101
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Kim J, Park JW, Park KM. Increased superoxide formation induced by irradiation preconditioning triggers kidney resistance to ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296:F1202-11. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90592.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the obstacles in irradiation therapy is cytoresistance, acquired by activation of self-defense systems, such as antioxidant or molecular chaperone systems, to cope with stress. We investigated whether irradiation preconditioning (IP) rendered resistance of the kidney against subsequent ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) and attempted to elucidate any such protective mechanisms. Mice were irradiated with a total of 4, 6, or 8 Gy using a cesium-137 source irradiator and then, 6 days later, were subjected to 28 min of bilateral renal ischemia followed by reperfusion. Eight Gy of IP significantly attenuated the increases in plasma creatinine (PCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration, structural damage, lipid peroxidation, superoxide formation, expression and activity of NADPH oxidase (NOX)-2, nitrotyrosine level, and hydrogen peroxide production after I/R in kidney tissues, indicating that IP protects the kidneys from I/R injury. IP markedly increased the activity of NOX, resulting in increased superoxide formation, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity and expression, and heat shock protein (HSP)-27 expression in kidneys. However, it did not change expressions of catalase, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), and HSP-72. To investigate whether the protection afforded by IP was associated with increases in MnSOD and HSP-27 expression triggered by increased superoxide formation after IP, we administered manganese (III) tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin, a superoxide scavenger, to IP mice. This administration blocked superoxide formation and subsequent increases in MnSOD and HSP-27 expression and accelerated the post-I/R increases in PCr and BUN. In conclusion, IP renders kidney resistance to I/R injury, and this resistance is mediated by increased superoxide formation, which activates MnSOD activity and expression as well as HSP-27 expression.
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102
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Kalmar B, Greensmith L. Induction of heat shock proteins for protection against oxidative stress. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:310-8. [PMID: 19248813 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) have been studied for many years and there is now a large body of evidence that demonstrates the role of Hsp upregulation in tissue and cell protection in a wide variety of stress conditions. Oxidative stress is known to be involved in a number of pathological conditions, including neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease and stroke, and even plays a role in natural aging. In this review we summarize the current understanding of the role of Hsps and the heat shock response (HSR) in these pathological conditions and discuss the therapeutic potential of an Hsp therapy for these disorders. However, although an Hsp based therapy appears to be a promising approach for the treatment of diseases that involve oxidative damage, there are some significant hurdles that must be overcome before this approach can be successful. For example, to be effective an Hsp based therapy will need to ensure that the upregulation of Hsps occurs in the right place (i.e. be cell specific), at the right time and to a level and specificity that ensures that all the important binding partners, namely the co-chaperones, are also present at the appropriate levels. It is therefore unlikely that strategies that involve genetic modifications that result in overexpression of specific Hsps will achieve such sophisticated and coordinated effects. Similarly, it is likely that some pharmaceutical inducers of Hsps may be too generic to achieve the desired specific effects on Hsp expression, or may simply fail to reach their target cells due to delivery problems. However, if these difficulties can be overcome, it is clear that an effective Hsp based therapy would be of great benefit to the wide range of depilating conditions in which oxidative stress plays a critical role.
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103
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Shin JH, Kim SW, Lim CM, Jeong JY, Piao CS, Lee JK. alphaB-crystallin suppresses oxidative stress-induced astrocyte apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-3 activation. Neurosci Res 2009; 64:355-61. [PMID: 19379782 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
alphaB-crystallin is a member of the small heat shock proteins, which is abundantly expressed in various vertebrate tissues including the central nervous system. In our previous report, we showed alphaB-crystallin induction in activated astrocytes in the postischemic brain and in H2O2-treated primary astrocyte cultures. To investigate the functional significance of alphaB-crystallin induction in astrocytes, we generated a stable C6 astroglioma cell line overexpressing alphaB-crystallin. In these cells, hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis was reduced by 60% compared to parent cells. Furthermore, the repression of alphaB-crystallin expression by alphaB-crystallin siRNA transfection suppressed this protective effect, indicating that alphaB-crystallin is responsible for the protection against H2O2-induced apoptosis in C6 astroglioma cells. Similar level of aggravation in H2O2-induced apoptosis was observed in primary astrocyte cultures when alphaB-crystallin expression was suppressed by alphaB-crystallin siRNA transfection, confirming the importance of alphaB-crystallin. In addition, the induction of caspase-3 activity after H2O2 treatment was markedly suppressed in alphaB-crystallin-overexpressing cells, and immunoprecipitation proved binding between alphaB-crystallin and partially processed caspase-3 (a p24 intermediate). These results indicate that alphaB-crystallin confers protection against hydrogen peroxide-induced astrocytes apoptosis in part by inhibiting caspase-3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hyun Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
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104
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Controlled delivery of heat shock protein using an injectable microsphere/hydrogel combination system for the treatment of myocardial infarction. J Control Release 2009; 137:196-202. [PMID: 19374930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction causes a high rate of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and heat shock proteins as molecular chaperones have been attractive targets for protecting cardiomyoblasts under environmental stimuli. In this study, in order to enhance the penetration of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) across cell membranes, we fused HSP27 with transcriptional activator (TAT) derived from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as a protein transduction domain (PTD). We loaded the fusion protein (TAT-HSP27) into microsphere/hydrogel combination delivery systems to control the release behavior for prolonged time periods. We found that the release behavior of TAT-HSP27 was able to be controlled by varying the ratio of PLGA microspheres and alginate hydrogels. Indeed, the released fusion protein maintained its bioactivity and could recover the proliferation of cardiomyoblasts cultured under hypoxic conditions. This approach to controlling the release behavior of TAT-HSP27 using microsphere/hydrogel combination delivery systems may be useful for treating myocardial infarction in a minimally invasive manner.
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105
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Endocrine regulation of heat shock protein mRNA levels in long-lived dwarf mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2009; 130:393-400. [PMID: 19428459 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) maintain proteostasis and may protect against age-associated pathology caused by protein malfolding. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the lifespan extension and thermotolerance in mutants with impaired insulin/IGF signals depend partly on HSP elevation. Less is known about the role of HSPs in the increased lifespan of mice with defects in GH/IGF-I pathways. We measured HSP mRNAs in liver, kidney, heart, lung, muscle and cerebral cortex from long-lived Pit1(dw/dw) Snell dwarf mice. We found many significant differences in HSP mRNA levels between dwarf and control mice, but these effects were complex and organ-specific. We noted 15 instances where HSP mRNAs were lower in Pit1(dw/dw) liver, kidney, or heart tissues, and 14/15 of these were also seen in Ghr(-/-) mice, which lack GH receptor. In contrast, of 12 examples where HSP mRNAs were higher in Snell liver, kidney, or heart, none were altered in Ghr(-/-) mice. Four liver mRNAs were depressed in both Pit1(dw/dw) and Ghr(-/-) mice, and each of these was elevated by GH injection in Ames (Prop1(df/df)) dwarf mice, consistent with the hypothesis that these declines depended on GH and/or IGF-I. Contributions of chaperones to longevity in mice may be more complex than those inferred from C. elegans.
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106
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107
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Mice that overexpress human heat shock protein 27 have increased renal injury following ischemia reperfusion. Kidney Int 2008; 75:499-510. [PMID: 19020532 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that activation of the A1 adenosine receptor protected the kidney against ischemia-reperfusion injury by induction and phosphorylation of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27). Here, we used mice that overexpress human HSP27 (huHSP27) to determine if kidneys from these mice were protected against injury. Proximal tubule cells cultured from the transgenic mice had increased resistance to peroxide-induced necrosis compared to cells from wild-type mice. However, after renal ischemic injury, HSP27 transgenic mice had decreased renal function compared to wild-type mice, along with increased renal expression of mRNAs of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, ICAM-1, MCP-1) and increased plasma and kidney keratinocyte-derived cytokine. Following ischemic injury, neutrophils infiltrated the kidneys earlier in the transgenic mice. Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte subsets showed that those isolated from the kidneys of transgenic mice had increased CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), and NK1.1(+) cells 3 h after injury. When splenocytes or NK1.1(+) cells were isolated from transgenic mice and adoptively transferred into wild-type mice there was increased renal injury. Further, depletion of lymphocytes by splenectomy or neutralization of NK1.1(+) cells resulted in improved renal function in the transgenic mice following reperfusion. Our study shows that induction of HSP27 in renal tubular cells protects against necrosis in vitro, but its systemic increase counteracts this protection by exacerbating renal and systemic inflammation in vivo.
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108
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Edwards AV, White MY, Cordwell SJ. The Role of Proteomics in Clinical Cardiovascular Biomarker Discovery. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:1824-37. [DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r800007-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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109
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Cheng BC, Chang CP, Tsay YG, Wu TF, Hsu CY, Lin MT. Body cooling causes normalization of cardiac protein expression and function in a rat heatstroke model. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:4935-45. [PMID: 18823141 DOI: 10.1021/pr8000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac dysfunction contributes to heatstroke genesis, which can be ameliorated by whole body cooling. A comparative analysis using two-dimensional in-gel electrophoresis of cardiac protein patterns is performed in rat controls, untreated heatstroke rats, and whole body cooling-treated heatstroke rats. After the onset of heatstroke, animals display hypotension and altered cardiac protein profiles, which can be reversed by whole body cooling. Thus, the proteomic mechanisms exerted by body cooling during heatstroke are elucidated by the current results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Chih Cheng
- Department of Surgery and Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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110
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Pantos C, Mourouzis I, Cokkinos DV. Rebuilding the post-infarcted myocardium by activating ‘physiologic’ hypertrophic signaling pathways: the thyroid hormone paradigm. Heart Fail Rev 2008; 15:143-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-008-9111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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111
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Shams S, Shafi S, Bodman-Smith K, Williams P, Mehta S, Ferns GA. Anti-heat shock protein-27 (Hsp-27) antibody levels in patients with chest pain: Association with established cardiovascular risk factors. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 395:42-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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112
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Farooqui-Kabir SR, Diss JKJ, Henderson D, Marber MS, Latchman DS, Budhram-Mahadeo V, Heads RJ. Cardiac expression of Brn-3a and Brn-3b POU transcription factors and regulation of Hsp27 gene expression. Cell Stress Chaperones 2008; 13:297-312. [PMID: 18368538 PMCID: PMC2673938 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-008-0028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Brn-3 family of transcription factors play a critical role in regulating expression of genes that control cell fate, including the small heat shock protein Hsp27. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between Brn-3a and Brn-3b and Hsp27 expression in the developing rodent heart. Brn-3a and Brn-3b were detected from embryonic days 9.5-10.5 (E9.5-E10.5) in the mouse heart, with significant increases seen later during development. Two isoforms (long and short) of each protein were detected during embryogenesis and postnatally. Brn-3a messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were localized by E13.0 to the atrio-ventricular (AV) valve cushions and leaflets, outflow tract (OFT), epicardium and cardiac ganglia. By E14.5, Brn-3a was also localised to the septa and compact ventricular myocardium. An increase in expression of the long Brn-3a(l) isoform between E17 and adult coincided with a decrease in expression of Brn-3b(l) and a marked increase in expression of Hsp27. Hearts from Brn-3a-/- mice displayed a partially penetrant phenotype marked by thickening of the endocardial cushions and AV valve leaflets and hypoplastic ventricular myocardium. Loss of Brn-3a was correlated with a compensatory increase in Brn-3b and GATA3 mRNA but no change in Hsp27 mRNA. Reporter assays in isolated cardiomyocytes demonstrated that both Brn-3a and Brn-3b activate the hsp27 promoter via a consensus Brn-3-binding site. Therefore, Brn-3 POU factors may play an important role in the development and maintenance of critical cell types and structures within the heart, in part via developmental regulation of myocardial Hsp27 expression. Furthermore, Brn-3a may be necessary for correct valve and myocardial remodelling and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleha R. Farooqui-Kabir
- Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas’s Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - James K. J. Diss
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Deborah Henderson
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, International Centre for Life, Newcastle-Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Michael S. Marber
- Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas’s Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - David S. Latchman
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Vishwanie Budhram-Mahadeo
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Richard J. Heads
- Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas’s Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London, SE1 7EH UK
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113
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Geraldine J, Mala S, Takeuchi S. Heat Shock Proteins in Cardiovascular Stress. Clin Med Cardiol 2008. [DOI: 10.4137/cmc.s876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John Geraldine
- Factory of Takeuchi Nenshi, TAKENEN, 85 NE, Takamatsu, Kahoku, Ishikawa-929-1215, Japan
| | - Sandana Mala
- Factory of Takeuchi Nenshi, TAKENEN, 85 NE, Takamatsu, Kahoku, Ishikawa-929-1215, Japan
| | - Satoru Takeuchi
- Factory of Takeuchi Nenshi, TAKENEN, 85 NE, Takamatsu, Kahoku, Ishikawa-929-1215, Japan
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114
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Wei H, Vander Heide RS. Heat stress activates AKT via focal adhesion kinase-mediated pathway in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H561-8. [PMID: 18539755 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00401.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS)-induced cardioprotection is associated with increased paxillin localization to the membrane fraction of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM). The purpose of this study was 1) to examine the subcellular signaling pathways activated by HS; 2) to determine whether myocardial stress organizes and activates an integrated survival pathway; and 3) to investigate potential downstream cytoprotective proteins activated by HS. After HS, NRVM were subjected to chemical inhibitors (CI) designed to simulate ischemia by inhibiting both glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. Protein kinase B (AKT) expression (wild type) was increased selectively with an adenoviral vector. Cell signaling was analyzed with Western blot analysis, while oncosis/apoptosis was assayed by measuring Trypan blue exclusion and/or terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, respectively. HS increased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) at tyrosine 397 but did not adversely affect the viability of NRVM before CI. HS increased association between FAK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase as well as causing a significant increase in AKT activity. Increased expression of wild-type AKT protected myocytes from both oncotic and apoptotic cell death. Increased expression of a FAK inhibitor, FRNK, reduced AKT phosphorylation in response to HS both at time 0 and after 10 min of CI compared with myocytes expressing empty virus. We conclude that myocardial stress activates cytoskeleton-based signaling pathways that are associated with protection from lethal cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Wei
- Dept. of Pathology, Wayne State Univ. Medical School, 540 East Canfield Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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115
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Havasi A, Li Z, Wang Z, Martin JL, Botla V, Ruchalski K, Schwartz JH, Borkan SC. Hsp27 inhibits Bax activation and apoptosis via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:12305-13. [PMID: 18299320 PMCID: PMC2431006 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801291200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp27 inhibits mitochondrial injury and apoptosis in both normal and cancer cells by an unknown mechanism. To test the hypothesis that Hsp27 decreases apoptosis by inhibiting Bax, Hsp27 expression was manipulated in renal epithelial cells before transient metabolic stress, an insult that activates Bax, induces mitochondrial injury, and causes apoptosis. Compared with control, enhanced Hsp27 expression inhibited conformational Bax activation, oligomerization, and translocation to mitochondria, reduced the leakage of both cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor, and significantly improved cell survival by >50% after stress. In contrast, Hsp27 down-regulation using RNA-mediated interference promoted Bax activation, increased Bax translocation, and reduced cell survival after stress. Immunoprecipitation did not detect Hsp27-Bax interaction before, during, or after stress, suggesting that Hsp27 indirectly inhibits Bax. During stress, Hsp27 expression prevented the inactivation of Akt, a pro-survival kinase, and increased the interaction between Akt and Bax, an Akt substrate. In contrast, Hsp27 RNA-mediated interference promoted Akt inactivation during stress. Hsp27 up- or down-regulation markedly altered the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase), a major regulator of Akt. Furthermore, distinct PI3-kinase inhibitors completely abrogated the protective effect of Hsp27 expression on Akt activation, Bax inactivation, and cell survival. These data show that Hsp27 antagonizes Bax-mediated mitochondrial injury and apoptosis by promoting Akt activation via a PI3-kinase-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Havasi
- Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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116
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Lu XY, Chen L, Cai XL, Yang HT. Overexpression of heat shock protein 27 protects against ischaemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac dysfunction via stabilization of troponin I and T. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79:500-8. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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117
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Abstract
Thyroid hormone has various effects on the cardiovascular system and its effects on cardiac contractility, heart rhythm and vascular function has long been recognized. However, new evidence is emerged on the importance of thyroid hormone in the response of the myocardium to ischaemic stress and cardiac remodelling following myocardial infarction. Based on this new information, this review highlights the role of thyroid hormone in myocardial ischaemia and cardiac remodelling, the possible underlying mechanisms and the potential therapeutic implications. Thyroid hormone or analogs may prove new therapeutic agents for treating ischaemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Pantos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Avenue, 11527 Goudi, Athens, Greece.
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118
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Vascular endothelial growth factor induces heat shock protein (HSP) 27 serine 82 phosphorylation and endothelial tubulogenesis via protein kinase D and independent of p38 kinase. Cell Signal 2008; 20:1375-84. [PMID: 18440775 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic analysis identified HSP27 phosphorylation as a major change in protein phosphorylation stimulated by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC). VEGF-induced HSP27 phosphorylation at serines 15, 78 and 82, but whereas HSP27 phosphorylation induced by H2O2 and TNFalpha was completely blocked by the p38 kinase inhibitor, SB203580, VEGF-stimulated serine 82 phosphorylation was resistant to SB203580 and small interfering(si)RNA-mediated knockdown of p38 kinase and MAPKAPK2. The PKC inhibitor, GF109203X, partially reduced VEGF-induced HSP27 serine 82 phosphorylation, and SB203580 plus GF109203X abolished phosphorylation. VEGF activated Protein Kinase D (PKD) via PKC, and siRNAs targeted to PKD1 and PKD2 inhibited VEGF-induced HSP27 serine 82 phosphorylation. Furthermore recombinant PKD selectively phosphorylated HSP27 at serine 82 in vitro, and PKD2 activated by VEGF in HUVECs also phosphorylated HSP27 selectively at this site. Knockdown of HSP27 and PKDs markedly inhibited VEGF-induced HUVEC migration and tubulogenesis, whereas inhibition of the p38 kinase pathway using either SB203580 or siRNAs against p38alpha or MAPKAPK2, had no significant effect on the chemotactic response to VEGF. These findings identify a novel pathway for VEGF-induced HSP27 serine 82 phosphorylation via PKC-mediated PKD activation and direct phosphorylation of HSP27 by PKD, and show that PKDs and HSP27 play major roles in the angiogenic response to VEGF.
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119
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Najemnikova E, Rodgers CD, Locke M. Altered heat stress response following streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Cell Stress Chaperones 2008; 12:342-52. [PMID: 18229453 DOI: 10.1379/csc-292.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat shock response involves activation of heat shock transcription factor 1 (Hsf1) followed by the rapid synthesis of the protective heat shock proteins (Hsps). To determine if the stress experienced during streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes altered the heat shock response, male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 33; 280-300 g) were assigned to 4 groups: (1) control, (2) diabetic (30 days after 55 mg/kg STZ i.v.), (3) heat stressed (42 degrees C for 15 minutes), and (4) diabetic heat-stressed group (heat stressed 42 degrees C for 15 minutes, 30 days after 55 mg/kg STZ i.v.). The content of Hsp72, Hsp25, and Hsf1 in skeletal muscles, heart, kidney, and liver was assessed by Western blotting, while electrophoretic mobility shift gel analysis was used to assess Hsf activation. Without heat stress, the constitutive expression of Hsp25, Hsp72, and Hsf1 in tissues from diabetic animals and controls was similar. However, 24 hours following heat stress, the heart, kidney, and liver from diabetic animals showed an increased Hsp72 and Hsp25 content compared to the same tissues from heat-stressed nondiabetic animals (P < 0.05). The white gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles from heat-stressed animals (diabetic and nondiabetic) both showed significant and similar elevations in Hsp72 content. Interestingly, while all muscles from nondiabetic animals showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in Hsp25 content after heat stress, no increase in Hsp25 content was detected in muscles from heat-stressed diabetic animals. As expected, Hsf activation was undetectable in all tissues from non-heat-stressed animals but was detectable in tissues from both diabetic and nondiabetic animals following heat stress with the exception of diabetic skeletal muscle, where it was attenuated. Hsf1 content was unaltered in all tissues examined except in the white gastrocnemius muscles from heat-stressed diabetic animals, where it was undetectable. These results suggest that when tissues from STZ-induced diabetic animals are heat stressed, the Hsp/stress response is altered in a tissue-specific manner. This impaired ability to activate the stress response may explain, at least in part, the selective atrophy of certain muscles or muscle fiber types during diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Najemnikova
- Faculty of Physical Education and Health, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2W6
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120
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Aggeli IKS, Beis I, Gaitanaki C. Oxidative stress and calpain inhibition induce alpha B-crystallin phosphorylation via p38-MAPK and calcium signalling pathways in H9c2 cells. Cell Signal 2008; 20:1292-302. [PMID: 18420382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the response of alphaB-crystallin to oxidative stress and calpain inhibition in an attempt to elucidate the signalling pathways mediating its phosphorylation. Given the high expression levels of alphaB-crystallin in cardiac muscle one can evaluate the significance of its participation in preservation of homeostasis under adverse conditions. H9c2 cardiac myoblasts were used as our experimental model since their response reflects the signal transduction pathways activated by stress conditions in the myocardium. Thus, in H9c2 cells treated with H2O2 the mechanism regulating alphaB-crystallin phosphorylation was found to involve p38-MAPK/MSK1 as well as intracellular free calcium levels. Our immunocytochemical experiments demonstrated phosphorylated alphaB-crystallin to be co-localized with tubulin, potentially preserving cytoskeletal architecture under these interventions. In H9c2 cells treated with calpain inhibitors (ALLN, ALLM) alphaB-crystallin exhibited a p38-MAPK- and [Ca 2+](i)-dependent phosphorylation pattern since the latter was ablated in the presence of the selective p38-MAPK inhibitor SB203580 and calcium chelator BAPTA-AM. Calpain activity repression ultimately led to apoptosis confirmed by PARP fragmentation and chromatin condensation. However, the apoptotic pathway activated by ALLM and ALLN differed, underlying the diverse transduction mechanisms stimulated. In addition to this, an anti-apoptotic role for phospho-alphaB-crystallin was verified by confirmation of its interaction with pro-caspase 3, hindering its cleavage and subsequent activation. Collectively, our findings underline alphaB-crystallin crucial role as a participant of cardiac cells early response to stressful stimuli compromising their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna-Katerina S Aggeli
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Ilissia, 157 84 Athens, Greece
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Goldfarb LG, Olivé M, Vicart P, Goebel HH. Intermediate filament diseases: desminopathy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 642:131-64. [PMID: 19181099 PMCID: PMC2776705 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-84847-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Desminopathy is one of the most common intermediate filament human disorders associated with mutations in closely interacting proteins, desmin and alphaB-crystallin. The inheritance pattern in familial desminopathy is characterized as autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive, but many cases have no family history. At least some and likely most sporadic desminopathy cases are associated with de novo DES mutations. The age of disease onset and rate of progression may vary depending on the type of inheritance and location of the causative mutation. Typically, the illness presents with lower and later upper limb muscle weakness slowly spreading to involve truncal, neck-flexor, facial and bulbar muscles. Skeletal myopathy is often combined with cardiomyopathy manifested by conduction blocks, arrhythmias and chronic heart failure resulting in premature sudden death. Respiratory muscle weakness is a major complication in some patients. Sections of the affected skeletal and cardiac muscles show abnormal fibre areas containing chimeric aggregates consisting of desmin and other cytoskeletal proteins. Various DES gene mutations: point mutations, an insertion, small in-frame deletions and a larger exon-skipping deletion, have been identified in desminopathy patients. The majority of these mutations are located in conserved alpha-helical segments, but additional mutations have recently been identified in the tail domain. Filament and network assembly studies indicate that most but not all disease-causing mutations make desmin assembly-incompetent and able to disrupt a pre-existing filamentous network in dominant-negative fashion. AlphaB-crystallin serves as a chaperone for desmin preventing its aggregation under various forms of stress; mutant CRYAB causes cardiac and skeletal myopathies identical to those resulting from DES mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev G Goldfarb
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9404, USA.
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Li G, Ali IS, Currie RW. Insulin-induced myocardial protection in isolated ischemic rat hearts requires p38 MAPK phosphorylation of Hsp27. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 294:H74-87. [PMID: 17906111 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00675.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Six hours after insulin treatment, hearts express heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and have improved contractile function after ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this study we examined hearts 1 h after insulin treatment for contractile function and for expression of Hsp70 and Hsp27. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to groups: 1) sham, 2) control, 3) insulin injected (200 μU/g body wt), 4) heat shock treated (core body temperature, 42°C for 15 min), and 5) heat shock and insulin treated. At 1 h after these treatments, hearts were isolated, equilibrated to Langendorff perfusion for 30 min, and then subjected for 30 min no-flow global ischemia (37°C) followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Insulin-treated hearts had significantly increased contractile function compared with control hearts. At 1 h after insulin treatment, a minimal change in Hsp70 and Hsp27 content were detected. By 3 h after insulin treatment, a significant increase in Hsp70, but not Hsp27, was detected by Western blot analysis. By immunofluorescence, minimal Hsp70 was detected in insulin-treated hearts, whereas Hsp27 was detected in all hearts, indicative of its constitutive expression. Phosphospecific isoforms of Hsp27 were detected in insulin-, heat shock-, and heat shock and insulin-treated hearts. After ischemia and reperfusion, the insulin-treated hearts had significantly elevated levels of phosphorylated Hsp27. Inhibition of p38 MAPK with SB-203580 blocked the insulin-induced phosphorylation of Hsp27 and the improved functional recovery. In conclusion, insulin induces an apparent rapid phosphorylation of Hsp27 that is associated with improved functional recovery after ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gefeng Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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123
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Kardys I, Rifai N, Meilhac O, Michel JB, Martin-Ventura JL, Buring JE, Libby P, Ridker PM. Plasma concentration of heat shock protein 27 and risk of cardiovascular disease: a prospective, nested case-control study. Clin Chem 2007; 54:139-46. [PMID: 18024525 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.094961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) has been hypothesized to be a potential biomarker of atherothrombosis. However, no prospective studies have yet been performed to investigate the association between HSP27 plasma concentration and incident cardiovascular events among initially healthy individuals. METHODS We evaluated plasma concentrations of HSP27 at baseline among 255 initially healthy participants in the Women's Health Study who subsequently developed myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or cardiovascular death during a follow-up period of up to 5.9 years and among an equal number of women matched for age and smoking but who remained free of cardiovascular disease over the same time period. RESULTS Overall, HSP27 plasma concentrations were inversely associated with age (Spearman correlation coefficient r = -0.258, P <0.001), but not with other established cardiovascular risk factors. Conditional logistic regression analysis showed no significant association of baseline HSP27 plasma concentration with future cardiovascular disease; the odds ratio for upper vs lower tertile of HSP27 concentration at baseline was 0.99 (95% CI 0.62-1.57, P for trend = 0.99). CONCLUSION In this prospective study of initially healthy women, baseline HSP27 plasma concentration was not associated with incident cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Kardys
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue East, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Abstract
Although myocardial ischemia was once thought to result in irreversible cellular damage, it is now demonstrated that in cardiac tissue, submitted to the stress of oxygen and substrate deprivation, endogenous mechanisms of cell survival may be activated. These molecular mechanisms result in physiological conditions of adaptation to ischemia, known as myocardial stunning and hibernation. These conditions result from a switch in gene and protein expression, which sustains cardiac cell survival in a context of oxygen deprivation and during the stress of reperfusion. The pattern of cell survival elicited by ischemia in myocardial stunning or hibernation results in the activation of cytoprotective mechanisms that will protect the heart against further ischemic damage, a condition referred to as ischemic preconditioning. The basic mechanisms underlying stunning and hibernation are still a matter of intense research, which includes the discovery and characterization of novel survival genes not described in the heart before, or the unraveling of new cellular processes, such as autophagy. Understanding how the molecular adaptation of the cardiac myocyte during stress sustains its survival in these conditions therefore might help defining novel mechanisms of endogenous myocardial salvage, in order to expand the conditions of maintained cellular viability and functional salvage of the ischemic myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Depre
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Street, MSB G-609, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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125
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Takahashi Y, Takemura S, Minamiyama Y, Shibata T, Hirai H, Sasaki Y, Sakaguchi M, Suehiro S. Landiolol has cardioprotective effects against reperfusion injury in the rat heart via the PKCepsilon signaling pathway. Free Radic Res 2007; 41:757-69. [PMID: 17577736 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701338810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Landiolol, a highly cardioselective beta1-blocker, has cardioprotective effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury, although the precise mechanism is still unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the cardioprotective mechanism of landiolol. Experiments were performed on Langendorff-perfused rat hearts undergoing 20 min stabilization, and 45 min of ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Various drugs with or without landiolol (100 microM) were administered before ischemia for 20 min. Preischemic administration of landiolol reduced cardiac cellular damage and improved the recovery of cardiac function by about 40%. The alpha1 blocker prazosin, the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor chelerythrine or the K(ATP) channel blocker glibenclamide, but not the selective mitochondrial K(ATP) channel blocker 5-hydroxydecanoate abrogated the cardioprotective effect induced by landiolol. Following landiolol pretreatment the activation of PKCepsilon and heat shock protein 27 were significantly higher than that in control. These data indicate that preischemic application of landiolol induces cardioprotective effects through PKCepsilon-mediated pathway, similar to that afforded by ischemic preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
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126
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Turakhia S, Venkatakrishnan CD, Dunsmore K, Wong H, Kuppusamy P, Zweier JL, Ilangovan G. Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: direct correlation of cardiac fibroblast and H9c2 cell survival and aconitase activity with heat shock protein 27. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H3111-21. [PMID: 17873025 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00328.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of doxorubicin (Dox) and its derivatives as chemotherapeutic drugs to treat patients with cancer causes dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure due to Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. In this work, using heat shock factor-1 wild-type (HSF-1(+/+)) and HSF-1 knockout (HSF-1(-/-)) mouse fibroblasts and embryonic rat heart-derived cardiac H9c2 cells, we show that the magnitude of protection from Dox-induced toxicity directly correlates with the level of the heat shock protein 27 (HSP27). Western blot analysis of normal and heat-shocked cells showed the maximum expression of HSP27 in heat-shocked cardiac H9c2 cells and no HSP27 in HSF-1(-/-) cells (normal or heat-shocked). Correspondingly, the cell viability, measured [with (3,4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay] after treatment with various concentrations of Dox, was the highest in heat-shocked H9c2 cells and the lowest in HSF-1(-/-) cells. Depleting HSP27 in cardiac H9c2 cells by small interfering (si)RNA also reduced the viability against Dox, confirming that HSP27 does protect cardiac cells against the Dox-induced toxicity. The cells that have lower HSP27 levels such as HSF-1(-/-), were found to be more susceptible for aconitase inactivation. Based on these results we propose a novel mechanism that HSP27 plays an important role in protecting aconitase from Dox-generated O(2)*(-), by increasing SOD activity. Such a protection of aconitase by HSP27 eliminates the catalytic recycling of aconitase released Fe(II) and its deleterious effects in cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Turakhia
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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127
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Kwon JH, Kim JB, Lee KH, Kang SM, Chung N, Jang Y, Chung JH. Protective effect of heat shock protein 27 using protein transduction domain-mediated delivery on ischemia/reperfusion heart injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 363:399-404. [PMID: 17869218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) is an intracellular stress protein with the cytoprotective effect for a variety of noxious stresses. In this study, using a protein delivery system, we demonstrated the potential cytoprotective effect of HSP27 as a therapeutic protein in cardiac cells and ischemia/reperfusion animal model. We constructed a recombinant HSP27 fused to the protein transduction domain (PTD) derived from HIV-1 TAT protein. Purified recombinant TAT-HSP27 protein was efficiently delivered to H9c2 cells, and its transduction showed cytoprotective effect against the hypoxic stress. Moreover, transduction of TAT-HSP27 also attenuated hypoxia-induced apoptosis, which was accompanied by reduced caspase-3 activity. In addition, intraperitoneal injection of TAT-HSP27 into rat resulted in efficient protein transduction in heart tissues, decreased infarcted myocardium (control vs TAT-HSP27, 39.1% vs 29.5%, P<0.05) and preserved heart function (fractional shortening, 15.6% vs 33.4%, P<0.05), as determined at 7 d after I/R. These results suggest that the PTD-mediated delivery of HSP27 protein may represent a potential therapeutic strategy as protein drug for ischemic heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hye Kwon
- Yonsei Research Institute of Aging Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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128
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Blunt BC, Creek AT, Henderson DC, Hofmann PA. H2O2 activation of HSP25/27 protects desmin from calpain proteolysis in rat ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H1518-25. [PMID: 17513494 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00269.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion-induced Ca2+ overload results in activation of calpain-1 in the heart. Calpain-dependent proteolysis contributes to myocardial dysfunction and cell death. Previously, preischemic treatment with low doses of H2O2 was shown to improve postischemic function and reduce myocardial infarct size. Our aim was to determine the mechanism by which H2O2 protects the heart. We hypothesized that H2O2 causes the activation of p38 MAPK which initiates translocation of heat shock protein 25/27 (HSP25/27) to the myofilament Z disk. We further hypothesized that HSP25/27 shields structural proteins, particularly desmin, from calpain-induced proteolysis. To address this hypothesis, we first determined that an ischemia-reperfusion-induced decrease in desmin content could be blocked by H2O2 pretreatment of hearts from rats. We next determined that ventricular myocytes that underwent Ca2+ overload also demonstrated a calpain-dependent disruption of desmin that could be reduced by H2O2/p38 MAPK activation. Furthermore, myocytes acutely treated with H2O2 exhibited a decrease in cleavage of desmin upon exposure to exogenous calpain-1 compared with myocytes not pretreated with H2O2. The H2O2-induced attenuation of desmin degradation by calpain-1 was blocked by inhibition of p38 MAPK. In a final series of experiments, we demonstrated that cardiac myofilaments exposed to recombinant phosphorylated HSP27, but not nonphosphorylated HSP27, had a significant reduction in the calpain-induced degradation of desmin compared with non-HSP27-treated myofilaments. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that H2O2-induced activation of p38 MAPK and subsequent HSP25/27 translocation attenuates desmin degradation brought about by calpain-1 activation in ischemia-reperfused hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford C Blunt
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Ave., Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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129
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Légaré JF, Oxner A, Heimrath O, Myers T, Currie RW. Heat shock treatment results in increased recruitment of labeled PMN following myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H3210-5. [PMID: 17766471 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00773.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the proposed mechanisms for the myocardial protective effects of heat shock (HS) treatment has been a reduction in the inflammatory response. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of HS treatment in an established model of polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) migration following myocardial infarction (MI). Isolated purified PMNs (10 x 10(6) cells) labeled with (51)Cr were injected into Lewis rats following a left thoracotomy and ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery causing MI. Two experimental groups of animals were created: MI group (n = 11) and HS+MI group (n = 7). HS treatment consisted of an elevation in core temperature to 42 degrees C for 15 min 24 h prior to MI. An additional group of control animals underwent sham thoracotomy (n = 5). All animals were euthanized at 24 h after MI, and gamma counts were obtained to estimate PMN migration. Myocardial injury was confirmed in all experimental animals (histology and echocardiography). The serum troponin I and infarct size (triphenyltetrazolium chloride) were similar in both groups. Labeled PMN migration was significantly higher in HS+MI animals (14.3 x 10(4) +/- 3.7 x 10(4) PMN) compared with MI group (9.5 x 10(4) +/- 3.6 x 10(4); P = 0.01), suggesting increased PMN migration as a result of HS treatment. HS treatment did not affect PMN migration to positive skin control sites (LPS). ICAM-1 myocardial expression was not significantly increased in HS+MI compared with MI group. In summary, HS treatment results in increased PMN migration into myocardium following MI independent of ICAM-1. These findings suggest that the proposed cardioprotective effect of HS may not be entirely due to a downregulation of myocardial inflammation as previously proposed.
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130
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Seok YM, Kim J, Choi KC, Yoon CH, Boo YC, Park Y, Park KM. Wen-pi-tang-Hab-Wu-ling-san attenuates kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. A role for antioxidant enzymes and heat-shock proteins. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 112:333-40. [PMID: 17446018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Wen-pi-tang-Hab-Wu-ling-san (WHW) extract, which has been used for treatment of renal diseases, on kidney ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Thirty minutes of bilateral renal ischemia resulted in disruption of kidney tubular epithelial cells and increased plasma creatinine levels in mice, however these effects were significantly attenuated when WHW was administered prior to I/R. WHW-administration also inhibited post-ischemic decreases of catalase, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity in kidney tissue, leading to decreased tissue hydrogen peroxide levels and lipid peroxidation. Post-ischemic increases of heat-shock protein (HSP)-27 and -72 expressions were greater in mouse kidneys that received WHW. In conclusion, WHW-administration reduced kidney susceptibility to I/R injury, and this reduced susceptibility was associated with greater post-ischemic activation of catalase, CuZnSOD and MnSOD, resulting in reduced hydrogen peroxide levels and lipid peroxidation, as well as higher post-ischemic expression of HSP-27 and -72.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mi Seok
- Department of Anatomy, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 101 Dongin2ga, Junggu, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
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131
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Hsu JT, Hsieh YC, Kan WH, Chen JG, Choudhry MA, Schwacha MG, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in estrogen-mediated cardioprotection following trauma-hemorrhage. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 292:H2982-7. [PMID: 17293487 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01303.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activates a number of heat shock proteins (HSPs), including HSP27 and αB-crystallin, in response to stress. Activation of HSP27 or αB-crystallin is known to protect organs/cells by increasing the stability of actin microfilaments. Although our previous studies showed that 17β-estradiol (E2) improves cardiovascular function after trauma-hemorrhage, whether the salutary effects of E2under those conditions are mediated via p38 MAPK remains unknown. Male rats (275–325 g body wt) were subjected to soft tissue trauma and hemorrhage (35–40 mmHg mean blood pressure for ∼90 min) followed by fluid resuscitation. At the onset of resuscitation, rats were injected intravenously with vehicle, E2(1 mg/kg body wt), E2+ the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB-203580 (2 mg/kg body wt), or SB-203580 alone, and various parameters were measured 2 h thereafter. Cardiac functions that were depressed after trauma-hemorrhage were returned to normal levels by E2administration, and phosphorylation of cardiac p38 MAPK, HSP27, and αB-crystallin was increased. The E2-mediated improvement of cardiac function and increase in p38 MAPK, HSP27, and αB-crystallin phosphorylation were abolished with coadministration of SB-203580. These results suggest that the salutary effect of E2on cardiac function after trauma-hemorrhage is in part mediated via upregulation of p38 MAPK and subsequent phosphorylation of HSP27 and αB-crystallin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Te Hsu
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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132
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White MY, Tchen AS, McCarron HCK, Hambly BD, Jeremy RW, Cordwell SJ. Proteomics of ischemia and reperfusion injuries in rabbit myocardium with and without intervention by an oxygen-free radical scavenger. Proteomics 2007; 6:6221-33. [PMID: 17133370 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A brief period of ischemia followed by timely reperfusion may lead to prolonged, yet reversible, contractile dysfunction (myocardial stunning). Damage to the myocardium occurs not only during ischemia, but also during reperfusion, where a massive release of oxygen-free radicals (OFR) occurs. We have previously utilized 2-DE and MS to define 57 protein spot changes during brief ischemia/reperfusion (15 min ischemia, 60 min reperfusion; 15I/60R) injury in a rabbit model (White, M. Y., Cordwell, S. J., McCarron, H. C. K., Prasan, A. M. et al., Proteomics 2005, 5, 1395-1410) and shown that the majority of these occur because of physical and/or chemical PTMs. In this study, we subjected rabbit myocardium to 15I/60R in the presence of the OFR scavenger N-(2-mercaptopropionyl) glycine (MPG). Thirty-seven of 57 protein spots altered during 15I/60R remained at control levels in the presence of MPG (15I/60R + MPG). Changes to contractile proteins, including myosin light chain 2 (MLC-2) and troponin C (TnC), were prevented by the addition of MPG. To further investigate the individual effects of ischemia and reperfusion, we generated 2-DE gels from rabbit myocardium subjected to brief ischemia alone (15I/0R), and observed alterations of 33 protein spots, including 18/20 seen in both 15I/60R-treated and 15I/60R + MPG-treated tissue. The tissue was also subjected to ischemia in the presence of MPG (15I/0R + MPG), and 21 spot changes, representing 14 protein variants, remained altered despite the presence of the OFR scavenger. These ischemia-specific proteins comprised those involved in energy metabolism (lactate dehydrogenase and ATP synthase alpha), redox regulation (NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase 51 kDa and GST Mu), and stress response (Hsp27 and 70, and deamidated alpha B-crystallin). We conclude that contractile dysfunction associated with myocardial stunning is predominantly caused by OFR damage at the onset of reperfusion, but that OFR-independent damage also occurs during ischemia. These ischemia-specific protein modifications may be indicative of early myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Y White
- Department of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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133
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Mitra G, Saha A, Gupta TD, Poddar A, Das KP, Das Gupta SK, Bhattacharyya B. Chaperone-mediated inhibition of tubulin self-assembly. Proteins 2007; 67:112-20. [PMID: 17243182 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are known to play an important role in facilitating the proper folding of many newly synthesized proteins. Here, we have shown that chaperone proteins exhibit another unique property to inhibit tubulin self-assembly efficiently. Chaperones tested include alpha-crystallin from bovine eye lenses, HSP16.3, HSP70 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and alpha (s)-casein from milk. All of them inhibit polymerization in a dose-dependent manner independent of assembly inducers used. The critical concentration of MTP polymerization increases with increasing concentration of HSP16.3. Increase in chaperone concentration lowers the extent of polymerization and increases the lag time of self-assembly reaction. Although the addition of a chaperone at the early stage of elongation phase shows no effect on polymerization, the same concentration of chaperone inhibits polymerization completely when added before the initiation of polymerization. Bindings of HSP16.3 and alpha (s)-casein to tubulin have been confirmed using isothermal titration calorimetry. Affinity constants of tubulin are 5.3 xx 10(4) and 9.8 xx 10(5) M(-1) for HSP16.3 and alpha (s)-casein, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters indicate favourable entropy and enthalpy changes for both chaperones-tubulin interactions. Positive entropy change suggests that the interaction is hydrophobic in nature and desolvation occurring during formation of tubulin-chaperone complex. On the basis of thermodynamic data and observations made upon addition of chaperone at early elongation phase or before the initiation of polymerization, we hypothesize that chaperones bind tubulin at the protein-protein interaction site involved in the nucleation phase of self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopa Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, Calcutta 700054, India
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134
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Trougakos IP, Gonos ES. Regulation of clusterin/apolipoprotein J, a functional homologue to the small heat shock proteins, by oxidative stress in ageing and age-related diseases. Free Radic Res 2007; 40:1324-34. [PMID: 17090421 DOI: 10.1080/10715760600902310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clusterin/apolipoprotein J (CLU) gene has a nearly ubiquitous expression pattern in human tissues. The two main CLU protein isoforms in human cells include the conventional glycosylated secreted heterodimer (sCLU) and a truncated nuclear form (nCLU). CLU has been implicated in various physiological processes and in many severe physiological disturbance states including ageing, cancer progression, vascular damage, diabetes, kidney and neuron degeneration. Although unrelated in their etiology and clinical manifestation, these diseases represent states of increased oxidative stress, which in turn, promotes amorphous aggregation of target proteins, increased genomic instability and high rates of cellular death. Among the various properties attributed to CLU so far, those mostly investigated and invariably appreciated are its small heat shock proteins-like chaperone activity and its involvement in cell death regulation, which are both directly correlated to the main features of oxidant injury. Moreover, the presence of both a heat shock transcription factor-1 and an activator protein-1 element in the CLU gene promoter indicate that CLU gene can be an extremely sensitive biosensor to reactive oxygen species. This review emphasizes on CLU gene regulation by oxidative stress that is the common link between all pathological conditions where CLU has been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis P Trougakos
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Ageing, Institute of Biological Research & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
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135
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Islamovic E, Duncan A, Bers DM, Gerthoffer WT, Mestril R. Importance of small heat shock protein 20 (hsp20) C-terminal extension in cardioprotection. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007; 42:862-9. [PMID: 17292395 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show that overexpression of small heat shock protein 20 (Hsp20) in mouse hearts reduces infarct size and improves cardiac performance. However, it is not known whether Hsp20 exerts its protective action through improved calcium handling or chaperone activity. The C-terminal extensions of small heat shock proteins, such as alphaB-crystallin and Hsp25, are implicated in chaperoning activity. Through adenovirus mediated overexpression of Hsp20 with C-terminal extension substitution, we delineated the mechanism of protection. Neonatal and adult rat cardiomyocytes overexpressing either the full-length Hsp20 or Hsp20 with a C-terminal extension substitution were subjected to simulated ischemia for 14-16 h followed by reperfusion 6-8 h. Overexpressing Hsp20 with a C-terminus extension substitution did not protect against simulated ischemia/reperfusion in either adult (98+/-8.8% LDH release of control) or neonatal cardiomyocytes (103+/-1.8% CK release of control) as measured by creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cell viability assays (n=4, P<0.05). However, this Hsp20 C-terminal substitution mutant increased calcium transients 33+/-11% and cell contraction amplitude 60+/-15% as quantified through epifluorescence microscopy (n=16 to 34 cells per heart from 4 to 5 hearts, P<0.05). In contrast, overexpression of the full-length Hsp20 protected cultured adult (53+/-8.5% LDH release of control) and neonatal rat (57+/-8.3% CK release of control) cardiomyocytes from simulated ischemia/reperfusion injury. This overexpression also increased calcium transients 30+/-10% and cell contraction amplitude 50+/-10%. These novel data suggest that the C-terminal extension of Hsp20 is essential for cardioprotection. Hsp20 renders this protection through its C-terminal extension protein domain, while this part of the protein is not involved in the Hsp20 ability to increase both calcium transients and cell contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Islamovic
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Institute, 2160 S First Ave. Bldg. 110 Rm. 5227, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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136
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Giannessi D, Colotti C, Maltinti M, Del Ry S, Prontera C, Turchi S, Labbate A, Neglia D. Circulating heat shock proteins and inflammatory markers in patients with idiopathic left ventricular dysfunction: their relationships with myocardial and microvascular impairment. Cell Stress Chaperones 2007; 12:265-74. [PMID: 17915559 PMCID: PMC1971236 DOI: 10.1379/csc-272.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Little information is available on peripheral levels of Hsp72, Hsp60, and anti-Hsp60 antibodies in patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction due to non-atherosclerotic cardiac disease. In this study, serum Hsp72, Hsp60 and anti-Hsp60 antibodies, IL-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in 44 healthy controls and in 82 patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries (LV ejection fraction [EF] > or = 50%, n=22; -35% to <50%, n=32; <35%, n=28). Patients with more severe disease (more depressed myocardial blood flow at rest and during dipyridamole, indicative of coronary microvascular impairment) showed more elevated circulating Hsp60 and auto-antibodies, Hsp72, and CRP levels. IL-6 was increased progressively as a function of severity of LV dysfunction. Anti-Hsp60 antibodies, Hsp72, and IL-6 were significantly correlated with brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels and LV end-diastolic dimensions (LVEDD) values. IL-6 tended to be related with Hsp72 in particular in patients with more severe disease (r = 0.45, P = 0.021). Hsp60 and Hsp72 activation and inflammatory markers were correlated with the extent of cardiac and microvascular dysfunction in patients with angiographycally normal coronary arteries. These results suggest a pathogenic role of infective-metabolic insult and inflammatory reaction in the development of vascular and myocardial damage in patients with heart failure even in the absence of overt coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giannessi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Pisa 56100, Italy.
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Moolman JA, Hartley S, Van Wyk J, Marais E, Lochner A. Inhibition of myocardial apoptosis by ischaemic and beta-adrenergic preconditioning is dependent on p38 MAPK. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2006; 20:13-25. [PMID: 16552474 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-006-6257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apoptosis occurring during ischaemia /reperfusion contributes independently to tissue damage, and involves activation of the stress-kinase, p38 MAPK during reperfusion. Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) protects against ischaemia/reperfusion mediated necrosis and apoptosis. The role of p38 MAPK in the protective effect of preconditioning against apoptosis is unknown. Pharmacologic preconditioning with isoproterenol (beta-PC) also protects against necrosis, but it is not known whether it protects against apoptosis. AIM The aim of the study was to investigate whether the protective effect of IPC against apoptosis is related to activation of p38 MAPK and whether beta-PC also protects against apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolated perfused rat hearts were used to study the effect of ischaemia and reperfusion on apoptosis and infarct size. Ischaemic preconditioning was elicited by 3 x 5 min global ischaemia, and beta-PC by 5 min isoproterenol 10(-7) M. For infarct size hearts were subjected to regional ischaemia for 35 min followed by 120 min reperfusion. Infarct size was determined by the tetrazolium staining technique, and expressed as percentage of area at risk. For markers of apoptosis hearts were subjected to global ischaemia of 25 min plus 30 min reperfusion. Apoptosis was determined by Western blot using antibodies against caspase-3 and PARP. p38 MAPK activation was inhibited by SB203580 (1 microM) administration 10 min prior to commencing ischaemia, and bracketing the IPC and beta-PC preconditioning protocols. p38 MAPK was activated by administration of anisomycin (5 microM) 10 min prior to index ischaemia in one protocol, and 10 min during reperfusion in non-preconditioned as well as IPC and beta-PC hearts. Results were analysed using ANOVA and a Newman-Keuls post-hoc test. RESULTS In the apoptosis model using global ischaemia, IPC and beta-PC both resulted in a significant decrease in p38 MAPK activation at the end of reperfusion when compared to non-preconditioned hearts. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in apoptosis as measured with both caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. Inhibiting p38 MAPK by administration of SB203580 10 min prior to ischaemia resulted in a significant reduction in both markers of apoptosis. Bracketing the triggering phase of either IPC or beta-PC with SB203580 resulted in attenuated p38 MAPK activation during reperfusion and did not abolish the protective effect of IPC or beta-PC against apoptosis. Activating p38 MAPK with anisomycin prior to ischaemia resulted in a reduction of markers of apoptosis, whereas activation of p38 MAPK with anisomycin during reperfusion did not exacerbate apoptosis in any groups, exept for an increase in PARP cleavage in IPC hearts. In the model of regional ischaemia, IPC and beta-PC reduced infarct size significantly, and to the same extent as inhibition of p38 MAPK by administration of SB203580 10 min prior to ischaemia. Bracketing the triggering phase of either IPC or beta-PC did not abolish the reduction in infarct size. Activating p38 MAPK during reperfusion was accompanied by an increase in infarct size only in IPC hearts, but not in beta-PC hearts. CONCLUSION These results indicate that (1) Both IPC and beta-PC elicit protection against apoptosis and necrosis, (2) activation of p38 MAPK is not a trigger of preconditioning against apoptosis and necrosis and (3) activation of p38 MAPK during reperfusion increases necrosis only if ischaemia is used to precondition hearts, but not with pharmacologic preconditioning with isoproterenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A Moolman
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, Republic of South Africa.
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138
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Dohke T, Wada A, Isono T, Fujii M, Yamamoto T, Tsutamoto T, Horie M. Proteomic analysis reveals significant alternations of cardiac small heat shock protein expression in congestive heart failure. J Card Fail 2006; 12:77-84. [PMID: 16500585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Revised: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because congestive heart failure (CHF) is a complex syndrome with many different underlying mechanisms of worsening of heart function, it is important to recognize the global alternations in protein expression associated with the processes of CHF. METHODS AND RESULTS The purpose of our study was to use a proteomic approach to investigate global alternations in protein expression in tachycardia induced CHF dogs. We compared the 2-dimensional electrophoresis protein patterns of left ventricular samples from the normal with those from failing myocardium. Differentially expressed cardiac proteins showed approximately 500 cardiac protein spots. A total of 20 spots (14 increased, 6 decreased) was altered in CHF, whereas the more distinguishably increased spots in CHF were identified by using mass spectrometry as alpha B crystallin, heat shock protein (HSP) 27, and HSP20, which maintain both the morphologic and functional integrity of the cardiomyocytes and increase tolerance against various types of stress. Because phosphorylation is one of the most important posttranslational modifications, we evaluated whether or not the overexpressed small HSPs were phosphorylated in CHF. Phosphoprotein staining and Western blotting demonstrated that the phosphorylation of alpha B crystallin at serine (Ser)-59 site and of HSP27 at both Ser-78 and Ser-82 sites increased in CHF. CONCLUSION Proteomics studies can provide new insights into molecular mechanisms in CHF and phosphorylated small HSPs may be involved in preventing cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Dohke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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139
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140
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Rinaldi B, Corbi G, Boccuti S, Filippelli W, Rengo G, Leosco D, Rossi F, Filippelli A, Ferrara N. Exercise training affects age-induced changes in SOD and heat shock protein expression in rat heart. Exp Gerontol 2006; 41:764-70. [PMID: 16822632 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 03/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the effects of age and chronic exercise training on antioxidant and heat shock protein (Hsp) expression by comparing the hearts of young (Y), sedentary old (SO) and trained old (TO) rats. In SO rats, there were: (a) changes in myocardial structure and function; (b) increased malondialdehyde levels; (c) no changes in superoxide-dismutase (SOD) enzymes; (d) reduced Hsp70 expression; and (e) increased Hsp27 expression. In TO rats, SOD enzymes and Hsp70 expression were increased and Hsp27 was further increased. Malondialdehyde level did not differ between TO and SO rats, which shows that chronic exercise did not affect the peroxidation index. In summary, by increasing Hsp27 and Hs70 levels, prolonged exercise partially counterbalanced the heart age-related effects in the antioxidant system without altering peroxidation levels. These findings suggest that the beneficial effects on aged-related cardiovascular changes could be connected to the "anti-oxidant" effects of prolonged exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rinaldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Excellence Center of Cardiovascular Disease, Second University of Naples, Naples 80138, Italy.
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141
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Rafiee P, Theriot ME, Nelson VM, Heidemann J, Kanaa Y, Horowitz SA, Rogaczewski A, Johnson CP, Ali I, Shaker R, Binion DG. Human esophageal microvascular endothelial cells respond to acidic pH stress by PI3K/AKT and p38 MAPK-regulated induction of Hsp70 and Hsp27. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 291:C931-45. [PMID: 16790501 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00474.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The heat shock response maintains cellular homeostasis following sublethal injury. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are induced by thermal, oxyradical, and inflammatory stress, and they chaperone denatured intracellular proteins. Hsps also chaperone signal transduction proteins, modulating signaling cascades during repeated stress. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects 7% of the US population, and it is linked to prolonged esophageal acid exposure. GERD is characterized by enhanced and selective leukocyte recruitment from esophageal microvasculature, implying activation of microvascular endothelium. We investigated whether phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and MAPK regulate Hsp induction in primary cultures of human esophageal microvascular endothelial cells (HEMEC) in response to acid exposure (pH 4.5). Inhibitors of signaling pathways were used to define the contribution of PI3K/Akt and MAPKs in the heat shock response and following acid exposure. Acid significantly enhanced phosphorylation of Akt and MAPKs in HEMEC as well as inducing Hsp27 and Hsp70. The PI3K inhibitor LY-294002, and Akt small interfering RNA inhibited Akt activation and Hsp70 expression in HEMEC. The p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB-203580) and p38 MAPK siRNA blocked Hsp27 and Hsp70 mRNA induction, suggesting a role for MAPKs in the HEMEC heat shock response. Thus acidic pH exposure protects HEMEC through induction of Hsps and activation of MAPK and PI3 kinase pathway. Acidic exposure increased HEMEC expression of VCAM-1 protein, but not ICAM-1, which may contribute to selective leukocyte (i.e., eosinophil) recruitment in esophagitis. Activation of esophageal endothelial cells exposed to acidic refluxate may contribute to GERD in the setting of a disturbed mucosal squamous epithelial barrier (i.e., erosive esophagitis, peptic ulceration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Rafiee
- Dept. of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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142
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White MY, Hambly BD, Jeremy RW, Cordwell SJ. Ischemia-specific phosphorylation and myofilament translocation of heat shock protein 27 precedes alpha B-crystallin and occurs independently of reactive oxygen species in rabbit myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006; 40:761-74. [PMID: 16678850 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) and alpha B-crystallin (alphaBC) are small heat shock proteins that stabilize the myofilament during stress. We utilized two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), phospho-fluorescence staining, titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) phosphopeptide purification and mass spectrometry (MS) to fully characterize isoelectric point (pI) variants of Hsp27 and alphaBC in rabbit myocardium subjected to brief ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Four variants of Hsp27 were detected, two of which were phosphorylated: HSP1 (at three sites, Ser15, Ser78 and Ser82) and HSP2 (at Ser15 and Ser82, but not Ser78). Three variants of alphaBC were detected: alphaBC1 was phosphorylated (at Ser59 alone) and alphaBC2 was deamidated (at Asn146). No modifications were found in the remaining variants. Both phospho-Hsp27 variants increased in abundance in tissue subjected to brief I/R injury (15 min I/60 min R) and ischemia without subsequent reflow (15I/0R), and these increases were not affected by addition of the potent antioxidant, N-(2-mercaptopropionyl) glycine (MPG; 15I/60R + MPG and 15I/0R + MPG). Abundance of native and phosphorylated (but not deamidated) alphaBC was elevated following 15I/60R; however, these increases were ameliorated by the presence of MPG, and did not occur in tissue subjected to 15I/0R. Both phospho-Hsp27 variants and phospho-alphaBC translocated to the myofilament following 15I/60R. Increased myofilament association of phospho-Hsp27 was not influenced by MPG, and there was a greater proportion of HSP2 than HSP1 in this fraction. MPG inhibited phospho-alphaBC translocation and increased alphaBC association with the myofilament did not occur during 15I/0R. Increased phosphorylation of Hsp27 is ischemia-specific and not influenced by reactive oxygen species (ROS), while increased expression and phosphorylation of alphaBC are ROS-dependant.
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Xi JH, Bai F, McGaha R, Andley UP. Alpha‐crystallin expression affects microtubule assembly and prevents their aggregation. FASEB J 2006; 20:846-57. [PMID: 16675842 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5532com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular chaperones alphaA- and alphaB-crystallins are important for cell survival and genomic stability and associate with the tubulin cytoskeleton. The mitotic spindle is abnormally assembled in a number of alphaA-/- and alphaB-/- lens epithelial cells. However, no report to date has studied the effect of alpha-crystallin expression on tubulin/microtubule assembly in lens epithelial cells. In the current work we tested the hypothesis that the absence of alphaA- and alphaB-crystallins alters microtubule assembly. Microtubules were reconstituted from freshly dissected explants of wild-type, alphaA-/-, alphaB-/-, and alpha(A/B) -/- (DKO) mouse lens epithelia and examined by electron microscopic and biochemical analyses. The wild-type microtubules were 4 mum long and approximately 25 nm wide and had a characteristic protofilament structure, but alphaB-/- microtubules were 2.5-fold longer. Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) extracted from microtubules by washing with salt included transketolase, alpha-enolase, and betaB2-crystallin. In DKO lens epithelial microtubules but not in wild-type, alphaA-/- or alphaB-/- microtubules, extraction of the MAPs gave very long (14-20 microm) "polyfilament" assemblies that were tightly bundled. Addition of exogenous alpha-crystallin (alphaA+ alphaB) was ineffective in preventing polyfilament formation. However, normal microtubule structure could be restored by including MAPs derived from wild-type lens epithelial cells during microtubule reconstitution. Intriguingly, these data suggest that alpha-crystallin may interact with MAPs to inhibit aggregation of microtubules in lens epithelial cells. Sedimentation analysis and 90 degrees light scattering measurements showed that alpha-crystallin suppressed tubulin assembly in vitro. Alpha-crystallin did not have a strong effect on the GTPase activity of purified tubulin. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that alpha-crystallin prevented heat-induced aggregation of tubulin, suggesting that alpha-crystallin may affect microtubule assembly by maintaining the pool of unassembled tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hua Xi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8096, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Wei H, Campbell W, Vander Heide RS. Heat shock-induced cardioprotection activates cytoskeletal-based cell survival pathways. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291:H638-47. [PMID: 16565316 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00144.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To define better the subcellular mechanism of heat shock (HS)-induced cardioprotection, we examined the effect of HS, as well as selective expression of individual HS proteins (HSPs), on cell injury in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM). HS was induced in NRVM by a rapid elevation of temperature to 42 degrees C for 20 min followed by 20-24 h of recovery at 37 degrees C. Other NRVM were infected with a replication-deficient adenovirus encoding HSP27 or HSP70. On the same day, all groups were subjected to metabolic inhibition (MI). Cell injury was assayed by measurement of the percentage of total lactate dehydrogenase released, the percentage of cells staining with trypan blue, or TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling, whereas cell signaling was assayed by immunoblot analysis and coimmunoprecipitation. Before MI, the viability of all treated groups did not differ significantly from control NRVM. HS resulted in a significant increase in HSP70 and HSP27 expression. Infection with either virus caused a significant increase in selective HSP content compared with control NRVM. HS protected NRVM from injury. Selective expression of HSP27 or HSP70 alone was not protective in NRVM, but dual infection with both viral vectors (HSP27 + HSP70) was protective. HS and HSP27 + HSP70 expression caused increased paxillin localization in the membrane fraction, which persisted in response to MI, compared with control NRVM. HS increased the integrin-paxillin-focal adhesion kinase interaction, whereas targeted inhibition of focal adhesion kinase activity abolished the integrin-paxillin association and resulted in an increase in cell death. HS and HSP27 + HSP70 expression increased the association of members of the focal adhesion complex and protected NRVM against irreversible injury. Cytoskeletal-based signaling pathways at focal adhesion junctions may represent a unique pathway of cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Wei
- Department of Medicine, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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145
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Inagaki N, Hayashi T, Arimura T, Koga Y, Takahashi M, Shibata H, Teraoka K, Chikamori T, Yamashina A, Kimura A. Alpha B-crystallin mutation in dilated cardiomyopathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 342:379-86. [PMID: 16483541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in genes for sarcomeric proteins such as titin/connectin are known to cause dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, disease-causing mutations can be identified only in a small proportion of the patients even in the familial cases, suggesting that there remains yet unidentified disease-causing gene(s) for DCM. To explore the novel disease gene for DCM, we examined CRYAB encoding alphaB-crystallin for mutation in the patients with DCM, since alphaB-crystallin was recently reported to associate with the heart-specific N2B domain and adjacent I26/I27 domain of titin/connectin, and we previously reported a N2B mutation, Gln4053ter, in DCM. A missense mutation of CRYAB, Arg157His, was found in a familial DCM patient and the mutation affected the evolutionary conserved amino acid residue among alpha-crystallins. Functional analysis revealed that the mutation decreased the binding to titin/connectin heart-specific N2B domain without affecting distribution of the mutant crystallin protein in cardiomyocytes. In contrast, another CRYAB mutation, Arg120Gly, reported in desmin-related myopathy decreased the binding to both N2B and striated muscle-specific I26/27 domains and showed intracellular aggregates of the mutant protein. These observations suggest that the Arg157His mutation may be involved in the pathogenesis of DCM via impaired accommodation to the heart-specific N2B domain of titin/connectin and its disease-causing mechanism is different from the mutation found in desmin-related myopathy.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution/genetics
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/enzymology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Connectin
- Female
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Mutation, Missense
- Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Protein Kinases/genetics
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Sequence Alignment
- alpha-Crystallin B Chain/genetics
- alpha-Crystallin B Chain/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Inagaki
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute and Laboratory of Genome Diversity, School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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146
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Robertson JA, Thomas AW, Bureau Y, Prato FS. The influence of extremely low frequency magnetic fields on cytoprotection and repair. Bioelectromagnetics 2006; 28:16-30. [PMID: 16917871 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injuries, such as those suffered from various types of cardiovascular disease, are major causes of death and disability. For relatively short periods of ischemia, much of the damage is potentially reversible and in fact, does not occur until the influx of oxygen during the reperfusion stage. Because of this, there is a window of opportunity to protect the ischemic tissue. Here, we review several mechanisms of protection, such as heat shock proteins, opioids, collateral blood flow, and nitric oxide induction, and the evidence indicating that magnetic fields may be used as a means of providing protection via each of these mechanisms. While there are few studies demonstrating direct protection with magnetic field therapies, there are a number of published reports indicating that electromagnetic fields may be able to influence some of the biochemical systems with protective applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Robertson
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bioelectromagnetics, Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
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147
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148
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Zhu YH, Ma TM, Wang X. Gene transfer of heat-shock protein 20 protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat hearts. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005; 26:1193-200. [PMID: 16174435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore whether overexpression of HSP20 in the myocardium could protect against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. METHODS Rat hearts were injected with vector, recombinant adenovirus encoding green fluorescent protein (Ad.GFP) or recombinant adenovirus encoding wild-type HSP20 (Ad.HSP20) in the left ventricle. Four days later, hearts were removed and expression of HSP20 was measured in the left ventricle. Subsets of animals in the vector-, Ad.GFP- , and Ad.HSP20-treated groups were subjected to 20-min ischemia and 120-min reperfusion. Myocardial injury was evaluated by infarct size and level of serum cardiac troponin T and creatine phosphokinase. Apoptosis of cardiomyocytes was determined by TUNEL staining. Cardiac function was evaluated by hemodynamic indexes. RESULTS Infarct size and serum cardiac troponin T and creatine phosphokinase levels were significantly reduced in Ad.HSP20-treated hearts compared with vector- and Ad.GFP-treated hearts. The ratio of TUNEL-positive cardiomyocytes to total number of cardiomyocytes in the Ad.HSP20 group was significantly reduced as compared with the vector and Ad.GFP groups. Left ventricular end systolic pressure, and maximal rate of pressure increase (+dp/dt(max)) and decrease (-dp/dt(min)) values were increased significantly, while left ventricular end diastolic pressure was decreased significantly in Ad.HSP20-treated hearts compared with vector- and Ad.GFP-treated hearts. CONCLUSION These data indicate that the cardioprotective effects of HSP20 may contribute to the reduction of myocardial necrosis and apoptosis in ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-hui Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
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149
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Zhu YH, Wang X. Overexpression of heat-shock protein 20 in rat heart myogenic cells confers protection against simulated ischemia/reperfusion injury. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005; 26:1076-80. [PMID: 16115374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore whether overexpression of the small heat shock protein HSP20 in rat cardiomyocytes protects against simulated ischemia/reperfusion (SI/R) injury. METHODS Recombinant adenovirus expressing HSP20 was used to infect rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes at high efficiency, as assessed by green fluorescent protein. H9c2 cells were subjected to SI/R stress; survival was estimated through assessment of lactate dehydrogenase and cell apoptosis through caspase-3 activity. RESULTS Overexpression of HSP20 decreased lactate dehydrogenase release by 21.5% and caspase-3 activity by 58.8%. Pretreatment with the protein kinase C inhibitor Ro-31-8220 (0.1 micromol/L) for 30 min before SI/R canceled the protective effect of HSP20. The selective mitochondrial K+ATP channel inhibitor 5-hydroxydecanoate (100 micromol/L) had a similar effect. However, the non-selective K+ATP channel inhibitor glibenclamide (100 micromol/L) had no significant effect. CONCLUSION These data indicate that the protective effect of HSP20 in vitro is primarily due to reduced necrotic and apoptotic death of cardiomyocytes, possibly via the protein kinase C/mitochondrial K+ATP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-hui Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
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Boucher M, Wann BP, Kaloustian S, Massé R, Schampaert E, Cardinal R, Rousseau G. Sustained cardioprotection afforded by A2A adenosine receptor stimulation after 72 hours of myocardial reperfusion. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2005; 45:439-46. [PMID: 15821439 DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000159047.73359.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine whether cardioprotection afforded by A2A adenosine receptor stimulation can be sustained and to determine the effect of an A2A adenosine receptor agonist on Akt and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) activation, as well as Hsp27 and Hsp70 protein expression in such events. The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 40 minutes in anesthetized rats followed by 72 hours of reperfusion. A2A agonist (CGS21680 at 0.2 microg/kg/min) was administered for 120 minutes, starting either 5 minutes before (early) or after (late) the beginning of reperfusion. Infarct size was reduced significantly in the early compared with the control group (35.2 +/- 1.9% and 52.5 +/- 3.4%, respectively; P < 0.05), whereas no difference was observed with the late group (44.5 +/- 7.1%). After 72 hours of reperfusion, drug administration was accompanied by Akt activation (early, 121.8 +/- 17.6%; late, 118.1 +/- 16.4%; P < 0.05), as well as elevated Hsp27 expression (early, 197.2 +/- 27.7%; late, 203.8 +/- 36.8%; P < 0.05); CREB activation and Hsp70 expression were not altered. In another set of experiments in which reperfusion was limited to 15 minutes, Akt was activated only in the early group (121.8 +/- 17.6%; P < 0.05). Moreover, CREB was activated in both the early and late groups (98.4 +/- 8.3% and 107.0 +/- 6.5%, respectively; P < 0.05), whereas Hsp27 and Hsp70 expression were not altered. These results demonstrate that A2A adenosine receptor activation induces a sustained cardioprotection only if the therapy is instituted before reperfusion. This myocardial protection is associated by an early prosurvival Akt activation. CREB activation and Hsp27 content do not seem to be associated with cardioprotection because they are enhanced in both treated groups, suggesting indirect A2A agonist and pathology-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Boucher
- Centre de Biomédecine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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