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of different biosensor structures on specificity, brightness, and fluorescence responses. By co-expressing the biosensor with upstream proteins that either stimulate or inhibit the activity reported by the biosensor, one can determine the difference between the biosensor's maximally activated and inactivated state, and examine response to specific proteins. We describe here a method for biosensor validation in a 96-well plate format using an automated microscope. This protocol produces dose-response curves, enables efficient examination of many parameters, and unlike cell suspension assays, allows visual inspection (e.g., for cell health and biosensor or regulator localization). Optimization of single-chain and dual-chain Rho GTPase biosensors is addressed, but the assay is applicable to any biosensor that can be expressed or otherwise loaded in adherent cells. The assay can also be used for purposes other than biosensor validation, using a well-characterized biosensor as a readout for effects of upstream molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Slattery
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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143
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Liu B, Lu S, Hu YL, Liao X, Ouyang M, Wang Y. RhoA and membrane fluidity mediates the spatially polarized Src/FAK activation in response to shear stress. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7008. [PMID: 25387906 PMCID: PMC4228346 DOI: 10.1038/srep07008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While Src plays crucial roles in shear stress-induced cellular processes, little is known on the spatiotemporal pattern of high shear stress (HSS)-induced Src activation. HSS (65 dyn/cm2) was applied on bovine aortic endothelial cells to visualize the dynamic Src activation at subcellular levels utilizing a membrane-targeted Src biosensor (Kras-Src) based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). A polarized Src activation was observed with higher activity at the side facing the flow, which was enhanced by a cytochalasin D-mediated disruption of actin filaments but inhibited by a benzyl alcohol-mediated enhancement of membrane fluidity. Further experiments revealed that HSS decreased RhoA activity, with a constitutively active RhoA mutant inhibiting while a negative RhoA mutant enhancing the HSS-induced Src polarity. Cytochalasin D can restore the polarity in cells expressing the active RhoA mutant. Further results indicate that HSS stimulates FAK activation with a spatial polarity similar to Src. The inhibition of Src by PP1, as well as the perturbation of RhoA activity and membrane fluidity, can block this HSS-induced FAK polarity. These results indicate that the HSS-induced Src and subsequently FAK polarity depends on the coordination between intracellular tension distribution regulated by RhoA, its related actin structures and the plasma membrane fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- 1] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116024, P. R. China [2] Department of Bioengineering and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shaoying Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ying-li Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiaoling Liao
- 1] Department of Bioengineering and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA [2] Biomaterials and Live Cell Imaging Institute, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Mingxing Ouyang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- 1] Department of Bioengineering and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA [2] Department of Integrative and Molecular Physiology, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA [3] Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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144
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Abstract
Microtubules are known to play an important role in cell polarity; however, the mechanism remains unclear. Using cells migrating persistently on micropatterned strips, we found that depolymerization of microtubules caused cells to change from persistent to oscillatory migration. Mathematical modeling in the context of a local-excitation-global-inhibition control mechanism indicated that this mechanism can account for microtubule-dependent oscillation, assuming that microtubules remove inhibitory signals from the front after a delayed generation. Experiments further supported model predictions that the period of oscillation positively correlates with cell length and that oscillation may be induced by inhibiting retrograde motors. We suggest that microtubules are required not for the generation but for the maintenance of cell polarity, by mediating the global distribution of inhibitory signals. Disassembly of microtubules induces cell oscillation by allowing inhibitory signals to accumulate at the front, which stops frontal protrusion and allows the polarity to reverse.
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145
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Parrini MC. Untangling the complexity of PAK1 dynamics: The future challenge. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2014; 2:78-83. [PMID: 23125950 PMCID: PMC3485744 DOI: 10.4161/cl.19817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PAK1 kinase is a crucial regulator of a variety of cellular processes, such as motility, cell division, gene transcription and apoptosis. Its deregulation is involved in several pathologies, including cancer, viral infection and neurodegenerative diseases. Due to this strong implication in human health, the complex network of signaling pathways centered on PAK1 is a subject of intensive investigations. This review summarizes the present knowledge on the multiple PAK1 intracellular localizations and on its shuttling between different compartments. The dynamics of PAK1 localization and activation are finely tuned by the cell and it is this tight control that underlies the capacity of PAK1 to participate in the regulation of many fundamental cell functions. Recently, PAK1 biosensors have been developed to visualize PAK1 activation in live cells. These new imaging tools should be of great help to better understand PAK1 biology and to conceive strategies for efficient and specific PAK1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carla Parrini
- Institut Curie; Centre de Recherche; Paris, France; Inserm U830; Paris, France
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146
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Wu D, Jiao M, Zu S, Sollecito CC, Jimenez-Cowell K, Mold AJ, Kennedy RM, Wei Q. Intramolecular interactions between the Dbl homology (DH) domain and the carboxyl-terminal region of myosin II-interacting guanine nucleotide exchange factor (MyoGEF) act as an autoinhibitory mechanism for the regulation of MyoGEF functions. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34033-48. [PMID: 25336641 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.607267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported previously that nonmuscle myosin II-interacting guanine nucleotide exchange factor (MyoGEF) plays an important role in the regulation of cell migration and cytokinesis. Like many other guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), MyoGEF contains a Dbl homology (DH) domain and a pleckstrin homology domain. In this study, we provide evidence demonstrating that intramolecular interactions between the DH domain (residues 162-351) and the carboxyl-terminal region (501-790) of MyoGEF can inhibit MyoGEF functions. In vitro and in vivo pulldown assays showed that the carboxyl-terminal region (residues 501-790) of MyoGEF could interact with the DH domain but not with the pleckstrin homology domain. Expression of a MyoGEF carboxyl-terminal fragment (residues 501-790) decreased RhoA activation and suppressed actin filament formation in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Additionally, Matrigel invasion assays showed that exogenous expression of the MyoGEF carboxyl-terminal region decreased the invasion activity of MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that phosphorylation of the MyoGEF carboxyl-terminal region by aurora B kinase interfered with the intramolecular interactions of MyoGEF. Furthermore, expression of the MyoGEF carboxyl-terminal region interfered with RhoA localization during cytokinesis and led to an increase in multinucleation. Together, our findings suggest that binding of the carboxyl-terminal region of MyoGEF to its DH domain acts as an autoinhibitory mechanism for the regulation of MyoGEF activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458
| | - Meng Jiao
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458
| | - Shicheng Zu
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458
| | | | - Kevin Jimenez-Cowell
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458
| | - Alexander J Mold
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458
| | - Ryan M Kennedy
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458
| | - Qize Wei
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458
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147
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Huff LP, DeCristo MJ, Cox AD. Effector recruitment method to study spatially regulated activation of Ras and Rho GTPases. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1120:263-83. [PMID: 24470032 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-791-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Ras and Rho family GTPases control a wide variety of cellular processes, and the signaling downstream of these GTPases is influenced by their subcellular localization when activated. Since only a minority of total cellular GTPases is active, observation of the total subcellular distribution of GTPases does not reveal where active GTPases are localized. In this chapter, we describe the use of effector recruitment assays to monitor the subcellular localization of active Ras and Rho family GTPases. The recruitment assay relies on preferential binding of downstream effectors to active GTPases versus inactive GTPases. Tagging the GTPase-binding-domain (GBD) of a downstream effector with a fluorescent protein produces a probe that is recruited to compartments where GTPases are active. We describe an example of a recruitment assay using the GBD of PAK1 to monitor Rac1 activity and explain how the assay can be expanded to determine the subcellular localization of activation of other GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren P Huff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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148
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Huang B, Lu M, Jolly MK, Tsarfaty I, Onuchic J, Ben-Jacob E. The three-way switch operation of Rac1/RhoA GTPase-based circuit controlling amoeboid-hybrid-mesenchymal transition. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6449. [PMID: 25245029 PMCID: PMC4171704 DOI: 10.1038/srep06449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic carcinoma cells exhibit at least two different phenotypes of motility and invasion - amoeboid and mesenchymal. This plasticity poses a major clinical challenge for treating metastasis, while its underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic. Transitions between these phenotypes are mediated by the Rac1/RhoA circuit that responds to external signals such as HGF/SF via c-MET pathway. Using detailed modeling of GTPase-based regulation to study the Rac1/RhoA circuit's dynamics, we found that it can operate as a three-way switch. We propose to associate the circuit's three possible states to the amoeboid, mesenchymal and amoeboid/mesenchymal hybrid phenotype. In particular, we investigated the range of existence of, and the transition between, the three states (phenotypes) in response to Grb2 and Gab1 - two downstream adaptors of c-MET. The results help to explain the regulation of metastatic cells by c-MET pathway and hence can contribute to the assessment of possible clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- 1] Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1827, USA [2] Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1827, USA
| | - Mingyang Lu
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1827, USA
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- 1] Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1827, USA [2] Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1827, USA
| | - Ilan Tsarfaty
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine
| | - José Onuchic
- 1] Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1827, USA [2] Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1827, USA [3] Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1827, USA [4] Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1827, USA
| | - Eshel Ben-Jacob
- 1] Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1827, USA [2] Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1827, USA [3] School of Physics and Astronomy and The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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149
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Sinha C, Arora K, Moon CS, Yarlagadda S, Woodrooffe K, Naren AP. Förster resonance energy transfer - an approach to visualize the spatiotemporal regulation of macromolecular complex formation and compartmentalized cell signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3067-72. [PMID: 25086255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signaling messengers and effector proteins provide an orchestrated molecular machinery to relay extracellular signals to the inside of cells and thereby facilitate distinct cellular behaviors. Formations of intracellular macromolecular complexes and segregation of signaling cascades dynamically regulate the flow of a biological process. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we provide an overview of the development and application of FRET technology in monitoring cyclic nucleotide-dependent signalings and protein complexes associated with these signalings in real time and space with brief mention of other important signaling messengers and effector proteins involved in compartmentalized signaling. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The preciseness, rapidity and specificity of cellular responses indicate restricted alterations of signaling messengers, particularly in subcellular compartments rather than globally. Not only the physical confinement and selective depletion, but also the intra- and inter-molecular interactions of signaling effectors modulate the direction of signal transduction in a compartmentalized fashion. To understand the finer details of various intracellular signaling cascades and crosstalk between proteins and other effectors, it is important to visualize these processes in live cells. Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) has been established as a useful tool to do this, even with its inherent limitations. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE FRET technology remains as an effective tool for unraveling the complex organization and distribution of various endogenous signaling proteins, as well as the spatiotemporal dynamics of second messengers inside a single cell to distinguish the heterogeneity of cell signaling under normal physiological conditions and during pathological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrima Sinha
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC2120 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 426 Nash Research Building, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Kavisha Arora
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC2120 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Chang Suk Moon
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC2120 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sunitha Yarlagadda
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC2120 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Koryse Woodrooffe
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC2120 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Anjaparavanda P Naren
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC2120 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 426 Nash Research Building, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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150
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Directed migration of mesenchymal cells: where signaling and the cytoskeleton meet. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 30:74-82. [PMID: 24999834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration directed by spatial cues, or taxis, is a primary mechanism for orchestrating concerted and collective cell movements during development, wound repair, and immune responses. Compared with the classic example of amoeboid chemotaxis, in which fast-moving cells such as neutrophils are directed by gradients of soluble factors, directed migration of slow-moving mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts is poorly understood. Mesenchymal cells possess a distinctive organization of the actin cytoskeleton and associated adhesion complexes as its primary mechanical system, generating the asymmetric forces required for locomotion without strong polarization. The emerging hypothesis is that the molecular underpinnings of mesenchymal taxis involve distinct signaling pathways and diverse requirements for regulation.
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