101
|
Martín J, Recio P, Rodríguez-Ruiz G, Barja I, Gutiérrez E, García LV. Relationships between soil pollution by heavy metals and melanin-dependent coloration of a fossorial amphisbaenian reptile. Integr Zool 2021; 17:596-607. [PMID: 34047065 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is the basis of coloration in many animals, and although it is often used in communication, thermoregulation, or camouflage, melanin has many other physiological functions. For example, in polluted habitats, melanin can have a detoxifying function. Melanic coloration would help to sequester in the skin the heavy metal contaminants from inside the body, which will be expelled to the exterior when the skin is sloughed. Moreover, animals should have evolved more melanic colorations in more polluted habitats ("industrial melanism" hypothesis). We examined whether the fossorial amphisbaenian reptile, Trogonophis wiegmanni, is able to eliminate heavy metals, derived from soil pollution by seagull depositions, through sloughing its skin. Our results suggest a covariation between levels of soil pollution by heavy metals and the concentration of heavy metals in the sloughed skins of amphisbaenians. This suggests that amphisbaenians may expel heavy metals from their bodies when they slough the skins. We also tested whether amphisbaenians inhabiting soils with higher levels of heavy metal pollution had darker (melanin-dependent) body colorations. However, contrary to predictions from the "industrial melanization" hypothesis, we found a negative relationship between soil pollution and proportions of melanic coloration. This contradictory result could, however, be explained because heavy metals have endocrine disruption effects that increase physiological stress, and higher stress levels could result in decreased melanogenesis. We suggest that although amphisbaenians might have some detoxifying mechanism linked to melanin in the skin, this process might be negatively affected by stress and result ineffective under conditions of high soil pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Martín
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Recio
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Barja
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Biogeoquímica, Ecología Vegetal y Microbiana, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis V García
- Departamento de Biogeoquímica, Ecología Vegetal y Microbiana, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Otten W, Bartels T, Heimbürge S, Tuchscherer A, Kanitz E. The dark side of white hair? Artificial light irradiation reduces cortisol concentrations in white but not black hairs of cattle and pigs. Animal 2021; 15:100230. [PMID: 34049109 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysing hair cortisol concentrations (HCCs) is a minimally invasive way to retrospectively assess long-term stress, and its application in studies of animal welfare and stress has attracted considerable interest. However, not only stress-related effects but also hair-specific characteristics and external influences can affect HCCs and interfere with the interpretation of results. Thus, it was the aim of this study to investigate the impact of daylight and UV irradiation on cortisol concentrations in the hairs of pigs and cattle. We also examined whether a potential irradiation effect on HCCs depended on the colour of the hair. For this purpose, black and white hair samples from 18 Saddleback pigs and 18 Holstein Friesian cattle were exposed to artificial light (both visible and UV) and compared with control hair samples from the same animals kept in the dark. Exposure to artificial light significantly decreased HCCs in both pigs (P < 0.05) and cattle (P < 0.001), and hair colour had an influence on HCCs, with black hair showing higher cortisol levels than white hair (cattle: P < 0.001, pigs: P = 0.07). The interaction between light exposure and hair colour was significant in both pigs (P < 0.01) and cattle (P < 0.001), so light exposure reduced HCCs in porcine white hair but not black hair. In cattle, light-exposed white hair exhibited lower hair cortisol levels than control white hair or black hair. These results demonstrate that artificial light irradiation degrades hair cortisol or favours its elimination by structural changes of the hair matrix. However, this effect was only detectable in white hair, indicating that the melanin pigments in black hair absorbed radiation, thereby reducing the effects of photodegradation. Compared with other known influencing factors on HCCs, such as age and body region, the influence of light irradiation was relatively low in this in vitro experiment. However, further studies should investigate this influence under real-life animal conditions, such as outdoor and indoor housing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Otten
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - T Bartels
- Institute for Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Dörnbergstraße 25/27, 29223 Celle, Germany
| | - S Heimbürge
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - E Kanitz
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Jia M, Kim J, Nguyen T, Duong T, Rolandi M. Natural biopolymers as proton conductors in bioelectronics. Biopolymers 2021; 112:e23433. [PMID: 34022064 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bioelectronic devices sense or deliver information at the interface between living systems and electronics by converting biological signals into electronic signals and vice-versa. Biological signals are typically carried by ions and small molecules. As such, ion conducting materials are ideal candidates in bioelectronics for an optimal interface. Among these materials, ion conducting polymers that are able to uptake water are particularly interesting because, in addition to ionic conductivity, their mechanical properties can closely match the ones of living tissue. In this review, we focus on a specific subset of ion-conducting polymers: proton (H+ ) conductors that are naturally derived. We first provide a brief introduction of the proton conduction mechanism, and then outline the chemical structure and properties of representative proton-conducting natural biopolymers: polysaccharides (chitosan and glycosaminoglycans), peptides and proteins, and melanin. We then highlight examples of using these biopolymers in bioelectronic devices. We conclude with current challenges and future prospects for broader use of natural biopolymers as proton conductors in bioelectronics and potential translational applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manping Jia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Jinhwan Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Tiffany Nguyen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Thi Duong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Barabanov MА, Martyanov GS, Pestov AV. Biological activity and synthesis of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid - biosynthetic precursor of melanins (microreview). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021; 57:417-419. [PMID: 34007085 PMCID: PMC8118682 DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02918-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The microreview considers the biological activity and methods of obtaining natural melanin pigments and their biosynthetic precursor 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid. The key methods for the synthesis of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, published over the past 8 years (2012–2020), are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail А Barabanov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22/20 Sofyi Kovalevskoi St, Yekaterinburg, 620108 Russia
| | - Georgii S Martyanov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22/20 Sofyi Kovalevskoi St, Yekaterinburg, 620108 Russia
| | - Alexander V Pestov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22/20 Sofyi Kovalevskoi St, Yekaterinburg, 620108 Russia.,Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 28 Mira St, Yekaterinburg, 620078 Russia
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Modulating skin colour: role of the thioredoxin and glutathione systems in regulating melanogenesis. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228417. [PMID: 33871027 PMCID: PMC8112849 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Different skin colour among individuals is determined by the varying amount and types of melanin pigment. Melanin is produced in melanocytes, a type of dendritic cell located in the basal layer of the epidermis, through the process of melanogenesis. Melanogenesis consists of a series of biochemical and enzymatic reactions catalysed by tyrosinase and other tyrosinase-related proteins, leading to the formation of two types of melanin, eumelanin and pheomelanin. Melanogenesis can be regulated intrinsically by several signalling pathways, including the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA), stem cell factor (SCF)/c-kit and wingless-related integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin signalling pathways. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major extrinsic factor in the regulation of melanogenesis, through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidants or antioxidant systems, with the ability to scavenge ROS, may decrease melanogenesis. This review focuses on the two main cellular antioxidant systems, the thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione (GSH) systems, and discusses their roles in melanogenesis. In the Trx system, high levels/activities of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) are correlated with melanin formation. The GSH system is linked with regulating pheomelanin formation. Exogenous addition of GSH has been shown to act as a depigmenting agent, suggesting that other antioxidants may also have the potential to act as depigmenting agents for the treatment of human hyperpigmentation disorders.
Collapse
|
106
|
Lorquin F, Ziarelli F, Amouric A, Di Giorgio C, Robin M, Piccerelle P, Lorquin J. Production and properties of non-cytotoxic pyomelanin by laccase and comparison to bacterial and synthetic pigments. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8538. [PMID: 33879803 PMCID: PMC8058095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87328-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyomelanin is a polymer of homogentisic acid synthesized by microorganisms. This work aimed to develop a production process and evaluate the quality of the pigment. Three procedures have been elaborated and optimized, (1) an HGA-Mn2+ chemical autoxidation (PyoCHEM yield 0.317 g/g substrate), (2) an induced bacterial culture of Halomonas titanicae through the 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid-1-hydroxylase route (PyoBACT, 0.55 g/L), and (3) a process using a recombinant laccase extract with the highest level produced (PyoENZ, 1.25 g/g substrate) and all the criteria for a large-scale prototype. The chemical structures had been investigated by 13C solid-state NMR (CP-MAS) and FTIR. Car-Car bindings predominated in the three polymers, Car-O-Car (ether) linkages being absent, proposing mainly C3-C6 (α-bindings) and C4-C6 (β-bindings) configurations. This work highlighted a biological decarboxylation by the laccase or bacterial oxidase(s), leading to the partly formation of gentisyl alcohol and gentisaldehyde that are integral parts of the polymer. By comparison, PyoENZ exhibited an Mw of 5,400 Da, was hyperthermostable, non-cytotoxic even after irradiation, scavenged ROS induced by keratinocytes, and had a highly DPPH-antioxidant and Fe3+-reducing activity. As a representative pigment of living cells and an available standard, PyoENZ might also be useful for applications in extreme conditions and skin protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faustine Lorquin
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanology (MIO), Aix-Marseille Université, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France.,Mediterranean Institute of Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE), Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Fabio Ziarelli
- Fédération Sciences Chimiques de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, 52 Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Agnès Amouric
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanology (MIO), Aix-Marseille Université, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Carole Di Giorgio
- Mediterranean Institute of Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE), Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Maxime Robin
- Mediterranean Institute of Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE), Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Philippe Piccerelle
- Mediterranean Institute of Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE), Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean Lorquin
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanology (MIO), Aix-Marseille Université, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France.
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Youn YH, Pradhan S, da Silva LP, Kwon IK, Kundu SC, Reis RL, Yadavalli VK, Correlo VM. Micropatterned Silk-Fibroin/Eumelanin Composite Films for Bioelectronic Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2466-2474. [PMID: 33851822 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
There has been growing interest in the use of natural bionanomaterials and nanostructured systems for diverse biomedical applications. Such materials can confer unique functional properties as well as address concerns pertaining to sustainability in production. In this work, we propose the biofabrication of micropatterned silk fibroin/eumelanin composite thin films to be used in electroactive and bioactive applications in bioelectronics and biomedical engineering. Eumelanin is the most common form of melanin, naturally derived from the ink of cuttlefish, having antioxidant and electroactive properties. Another natural biomaterial, the protein silk fibroin, is modified with photoreactive chemical groups, which allows the formation of electroactive eumelanin thin films with different microstructures. The silk fibroin/eumelanin composites are fabricated to obtain thin films as well as electroactive microstructures using UV curing. Here, we report for the first time the preparation, characterization, and physical, electrochemical, and biological properties of these natural silk fibroin/eumelanin composite films. Higher concentrations of eumelanin incorporated into the films exhibit a higher charge storage capacity and good electroactivity even after 100 redox cycles. In addition, the microscale structure and the cellular activity of the fibroin/eumelanin films are assessed for understanding of the biological properties of the composite. The developed micropatterned fibroin/eumelanin films can be applied as natural electroactive substrates for bioapplications (e.g., bioelectronics, sensing, and theranostics) because of their biocompatible properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hee Youn
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimar̃es 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães 4806-909, Portugal.,Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayantan Pradhan
- Department of Chemical & Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3028, United States
| | - Lucília P da Silva
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimar̃es 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães 4806-909, Portugal
| | - Il Keun Kwon
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Subhas C Kundu
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimar̃es 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães 4806-909, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimar̃es 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães 4806-909, Portugal.,Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Vamsi K Yadavalli
- Department of Chemical & Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3028, United States
| | - Vitor M Correlo
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimar̃es 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães 4806-909, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Genomic Analysis and Assessment of Melanin Synthesis in Amorphotheca resinae KUC3009. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040289. [PMID: 33921255 PMCID: PMC8069745 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the draft genome of Amorphotheca resinae KUC30009, a fungal isolate with promising industrial-scale melanin production potential. The mechanisms for melanin or melanin-related pigment formation of this strain were examined through bioinformatic and biochemical strategies. The 30.11 Mb genome of A. resinae contains 9638 predicted genes. Genomic-based discovery analyses identified 14 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) associated with secondary metabolite production. Moreover, genes encoding a specific type 1 polyketide synthase and 4-hydroxynaphthalene reductase were identified and predicted to produce intermediate metabolites of dihydroxy naphthalene (DHN)-melanin biosynthesis pathway, but not to DHN-melanin. These findings were further supported by the detection of increased flaviolin concentrations in mycelia and almost unchanged morphologies of the culture grown with tricyclazole. Apart from this, the formation of melanin in the culture filtrate appeared to depend on the laccase-like activity of multi-copper oxidases. Simultaneously, concentrations of nitrogen-containing sources decreased when the melanin formed in the media. Interestingly, melanin formation in the culture fluid was proportional to laccase-like activity. Based on these findings, we proposed novel strategies for the enhancement of melanin production in culture filtrates. Therefore, our study established a theoretical and methodological basis for synthesizing pigments from fungal isolates using genomic- and biochemical-based approaches.
Collapse
|
109
|
Mayall C, Dolar A, Jemec Kokalj A, Novak S, Razinger J, Barbero F, Puntes V, Drobne D. Stressor-Dependant Changes in Immune Parameters in the Terrestrial Isopod Crustacean, Porcellio scaber: A Focus on Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:934. [PMID: 33917492 PMCID: PMC8067488 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We compared the changes of selected immune parameters of Porcellio scaber to different stressors. The animals were either fed for two weeks with Au nanoparticles (NPs), CeO2 NPs, or Au ions or body-injected with Au NPs, CeO2 NPs, or lipopolysaccharide endotoxin. Contrary to expectations, the feeding experiment showed that both NPs caused a significant increase in the total haemocyte count (THC). In contrast, the ion-positive control resulted in a significantly decreased THC. Additionally, changes in phenoloxidase (PO)-like activity, haemocyte viability, and nitric oxide (NO) levels seemed to depend on the stressor. Injection experiments also showed stressor-dependant changes in measured parameters, such as CeO2 NPs and lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS), caused more significant responses than Au NPs. These results show that feeding and injection of NPs caused an immune response and that the response differed significantly, depending on the exposure route. We did not expect the response to ingested NPs, due to the low exposure concentrations (100 μg/g dry weight food) and a firm gut epithelia, along with a lack of phagocytosis in the digestive system, which would theoretically prevent NPs from crossing the biological barrier. It remains a challenge for future research to reveal what the physiological and ecological significance is for the organism to sense and respond, via the immune system, to ingested foreign material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Mayall
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (C.M.); (A.D.); (A.J.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Andraz Dolar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (C.M.); (A.D.); (A.J.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (C.M.); (A.D.); (A.J.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Sara Novak
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (C.M.); (A.D.); (A.J.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Jaka Razinger
- Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Francesco Barbero
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (F.B.); (V.P.)
| | - Victor Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (F.B.); (V.P.)
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (C.M.); (A.D.); (A.J.K.); (S.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Molecular and Biochemical Basis of Minocycline-Induced Hyperpigmentation-The Study on Normal Human Melanocytes Exposed to UVA and UVB Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073755. [PMID: 33916535 PMCID: PMC8038496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Minocycline is a drug which induces skin hyperpigmentation. Its frequency reaches up to 50% of treated patients. The adverse effect diminishes the great therapeutic potential of minocycline, including antibacterial, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer actions. It is supposed that an elevated melanin level and drug accumulation in melanin-containing cells are related to skin hyperpigmentation. This study aimed to evaluate molecular and biochemical mechanism of minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation in human normal melanocytes, as well as the contribution of UV radiation to this side effect. The experiments involved the evaluation of cyto- and phototoxic potential of the drug using cell imaging with light and confocal microscopes as well as biochemical and molecular analysis of melanogenesis. We showed that minocycline induced melanin synthesis in epidermal melanocytes. The action was intensified by UV irradiation, especially with the UVB spectrum. Minocycline stimulated the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase (TYR) gene. Higher levels of melanin and increased activity of tyrosinase were also observed in treated cells. Moreover, minocycline triggered the supranuclear accumulation of tyrosinase, similar to UV radiation. The decreased level of premelanosome protein PMEL17 observed in all minocycline-treated cultures suggests disorder of the formation, maturation or distribution of melanosomes. The study revealed that minocycline itself was able to enhance melanin synthesis. The action was intensified by irradiation, especially with the UVB spectrum. Demonstrated results confirmed the potential role of melanin and UV radiation minocycline-induced skin hyperpigmentation.
Collapse
|
111
|
Ferraro MG, Piccolo M, Pezzella A, Guerra F, Maione F, Tenore GC, Santamaria R, Irace C, Novellino E. Promelanogenic Effects by an Annurca Apple-Based Natural Formulation in Human Primary Melanocytes. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:291-301. [PMID: 33790611 PMCID: PMC8008161 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s299569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Melanocytes are engaged in synthesis, transport, and release of pigments at the epidermal-melanin units in response to the finely regulated melanogenic pathway. A multifaceted combination of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors – from endocrine and paracrine dynamics to exogenous stimuli such as sunlight and xenobiotics – modulates expression and activity of proteins involved in pigmentation, including the rate-limiting enzyme tyrosinase. As well as playing critical physiological functions comprising skin photoprotection, melanins define hair and skin pigmentation which in turn have impacted considerably to human social communication since time immemorial. Additionally, numerous skin diseases based on pigmentation alterations can have serious public influence. While several melanogenesis inhibitors are already available, the number of melanin activators and tyrosinase stimulators as drug-like agents is still limited. Methods To explore the biological effects of an Annurca Apple-based nutraceutical preparation (AMS) on melanin production, experiments in cellular models of human skin were performed. Both primary cultures and co-cultures of epidermal melanocytes (HEMa) and follicular keratinocytes (HHFK) were used. Results We show that AMS, by now branded for its cutaneous beneficial effects, induces in total biocompatibility a significant promelanogenic effect in human primary melanocytes. In line, we found melanin cytosolic accumulation consistent with tyrosinase up-regulation. Conclusion Disposal of skin pigmenting agents would be attractive for the treatment of hypopigmentation disorders, to postpone skin photoaging or simply for fashion, so that discovery and development of melanogenesis stimulators, especially from natural sources, is nowadays a dynamic area of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Ferraro
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Piccolo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pezzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80126, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Guerra
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Francesco Maione
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Rita Santamaria
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Carlo Irace
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80131, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Pota G, Zanfardino A, Di Napoli M, Cavasso D, Varcamonti M, D'Errico G, Pezzella A, Luciani G, Vitiello G. Bioinspired antibacterial PVA/Melanin-TiO 2 hybrid nanoparticles: the role of poly-vinyl-alcohol on their self-assembly and biocide activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 202:111671. [PMID: 33706162 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid Melanin-TiO2 nanoparticles are promising bioinspired antibacterial agents for biomedical coatings and food-packaging fields. However, due to a very low colloidal stability, they showed a high tendency to self-aggregate and rapidly precipitate, making not easy their use in aqueous medium to produce homogeneous antimicrobial coatings or nanocomposites. A valid strategy to improve their dispersion is the combination with a hydrophilic water-soluble polymer such as poly-vinyl-alcohol (PVA), which is a good choice to improve the colloidal stability of nanoparticles and to modulate their agglomeration. In this work, we propose an in-situ synthetic approach based on the hydrothermal route, by which the hybrid Melanin-TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared starting from the inorganic and organic precursors in the presence of PVA. Combined approach of TEM, XRD, TG/DSC, EPR and DLS techniques allows for assessing the PVA role in the formation of hybrids and on their morphological features as well as colloidal stability and aqueous dispersion. Antibacterial tests demonstrated the biocide activity of PVA/Melanin-TiO2 nanoparticles against Escherichia coli bacterial cultures, which resulted partially influenced by the PVA content. This study provides key information on the mutual influence of organic/inorganic components on the functional properties of the final hybrid nanocomposites, contributing to define a much more far-reaching implementation in the synthesis of bioinspired polymer-based nanocomposites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Pota
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Zanfardino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Michela Di Napoli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Cavasso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy; CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Mario Varcamonti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardino D'Errico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy; CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Alessandro Pezzella
- Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy; Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti, 9, 50121, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Luciani
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vitiello
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy; CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Characterization and photoprotective potentiality of lime dwelling Pseudomonas mediated melanin as sunscreen agent against UV-B radiations. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 216:112126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
114
|
Siwicka ZE, Son FA, Battistella C, Moore MH, Korpanty J, McCallum NC, Wang Z, Johnson BJ, Farha OK, Gianneschi NC. Synthetic Porous Melanin. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3094-3103. [PMID: 33600146 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Commonly known as a skin pigment, melanin has a vital role in UV radiation protection, primarily acting as a radical scavenger. However, a lesser known natural property of melanin, observed in some melanized organisms, is its capacity to adsorb toxins, including metals and organic molecules. Inspired by this, we set out to generate a synthetic porous melanin that would pave the way to enhancing the natural adsorbent properties of melanin and melanin-like materials. Here, we developed a method for the synthesis of porous polydopamine-based melanin utilizing a mesoporous silica (MS) nanoparticle template and characterized its physical properties. Through the oxidative polymerization of dopamine, followed by the etching of silica, we generated synthetic porous melanin (SPM) with the highest measured surface area of any known polydopamine-based material. The prepared SPM was effective for the uptake of various gases and organophosphate toxins, with the material exhibiting high selectivity for CO2 over CH4 and high potential for ammonia capture. Given the demonstrated advantages provided by synthetic porous melanin and melanin's role as an adsorbent in nature, we anticipate the discovery of porous analogues in biological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Martin H Moore
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | | | | | - Zheng Wang
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Brandy J Johnson
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Homogentisic Acid and Gentisic Acid Biosynthesized Pyomelanin Mimics: Structural Characterization and Antioxidant Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041739. [PMID: 33572316 PMCID: PMC7916096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyomelanin mimics from homogentisic acid (HGA) and gentisic acid (GA) were biosynthesized by the oxidative enzyme T. versicolor laccase at physiological pH to obtain water soluble melanins. The pigments show brown-black color, broad band visible light absorption, a persistent paramagnetism and high antioxidant activity. The EPR approach shows that at least two different radical species are present in both cases, contributing to the paramagnetism of the samples. This achievement can also shed light on the composition of the ochronotic pigment in the Alkaptonuria disease. On the other hand, these soluble pyomelanin mimics, sharing physico-chemical properties with eumelanin, can represent a suitable alternative to replace the insoluble melanin pigment in biotechnological applications.
Collapse
|
116
|
Rivera HM, Muñoz EN, Osuna D, Florez M, Carvajal M, Gómez LA. Reciprocal Changes in miRNA Expression with Pigmentation and Decreased Proliferation Induced in Mouse B16F1 Melanoma Cells by L-Tyrosine and 5-Bromo-2'-Deoxyuridine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041591. [PMID: 33562431 PMCID: PMC7914888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many microRNAs have been identified as critical mediators in the progression of melanoma through its regulation of genes involved in different cellular processes such as melanogenesis, cell cycle control, and senescence. However, microRNAs’ concurrent participation in syngeneic mouse B16F1 melanoma cells simultaneously induced decreased proliferation and differential pigmentation by exposure to 5-Brd-2′-dU (5’Bromo-2-deoxyuridine) and L-Tyr (L-Tyrosine) respectively, is poorly understood. Aim: To evaluate changes in the expression of microRNAs and identify which miRNAs in-network may contribute to the functional bases of phenotypes of differential pigmentation and reduction of proliferation in B16F1 melanoma cells exposed to 5-Brd-2′-dU and L-Tyr. Methods: Small RNAseq evaluation of the expression profiles of miRNAs in B16F1 melanoma cells exposed to 5-Brd-2′-dU (2.5 μg/mL) and L-Tyr (5 mM), as well as the expression by qRT-PCR of some molecular targets related to melanogenesis, cell cycle, and senescence. By bioinformatic analysis, we constructed network models of regulation and co-expression of microRNAs. Results: We confirmed that stimulation or repression of melanogenesis with L-Tyr or 5-Brd-2′-dU, respectively, generated changes in melanin concentration, reduction in proliferation, and changes in expression of microRNAs 470-3p, 470-5p, 30d-5p, 129-5p, 148b-3p, 27b-3p, and 211-5p, which presented patterns of coordinated and reciprocal co-expression, related to changes in melanogenesis through their putative targets Mitf, Tyr and Tyrp1, and control of cell cycle and senescence: Cyclin D1, Cdk2, Cdk4, p21, and p27. Conclusions: These findings provide insights into the molecular biology of melanoma of the way miRNAs are coordinated and reciprocal expression that may operate in a network as molecular bases for understanding changes in pigmentation and decreased proliferation induced in B16F1 melanoma cells exposed to L-Tyr and 5-Brd-2′-dU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Mauricio Rivera
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (H.M.R.); (E.N.M.)
- Molecular Physiology Group, Sub-Direction of Scientific and Technological Research, Direction of Public Health Research, National Institute of Health, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Esther Natalia Muñoz
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (H.M.R.); (E.N.M.)
- Molecular Physiology Group, Sub-Direction of Scientific and Technological Research, Direction of Public Health Research, National Institute of Health, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Daniel Osuna
- Science Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (D.O.); (M.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Mauro Florez
- Science Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (D.O.); (M.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Michael Carvajal
- Science Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (D.O.); (M.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Luis Alberto Gómez
- Molecular Physiology Group, Sub-Direction of Scientific and Technological Research, Direction of Public Health Research, National Institute of Health, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Łopusiewicz Ł, Kwiatkowski P, Drozłowska E, Trocer P, Kostek M, Śliwiński M, Polak-Śliwińska M, Kowalczyk E, Sienkiewicz M. Preparation and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Bioactive Composite Films Modified with Fungal Melanin and Carvacrol. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040499. [PMID: 33562865 PMCID: PMC7914822 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Preparation of biodegradable packaging materials and valorisation of food industry residues to achieve "zero waste" goals is still a major challenge. Herein, biopolymer-based (carboxymethyl cellulose-CMC) bioactive films were prepared by the addition, alone or in combination, of carvacrol and fungal melanin isolated from champignon mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) agro-industrial residues. The mechanical, optical, thermal, water vapour, and UV-Vis barrier properties were studied. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy studies were carried out to analyse the chemical composition of the resulting films. Antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities were also determined. Both CMC/melanin and CMC/melanin/carvacrol films showed some antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The addition of melanin increased the UV-blocking, mechanical, water vapour barrier, and antioxidant properties without substantially reducing the transparency of the films. The addition of carvacrol caused loss of transparency, however, composite CMC/melanin/carvacrol films showed excellent antioxidant activity and enhanced mechanical strength. The developed bioactive biopolymer films have a good potential to be green bioactive alternatives to plastic films in food packaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Łopusiewicz
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (E.D.); (P.T.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91-449-6135
| | - Paweł Kwiatkowski
- Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Emilia Drozłowska
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (E.D.); (P.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Paulina Trocer
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (E.D.); (P.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Mateusz Kostek
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (E.D.); (P.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Mariusz Śliwiński
- Dairy Industry Innovation Institute Ltd., Kormoranów 1, 11-700 Mrągowo, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Polak-Śliwińska
- Chair of Commodity Science and Food Analysis, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Pl. Cieszyński 1, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Edward Kowalczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-752 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Monika Sienkiewicz
- Department of Allergology and Respiratory Rehabilitation, Medical University of Łódź, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Łódź, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Roy S, Rhim JW. New insight into melanin for food packaging and biotechnology applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4629-4655. [PMID: 33523716 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1878097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is a dark brown to black biomacromolecule with biologically active multifunctional properties that do not have a precise chemical structure, but its structure mainly depends on the polymerization conditions during the synthesis process. Natural melanin can be isolated from various animal, plant, and microbial sources, while synthetic melanin-like compounds can be synthesized by simple polymerization of dopamine. Melanin is widely used in various areas due to its functional properties such as photosensitivity, light barrier property, free radical scavenging ability, antioxidant activity, etc. It also has an excellent ability to act as a reducing agent and capping agent to synthesize various metal nanoparticles. Melanin nanoparticles (MNP) or melanin-like nanoparticles (MLNP) have the unique potential to act as functional materials to improve nanocomposite films' physical and functional properties. Various food packaging and biomedical applications have been made alone or by mixing melanin or MLNP. In this review, the general aspects of melanin that highlight biological activity, along with a description of MNP and the use as nanofillers in packaging films as well as reducing and capping agents and biomedical applications, were comprehensively reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Roy
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Whan Rhim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Chen F, Li Y, Lin X, Qiu H, Yin S. Polymeric Systems Containing Supramolecular Coordination Complexes for Drug Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:370. [PMID: 33503965 PMCID: PMC7865670 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become a common disease that seriously endangers human health and life. Up to now, the essential treatment method has been drug therapy, and drug delivery plays an important role in cancer therapy. To improve the efficiency of drug therapy, researchers are committed to improving drug delivery methods to enhance drug pharmacokinetics and cancer accumulation. Supramolecular coordination complexes (SCCs) with well-defined shapes and sizes are formed through the coordination between diverse functional organic ligands and metal ions, and they have emerged as potential components in drug delivery and cancer therapy. In particular, micelles or vesicles with the required biocompatibility and stability are synthesized using SCC-containing polymeric systems to develop novel carriers for drug delivery that possess combined properties and extended system tunability. In this study, the research status of SCC-containing polymeric systems as drug carriers and adjuvants for cancer treatment is reviewed, and a special focus is given to their design and preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (F.C.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Yang Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (F.C.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiongjie Lin
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (F.C.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Huayu Qiu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (F.C.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Shouchun Yin
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (F.C.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
The Neuromelanin Paradox and Its Dual Role in Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010124. [PMID: 33467040 PMCID: PMC7829956 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with an increasing dysfunction of key brain homeostasis mechanisms and represents the main risk factor across most neurodegenerative disorders. However, the degree of dysregulation and the affectation of specific pathways set apart normal aging from neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, the neuronal metabolism of catecholaminergic neurotransmitters appears to be a specifically sensitive pathway that is affected in different neurodegenerations. In humans, catecholaminergic neurons are characterized by an age-related accumulation of neuromelanin (NM), rendering the soma of the neurons black. This intracellular NM appears to serve as a very efficient quencher for toxic molecules. However, when a neuron degenerates, NM is released together with its load (many undegraded cellular components, transition metals, lipids, xenobiotics) contributing to initiate and worsen an eventual immune response, exacerbating the oxidative stress, ultimately leading to the neurodegenerative process. This review focuses on the analysis of the role of NM in normal aging and neurodegeneration related to its capabilities as an antioxidant and scavenging of harmful molecules, versus its involvement in oxidative stress and aberrant immune response, depending on NM saturation state and its extracellular release.
Collapse
|
121
|
Jarenmark M, Sjövall P, Ito S, Wakamatsu K, Lindgren J. Chemical Evaluation of Eumelanin Maturation by ToF-SIMS and Alkaline Peroxide Oxidation HPLC Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010161. [PMID: 33375233 PMCID: PMC7796430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Residual melanins have been detected in multimillion-year-old animal body fossils; however, confident identification and characterization of these natural pigments remain challenging due to loss of chemical signatures during diagenesis. Here, we simulate this post-burial process through artificial maturation experiments using three synthetic and one natural eumelanin exposed to mild (100 °C/100 bar) and harsh (250 °C/200 bar) environmental conditions, followed by chemical analysis employing alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidation (AHPO) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Our results show that AHPO is sensitive to changes in the melanin molecular structure already during mild heat and pressure treatment (resulting, e.g., in increased C-C cross-linking), whereas harsh maturation leads to extensive loss of eumelanin-specific chemical markers. In contrast, negative-ion ToF-SIMS spectra are considerably less affected by mild maturation conditions, and eumelanin-specific features remain even after harsh treatment. Detailed analysis of ToF-SIMS spectra acquired prior to experimental treatment revealed significant differences between the investigated eumelanins. However, systematic spectral changes upon maturation reduced these dissimilarities, indicating that intense heat and pressure treatment leads to the formation of a common, partially degraded, eumelanin molecular structure. Our findings elucidate the complementary nature of AHPO and ToF-SIMS during chemical characterization of eumelanin traces in fossilized organismal remains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jarenmark
- Department of Geology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (P.S.)
| | - Peter Sjövall
- The Materials and Production Division, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, 501 15 Borås, Sweden
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (P.S.)
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan; (S.I.); (K.W.)
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan; (S.I.); (K.W.)
| | - Johan Lindgren
- Department of Geology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden;
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Kowalska J, Banach K, Rok J, Beberok A, Rzepka Z, Wrześniok D. Molecular and Biochemical Basis of Fluoroquinolones-Induced Phototoxicity-The Study of Antioxidant System in Human Melanocytes Exposed to UV-A Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249714. [PMID: 33352719 PMCID: PMC7765951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phototoxicity of fluoroquinolones is connected with oxidative stress induction. Lomefloxacin (8-halogenated derivative) is considered the most phototoxic fluoroquinolone and moxifloxacin (8-methoxy derivative) the least. Melanin pigment may protect cells from oxidative damage. On the other hand, fluoroquinolone–melanin binding may lead to accumulation of drugs and increase their toxicity to skin. The study aimed to examine the antioxidant defense system status in normal melanocytes treated with lomefloxacin and moxifloxacin and exposed to UV-A radiation. The obtained results demonstrated that UV-A radiation enhanced only the lomefloxacin-induced cytotoxic effect in tested cells. It was found that fluoroquinolones alone and with UV-A radiation decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and SOD1 expression. UV-A radiation enhanced the impact of moxifloxacin on hydrogen peroxide-scavenging enzymes. In turn, lomefloxacin alone increased the activity and the expression of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), whereas UV-A radiation significantly modified the effects of drugs on these enzymes. Taken together, both analyzed fluoroquinolones induced oxidative stress in melanocytes, however, the molecular and biochemical studies indicated the miscellaneous mechanisms for the tested drugs. The variability in phototoxic potential between lomefloxacin and moxifloxacin may result from different effects on the antioxidant enzymes.
Collapse
|
123
|
Missaggia BO, Reales G, Cybis GB, Hünemeier T, Bortolini MC. Adaptation and co-adaptation of skin pigmentation and vitamin D genes in native Americans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:1060-1077. [PMID: 33325159 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We carried out an exhaustive review regarding human skin color variation and how much it may be related to vitamin D metabolism and other photosensitive molecules. We discuss evolutionary contexts that modulate this variability and hypotheses postulated to explain them; for example, a small amount of melanin in the skin facilitates vitamin D production, making it advantageous to have fair skin in an environment with little radiation incidence. In contrast, more melanin protects folate from degradation in an environment with a high incidence of radiation. Some Native American populations have a skin color at odds with what would be expected for the amount of radiation in the environment in which they live, a finding challenging the so-called "vitamin D-folate hypothesis." Since food is also a source of vitamin D, dietary habits should also be considered. Here we argue that a gene network approach provides tools to explain this phenomenon since it indicates potential alleles co-evolving in a compensatory way. We identified alleles of the vitamin D metabolism and pigmentation pathways segregated together, but in different proportions, in agriculturalists and hunter-gatherers. Finally, we highlight how an evolutionary approach can be useful to understand current topics of medical interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Oliveira Missaggia
- Genetics Departament, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Reales
- Genetics Departament, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela B Cybis
- Statistics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tábita Hünemeier
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Genetics Departament, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Qi Y, Liu J, Liu Y, Yan D, Wu H, Li R, Jiang Z, Yang Y, Ren X. Polyphenol oxidase plays a critical role in melanin formation in the fruit skin of persimmon (Diospyros kaki cv. 'Heishi'). Food Chem 2020; 330:127253. [PMID: 32534157 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the melanin in persimmon and its formation were investigated. Melanin was found to be deposited on the cell walls of the upper epidermis and subepidermal cells in persimmon skin and the isolated pigment appears to have lamellar structures. Diagnostic analysis of the isolated pigment showed results that were similar to those of melanin from other sources. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy revealed that the extracted skin pigment displayed a broadband, structureless absorption profile that increased progressively towards shorter wavelengths. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy assay revealed that melanin in persimmon skin exhibits many characteristic absorption peaks. The phenolic profile analysis suggested that the precursors of this pigment may include gallic acid, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, ferulic acid and epigallocatechin gallate. The PPO activity and DkPPO expression significantly increased during melanin formation, and transient overexpression of DkPPO promoted melanin synthesis. These results indicate that the isolated pigment was a type of melanin and that PPO plays a critical role in its formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Qi
- College of horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dan Yan
- Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
| | - Hanxiao Wu
- College of horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zitao Jiang
- College of horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yong Yang
- College of horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaolin Ren
- College of horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Khayrova A, Lopatin S, Varlamov V. Obtaining chitin, chitosan and their melanin complexes from insects. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:1319-1328. [PMID: 33202268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interest in insects as a source of valuable biologically active substances has significantly increased over the past few years. Insects serve as an alternative source of chitin, which forms up to 40% of their exoskeleton. Chitosan, a deacetylated derivative of chitin, attracts the attention of scientists due to its unique properties (sorption, antimicrobial, film-forming, wound healing). Furthermore, some insect species are unique and can be used to obtain chitin- and chitosan-melanin complexes in the later stages of ontogenesis. Due to the synergistic effect, chitosan and melanin can enhance each other's biological activity, providing a wide range of potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adelya Khayrova
- Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 33, build. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergey Lopatin
- Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 33, build. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery Varlamov
- Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 33, build. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Lin L, Xu J. Fungal Pigments and Their Roles Associated with Human Health. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E280. [PMID: 33198121 PMCID: PMC7711509 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi can produce myriad secondary metabolites, including pigments. Some of these pigments play a positive role in human welfare while others are detrimental. This paper reviews the types and biosynthesis of fungal pigments, their relevance to human health, including their interactions with host immunity, and recent progresses in their structure-activity relationships. Fungal pigments are grouped into carotenoids, melanin, polyketides, and azaphilones, etc. These pigments are phylogenetically broadly distributed. While the biosynthetic pathways for some fungal pigments are known, the majority remain to be elucidated. Understanding the genes and metabolic pathways involved in fungal pigment synthesis is essential to genetically manipulate the production of both the types and quantities of specific pigments. A variety of fungal pigments have shown wide-spectrum biological activities, including promising pharmacophores/lead molecules to be developed into health-promoting drugs to treat cancers, cardiovascular disorders, infectious diseases, Alzheimer's diseases, and so on. In addition, the mechanistic elucidation of the interaction of fungal pigments with the host immune system provides valuable clues for fighting fungal infections. The great potential of fungal pigments have opened the avenues for academia and industries ranging from fundamental biology to pharmaceutical development, shedding light on our endeavors for disease prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Department of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases (MOE), Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China;
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Korean Red Ginseng Oil in an Ultraviolet B-Induced Hairless Mouse Model. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204755. [PMID: 33081281 PMCID: PMC7587592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 'remedy for all' natural product widely known in the Korean Peninsula is called Panax Ginseng Meyer. Globalization represents a persistent risk to the ozone layer, leading to bountiful amounts of Ultra-Violet B beams (UVB). The variety in human skin hues is ascribed to the characteristic color called Melanin. However, Melanin overproduction due to UVB beams promotes skin staining and tumorigenesis, a process called photo aging, which damages skin quality. To assess the effects of Korean Red Ginseng Oil (KGO) on photo aging, the murine melanoma cell lines B16/F10 were used in vitro and HRM-2 hairless mice exposed to UVB were studied in vivo. Our results revealed that KGO reduced tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16/F10 cells along with the suppression of upstream factors involved in the melanin production pathway, both transcriptionally and transitionally. In the in vivo studies, KGO suppressed the expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) and Interleukins along with a reduction of depth in wrinkle formation and reduced collagen degradation. Moreover, the feed intake and feed efficiency ratio that decreased as a result of UVB exposure was also improved by KGO treatment. In light of our results, we conclude that KGO can have considerable benefits due to its various properties of natural skin enhancement.
Collapse
|
128
|
Caldas M, Santos AC, Rebelo R, Pereira I, Veiga F, Reis RL, Correlo VM. Electro-responsive controlled drug delivery from melanin nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2020; 588:119773. [PMID: 32805382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Electro-responsive controlled drug delivery has been receiving an increasing interest as one of the on-demand drug delivery systems, aiming the improvement of the therapeutics efficacy by controlling the amount of drug release at a specific time and target site. Herein, we report a simple method to develop an electro-responsive controlled drug delivery system using functionalized melanin nanoparticles (FMNPs) with polydopamine and polypyrrole to precisely control the release of dexamethasone (Dex). Optimized FMNPs showed 376.77 ± 62.05 nm of particle size, a polydispersity index of 0.26 ± 0.09 and a zeta-potential (ZP) of -32.59 ± 3.61 mV. FMNPs evidenced a spherical shape, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry analysis confirmed the deposition of the polymers on the FMNPs' surface. The incorporation efficiency of the optimized Dex-loaded FMNPs was 94.45 ± 0.63% and the increase of ZP to -40.34 ± 4.65 mV was attributed to the anionic nature of Dex. In vitro Dex release studies without stimuli revealed a maximum Dex release below 10%. Applying electrical stimulation, Dex release was augmented, with a maximum of ca. 32% after 24 h. The designed FMNPs provide a powerful biomaterial-based technological tool for electro-responsive controlled drug delivery, capable of surpassing the associated lack of efficiency and stability of current carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Caldas
- I3B's Research Institute on Biomaterials Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Universidade do Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Rita Rebelo
- I3B's Research Institute on Biomaterials Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Universidade do Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Irina Pereira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- I3B's Research Institute on Biomaterials Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Universidade do Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal; The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Vitor M Correlo
- I3B's Research Institute on Biomaterials Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Universidade do Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal; The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
CMT-308, a Nonantimicrobial Chemically-Modified Tetracycline, Exhibits Anti-Melanogenic Activity by Suppression of Melanosome Export. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100411. [PMID: 33066033 PMCID: PMC7601524 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CMT-308 is a nonantimicrobial chemically-modified tetracycline (CMT), which we have previously shown exhibits antifungal activity and pleiotropic anti-inflammatory activities, including inhibition of the enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Based on its chemical structure, we hypothesized that CMT-308 could inhibit melanogenesis and might be a candidate for the treatment of skin hyperpigmentation disorders which occur due to unregulated melanin biosynthesis and/or transport. CMT-308 was first studied for any effects on activity of the enzyme tyrosinase in vitro using a purified preparation of mushroom tyrosinase; the mode of inhibition of the soluble fungal enzyme was evaluated by Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots as well as by non-linear least squares fitting. Next, the effects of CMT-308 were tested in mammalian cell cultures using B16F10 mouse melanoma cells and further validated in darkly-pigmented human melanocytes (HEMn-DP). Our results showed that micromolar concentrations of CMT-308 inhibited mushroom tyrosinase enzyme activity, using the first two substrates in the melanogenesis pathway (l-tyrosine and l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA)); CMT-308 inhibited mushroom tyrosinase primarily via a mixed mode of inhibition, with the major contribution from a competitive mode. In B16F10 cell cultures, CMT-308 (10 µM) significantly diminished total melanin levels with a selective reduction of extracellular melanin levels, under both basal and hormone-stimulated conditions without any cytotoxicity over a duration of 72 h. Studies of potential mechanisms of inhibition of melanogenesis in B16F10 cells showed that, in mammalian cells, CMT-308 did not inhibit intracellular tyrosinase activity or the activity of α-glucosidase, an enzyme that regulates maturation of tyrosinase. However, CMT-308 suppressed MITF protein expression in B16F10 cells and showed copper chelating activity and antioxidant activity in a cell-free system. The significantly lower extracellular melanin levels obtained at 10 µM indicate that CMT-308’s anti-melanogenic action may be attributed to a selective inhibition of melanosome export with the perinuclear aggregation of melanosomes, rather than a direct effect on the tyrosinase-catalyzed steps in melanin biosynthesis. These results were validated in HEMn-DP cells where CMT-308 suppressed dendricity in a fully reversible manner without affecting intracellular melanin synthesis. Furthermore, the capacity of CMT-308 to inhibit melanosome export was retained in cocultures of HEMn-DP and HaCaT. In summary, our results offer promise for therapeutic strategies to combat the effects of hyperpigmentation by use of CMT-308 at low micromolar concentrations.
Collapse
|
130
|
Tran-Ly AN, Reyes C, Schwarze FWMR, Ribera J. Microbial production of melanin and its various applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:170. [PMID: 33043393 PMCID: PMC7548279 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are natural biopolymers that are known to contribute to different biological processes and to protect organisms from adverse environmental conditions. During the past decade, melanins have attracted increasing attention for their use in organic semiconductors and bioelectronics, drug delivery, photoprotection and environmental bioremediation. Although considerable advances in these fields have been achieved, real-world applications of melanins are still scarce, probably due to the limited and expensive source of natural melanin. Nevertheless, recent biotechnological advances have allowed for relatively large-scale production of microbial melanins, which could replace current commercial melanin. In this review, we first describe different melanin sources and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each production method. Our focus is on the microbial synthesis of melanins, including the methodology and mechanism of melanin formation. Applications of microbial melanins are also discussed, and an outlook on how to push the field forward is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh N Tran-Ly
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Carolina Reyes
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Javier Ribera
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Biological activities of melanin pigment extracted from Bombyx mori gut-associated yeast Cryptococcus rajasthanensis KY627764. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:159. [PMID: 32974753 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02924-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanin pigment has been produced and extracted from a wide variety of living forms ranging from microorganisms to higher organisms. Owing to the therapeutic nature of the pigment, various microbial populations have been explored for its production. Hence, we isolated a melanin producing yeast from the insect Bombyx mori gut microflora and identified it as Cryptococcus rajasthanensis based on the molecular characterization. The isolated yeast produced enhanced melanin pigment when cultured in the minimal L-tyrosine broth as compared to the Saboraud medium. The pigment was extracted and characterized as melanin based on UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopy and 1H NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance). The melanin pigment was evaluated as a potent bioactive molecule with bioactivity like antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activity that describes the therapeutic nature of the extracted melanin pigment. Distinct from the biologically active role the melanin pigment isolated from the yeast, the Cryptococcus extract also exhibited killer toxin activity against the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans.
Collapse
|
132
|
Solano F. Metabolism and Functions of Amino Acids in the Skin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1265:187-199. [PMID: 32761577 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45328-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are the building blocks of all proteins, including the most abundant fibrous proteins in the skin, as keratins, collagen and elastin. Sagging and wrinkled skin are features of chronic sun-damaged and aged uncared skin, and they are mainly associated with the deterioration of collagen and elastic fibers. The maintenance of skin structures by self-repair processes is essential to skin health. Thus, amino acids significantly impact the appearance of the skin. Amino acids are important nutrients required for (a) wound healing promotion and repair of the damaged skin; (b) acid-base balance and water retention in cellular layers, such as stratum corneum; (c) protection against sunlight damage; (d) maintenance of an appropriate skin microbiome. This review highlights the contribution of all proteinogenic amino acids and some related metabolites to the skin structures as constituents of the main cutaneous proteins or as signaling molecules for the regulation and determination of skin physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Solano
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, School of Medicine, LAIB-IMIB University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Łopusiewicz Ł, Drozłowska E, Trocer P, Kostek M, Śliwiński M, Henriques MHF, Bartkowiak A, Sobolewski P. Whey Protein Concentrate/Isolate Biofunctional Films Modified with Melanin from Watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus) Seeds. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3876. [PMID: 32887321 PMCID: PMC7503266 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Valorization of food industry waste and plant residues represents an attractive path towards obtaining biodegradable materials and achieving "zero waste" goals. Here, melanin was isolated from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seeds and used as a modifier for whey protein concentrate and isolate films (WPC and WPI) at two concentrations (0.1% and 0.5%). The modification with melanin enhanced the ultraviolet (UV) blocking, water vapor barrier, swelling, and mechanical properties of the WPC/WPI films, in addition to affecting the apparent color. The modified WPC/WPI films also exhibited high antioxidant activity, but no cytotoxicity. Overall, the effects were melanin concentration-dependent. Thus, melanin from watermelon seeds can be used as a functional modifier to develop bioactive biopolymer films with good potential to be exploited in food packaging and biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Łopusiewicz
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Emilia Drozłowska
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paulina Trocer
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kostek
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Śliwiński
- Dairy Industry Innovation Institute Ltd., Kormoranów 1, 11-700 Mrągowo, Poland
| | - Marta H F Henriques
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, College of Agriculture, Bencanta, PT-3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
- CERNAS-Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Bencanta, PT-3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Artur Bartkowiak
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Peter Sobolewski
- Department of Polymer and Biomaterials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin 45 Piastów Ave, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Chrissian C, Camacho E, Kelly JE, Wang H, Casadevall A, Stark RE. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy identifies three classes of lipids in Cryptococcus neoformans melanized cell walls and whole fungal cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15083-15096. [PMID: 32859751 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary virulence-associated trait of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is the production of melanin pigments that are deposited into the cell wall and interfere with the host immune response. Previously, our solid-state NMR studies of isolated melanized cell walls (melanin "ghosts") revealed that the pigments are strongly associated with lipids, but their identities, origins, and potential roles were undetermined. Herein, we exploited spectral editing techniques to identify and quantify the lipid molecules associated with pigments in melanin ghosts. The lipid profiles were remarkably similar in whole C. neoformans cells, grown under either melanizing or nonmelanizing conditions; triglycerides (TGs), sterol esters (SEs), and polyisoprenoids (PPs) were the major constituents. Although no quantitative differences were found between melanized and nonmelanized cells, melanin ghosts were relatively enriched in SEs and PPs. In contrast to lipid structures reported during early stages of fungal growth in nutrient-rich media, variants found herein could be linked to nutrient stress, cell aging, and subsequent production of substances that promote chronic fungal infections. The fact that TGs and SEs are the typical cargo of lipid droplets suggests that these organelles could be connected to C. neoformans melanin synthesis. Moreover, the discovery of PPs is intriguing because dolichol is a well-established constituent of human neuromelanin. The presence of these lipid species even in nonmelanized cells suggests that they could be produced constitutively under stress conditions in anticipation of melanin synthesis. These findings demonstrate that C. neoformans lipids are more varied compositionally and functionally than previously recognized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Chrissian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, City College of New York, New York, New York, USA; Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emma Camacho
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John E Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, City College of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hsin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, City College of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruth E Stark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, City College of New York, New York, New York, USA; Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA; Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
|
136
|
Cavallini C, Vitiello G, Adinolfi B, Silvestri B, Armanetti P, Manini P, Pezzella A, d’Ischia M, Luciani G, Menichetti L. Melanin and Melanin-Like Hybrid Materials in Regenerative Medicine. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1518. [PMID: 32756369 PMCID: PMC7466405 DOI: 10.3390/nano10081518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are a group of dark insoluble pigments found widespread in nature. In mammals, the brown-black eumelanins and the reddish-yellow pheomelanins are the main determinants of skin, hair, and eye pigmentation and play a significant role in photoprotection as well as in many biological functions ensuring homeostasis. Due to their broad-spectrum light absorption, radical scavenging, electric conductivity, and paramagnetic behavior, eumelanins are widely studied in the biomedical field. The continuing advancements in the development of biomimetic design strategies offer novel opportunities toward specifically engineered multifunctional biomaterials for regenerative medicine. Melanin and melanin-like coatings have been shown to increase cell attachment and proliferation on different substrates and to promote and ameliorate skin, bone, and nerve defect healing in several in vivo models. Herein, the state of the art and future perspectives of melanins as promising bioinspired platforms for natural regeneration processes are highlighted and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cavallini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Vitiello
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (G.V.); (B.S.)
| | - Barbara Adinolfi
- Institute of Applied Physics “Nello Carrara”, National Research Council, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy;
| | - Brigida Silvestri
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (G.V.); (B.S.)
| | - Paolo Armanetti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Paola Manini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (P.M.); (A.P.); (M.d.)
| | - Alessandro Pezzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (P.M.); (A.P.); (M.d.)
| | - Marco d’Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (P.M.); (A.P.); (M.d.)
| | - Giuseppina Luciani
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (G.V.); (B.S.)
| | - Luca Menichetti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.A.); (L.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Wang X, Yang L, Yang P, Guo W, Zhang QP, Liu X, Li Y. Metal ion-promoted fabrication of melanin-like poly(L-DOPA) nanoparticles for photothermal actuation. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9797-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
138
|
Isolation of Efficient Metal-Binding Bacteria from Boreal Peat Soils and Development of Microbial Biosorbents for Improved Nickel Scavenging. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12072000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Boreal peatlands with low iron availability are a potential, but rarely studied, source for the isolation of bacteria for applications in metal sorption. The present research focused on the isolation and identification of Actinobacteria from northern Finland, which can produce siderophores for metal capture. The 16S rDNA analysis showed that isolated strains belonged to Firmicutes (Bacillus sp.) and Actinobacteria (Microbacterium sp.). The culture most efficiently producing siderophores in the widest array of the media was identified as Microbacterium sp. The most appropriate media for siderophore production by the Microbacterium strain were those prepared with glucose supplemented with asparagine or glutamic acid, and those prepared with glycerol or fructose supplemented with glutamic acid. The microorganism obtained and its siderophores were used to develop Sphagnum moss-based hybrid biosorbents. It was showed that the hybrid sorbent could bind nickel ions and that the nickel removal was enhanced by the presence of siderophores. Bacterial cells did not have a significant effect on sorption efficiency compared to the use of siderophores alone. The microbial biosorbent could be applied in the final effluent treatment stage for wastewater with low metal concentrations.
Collapse
|
139
|
Sajjad W, Din G, Rafiq M, Iqbal A, Khan S, Zada S, Ali B, Kang S. Pigment production by cold-adapted bacteria and fungi: colorful tale of cryosphere with wide range applications. Extremophiles 2020; 24:447-473. [PMID: 32488508 PMCID: PMC7266124 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-020-01180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pigments are an essential part of everyday life on Earth with rapidly growing industrial and biomedical applications. Synthetic pigments account for a major portion of these pigments that in turn have deleterious effects on public health and environment. Such drawbacks of synthetic pigments have shifted the trend to use natural pigments that are considered as the best alternative to synthetic pigments due to their significant properties. Natural pigments from microorganisms are of great interest due to their broader applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and textile industry with increasing demand among the consumers opting for natural pigments. To fulfill the market demand of natural pigments new sources should be explored. Cold-adapted bacteria and fungi in the cryosphere produce a variety of pigments as a protective strategy against ecological stresses such as low temperature, oxidative stresses, and ultraviolet radiation making them a potential source for natural pigment production. This review highlights the protective strategies and pigment production by cold-adapted bacteria and fungi, their industrial and biomedical applications, condition optimization for maximum pigment extraction as well as the challenges facing in the exploitation of cryospheric microorganisms for pigment extraction that hopefully will provide valuable information, direction, and progress in forthcoming studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Sajjad
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ghufranud Din
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Informatics, Balochistan University of IT, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Awais Iqbal
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Suliman Khan
- The Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sahib Zada
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Barkat Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Glagoleva AY, Shoeva OY, Khlestkina EK. Melanin Pigment in Plants: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:770. [PMID: 32655591 PMCID: PMC7324791 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The word "melanin" refers to a group of high molecular weight, black, and brown pigments formed through the oxidation and polymerization of phenolic compounds. This pigment is present in all kingdoms of living organisms, but it remains the most enigmatic pigment in plants. The poor solubility of melanin in particular solvents and its complex polymeric nature significantly constrain its study. Plant melanin synthesis is mostly associated with the enzymatic browning reaction that occurs in wounded plant tissues. This reaction occurs when, due to the disruption of cellular compartmentation, the chloroplast-located polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) release from the chloroplast and interact with their vacuolar substrates to produce o-quinones, which in turn polymerize to melanin. Furthermore, the presence of melanin in intact seed tissues has been demonstrated by diagnostic physicochemical tests. Unlike the well-studied enzymatic browning reaction, little is known about how melanin is formed in seeds. Recent data have shown that it is a tightly controlled genetic process that involves many genes, among which the genes encoding PPOs might be key. The present article aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge on melanin in plants and to discuss future perspectives on its study in light of recent findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Y. Glagoleva
- Cereal Functional Genetics Group, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olesya Y. Shoeva
- Cereal Functional Genetics Group, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena K. Khlestkina
- Cereal Functional Genetics Group, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), Saint Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Parvez S, Amin MH, Bae H. Tyrosinase inhibitors of Galla Rhois and its derivative components. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
142
|
Malaspina P, Catellani E, Burlando B, Brignole D, Cornara L, Bazzicalupo M, Candiani S, Obino V, De Feo V, Caputo L, Giordani P. Depigmenting potential of lichen extracts evaluated by in vitro and in vivo tests. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9150. [PMID: 32461836 PMCID: PMC7233272 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin is the main pigment of human skin, playing the primary role of protection from ultraviolet radiation. Alteration of the melanin production may lead to hyperpigmentation diseases, with both aesthetic and health consequences. Thus, suppressors of melanogenesis are considered useful tools for medical and cosmetic treatments. A great interest is focused on natural sources, aimed at finding safe and quantitatively available depigmenting substances. Lichens are thought to be possible sources of this kind of compounds, as the occurrence of many phenolic molecules suggests possible effects on phenolase enzymes involved in melanin synthesis, like tyrosinase. In this work, we used four lichen species, Cetraria islandica Ach., Flavoparmelia caperata Hale, Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue, and Parmotrema perlatum (Hudson) M. Choisy, to obtain extracts in solvents of increasing polarity, viz. chloroform, chloroform-methanol, methanol, and water. Cell-free, tyrosinase inhibition experiments showed highest inhibition for L. vulpina methanol extract, followed by C. islandica chloroform-methanol one. Comparable results for depigmenting activities were observed by means of in vitro and in vivo systems, such as MeWo melanoma cells and zebrafish larvae. Our study provides first evidence of depigmenting effects of lichen extracts, from tyrosinase inhibition to cell and in vivo models, suggesting that L. vulpina and C. islandica extracts deserve to be further studied for developing skin-whitening products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno Burlando
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Biophysics Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paolo Giordani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Schroeder WL, Harris SD, Saha R. Computation-Driven Analysis of Model Polyextremo-tolerant Fungus Exophiala dermatitidis: Defensive Pigment Metabolic Costs and Human Applications. iScience 2020; 23:100980. [PMID: 32240950 PMCID: PMC7115120 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyextremotolerant black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis is a tractable model system for investigation of adaptations that support growth under extreme conditions. Foremost among these adaptations are melanogenesis and carotenogenesis. A particularly important question is their metabolic production cost. However, investigation of this issue has been hindered by a relatively poor systems-level understanding of E. dermatitidis metabolism. To address this challenge, a genome-scale model (iEde2091) was developed. Using iEde2091, carotenoids were found to be more expensive to produce than melanins. Given their overlapping protective functions, this suggests that carotenoids have an underexplored yet important role in photo-protection. Furthermore, multiple defensive pigments with overlapping functions might allow E. dermatitidis to minimize cost. Because iEde2091 revealed that E. dermatitidis synthesizes the same melanins as humans and the active sites of the key tyrosinase enzyme are highly conserved this model may enable a broader understanding of melanin production across kingdoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wheaton L Schroeder
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Steven D Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Rajib Saha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Nishi K, Mori M, Nakayama D, Sato J, Kim IH, Kim M, Kim S, Sugahara T. Anti-melanogenic activity of methanolic extract from leaves of Sorbaria sorbifolia var. stellipila Max. on α-MSH-stimulated B16 melanoma 4A5 cells. BIOMEDICAL DERMATOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s41702-020-0061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Melanin is a pigment, which is widely distributed in organisms. In humans, melanin pigments determine eye, hair, and skin color and protect the skin from damage by ultraviolet radiation; however, immoderate distribution of melanin in the skin causes discoloration. In the present study, we screened methanolic extracts from leaves of 47 plant species, most of which are native to East Asia, for the inhibitory activity against melanogenesis.
Methods
B16 melanoma 4A5 cells were used in all assays conducted in this study. Melanin content assay was performed using methanolic extracts from leaves of 47 plant species. Cytotoxicity of the extract from leaves of Sorbaria sorbifolia var. stellipila Max. (SME) was evaluated by WST-8 assay. Tyrosinase activity was determined using the lysate of α-MSH-stimulated B16 melanoma 4A5 cells and L-dopa as a colorimetric substrate. Melanogenic gene expression was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).
Results
SME showed the highest inhibitory activity among tested samples without cytotoxicity. SME exhibited the inhibition potency for the enzymatic activity of tyrosinase. In addition, qRT-PCR result displayed that SME downregulates the expression of melanogenic genes including tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, and the transcription factor MITF.
Conclusion
Overall results revealed that the extract from leaves of S. sorbifolia var. stellipila Max. has a potential to be used as a skin whitening agent.
Collapse
|
145
|
Liu H, Yang Y, Liu Y, Pan J, Wang J, Man F, Zhang W, Liu G. Melanin-Like Nanomaterials for Advanced Biomedical Applications: A Versatile Platform with Extraordinary Promise. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903129. [PMID: 32274309 PMCID: PMC7141020 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient, sustainable, and biocompatible high-tech nanoplatforms derived from naturally existing components in living organisms is highly beneficial for diverse advanced biomedical applications. Melanins are nontoxic natural biopolymers owning widespread distribution in various biosystems, possessing fascinating physicochemical properties and playing significant physiological roles. The multifunctionality together with intrinsic biocompatibility renders bioinspired melanin-like nanomaterials considerably promising as a versatile and powerful nanoplatform with broad bioapplication prospects. This panoramic Review starts with an overview of the fundamental physicochemical properties, preparation methods, and polymerization mechanisms of melanins. A systematical and well-bedded description of recent advancements of melanin-like nanomaterials regarding diverse biomedical applications is then given, mainly focusing on biological imaging, photothermal therapy, drug delivery for tumor treatment, and other emerging biomedicine-related implementations. Finally, current challenges toward clinical translation with an emphasis on innovative design strategies and future striving directions are rationally discussed. This comprehensive and detailed Review provides a deep understanding of the current research status of melanin-like nanomaterials and is expected to motivate further optimization of the design of novel tailorable and marketable multifunctional nanoplatforms in biomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- Department of RadiologyPLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical CenterBeijing100088China
- Department of RadiologyDaping HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqing400042China
| | - Youyuan Yang
- Department of RadiologyDaping HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqing400042China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of UltrasoundThe First Affiliated HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Jingjing Pan
- Department of RadiologyPLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical CenterBeijing100088China
| | - Junqing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
| | - Fengyuan Man
- Department of RadiologyPLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical CenterBeijing100088China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of RadiologyDaping HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqing400042China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Imaging and Nuclear MedicineChongqing400042China
| | - Gang Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational MedicineSchool of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamen361102China
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Solano F. Photoprotection and Skin Pigmentation: Melanin-Related Molecules and Some Other New Agents Obtained from Natural Sources. Molecules 2020; 25:E1537. [PMID: 32230973 PMCID: PMC7180973 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct sun exposure is one of the most aggressive factors for human skin. Sun radiation contains a range of the electromagnetic spectrum including UV light. In addition to the stratospheric ozone layer filtering the most harmful UVC, human skin contains a photoprotective pigment called melanin to protect from UVB, UVA, and blue visible light. This pigment is a redox UV-absorbing agent and functions as a shield to prevent direct UV action on the DNA of epidermal cells. In addition, melanin indirectly scavenges reactive oxygenated species (ROS) formed during the UV-inducing oxidative stress on the skin. The amounts of melanin in the skin depend on the phototype. In most phenotypes, endogenous melanin is not enough for full protection, especially in the summertime. Thus, photoprotective molecules should be added to commercial sunscreens. These molecules should show UV-absorbing capacity to complement the intrinsic photoprotection of the cutaneous natural pigment. This review deals with (a) the use of exogenous melanin or melanin-related compounds to mimic endogenous melanin and (b) the use of a number of natural compounds from plants and marine organisms that can act as UV filters and ROS scavengers. These agents have antioxidant properties, but this feature usually is associated to skin-lightening action. In contrast, good photoprotectors would be able to enhance natural cutaneous pigmentation. This review examines flavonoids, one of the main groups of these agents, as well as new promising compounds with other chemical structures recently obtained from marine organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Solano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, School of Medicine and LAIB-IMIB, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Kapoor U, Jayaraman A. Self-Assembly of Allomelanin Dimers and the Impact of Poly(ethylene glycol) on the Assembly: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2702-2714. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh Kapoor
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Colburn Laboratory, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Arthi Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Colburn Laboratory, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Caldas M, Santos AC, Veiga F, Rebelo R, Reis RL, Correlo VM. Melanin nanoparticles as a promising tool for biomedical applications - a review. Acta Biomater 2020; 105:26-43. [PMID: 32014585 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanin is a biopolymer of easy and cheap availability that can be found among the living organisms and excels for its biocompatibility and biodegradability properties, along with scavenging abilities, metal chelation and electronic conductance. This biomaterial can act as a nanocarrier or agent itself to be used in diverse biomedical applications, such as imaging, controlled drug release, bioengineering and bioelectronics, antioxidant applications and theranostics. In this review, the melanin source and structure, its physicochemical properties, melanin-like polymers as well as the differences among those will be elucidated. The focus will be the discussion of the current approaches that apply melanin nanoparticles (MNPs) and melanin-like nanoparticles (MLNPs) in the biomedical field, to which promising capabilities have been attributed, regarding optoelectronic, photoconductivity and photoacoustic. The use of these nanoparticles, in the last 10 years, in topics as drug delivery or theranostics will be detailed and the major achievements will be discussed. Overall, we anticipate that melanin can drive us toward a new paradigm in medical diagnostics and treatments, since applying melanin features possibly its use as a theranostics nanocarrier agent, not only for diagnostics, but also for photothermal therapy and controlled drug release through chemotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We present here a timely and opportune review article focusing the significant potential of melanin nanoparticles in biomedical applications, which will be discussed thoroughly. This biomaterial presents multiple capabilities that may be taken into consideration towards cancer theranostics, expecting a high future impact in the nanosized-platforms design and performance.
Collapse
|
149
|
Al Khatib M, Costa J, Baratto MC, Basosi R, Pogni R. Paramagnetism and Relaxation Dynamics in Melanin Biomaterials. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2110-2115. [PMID: 32105072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopical characterization of melanins is a prior requirement for the efficient tailoring of their radical scavenging, ultraviolet-visible radiation absorption, metal chelation, and natural pigment properties. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), exploiting the common persistent paramagnetism of melanins, represents the elective standard for the structural and dynamical characterization of their constituting radical species. Although melanins are mainly investigated using X-band (9.5 GHz) continuous wave (CW)-EPR, an integration with the application of Q-band (34 GHz) in CW and pulse EPR for the discrimination of melanin pigments of different compositions is presented here. The longitudinal relaxation times measured highlight faster relaxation rates for cysteinyldopa melanin, compared to those of the most common dopa melanin pigment, suggesting pulse EPR spin-lattice relaxation time measurements as a complementary tool for characterization of pigments of interest for biomimetic materials engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maher Al Khatib
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Jessica Costa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Camilla Baratto
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Riccardo Basosi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rebecca Pogni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Zhao Y, Zhu X, Han Z, Zhang Y, Dong T, Li Y, Dong J, Wei H, Li X. Comparative analysis of transcriptomes from different coloration of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:515-521. [PMID: 32001357 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis is probably the most important freshwater cultured crab in China. A tiny minority of brownish-orange individuals have been discovered in the long period of artificial breeding history of E. sinensiss. Those mutants are usually accompanied with slow growth rate, low molting frequency and poor survival rate, which may be the results of growth defects and immunodeficiency. To better understand the relationship between body color determination and the immune system as well as the related genes expression in E. sinensiss, we performed the whole-body transcriptome analysis in different color of first stage zoea (ZI) larvae using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. We randomly assembled 175.40 and 177.52million clean reads from the wild and mutant ZIs, respectively. Finally, we identified 7153 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (p < 0.05), with 5194 up-regulated and 1959 down-regulated. A total of 13 KEGG pathways related to immune system were detected among 248 pathways. Except the first whole-body RNA sequencing of color-specific transcriptomes for E. sinensis, this study will offer a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of interaction between color determination and the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Xiaochen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Zhibin Han
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yazhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Tengfei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yingdong Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Hua Wei
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Panjin Guanghe Crab Industry Co.Ltd., Panjin, 124000, China.
| |
Collapse
|