101
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Julià A, Absher D, López-Lasanta M, Palau N, Pluma A, Waite Jones L, Glossop JR, Farrell WE, Myers RM, Marsal S. Epigenome-wide association study of rheumatoid arthritis identifies differentially methylated loci in B cells. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:2803-2811. [PMID: 28475762 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of immune cell types could be critical for the development and maintenance of autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA). B cells are highly relevant in RA, since patients express autoantibodies and depleting this cell type is a successful therapeutic approach. Epigenetic variation, such as DNA methylation, may mediate the pathogenic activity of B cells. In this study, we performed an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) for RA with three different replication cohorts, to identify disease-specific alterations in DNA methylation in B cells. CpG methylation in isolated B lymphocytes was assayed on the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip in a discovery cohort of RA patients (N = 50) and controls (N = 75). Differential methylation was observed in 64 CpG sites (q < 0.05). Six biological pathways were also differentially methylated in RA B cells. Analysis in an independent cohort of patients (N = 15) and controls (N = 15) validated the association of 10 CpG sites located on 8 genes CD1C, TNFSF10, PARVG, NID1, DHRS12, ITPK1, ACSF3 and TNFRSF13C, and 2 intergenic regions. Differential methylation at the CBL signaling pathway was replicated. Using an additional case-control cohort (N = 24), the association between RA risk and CpGs cg18972751 at CD1C (P = 2.26 × 10-9) and cg03055671 at TNFSF10 (P = 1.67 × 10-8) genes was further validated. Differential methylation at genes CD1C, TNFSF10, PARVG, NID1, DHRS12, ITPK1, ACSF3, TNFRSF13C and intergenic region chr10p12.31 was replicated in a cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients (N = 47) and controls (N = 56). Our results highlight genes that may drive the pathogenic activity of B cells in RA and suggest shared methylation patterns with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Julià
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Devin Absher
- Absher Lab, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - María López-Lasanta
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Nuria Palau
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Andrea Pluma
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Lindsay Waite Jones
- Absher Lab, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - John R Glossop
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele ST4?7QB, UK
| | - William E Farrell
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele ST4?7QB, UK
| | - Richard M Myers
- Myers Lab, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Sara Marsal
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona 08035, Spain
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102
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Wang Y, Cardell SL. The Yin and Yang of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Tumor Immunity-Suppression of Tumor Immunity in the Intestine. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1945. [PMID: 29375569 PMCID: PMC5767593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are known as early responding, potent regulatory cells of immune responses. Besides their established role in the regulation of inflammation and autoimmune disease, numerous studies have shown that iNKT cells have important functions in tumor immunosurveillance and control of tumor metastasis. Tumor-infiltrating T helper 1 (TH1)/cytotoxic T lymphocytes have been associated with a positive prognosis. However, inflammation has a dual role in cancer and chronic inflammation is believed to be a driving force in many cancers as exemplified in patients with inflammatory bowel disease that have an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Indeed, NKT cells promote intestinal inflammation in human ulcerative colitis, and the associated animal model, indicating that NKT cells may favor tumor development in intestinal tissue. In contrast to other cancers, recent data from animal models suggest that iNKT cells promote tumor formation in the intestine by supporting an immunoregulatory tumor microenvironment and suppressing TH1 antitumor immunity. Here, we review the role of iNKT cells in suppression of tumor immunity in light of iNKT-cell regulation of intestinal inflammation. We also discuss suppression of immunity in other situations as well as factors that may influence whether iNKT cells have a protective or an immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting role in tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanna L Cardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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103
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Interplay of Carbohydrate and Carrier in Antibacterial Glycoconjugate Vaccines. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 175:355-378. [PMID: 30143807 DOI: 10.1007/10_2018_71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are a serious health concern and are responsible for millions of illnesses and deaths each year in communities around the world. Vaccination is an important public health measure for reducing and eliminating this burden, and regions with comprehensive vaccination programs have achieved significant reductions in infection and mortality. This is often accomplished by immunization with bacteria-derived carbohydrates, typically in conjunction with other biomolecules, which induce immunological memory and durable protection against bacterial human pathogens. For many species, however, vaccines are currently unavailable or have suboptimal efficacy characterized by short-lived memory and incomplete protection, especially among at-risk populations. To address this challenge, new tools and techniques have emerged for engineering carbohydrates and conjugating them to carrier molecules in a tractable and scalable manner. Collectively, these approaches are yielding carbohydrate-based vaccine designs with increased immunogenicity and protective efficacy, thereby opening up new opportunities for this important class of antigens. In this chapter we detail the current understanding of how carbohydrates interact with the immune system to provide immunity; how glycoengineering, especially in the context of glycoconjugate vaccines, can be used to modify and enhance immune responses; and current trends and strategies being pursued for the rational design of next-generation glycosylated antibacterial vaccines. Graphical Abstract.
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104
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Guo T, Koo MY, Kagoya Y, Anczurowski M, Wang CH, Saso K, Butler MO, Hirano N. A Subset of Human Autoreactive CD1c-Restricted T Cells Preferentially Expresses TRBV4-1 + TCRs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:500-511. [PMID: 29237773 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In humans, a substantial portion of T cells recognize lipids presented by the monomorphic CD1 proteins. Recent studies have revealed the molecular basis of mycobacterial lipid recognition by CD1c-restricted T cells. Subsets of CD1c-restricted T cells recognize self-lipids in addition to foreign lipids, which may have implications in human diseases involving autoimmunity and malignancy. However, the molecular identity of these self-reactive T cells remains largely elusive. In this study, using a novel CD1c+ artificial APC (aAPC)-based system, we isolated human CD1c-restricted autoreactive T cells and characterized them at the molecular level. By using the human cell line K562, which is deficient in MHC class I/II and CD1 expression, we generated an aAPC expressing CD1c as the sole Ag-presenting molecule. When stimulated with this CD1c+ aAPC presenting endogenous lipids, a subpopulation of primary CD4+ T cells from multiple donors was consistently activated, as measured by CD154 upregulation and cytokine production in a CD1c-specific manner. These activated CD4+ T cells preferentially expressed TRBV4-1+ TCRs. Clonotypic analyses of the reconstituted TRBV4-1+ TCR genes confirmed CD1c-restricted autoreactivity of this repertoire, and the strength of CD1c reactivity was influenced by the diversity of CDR3β sequences. Finally, alanine scanning of CDR1 and CDR2 sequences of TRBV4-1 revealed two unique residues, Arg30 and Tyr51, as critical in conferring CD1c-restricted autoreactivity, thus elucidating the molecular basis of the observed V gene bias. These data provide new insights into the molecular identity of human autoreactive CD1c-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxi Guo
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Ming Yin Koo
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Yuki Kagoya
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Mark Anczurowski
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Chung-Hsi Wang
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Kayoko Saso
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Marcus O Butler
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Naoto Hirano
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
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105
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Xiao X, Cai J. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells: New Insights into Antigen Recognition and Activation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1540. [PMID: 29176983 PMCID: PMC5686390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a novel subpopulation of innate-like T cells that express an invariant T cell receptor (TCR)α chain and a diverse TCRβ chain, can recognize a distinct set of small molecules, vitamin B metabolites, derived from some bacteria, fungi but not viruses, in the context of an evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility complex-related molecule 1 (MR1). This implies that MAIT cells may play unique and important roles in host immunity. Although viral antigens are not recognized by this limited TCR repertoire, MAIT cells are known to be activated in a TCR-independent mechanism during some viral infections, such as hepatitis C virus and influenza virus. In this article, we will review recent works in MAIT cell antigen recognition, activation and the role MAIT cells may play in the process of bacterial and viral infections and pathogenesis of non-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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106
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Kumar V, Ahmad A. Role of MAIT cells in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory diseases: New players in old game. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 37:90-110. [PMID: 29106304 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1380199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Current advances in immunology have led to the identification of a population of novel innate immune T cells, called mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. The cells in humans express an invariant TCRα chain (Vα7.2-Jα33) paired with a limited subset of TCRβ chains (Vβ2, 13 and 22), are restricted by the MHC class I (MH1)-related (MR)-1, and recognize molecules that are produced in the bacterial riboflavin (vitamin B2) biosynthetic pathway. They are present in the circulation, liver and at various mucosal sites (i.e. intestine, lungs and female reproductive tract, etc.). They kill host cells infected with bacteria and yeast, and secrete soluble mediators such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17, etc. The cells regulate immune responses and inflammation associated with a wide spectrum of acute and chronic diseases in humans. Since their discovery in 1993, significant advances have been made in understanding biology of MAIT cells and the potential role of these cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune, inflammatory and infectious diseases as well as cancer in humans. The purpose of this review is to provide a current state of our knowledge about MAIT cell biology and delineate their role in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (sterile or caused by infectious agents) and cancer in humans. A better understanding of the role of MAIT cells in human diseases may lead to novel ways of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- a Department of Paediatrics and Child Care , Children's Health Queensland Clinical unit School of Medicine, Mater Research, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , ST Lucia, Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Ali Ahmad
- b Laboratory of Innate Immunity, CHU Ste-Justine/Department of Microbiology , Infectious Diseases & Immunology, University of Montreal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
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107
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Turner JE, Becker M, Mittrücker HW, Panzer U. Tissue-Resident Lymphocytes in the Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 29:389-399. [PMID: 29093030 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017060599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become evident that nonlymphoid tissues are populated by distinct subsets of innate and adaptive lymphocytes that are characterized by minimal exchange with recirculating counterparts. Especially at barrier sites, such as the skin, gut, and lung, these tissue-resident lymphocyte populations are ideally positioned to quickly respond to pathogens and other environmental stimuli. The kidney harbors several classes of innate and innate-like lymphocytes that have been described to contribute to this tissue-resident population in other organs, including innate lymphoid cells, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, and γδ T cells. Additionally, a substantial proportion of the adaptive lymphocytes that are found in the kidney displays a surface phenotype suggestive of tissue residency, such as CD69+CD4+ T cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of tissue-resident lymphocyte populations, review the available evidence for the existence of these populations in the kidney, and discuss the potential physiologic and pathophysiologic roles thereof in kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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108
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Casorati G, Dellabona P. Of self-lipids, CD1-restricted T cells, and contact sensitization. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1119-1122. [PMID: 28691226 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in rodents and contact dermatitis in humans are long-known pathological conditions caused by MHC-restricted T-cell responses. These responses are triggered upon T-cell recognition of neo-antigenic determinants, which are generated by a variety of environmental contact sensitizer (CS) chemicals associating with self-proteins to comprise these neo-antigens. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Betts et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2017. 47: 1171-1180] provide intriguing data implying that common small molecule CSs such as dinitrochlorobenzene can also recruit and activate autoreactive CD1-restricted T cells specific for cell-endogenous lipids, which are enriched in human skin. The effects of dinitrochlorobenzene on CD1 T-cell recruitment and function were dependent on newly synthesized CD1 molecules and the presence of endogenous lipids. These findings shed new light on unanticipated mechanisms that have potential clinical relevance on a common and highly distressing disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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109
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Dhodapkar MV, Kumar V. Type II NKT Cells and Their Emerging Role in Health and Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1015-1021. [PMID: 28115591 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells recognize lipid Ags presented by a class I MHC-like molecule CD1d, a member of the CD1 family. Although most initial studies on NKT cells focused on a subset with semi-invariant TCR termed invariant NKT cells, the majority of CD1d-restricted lipid-reactive human T cells express diverse TCRs and are termed type II NKT cells. These cells constitute a distinct population of circulating and tissue-resident effector T cells with immune-regulatory properties. They react to a growing list of self- as well as non-self-lipid ligands, and share some properties with both invariant NKT and conventional T cells. An emerging body of evidence points to their role in the regulation of immunity to pathogens/tumors and in autoimmune/metabolic disorders. An improved understanding of the biology of these cells and the ability to manipulate their function may be of therapeutic benefit in diverse disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav V Dhodapkar
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven CT 06510; .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven CT 06510.,Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
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110
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Abstract
In contrast to conventional T lymphocytes, which carry an αβ T-cell receptor and recognize antigens as peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex class I or class II molecules, human γδ T cells recognize different metabolites such as non-peptidic pyrophosphate molecules that are secreted by microbes or overproduced by tumor cells. Hence, γδ T cells play a role in immunosurveillance of infection and cellular transformation. Until recently, it has been unknown how the γδ T-cell receptor senses such pyrophosphates in the absence of known antigen-presenting molecules. Recent studies from several groups have identified a unique role of butyrophilin (BTN) protein family members in this process, notably of BTN3A1. BTNs are a large family of transmembrane proteins with diverse functions in lipid secretion and innate and adaptive immunity. Here we discuss current models of how BTN molecules regulate γδ T-cell activation. We also address the implications of these recent findings on the design of novel immunotherapeutic strategies based on the activation of γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
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111
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Keller CW, Freigang S, Lünemann JD. Reciprocal Crosstalk between Dendritic Cells and Natural Killer T Cells: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Front Immunol 2017; 8:570. [PMID: 28596767 PMCID: PMC5442181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T cells carrying a highly conserved, semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) [invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells] are a subset of unconventional T lymphocytes that recognize glycolipids presented by CD1d molecules. Although CD1d is expressed on a variety of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, dendritic cells (DCs) are key presenters of glycolipid antigen in vivo. When stimulated through their TCR, iNKT cells rapidly secrete copious amounts of cytokines and induce maturation of DCs, thereby facilitating coordinated stimulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. The bidirectional crosstalk between DCs and iNKT cells determines the functional outcome of iNKT cell-targeted responses and iNKT cell agonists are used and currently being evaluated as adjuvants to enhance the efficacy of antitumor immunotherapy. This review illustrates mechanistic underpinnings of reciprocal DCs and iNKT cell interactions and discusses how those can be harnessed for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Keller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Freigang
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Immunopathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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112
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Betts RJ, Perkovic A, Mahapatra S, Del Bufalo A, Camara K, Howell AR, Martinozzi Teissier S, De Libero G, Mori L. Contact sensitizers trigger human CD1-autoreactive T-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1171-1180. [PMID: 28440548 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is a primarily T-cell-mediated inflammatory skin disease induced by exposure to small molecular-weight haptens, which covalently bind to proteins. The abundance of cutaneous T cells that recognize CD1a antigen-presenting molecules raises the possibility that MHC-independent antigen presentation may be relevant in some hapten-driven immune responses. Here we examine the ability of contact sensitizers to influence CD1-restricted immunity. Exposure of human antigen-presenting cells such as monocyte-derived dendritic cells and THP-1 cells to the prototypical contact sensitizer dinitrochlorobenzene potentiated the response of CD1a- and CD1d-autoreactive T cells, which released a vast array of cytokines in a CD1- and TCR-dependent manner. The potentiating effects of dinitrochlorobenzene depended upon newly synthesized CD1 molecules and the presence of endogenous stimulatory lipids. Further examination of a broad panel of contact sensitizers revealed 1,4-benzoquinone, resorcinol, isoeugenol, and cinnamaldehyde to activate the same type of CD1-restricted responses. These findings provide a basis for the antigen-specific activation of skin-associated CD1-restricted T cells by small molecules and may have implications for contact sensitizer-induced inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Betts
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,L'Oréal Research & Innovation Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adrijana Perkovic
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Kaddy Camara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Amy R Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Gennaro De Libero
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Mori
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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113
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Lepore M, Kalinichenko A, Calogero S, Kumar P, Paleja B, Schmaler M, Narang V, Zolezzi F, Poidinger M, Mori L, De Libero G. Functionally diverse human T cells recognize non-microbial antigens presented by MR1. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28518056 PMCID: PMC5459576 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC class I-related molecule MR1 presents riboflavin- and folate-related metabolites to mucosal-associated invariant T cells, but it is unknown whether MR1 can present alternative antigens to other T cell lineages. In healthy individuals we identified MR1-restricted T cells (named MR1T cells) displaying diverse TCRs and reacting to MR1-expressing cells in the absence of microbial ligands. Analysis of MR1T cell clones revealed specificity for distinct cell-derived antigens and alternative transcriptional strategies for metabolic programming, cell cycle control and functional polarization following antigen stimulation. Phenotypic and functional characterization of MR1T cell clones showed multiple chemokine receptor expression profiles and secretion of diverse effector molecules, suggesting functional heterogeneity. Accordingly, MR1T cells exhibited distinct T helper-like capacities upon MR1-dependent recognition of target cells expressing physiological levels of surface MR1. These data extend the role of MR1 beyond microbial antigen presentation and indicate MR1T cells are a normal part of the human T cell repertoire. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24476.001 White blood cells called T cells recognize germs and infected cells, and get rid of other cells in the body that look different to healthy cells – for example, tumor cells. These activities all depend on a molecule called the T cell receptor (or TCR for short), which is found on the surface of the T cells. Each TCR interacts with a specific complex on the surface of the target cell. One of the molecules recognized by the TCR is known as MHC class I-related (shortened to MR1). This molecule attracts TCRs to infected cells, but it was not know if the MR1 molecule could attract TCRs to cancer cells too. Lepore et al. now show that there are indeed T cells in humans that recognize cancer cells through interaction with the MR1 molecules produced by the cancer cells. This new group of T cells has been named MR1T, and the cells can be easily detected in the blood of healthy individuals. The cells can be classified as a new cell population based on their capacity to recognize MR1 and how they react with different types of cancer cells. Importantly, the MR1 that attracts these TCRs is the same in all people, and so the same TCR may recognize MR1-expressing cancer cells from different patients. The next challenge is to identify MR1T cells that recognize and kill cancer cells from different tissues. These studies will hopefully pave the way for new and broader strategies to combat cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24476.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lepore
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Artem Kalinichenko
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Calogero
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pavanish Kumar
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bhairav Paleja
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mathias Schmaler
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vipin Narang
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Michael Poidinger
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lucia Mori
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
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114
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Protective efficacy of a lipid antigen vaccine in a guinea pig model of tuberculosis. Vaccine 2017; 35:1395-1402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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115
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Pereira CS, Ribeiro H, Macedo MF. From Lysosomal Storage Diseases to NKT Cell Activation and Back. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030502. [PMID: 28245613 PMCID: PMC5372518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are inherited metabolic disorders characterized by the accumulation of different types of substrates in the lysosome. With a multisystemic involvement, LSDs often present a very broad clinical spectrum. In many LSDs, alterations of the immune system were described. Special emphasis was given to Natural Killer T (NKT) cells, a population of lipid-specific T cells that is activated by lipid antigens bound to CD1d (cluster of differentiation 1 d) molecules at the surface of antigen-presenting cells. These cells have important functions in cancer, infection, and autoimmunity and were altered in a variety of LSDs’ mouse models. In some cases, the observed decrease was attributed to defects in either lipid antigen availability, trafficking, processing, or loading in CD1d. Here, we review the current knowledge about NKT cells in the context of LSDs, including the alterations detected, the proposed mechanisms to explain these defects, and the relevance of these findings for disease pathology. Furthermore, the effect of enzyme replacement therapy on NKT cells is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia S Pereira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Helena Ribeiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M Fatima Macedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago Agra do crasto-edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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116
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Drees C, Vahl JC, Bortoluzzi S, Heger KD, Fischer JC, Wunderlich FT, Peschel C, Schmidt-Supprian M. Roquin Paralogs Differentially Regulate Functional NKT Cell Subsets. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2747-2759. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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117
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
The aim of this review is to provide a coherent framework for understanding dendritic cells (DCs). It has seven sections. The introduction provides an overview of the immune system and essential concepts, particularly for the nonspecialist reader. Next, the “History” section outlines the early evolution of ideas about DCs and highlights some sources of confusion that still exist today. The “Lineages” section then focuses on five different populations of DCs: two subsets of “classical” DCs, plasmacytoid DCs, monocyte-derived DCs, and Langerhans cells. It highlights some cellular and molecular specializations of each, and also notes other DC subsets that have been proposed. The following “Tissues” section discusses the distribution and behavior of different DC subsets within nonlymphoid and secondary lymphoid tissues that are connected by DC migration pathways between them. In the “Tolerance” section, the role of DCs in central and peripheral tolerance is considered, including their ability to drive the differentiation of different populations of regulatory T cells. In contrast, the “Immunity” section considers the roles of DCs in sensing of infection and tissue damage, the initiation of primary responses, the T-cell effector phase, and the induction of immunological memory. The concluding section provides some speculative ideas about the evolution of DCs. It also revisits earlier concepts of generation of diversity and clonal selection in terms of DCs driving the evolution of T-cell responses. Throughout, this review highlights certain areas of uncertainty and suggests some avenues for future investigation.
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118
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CD1-Restricted T Cells at the Crossroad of Innate and Adaptive Immunity. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2876275. [PMID: 28070524 PMCID: PMC5192300 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2876275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-specific T cells comprise a group of T cells that recognize lipids bound to the MHC class I-like CD1 molecules. There are four isoforms of CD1 that are expressed at the surface of antigen presenting cells and therefore capable of presenting lipid antigens: CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, and CD1d. Each one of these isoforms has distinct structural features and cellular localizations, which promotes binding to a broad range of different types of lipids. Lipid antigens originate from either self-tissues or foreign sources, such as bacteria, fungus, or plants and their recognition by CD1-restricted T cells has important implications in infection but also in cancer and autoimmunity. In this review, we describe the characteristics of CD1 molecules and CD1-restricted lipid-specific T cells, highlighting the innate-like and adaptive-like features of different CD1-restricted T cell subtypes.
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119
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Wohlleber D, Knolle PA. The role of liver sinusoidal cells in local hepatic immune surveillance. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e117. [PMID: 28090319 PMCID: PMC5192065 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the liver's function as unique immune organ regulating immunity has received a lot of attention over the last years, the mechanisms determining hepatic immune surveillance against infected hepatocytes remain less well defined. Liver sinusoidal cells, in particular, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and Kupffer cells (KCs), serve as physical platform for recruitment and anchoring of blood-borne immune cells in the liver. Liver sinusoidal cells also function as portal of entry for infectious microorganisms targeting the liver such as hepatotropic viruses, bacteria or parasites. At the same time, liver sinusoidal cells actively contribute to achieve immune surveillance against bacterial and viral infections. KCs function as adhesion hubs for CD8 T cells from the circulation, which initiates the interaction of virus-specific CD8 T cells with infected hepatocytes. Through their phagocytic function, KCs contribute to removal of bacteria from the circulation and engage in cross talk with sinusoidal lymphocyte populations to achieve elimination of phagocytosed bacteria. LSECs contribute to local immune surveillance through cross-presentation of viral antigens that causes antigen-specific retention of CD8 T cells from the circulation. Such cross-presentation of viral antigens activates CD8 T cells to release TNF that in turn triggers selective killing of virus-infected hepatocytes. Beyond major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted T-cell immunity, CD1- and MR1-restricted innate-like lymphocytes are found in liver sinusoids whose roles in local immune surveillance against infection need to be defined. Thus, liver sinusoidal cell populations bear key functions for hepatic recruitment and for local activation of immune cells, which are both required for efficient immune surveillance against infection in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technische Universität München , München, Germany
| | - Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technische Universität München, München, Germany; Institute of Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
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120
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Deng S, Kain L, Pereira CS, Mata S, Macedo MF, Bendelac A, Teyton L, Savage PB. Psychosine variants as antigens for natural killer T cells. Chem Sci 2016; 8:2204-2208. [PMID: 28507675 PMCID: PMC5408565 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04218j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells play a central role in the interface between innate and adaptive immunity, and alpha-galactosylceramide was recently shown to be an endogenous antigen for these cells. The source of alpha-galactosylceramide has not yet been determined; however, in vivo degradation of alpha-galactosylceramide involves generation of alpha-psychosine (alpha-galactosylsphingosine). Alpha-psychosine stimulates cytokine release from NKT cells and constitutes an endogenous antigen for these cells. Alpha-psychosine contains a single lipid chain, while most antigens for NKT cells have two lipid chains, and we have investigated if other glycolipids with one lipid chain, derived from know antigens for NKT cells, stimulate cytokine release from NKT cells. Only psychosine variants derived from the most potent NKT cell antigens cause stimulation, and this stimulation occurs in vitro as well as in vivo. Truncated forms of weak antigens for NKT cells are not stimulatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT84602 , USA .
| | - L Kain
- Department of Immunology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , CA 92037 , USA
| | - C S Pereira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde , Universidade do Porto , Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - S Mata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT84602 , USA .
| | - M F Macedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde , Universidade do Porto , Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,Department of Medical Sciences , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - A Bendelac
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Pathology , Howard Hughes Medical Institute , University of Chicago , Chicago , IL 60637 , USA
| | - L Teyton
- Department of Immunology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , CA 92037 , USA
| | - P B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT84602 , USA .
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121
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Van Kaer L, Wu L, Joyce S. Mechanisms and Consequences of Antigen Presentation by CD1. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:738-754. [PMID: 27623113 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The CD1 proteins are a family of non-polymorphic and MHC class I-related molecules that present lipid antigens to subsets of T lymphocytes with innate- or adaptive-like immune functions. Recent studies have provided new insight into the identity of immunogenic CD1 antigens and the mechanisms that control the generation and loading of these antigens onto CD1 molecules. Furthermore, substantial progress has been made in identifying CD1-restricted T cells and decoding the diverse immunological functions of distinct CD1-restricted T cell subsets. These findings shed new light on the contributions of the CD1 antigen-presentation pathway to normal health and to a diverse array of pathologies, and provide a new impetus for exploiting this fascinating recognition system for the development of vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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122
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Lysosomal Lipases PLRP2 and LPLA2 Process Mycobacterial Multi-acylated Lipids and Generate T Cell Stimulatory Antigens. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1147-1156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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123
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Paquin-Proulx D, Gibbs A, Bächle SM, Checa A, Introini A, Leeansyah E, Wheelock CE, Nixon DF, Broliden K, Tjernlund A, Moll M, Sandberg JK. Innate Invariant NKT Cell Recognition of HIV-1-Infected Dendritic Cells Is an Early Detection Mechanism Targeted by Viral Immune Evasion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1843-51. [PMID: 27481843 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are innate-like T cells that respond rapidly with a broad range of effector functions upon recognition of glycolipid Ags presented by CD1d. HIV-1 carries Nef- and Vpu-dependent mechanisms to interfere with CD1d surface expression, indirectly suggesting a role for iNKT cells in control of HIV-1 infection. In this study, we investigated whether iNKT cells can participate in the innate cell-mediated immune response to HIV-1. Infection of dendritic cells (DCs) with Nef- and Vpu-deficient HIV-1 induced upregulation of CD1d in a TLR7-dependent manner. Infection of DCs caused modulation of enzymes in the sphingolipid pathway and enhanced expression of the endogenous glucosylceramide Ag. Importantly, iNKT cells responded specifically to rare DCs productively infected with Nef- and Vpu-defective HIV-1. Transmitted founder viral isolates differed in their CD1d downregulation capacity, suggesting that diverse strains may be differentially successful in inhibiting this pathway. Furthermore, both iNKT cells and DCs expressing CD1d and HIV receptors resided in the female genital mucosa, a site where HIV-1 transmission occurs. Taken together, these findings suggest that innate iNKT cell sensing of HIV-1 infection in DCs is an early immune detection mechanism, which is independent of priming and adaptive recognition of viral Ag, and is actively targeted by Nef- and Vpu-dependent viral immune evasion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Gibbs
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna M Bächle
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Checa
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Andrea Introini
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Kristina Broliden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Tjernlund
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Moll
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden;
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124
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Rogers SL, Kaufman J. Location, location, location: the evolutionary history of CD1 genes and the NKR-P1/ligand systems. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:499-513. [PMID: 27457887 PMCID: PMC5002281 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0938-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CD1 genes encode cell surface molecules that present lipid antigens to various kinds of T lymphocytes of the immune system. The structures of CD1 genes and molecules are like the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I system, the loading of antigen and the tissue distribution for CD1 molecules are like those in the class II system, and phylogenetic analyses place CD1 between class I and class II sequences, altogether leading to the notion that CD1 is a third ancient system of antigen presentation molecules. However, thus far, CD1 genes have only been described in mammals, birds and reptiles, leaving major questions as to their origin and evolution. In this review, we recount a little history of the field so far and then consider what has been learned about the structure and functional attributes of CD1 genes and molecules in marsupials, birds and reptiles. We describe the central conundrum of CD1 evolution, the genomic location of CD1 genes in the MHC and/or MHC paralogous regions in different animals, considering the three models of evolutionary history that have been proposed. We describe the natural killer (NK) receptors NKR-P1 and ligands, also found in different genomic locations for different animals. We discuss the consequence of these three models, one of which includes the repudiation of a guiding principle for the last 20 years, that two rounds of genome-wide duplication at the base of the vertebrates provided the extra MHC genes necessary for the emergence of adaptive immune system of jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally L Rogers
- Department of Biosciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, GL50 4AZ, UK
| | - Jim Kaufman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
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125
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Krovi SH, Gapin L. Structure and function of the non-classical major histocompatibility complex molecule MR1. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:549-59. [PMID: 27448212 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules play a central role in the vertebrate adaptive immune system. By presenting short peptides derived from pathogen-derived proteins, these "classical" MHC molecules can alert the T cell branch of the immune system of infected cells and clear the pathogen. There exist other "non-classical" MHC molecules, which while similar in structure to classical MHC proteins, are contrasted by their limited polymorphism. While the functions of many class Ib MHC molecules have still to be elucidated, the nature and diversity of antigens (if any) that some of them might present to the immune system is expected to be more restricted and might function as another approach to distinguish self from non-self. The MHC-related 1 (MR1) molecule is a member of this family of non-classical MHC proteins. It was recently shown to present unique antigens in the form of vitamin metabolites found in certain microbes. MR1 is strongly conserved genetically, structurally, and functionally through mammalian evolution, indicating its necessity in ensuring an effective immune system for members of this class. Although MR1 will be celebrating 21 years this year since its discovery, most of our understanding of how this molecule functions has only been uncovered in the past decade. Herein, we discuss where MR1 is expressed, how it selectively is able to bind to its appropriate antigens and how it, then, is able to specifically activate a distinct population of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harsha Krovi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, USA.
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126
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Zajonc DM. The CD1 family: serving lipid antigens to T cells since the Mesozoic era. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:561-76. [PMID: 27368414 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Class I-like CD1 molecules are in a family of antigen-presenting molecules that bind lipids and lipopeptides, rather than peptides for immune surveillance by T cells. Since CD1 lacks the high degree of polymorphism found in their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, different species express different numbers of CD1 isotypes, likely to be able to present structurally diverse classes of lipid antigens. In this review, we will present a historical overview of the structures of the different human CD1 isotypes and also discuss species-specific adaptations of the lipid-binding groove. We will discuss how single amino acid changes alter the shape and volume of the CD1 binding groove, how these minor changes can give rise to different numbers of binding pockets, and how these pockets affect the lipid repertoire that can be presented by any given CD1 protein. We will compare the structures of various lipid antigens and finally, we will discuss recognition of CD1-presented lipid antigens by antigen receptors on T cells (TCRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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127
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Abstract
Infectious agents are not the only agressors, and the immune system is not the sole defender of the organism. In an enlarged perspective, the ‘normative self model’ postulates that a ‘natural defense system’ protects man and other complex organisms against the environmental and internal hazards of life, including infections and cancers. It involves multiple error detection and correction mechanisms that confer robustness to the body at all levels of its organization. According to the model, the self relies on a set of physiological norms, and NONself (meaning : Non Obedient to the Norms of the self) is anything ‘off-norms’. The natural defense system comprises a set of ‘civil defenses’ (to which all cells in organs and tissues contribute), and a ‘professional army ‘, made of a smaller set of mobile cells. Mobile and non mobile cells differ in their tuning abilities. Tuning extends the recognition capabilities of NONself by the mobile cells, which increase their defensive function. To prevent them to drift, which would compromise self/NONself discrimination, the more plastic mobile cells need to periodically refer to the more stable non mobile cells to keep within physiological standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Kourilsky
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS/UMR 7241 - INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris, France
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