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Lorentz CU, Parrish DC, Alston EN, Pellegrino MJ, Woodward WR, Hempstead BL, Habecker BA. Sympathetic denervation of peri-infarct myocardium requires the p75 neurotrophin receptor. Exp Neurol 2013; 249:111-9. [PMID: 24013014 PMCID: PMC3826885 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of cardiac sympathetic heterogeneity after myocardial infarction contributes to ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Regions of sympathetic hyperinnervation and denervation appear in the viable myocardium beyond the infarcted area. While elevated nerve growth factor (NGF) is implicated in sympathetic hyperinnervation, the mechanisms underlying denervation are unknown. Recent studies show that selective activation of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) in sympathetic neurons causes axon degeneration. We used mice that lack p75(NTR) to test the hypothesis that activation of p75(NTR) causes peri-infarct sympathetic denervation after cardiac ischemia-reperfusion. Wild type hearts exhibited sympathetic denervation adjacent to the infarct 24h and 3 days after ischemia-reperfusion, but no peri-infarct sympathetic denervation occurred in p75(NTR)-/- mice. Sympathetic hyperinnervation was found in the distal peri-infarct myocardium in both genotypes 3 days after MI, and hyperinnervation was increased in the p75(NTR)-/- mice. By 7 days after ischemia-reperfusion, cardiac sympathetic innervation density returned back to sham-operated levels in both genotypes, indicating that axonal pruning did not require p75(NTR). Prior studies revealed that proNGF is elevated in the damaged left ventricle after ischemia-reperfusion, as is mRNA encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). ProNGF and BDNF preferentially bind p75(NTR) rather than TrkA on sympathetic neurons. Immunohistochemistry using Bdnf-HA mice confirmed the presence of BDNF or proBDNF in the infarct after ischemia-reperfusion. Thus, at least two p75(NTR) ligands are elevated in the left ventricle after ischemia-reperfusion where they may stimulate p75(NTR)-dependent denervation of peri-infarct myocardium. In contrast, NGF-induced sympathetic hyperinnervation in the distal peri-infarct ventricle is attenuated by p75(NTR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina U. Lorentz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Diana C. Parrish
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Eric N. Alston
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Michael J. Pellegrino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - William R. Woodward
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Barbara L. Hempstead
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Beth A. Habecker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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102
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McCully BH, Hasan W, Streiff CT, Houle JC, Woodward WR, Giraud GD, Brooks VL, Habecker BA. Sympathetic cardiac hyperinnervation and atrial autonomic imbalance in diet-induced obesity promote cardiac arrhythmias. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H1530-7. [PMID: 24014675 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00196.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, but the mechanisms are unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that obesity-induced cardiac sympathetic outgrowth and hyperinnervation promotes the development of arrhythmic events. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-275 g), fed a high-fat diet (33% kcal/fat), diverged into obesity-resistant (OR) and obesity-prone (OP) groups and were compared with rats fed normal chow (13% kcal/fat; CON). In vitro experiments showed that both OR and OP rats exhibited hyperinnervation of the heart and high sympathetic outgrowth compared with CON rats, even though OR rats are not obese. Despite the hyperinnervation and outgrowth, we showed that, in vivo, OR rats were less susceptible to arrhythmic events after an intravenous epinephrine challenge compared with OP rats. On examining total and stimulus-evoked neurotransmitter levels in an ex vivo system, we demonstrate that atrial acetylcholine content and release were attenuated in OP compared with OR and CON groups. OP rats also expressed elevated atrial norepinephrine content, while norepinephrine release was suppressed. These findings suggest that the consumption of a high-fat diet, even in the absence of overt obesity, stimulates sympathetic outgrowth and hyperinnervation of the heart. However, normalized cardiac parasympathetic nervous system control may protect the heart from arrhythmic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda H McCully
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
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103
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Tongxinluo Improves Cardiac Function and Ameliorates Ventricular Remodeling in Mice Model of Myocardial Infarction through Enhancing Angiogenesis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:813247. [PMID: 24069057 PMCID: PMC3771470 DOI: 10.1155/2013/813247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background. Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Tongxinluo (TXL) is a traditional Chinese compound prescription which has cardioprotective functions. The present study was aimed to determine the effect of TXL on postischemic cardiac dysfunction and cardiac remodeling and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods and Results. MI was performed by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) in male adult mice. Mice were randomly divided into four groups: (1) sham group (Sham); (2) MI-control group (Control); (3) MI-low dose TXL group (TXL-L); and (4) MI-high dose TXL (TXL-H) group. Compared with the control group, TXL treatment restored cardiac function, increased revascularization, attenuated cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and reduced interstitial fibrosis. TXL treatment increased the phosphorylation of Akt, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS); the expression of phosphatidylinositol3-kinase (PI3K), hypoxia-inducible factors 1α (HIF-1α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); and the DNA binding activity of HIF-1α after MI. Conclusion. TXL may improve cardiac function and ameliorate cardiac remodeling by increasing neovascularization through enhancing the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK, the expression and activity of HIF-1α, and the protein level of VEGF and p-eNOS.
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104
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Singh S, Sayers S, Walter JS, Thomas D, Dieter RS, Nee LM, Wurster RD. Hypertrophy of neurons within cardiac ganglia in human, canine, and rat heart failure: the potential role of nerve growth factor. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000210. [PMID: 23959444 PMCID: PMC3828807 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Autonomic imbalances including parasympathetic withdrawal and sympathetic overactivity are cardinal features of heart failure regardless of etiology; however, mechanisms underlying these imbalances remain unknown. Animal model studies of heart and visceral organ hypertrophy predict that nerve growth factor levels should be elevated in heart failure; whether this is so in human heart failure, though, remains unclear. We tested the hypotheses that neurons in cardiac ganglia are hypertrophied in human, canine, and rat heart failure and that nerve growth factor, which we hypothesize is elevated in the failing heart, contributes to this neuronal hypertrophy. Methods and Results Somal morphology of neurons from human (579.54±14.34 versus 327.45±9.17 μm2; P<0.01) and canine hearts (767.80±18.37 versus 650.23±9.84 μm2; P<0.01) failing secondary to ischemia and neurons from spontaneously hypertensive rat hearts (327.98±3.15 versus 271.29±2.79 μm2; P<0.01) failing secondary to hypertension reveal significant hypertrophy of neurons in cardiac ganglia compared with controls. Western blot analysis shows that nerve growth factor levels in the explanted, failing human heart are 250% greater than levels in healthy donor hearts. Neurons from cardiac ganglia cultured with nerve growth factor are significantly larger and have greater dendritic arborization than neurons in control cultures. Conclusions Hypertrophied neurons are significantly less excitable than smaller ones; thus, hypertrophy of vagal postganglionic neurons in cardiac ganglia would help to explain the parasympathetic withdrawal that accompanies heart failure. Furthermore, our observations suggest that nerve growth factor, which is elevated in the failing human heart, causes hypertrophy of neurons in cardiac ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Singh
- Research Services, Hines VA Medical Center, Hines, IL
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105
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Pellegrino MJ, Habecker BA. STAT3 integrates cytokine and neurotrophin signals to promote sympathetic axon regeneration. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 56:272-82. [PMID: 23831387 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor STAT3 has been implicated in axon regeneration. Here we investigate a role for STAT3 in sympathetic nerve sprouting after myocardial infarction (MI) - a common injury in humans. We show that NGF stimulates serine phosphorylation (S727) of STAT3 in sympathetic neurons via ERK1/2, in contrast to cytokine phosphorylation of Y705. Maximal sympathetic axon regeneration in vitro requires phosphorylation of both S727 and Y705. Furthermore, cytokine signaling is necessary for NGF-induced sympathetic nerve sprouting in the heart after MI. Transfection studies in neurons lacking STAT3 suggest two independent pools of STAT3, phosphorylated on either S727 or Y705, that regulate sympathetic regeneration via both transcriptional and non-transcriptional means. Additional data identify STAT3-microtubule interactions that may complement the well-characterized role of STAT3 stimulating regeneration associated genes. These data show that STAT3 is critical for sympathetic axon regeneration in vitro and in vivo, and identify a novel non-transcriptional mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Pellegrino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Meloni M, Marchetti M, Garner K, Littlejohns B, Sala-Newby G, Xenophontos N, Floris I, Suleiman MS, Madeddu P, Caporali A, Emanueli C. Local inhibition of microRNA-24 improves reparative angiogenesis and left ventricle remodeling and function in mice with myocardial infarction. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1390-402. [PMID: 23774796 PMCID: PMC3702112 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of death worldwide. MicroRNAs regulate the expression of their target genes, thus mediating a plethora of pathophysiological functions. Recently, miRNA-24 emerged as an important but controversial miRNA involved in post-MI responses. Here, we aimed at clarifying the effect of adenovirus-mediate intra-myocardial delivery of a decoy for miRNA-24 in a mouse MI model and to investigate the impact of miRNA-24 inhibition on angiogenesis and cardiovascular apoptosis. After MI induction, miRNA-24 expression was lower in the peri-infarct tissue and its resident cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts; while it increased in endothelial cells (ECs). Local adenovirus-mediated miRNA-24 decoy delivery increased angiogenesis and blood perfusion in the peri-infarct myocardium, reduced infarct size, induced fibroblast apopotosis and overall improved cardiac function. Notwithstanding these beneficial effects, miRNA-24 decoy increased cardiomyocytes apoptosis. In vitro, miRNA-24 inhibition enhanced ECs survival, proliferation and networking in capillary-like tubes and induced cardiomyocyte and fibroblast apoptosis. Finally, we identified eNOS as a novel direct target of miR-24 in human cultured ECs and in vivo. Our findings suggest that miRNA-24 inhibition exerts distinct biological effects on ECs, cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts. The overall result of post-infarction local miRNA-24 inhibition appears to be therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Meloni
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology and Regeneration, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Micol Marchetti
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology and Regeneration, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kathryn Garner
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ben Littlejohns
- Laboratory of Cardiac Physiology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Graciela Sala-Newby
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Natasa Xenophontos
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology and Regeneration, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ilaria Floris
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology and Regeneration, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M-Saadeh Suleiman
- Laboratory of Cardiac Physiology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrea Caporali
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology and Regeneration, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Costanza Emanueli
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology and Regeneration, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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107
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Strande JL, Routhu KV, Lecht S, Lazarovici P. Nerve growth factor reduces myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat hearts. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 24:81-4. [PMID: 23314533 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2012-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophin that supports the survival and differentiation of sympathetic neurons, and its increased expression after myocardial infarct was correlated with cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation and arrhythmias. However, it is unclear whether NGF protects the heart during infarct. In this study, we sought to address this issue in rat heart exposed to ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). METHODS NGF was administered intravenously (IV), 15 min before ischemia, at different concentrations in the absence or presence of inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) or nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in different groups of rats (n=6) with left coronary occlusion for 30 min followed by 120-min reperfusion. The area at risk and infarct to risk ratios were determined from sections stained with 1% 2,3,5-triphenylterazolium chloride. RESULTS NGF treatment at doses of 0.015-15 μg/kg, with an optimal dose of 0.15 μg/kg given IV before ischemia, reduced the infarct size from about 60% at the area of risk to about 25%, indicating cardioprotection by about 60%. The infarct-sparing effects of NGF were partially abolished by the inhibition of PI3K and NOS using wortmannin and N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated for the first time that NGF attenuates myocardial infarct damage in an in vivo rat model of myocardial regional IRI. This cardioprotective effect is proposed to be related to the activities of PI3K and NOS. This suggests that NGF has a potential therapeutic role in the treatment of IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Strande
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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108
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Transcriptional profiling of HMGB1-induced myocardial repair identifies a key role for Notch signaling. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1841-51. [PMID: 23760446 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) administration to the mouse heart, during acute myocardial infarction (MI), results in cardiac regeneration via resident c-kit(+) cell (CPC) activation. Aim of the present study was to identify the molecular pathways involved in HMGB1-induced heart repair. Gene expression profiling was performed to identify differentially expressed genes in the infarcted and bordering regions of untreated and HMGB1-treated mouse hearts, 3 days after MI. Functional categorization of the transcripts, accomplished using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software (IPA), revealed that genes involved in tissue regeneration, that is, cardiogenesis, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, were present both in the infarcted area and in the peri-infarct zone; HMGB1 treatment further increased the expression of these genes. IPA revealed the involvement of Notch signaling pathways in HMGB1-treated hearts. Importantly, HMGB1 determined a 35 and 58% increase in cardiomyocytes and CPCs expressing Notch intracellular cytoplasmic domain, respectively. Further, Notch inhibition by systemic treatment with the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT, which blocked the proteolytic activation of Notch receptors, reduced the number of CPCs, their proliferative fraction, and cardiomyogenic differentiation in HMGB1-treated infarcted hearts. The present study gives insight into the molecular processes involved in HMGB1-mediated cardiac regeneration and indicates Notch signaling as a key player.
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109
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Shen L, Zeng W, Wu YX, Hou CL, Chen W, Yang MC, Li L, Zhang YF, Zhu CH. Neurotrophin-3 Accelerates Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice by Promoting a Paracrine Response in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:1011-21. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a major obstacle for wound healing in patients with diabetic foot wounds. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have an important function in wound repair, and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) can promote nerve regeneration and angiogenesis. We investigated the effect of NT-3 on accelerating wound healing in the diabetic foot by improving human bone marrow MSC (hMSC) activation. In vitro, NT-3 significantly promoted VEGF, NGF, and BDNF secretion in hMSCs. NT-3 improved activation of the hMSC conditioned medium, promoted human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation and migration, and significantly improved the closure rate of HUVEC scratches. In addition, we produced nanofiber mesh biological tissue materials through the electrospinning technique using polylactic acid, mixed silk, and collagen. The hMSCs stimulated by NT-3 were implanted into the material. Compared with the control group, the NT-3-stimulated hMSCs in the biological tissue material significantly promoted angiogenesis in the feet of diabetic C57BL/6J mice and accelerated diabetic foot wound healing. These results suggest that NT-3 significantly promotes hMSC secretion of VEGF, NGF, and other vasoactive factors and that it accelerates wound healing by inducing angiogenesis through improved activation of vascular endothelial cells. The hMSCs stimulated by NT-3 can produce materials that accelerate wound healing in the diabetic foot and other ischemic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shen
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Anatomy, Key Lab for Biomechanics of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang-Xiao Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Key Lab for Biomechanics of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Li Hou
- Department of Anatomy, Key Lab for Biomechanics of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Key Lab for Biomechanics of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming-Can Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Key Lab for Biomechanics of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anatomy, Key Lab for Biomechanics of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya-Fang Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chu-Hong Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Key Lab for Biomechanics of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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El-Helou V, Chabot A, Gosselin H, Villeneuve L, Clavet-Lanthier ME, Tanguay JF, Enikolopov G, Fernandes KJ, Jasmin JF, Calderone A. Cardiac resident nestin+cells participate in reparative vascularisation. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1844-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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111
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Taghavi S, George JC. Homing of stem cells to ischemic myocardium. Am J Transl Res 2013; 5:404-411. [PMID: 23724164 PMCID: PMC3665914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Progenitor cells have the capability to home myocardium in response to ischemia. Cell adhesion markers, in particular integrins, play an important role in the trafficking of stem cells to myocardium. In addition, damaged myocardium secretes several chemokines and growth factors that recruit these precursor cells to the heart. Nitric oxide synthase and hormones can also contribute to the trafficking of progenitor cells to myocardium. The recruitment of stem cells to ischemic myocardium is a complex interchange between cell adhesion markers, chemokines, and growth factors and a better understanding of these processes may lead to more efficient use of stem cells for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharven Taghavi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple UniversityPhiladelphia, PA, USA
- Hospital Department of Surgery, Temple UniversityPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jon C George
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple UniversityPhiladelphia, PA, USA
- School of Medicine, Temple UniversityPhiladelphia, PA, USA
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Martín-Saavedra FM, Wilson CG, Voellmy R, Vilaboa N, Franceschi RT. Spatiotemporal control of vascular endothelial growth factor expression using a heat-shock-activated, rapamycin-dependent gene switch. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2013; 24:160-70. [PMID: 23527589 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2013.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in regenerative medicine is to develop methods for delivering growth and differentiation factors in specific spatial and temporal patterns, thereby mimicking the natural processes of development and tissue repair. Heat shock (HS)-inducible gene expression systems can respond to spatial information provided by localized heating, but are by themselves incapable of sustained expression. Conversely, gene switches activated by small molecules provide tight temporal control and sustained expression, but lack mechanisms for spatial targeting. Here we combine the advantages of HS and ligand-activated systems by developing a novel rapamycin-regulated, HS-inducible gene switch that provides spatial and temporal control and sustained expression of transgenes such as firefly luciferase and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This gene circuit exhibits very low background in the uninduced state and can be repeatedly activated up to 1 month. Furthermore, dual regulation of VEGF induction in vivo is shown to stimulate localized vascularization, thereby providing a route for temporal and spatial control of angiogenesis.
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113
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Yue XJ, Xu LB, Zhu MS, Zhang R, Liu C. Over-expression of nerve growth factor-β in human cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cells promote tumor progression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62024. [PMID: 23637956 PMCID: PMC3634741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims It has been shown that nerve growth factor-β (NGF-β) promoted the initiation and progression of many tumors, and we have previously demonstrated that the expression of NGF-β was associated with tumor stage, nerve infiltration and lymph node metastasis in human hilar cholangiocarcinoma. However, whether NGF-β promotes tumor progression in human cholangiocarcinoma requires further investigation. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects of NGF-β on the progression of human cholangiocarcinoma. Methods Human cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 stable cell lines with over-expressed or silenced NGF-β genes were generated with pEGFP-N1-NGF-β and pGPU6/GFP/Neo-NGF-β-shRNA recombinant plasmids. Cell proliferation assay, colony formation assay, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis assay and tumorigenicity assay were performed to evaluate the role of NGF-β in the progression of human cholangiocarcinoma. In addition, human lymphatic endothelial cells were co-cultured with QBC939 culture supernatants, and the cell proliferation and migration abilities of the lymphatic endothelial cells were evaluated. Results Forced expression of NGF-β in QBC939 cell lines promoted proliferation, colony formation and tumorigenicity in these cells and inhibited the apoptosis. However, down-regulation of NGF-β inhibited proliferation, colony formation and tumorigenicity, and increased the apoptotic rate of QBC939 cells. In addition, the NGF-β gain-of-function induced a high expression of vascular endothelial growth factor C and enhanced the proliferation and migration of lymphatic endothelial cells, while NGF-β loss-of-function showed opposite effects. Conclusions We concluded that NGF-β promoted tumor progression in human cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cells. Our results provided a new concept to understand the role of NGF-β in cholangiocarcinoma progression, and might provide important information for the development of new targeted therapies in human cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-jing Yue
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lei-bo Xu
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Man-sheng Zhu
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Lan YF, Zhang JC, Gao JL, Wang XP, Fang Z, Fu YC, Chen MY, Lin M, Xue Q, Li Y. Effects of nerve growth factor on the action potential duration and repolarizing currents in a rabbit model of myocardial infarction. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2013; 10:39-51. [PMID: 23610573 PMCID: PMC3627714 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-5411.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the action potential and potassium currents of non-infarcted myocardium in the myocardial infarcted rabbit model. METHODS Rabbits with occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery were prepared and allowed to recover for eight weeks (healed myocardial infarction, HMI). During ligation surgery of the left coronary artery, a polyethylene tube was placed near the left stellate ganglion in the subcutis of the neck for the purpose of administering NGF 400 U/d for eight weeks (HMI + NGF group). Cardiomyocytes were isolated from regions of the non-infarcted left ventricular wall and the action potentials and ion currents in these cells were recorded using whole-cell patch clamps. RESULTS Compared with HMI and control cardiomyocytes, significant prolongation of APD50 or APD90 (Action potential duration (APD) measured at 50% and 90% of repolarization) in HMI + NGF cardiomyocytes was found. The results showed that the 4-aminopyridine sensitive transient outward potassium current (I to), the rapidly activated omponent of delayed rectifier potassium current (I Kr), the slowly activated component of delayed rectifier potassium current (I Ks), and the L-type calcium current (I CaL) were significantly altered in NGF + HMI cardiomyocytes compared with HMI and control cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that NGF treatment significantly prolongs APD in HMI cardiomyocytes and that a decrease in outward potassium currents and an increase of inward Ca(2+) current are likely the underlying mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Lan
- Institute of Geriatric Cardiology of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, 100853 Beijing, China
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Abstract
Neurotrophic factors regulate survival, development, and function of nervous tissue. They act via two different classes of receptors and activation of various signaling pathways in the target cells. Illumination of their physiological role in the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis as well as regeneration of damaged tissue have ignited expectations to heal neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic late-ral sclerosis and Parkinson disease. Advances in pharmaco-therapy, gene therapy, and stem cell biology have enabled development of novel therapies with application of regenerating cell transplantation. In the foreseeable future, it may lead to the establishment of safe and effective ways of treatment of these severe and currently incurable diseases.
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Ding L, Dolgachev V, Wu Z, Liu T, Nakashima T, Wu Z, Ullenbruch M, Lukacs NW, Chen Z, Phan SH. Essential role of stem cell factor-c-Kit signalling pathway in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. J Pathol 2013; 230:205-14. [PMID: 23401096 DOI: 10.1002/path.4177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) and its receptor c-Kit have been implicated in tissue remodelling and fibrosis. Alveolar fibroblasts from patients with diffuse interstitial fibrosis secrete more SCF. However, its precise role remains unclear. In this study the potential role of the SCF-c-Kit axis in pulmonary fibrosis was examined. Fibrosis was induced by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (BLM), which caused increased SCF levels in plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue, as well as increased expression by lung fibroblasts. These changes were accompanied by increased numbers of bone marrow-derived c-Kit(+) cells in the lung, with corresponding depletion in bone marrow. Both recombinant SCF and lung extracts from BLM-treated animals induced bone-marrow cell migration, which was blocked by c-Kit inhibitor. The migrated cells promoted myofibroblast differentiation when co-cultured with fibroblasts, suggesting a paracrine pathogenic role. Interestingly, lung fibroblast cultures contained a subpopulation of cells that expressed functionally active c-Kit, which were significantly greater and more responsive to SCF induction when isolated from fibrotic lungs, including those from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This c-Kit(+) subpopulation was αSMA-negative and expressed lower levels of collagen I but significantly higher levels of TGFβ than c-Kit-negative cells. SCF deficiency achieved by intratracheal treatment with neutralizing anti-SCF antibody or by use of Kitl(Sl)/Kitl(Sl-d) mutant mice in vivo resulted in significant reduction in pulmonary fibrosis. Taken together, the SCF-c-Kit pathway was activated in BLM-injured lung and might play a direct role in pulmonary fibrosis by the recruitment of bone marrow progenitor cells capable of promoting lung myofibroblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ding
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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117
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Aloe L, Chaldakov GN. Homage to Rita Levi-Montalcini, the queen of modern neuroscience. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:761-5. [PMID: 23520136 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The first cell growth factor, nerve growth factor (NGF), was discovered by Rita Levi-Montalcini (RLM) in the early 1950s. Originally identified as neurite outgrowth-stimulating factor, later studies revealed that non-neuronal cells, including immune cells, endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, pancreatic beta cells, prostate epithelial and adipose tissue cells, were also targets for and/or sources of NGF. Nerve growth factor is well recognised as mediating multiple biological phenomena, ranging from the neurotrophic through immunotrophic and epitheliotrophic to metabotrophic effects. Consequently, NGF and other members of the neurotrophin family are implicated in the pathogenesis of a large spectrum of neuronal and non-neuronal diseases, ranging from Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases to atherosclerosis and cardiometabolic disorders. Recent studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potentials of NGF in these conditions, including ocular and cutaneous diseases. NGF TrkA receptor antagonists emerged as novel drugs for pain, prostate and breast cancer, melanoma and urinary bladder syndromes. Here, we briefly describe the 'unpredictable' ideogenesis of the discovery of NGF, a eureka in the neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Aloe
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy.
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118
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Proangiogenic therapy appeared a promising strategy for the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI), as de novo formation of microvessels, has the potential to salvage ischemic myocardium at early stages after MI, and is also essential to prevent the transition to heart failure through the control of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and contractility. RECENT ADVANCES Exciting preclinical studies evaluating proangiogenic therapies for MI have prompted the initiation of numerous clinical trials based on protein or gene transfer delivery of growth factors and administration of stem/progenitor cells, mainly from bone marrow origin. Nonetheless, these clinical trials showed mixed results in patients with acute MI. CRITICAL ISSUES Even though methodological caveats, such as way of delivery for angiogenic growth factors (e.g., protein vs. gene transfer) and stem/progenitor cells or isolation/culture procedure for regenerative cells might partially explain the failure of such trials, it appears that delivery of a single growth factor or cell type does not support angiogenesis sufficiently to promote cardiac repair. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Optimization of proangiogenic therapies might include stimulation of both angiogenesis and vessel maturation and/or the use of additional sources of stem/progenitor cells, such as cardiac progenitor cells. Experimental unraveling of the mechanisms of angiogenesis, vessel maturation, and endothelial cell/cardiomyocyte cross talk in the ischemic heart, analysis of emerging pathways, as well as a better understanding of how cardiovascular risk factors impact endogenous and therapeutically stimulated angiogenesis, would undoubtedly pave the way for the development of novel and hopefully efficient angiogenesis targeting therapeutics for the treatment of acute MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Cochain
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, INSERM UMR-S 970, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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Aridgides D, Salvador R, PereiraPerrin M. Trypanosoma cruzi highjacks TrkC to enter cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts while exploiting TrkA for cardioprotection against oxidative stress. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1357-66. [PMID: 23414299 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC), caused by the obligate intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Latin America. CCC begins when T. cruzi enters cardiac cells for intracellular multiplication and differentiation, a process that starts with recognition of host-cell entry receptors. However, the nature of these surface molecules and corresponding parasite counter-receptor(s) is poorly understood. Here we show that antibodies against neurotrophin (NT) receptor TrkC, but not against family members TrkA and TrkB, prevent T. cruzi from invading primary cultures of cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts. Invasion is also selectively blocked by the TrkC ligand NT-3, and by antagonists of Trk autophosphorylation and downstream signalling. Therefore, these results indicate that T. cruzi gets inside cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts by activating TrkC preferentially over TrkA. Accordingly, short hairpin RNA interference of TrkC (shTrkC), but not TrkA, selectively prevents T. cruzi from entering cardiac cells. Additionally, T. cruzi parasite-derived neurotrophic factor (PDNF)/trans-sialidase, a TrkC-binding protein, but not family member gp85, blocks entry dose-dependently, underscoring the specificity of PDNF as TrkC counter-receptor in cardiac cell invasion. In contrast to invasion, competitive and shRNA inhibition studies demonstrate that T. cruzi-PDNF recognition of TrkA, but not TrkC on primary cardiomyocytes and the cardiomyocyte cell line H9c2 protects the cells against oxidative stress. Thus, this study shows that T. cruzi via PDNF favours neurotrophin receptor TrkC for cardiac cell entry and TrkA for cardiomyocyte protection against oxidative stress, and suggests a new therapeutic opportunity in PDNF and/or fragments thereof for CCC therapy as entry inhibitors and/or cardioprotection agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aridgides
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Aloe L, Chaldakov GN. The multiple life of nerve growth factor: tribute to rita levi-montalcini (1909-2012). Balkan Med J 2013; 30:4-7. [PMID: 25207059 DOI: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2013.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
At the end of the 19(th) century, it was envisaged by Santiago Ramon y Cajal, but not, proven, that life at the neuronal level requires trophic support. The proof was obtained in the early 1950's by work initiated by Rita Levi-Montalcini (RLM) discovering the nerve growth factor (NGF). Today, NGF and its relatives, collectively designated neurotrophins, are well recognized as mediators of multiple biological phenomena in health and disease, ranging from the neurotrophic through immunotrophic and epitheliotrophic to metabotrophic effects. Consequently, NGF and other neurotrophins are implicated in the pathogenesis of a large spectrum of neuronal and non-neuronal diseases, from Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases to atherosclerosis and other cardiometabolic diseases. Recent studies demonstrated the therapeutic potentials of NGF in these diseases, including ocular and cutaneous diseases. Furthermore, NGF TrkA receptor antagonists emerged as novel drugs for pain, prostate and breast cancer, melanoma, and urinary bladder syndromes. Altogether, NGF's multiple potential in health and disease is briefly described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Aloe
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
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Aridgides D, Salvador R, PereiraPerrin M. Trypanosoma cruzi coaxes cardiac fibroblasts into preventing cardiomyocyte death by activating nerve growth factor receptor TrkA. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57450. [PMID: 23437390 PMCID: PMC3578799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Cardiomyocytes express neurotrophin receptor TrkA that promotes survival following nerve growth factor (NGF) ligation. Whether TrkA also resides in cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and underlies cardioprotection is unknown. Objective To test whether CFs express TrkA that conveys paracrine signals to neighbor cardiomyocytes using, as probe, the Chagas disease parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which expresses a TrkA-binding neurotrophin mimetic, named PDNF. T cruzi targets the heart, causing chronic debilitating cardiomyopathy in ∼30% patients. Methods and Results Basal levels of TrkA and TrkC in primary CFs are comparable to those in cardiomyocytes. However, in the myocardium, TrkA expression is significantly lower in fibroblasts than myocytes, and vice versa for TrkC. Yet T cruzi recognition of TrkA on fibroblasts, preferentially over cardiomyocytes, triggers a sharp and sustained increase in NGF, including in the heart of infected mice or of mice administered PDNF intravenously, as early as 3-h post-administration. Further, NGF-containing T cruzi- or PDNF-induced fibroblast-conditioned medium averts cardiomyocyte damage by H2O2, in agreement with the previously recognized cardioprotective role of NGF. Conclusions TrkA residing in CFs induces an exuberant NGF production in response to T cruzi infection, enabling, in a paracrine fashion, myocytes to resist oxidative stress, a leading Chagas cardiomyopathy trigger. Thus, PDNF-TrkA interaction on CFs may be a mechanism orchestrated by T cruzi to protect its heart habitat, in concert with the long-term (decades) asymptomatic heart parasitism that characterizes Chagas disease. Moreover, as a potent booster of cardioprotective NGF in vivo, PDNF may offer a novel therapeutic opportunity against cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aridgides
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America,
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ryan Salvador
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America,
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mercio PereiraPerrin
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America,
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Elshaer SL, Abdelsaid MA, Al-Azayzih A, Kumar P, Matragoon S, Nussbaum JJ, El-Remessy AB. Pronerve growth factor induces angiogenesis via activation of TrkA: possible role in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:432659. [PMID: 23998130 PMCID: PMC3753742 DOI: 10.1155/2013/432659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is the leading cause of blindness in working age Americans. We demonstrated that diabetes disturbs the homeostasis of nerve growth factor (NGF) resulting in accumulation of its precursor proNGF. Increases in proNGF were positively correlated with progression of diabetic retinopathy, having the highest level in ocular fluids from PDR patients compared to nondiabetic patients. Here, we attempted to evaluate the contribution and the possible mechanism of proNGF to PDR. The angiogenic response of aqueous humor samples from PDR patients was examined in human retinal endothelial cells in the presence or absence of anti-proNGF antibody. Additional cultures were treated with mutant-proNGF in the presence of specific pharmacological inhibitors of TrkA and p75(NTR) receptors. PDR-aqueous humor samples exerted significant angiogenic response including cell proliferation, migration, and alignment into tube-like structures. These effects were significantly reduced by anti-proNGF antibody but not by IgG. Treatment of retinal endothelial cells with mutant-proNGF activated phosphorylation of TrkA and p38MAPK; however, it did not alter p75(NTR) expression. Inhibition of TrkA but not p75(NTR) significantly reduced mutant-proNGF-induced cell proliferation, cell migration, and tube formation. Taken together, these results provide evidence that proNGF can contribute to PDR at least in part via activation of TrkA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally L. Elshaer
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, 1120 15th Street HM-1200, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Reagents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mohammed A. Abdelsaid
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, 1120 15th Street HM-1200, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Reagents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Reagents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Ahmad Al-Azayzih
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, 1120 15th Street HM-1200, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Parag Kumar
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, 1120 15th Street HM-1200, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Pharmacy Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Suraporn Matragoon
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, 1120 15th Street HM-1200, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Reagents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Julian J. Nussbaum
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Reagents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Azza B. El-Remessy
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, 1120 15th Street HM-1200, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Reagents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- *Azza B. El-Remessy:
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Lam NT, Currie PD, Lieschke GJ, Rosenthal NA, Kaye DM. Nerve growth factor stimulates cardiac regeneration via cardiomyocyte proliferation in experimental heart failure. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53210. [PMID: 23300892 PMCID: PMC3534029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the adult heart likely retains some regenerative capacity, heart failure (HF) typically remains a progressive disorder. We hypothesise that alterations in the local environment contribute to the failure of regeneration in HF. Previously we showed that nerve growth factor (NGF) is deficient in the failing heart and here we hypothesise that diminished NGF limits the cardiac regenerative response in HF. The capacity of NGF to augment cardiac regeneration was tested in a zebrafish model of HF. Cardiac injury with a HF phenotype was induced in zebrafish larvae at 72 hours post fertilization (hpf) by exposure to aristolochic acid (AA, 2.5 µM, 72–75 hpf). By 168 hpf, AA induced HF and death in 37.5% and 20.8% of larvae respectively (p<0.001). NGF mRNA expression was reduced by 42% (p<0.05). The addition of NGF (50 ng/ml) after exposure to AA reduced the incidence of HF by 50% (p<0.01) and death by 65% (p<0.01). Mechanistically, AA mediated HF was characterised by reduced cardiomyocyte proliferation as reflected by a 6.4 fold decrease in BrdU+ cardiomyocytes (p<0.01) together with features of apoptosis and loss of cardiomyocytes. Following AA exposure, NGF increased the abundance of BrdU+ cardiomyocytes in the heart by 4.8 fold (p<0.05), and this was accompanied by a concomitant significant increase in cardiomyocyte numbers. The proliferative effect of NGF on cardiomyocytes was not associated with an anti-apoptotic effect. Taken together the study suggests that NGF stimulates a regenerative response in the failing zebrafish heart, mediated by stimulation of cardiomyocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T. Lam
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter D. Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Graham J. Lieschke
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nadia A. Rosenthal
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David M. Kaye
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The following represent a selection of the most read
Circulation Research
articles published between January 2010 and December 2011, presented in reverse order of publication. Articles were selected based on the number of Full Text/PDF downloads, adjusted to compensate for differences in the length of time articles have been available online.
As stated in the past, our motivation in compiling such lists of most read articles is multifarious. By highlighting these articles, we wish to direct the attention of our readers to new information that may be of particular interest to a large fraction of the community of cardiovascular scholars. In addition, a synopsis of the most popular articles can be a useful indicator of burgeoning areas of research that are likely to dominate the landscape for years to come. This “honor roll” is also meant to acknowledge the outstanding work of the authors and their efforts in advancing the frontiers of cardiovascular science. Furthermore, we believe that the articles highlighted below represent paradigms of scientific excellence, particularly with respect to the three criteria that we value most at
Circulation Research
: conceptual and/or mechanistic novelty, scientific impact, and methodological rigor. Finally, we hope that this list will provide tangible evidence of the high (and rising) level of scientific excellence of the work published in
Circulation Research
.
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Siao CJ, Lorentz CU, Kermani P, Marinic T, Carter J, McGrath K, Padow VA, Mark W, Falcone DJ, Cohen-Gould L, Parrish DC, Habecker BA, Nykjaer A, Ellenson LH, Tessarollo L, Hempstead BL. ProNGF, a cytokine induced after myocardial infarction in humans, targets pericytes to promote microvascular damage and activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:2291-305. [PMID: 23091165 PMCID: PMC3501352 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
proNGF and p75NTR are induced following fatal myocardial infraction and are required for the development of microvascular injury. Treatment of acute cardiac ischemia focuses on reestablishment of blood flow in coronary arteries. However, impaired microvascular perfusion damages peri-infarct tissue, despite arterial patency. Identification of cytokines that induce microvascular dysfunction would provide new targets to limit microvascular damage. Pro–nerve growth factor (NGF), the precursor of NGF, is a well characterized cytokine in the brain induced by injury. ProNGF activates p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and sortilin receptors to mediate proapoptotic responses. We describe induction of proNGF by cardiomyocytes, and p75NTR in human arterioles after fatal myocardial infarction, but not with unrelated pathologies. After mouse cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury, rapid up-regulation of proNGF by cardiomyocytes and p75NTR by microvascular pericytes is observed. To identify proNGF actions, we generated a mouse expressing a mutant Ngf allele with impaired processing of proNGF to mature NGF. The proNGF-expressing mouse exhibits cardiac microvascular endothelial activation, a decrease in pericyte process length, and increased vascular permeability, leading to lethal cardiomyopathy in adulthood. Deletion of p75NTR in proNGF-expressing mice rescues the phenotype, confirming the importance of p75NTR-expressing pericytes in the development of microvascular injury. Furthermore, deficiency in p75NTR limits infarct size after I-R. These studies identify novel, nonneuronal actions for proNGF and suggest that proNGF represents a new target to limit microvascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jen Siao
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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She T, Wang X, Gan Y, Kuang D, Yue J, Ni J, Zhao X, Wang G. Hyperglycemia suppresses cardiac stem cell homing to peri-infarcted myocardium via regulation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK activities. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:1313-20. [PMID: 22965067 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia in the acute phase of myocardial infarction (MI) is a marker of worse prognosis in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients; however, the role of hyperglycemia in the homing of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) to damaged myocardium post-MI and the possible mechanisms involved are not well understood. In this study, an MI model was induced in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic rats by left coronary artery ligation. Immunofluorescence was used to examine the migration of CSCs in vivo by injecting BrdU-labeled CSCs into the atrium-ventricle groove (AV-groove). Immunohistochemistry, western blot analysis and ELISA were carried out to detect the expression of stem cell factor (SCF) protein and RT-PCR was conducted for the expression of SCF mRNA. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK was detected by western blot analysis. Afterwards, cardiac function was evaluated by hemodynamic measurement. On Day 5 post-MI, the accumulation of CSCs significantly increased in the peri-infarcted myocardium in normoglycemic rats, which led to an improvement in cardiac function 3 weeks after MI. However, the accumulation of CSCs markedly decreased in hyperglycemic rats, followed by the decline of cardiac function. SCF expression, followed with phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, were also significantly downregulated in the peri-infarcted myocardium in hyperglycemic rats compared to normoglycemic rats. Moreover, SCF expression and the migration of CSCs were blocked by either the MEK-specific inhibitor PD98059 or the p38 MAPK-selective inhibitor SB203580. The experiments in vitro confirmed that hyperglycemia decreased SCF expression via reduction in ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK activities and further inhibited the migration of CSCs. The results suggest that hyperglycemia suppresses CSC migration towards the ischemic area post-MI. This is possibly due to decreased myocardial SCF expression via reduction of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK activities in hyperglycemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonghui She
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
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Yue W, Guo Z. Blockade of spinal nerves inhibits expression of neural growth factor in the myocardium at an early stage of acute myocardial infarction in rats. Br J Anaesth 2012; 109:345-51. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aes144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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128
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Benavides-Vallve C, Corbacho D, Iglesias-Garcia O, Pelacho B, Albiasu E, Castaño S, Muñoz-Barrutia A, Prosper F, Ortiz-de-Solorzano C. New strategies for echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function in a mouse model of long-term myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41691. [PMID: 22848568 PMCID: PMC3407217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this article is to present an optimized acquisition and analysis protocol for the echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricle (LV) remodeling in a mouse model of myocardial infarction (MI). METHODOLOGY 13 female DBA/2J mice underwent permanent occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery leading to MI. Mice echocardiography was performed using a Vevo 770 (Visualsonics, Canada) before infarction, and 7, 14, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after LAD ligation. LV systolic function was evaluated using different parameters, including the fractional area change (FAC%) computed in four high-temporal resolution B-mode short axis images taken at different ventricular levels, and in one parasternal long axis. Pulsed wave and tissue Doppler modes were used to evaluate the diastolic function and Tei Index for global cardiac function. The echocardiographic measurements of infarct size were validated histologically using collagen deposition labeled by Sirius red staining. All data was analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk and Student's t-tests. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Our results reveal LV dilation resulting in marked remodeling an severe systolic dysfunction, starting seven days after MI (LV internal apical diameter, basal = 2.82±0.24, 7d = 3.49±0.42; p<0.001. End-diastolic area, basal = 18.98±1.81, 7d = 22.04±2.11; p<0.001). A strong statistically significant negative correlation exists between the infarct size and long-axis FAC% (r = -0.946; R(2) = 0.90; p<0.05). Moreover, the measured Tei Index values confirmed significant post-infarction impairment of the global cardiac function (basal = 0.46±0.07, 7d = 0.55±0.08, 14 d = 0.57±0.06, 30 d = 0.54±0.06, 60 d = 0.54±0.07, 90 d = 0.57±0.08; p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In summary, we have performed a complete characterization of LV post-infarction remodeling in a DBA/2J mouse model of MI, using parameters adapted to the particular characteristics of the model In the future, this well characterized model will be used in both investigative and pharmacological studies that require accurate quantitative monitoring of cardiac recovery after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Benavides-Vallve
- Imaging Unit, Fundación para la Investigación Médica Aplicada, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - David Corbacho
- Imaging Unit, Fundación para la Investigación Médica Aplicada, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Olalla Iglesias-Garcia
- Imaging Unit, Fundación para la Investigación Médica Aplicada, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pelacho
- Imaging Unit, Fundación para la Investigación Médica Aplicada, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Edurne Albiasu
- Imaging Unit, Fundación para la Investigación Médica Aplicada, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Sara Castaño
- Cardiology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Arrate Muñoz-Barrutia
- Imaging Unit, Fundación para la Investigación Médica Aplicada, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Imaging Unit, Fundación para la Investigación Médica Aplicada, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Carlos Ortiz-de-Solorzano
- Imaging Unit, Fundación para la Investigación Médica Aplicada, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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Circulation Research
Thematic Synopsis. Circ Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.275891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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130
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Scarpi D, Cirelli D, Matrone C, Castronovo G, Rosini P, Occhiato EG, Romano F, Bartali L, Clemente AM, Bottegoni G, Cavalli A, De Chiara G, Bonini P, Calissano P, Palamara AT, Garaci E, Torcia MG, Guarna A, Cozzolino F. Low molecular weight, non-peptidic agonists of TrkA receptor with NGF-mimetic activity. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e339. [PMID: 22764098 PMCID: PMC3406579 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exploitation of the biologic activity of neurotrophins is desirable for medical purposes, but their protein nature intrinsically bears adverse pharmacokinetic properties. Here, we report synthesis and biologic characterization of a novel class of low molecular weight, non-peptidic compounds with NGF (nerve growth factor)-mimetic properties. MT2, a representative compound, bound to Trk (tropomyosin kinase receptor)A chain on NGF-sensitive cells, as well as in cell-free assays, at nanomolar concentrations and induced TrkA autophosphorylation and receptor-mediated internalization. MT2 binding involved at least two amino-acid residues within TrkA molecule. Like NGF, MT2 increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 and Akt proteins and production of MKP-1 phosphatase (dual specificity phosphatase 1), modulated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, sustained survival of serum-starved PC12 or RDG cells, and promoted their differentiation. However, the intensity of such responses was heterogenous, as the ability of maintaining survival was equally possessed by NGF and MT2, whereas the induction of differentiation was expressed at definitely lower levels by the mimetic. Analysis of TrkA autophosphorylation patterns induced by MT2 revealed a strong tyrosine (Tyr)490 and a limited Tyr785 and Tyr674/675 activation, findings coherent with the observed functional divarication. Consistently, in an NGF-deprived rat hippocampal neuronal model of Alzheimer Disease, MT2 could correct the biochemical abnormalities and sustain cell survival. Thus, NGF mimetics may reveal interesting investigational tools in neurobiology, as well as promising drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Scarpi
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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Yuan MJ, Huang H, Huang CX. P75 neurotrophin receptor is a regulatory factor in sudden cardiac death with myocardial infarction. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:361-2. [PMID: 22704942 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with coronary artery diseases and myocardial infarction (MI). Sympathetic stimulation and sympathetic neural remodeling are important in the generation of SCD in diseased heart. The balance of nerve growth factor (NGF) and semaphoring 3A determines the sympathetic innervation patterning. Recently studies showed that P75 neurotrophin receptor (P75 NTR) is the main receptor for NGF mediates sympathetic hyperinnervation in the heart, and also interacts with semaphoring 3A. Sympathetic axons lacking P75 NTR are more sensitive to semaphoring 3A in vitro than control neurons, resulting in decreased sympathetic innervation in the left ventricular subendocardium. P75 NTR(-/-) mice had increased sympathetic heterogeneity and more spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias. Based on current studies, we present a hypothesis that P75 NTR plays an important regulatory role in sudden cardiac after myocardial infarction and hope to find new therapeutic target for SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jie Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
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132
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Saygili E, Kluttig R, Rana OR, Saygili E, Gemein C, Zink MD, Rackauskas G, Weis J, Schwinger RHG, Marx N, Schauerte P. Age-related regional differences in cardiac nerve growth factor expression. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:659-667. [PMID: 21559866 PMCID: PMC3337926 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Age has been identified as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. A shift of the cardiac autonomic nervous system towards an increase in sympathetic tone has been reported in the elderly. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is the main neurotrophic factor that increases the sympathetic activity of the heart. If there is a shift of NGF expression in old compared to young cardiomyocytes and whether there are regional differences in the heart still remain unclear. Therefore, we chose a rat model of different-aged rats (3-4 days = neonatal, 6-8 weeks = young, 20-24 months = old), and isolated cardiomyocytes from the left and the right atrium (LA, RA), as well as from the left and the right ventricle (LV, RV), were used to determine NGF expression on mRNA and protein levels. In neonatal, young, and old rats, NGF amount in LA and RA was significantly lower as compared to LV and RV. In young and old rats, we found significant higher NGF protein levels in LA compared to RA. In addition, both atria showed an increase in NGF expression between age groups neonatal, young, and old. In both ventricles, we observed a significant decrease in NGF expression from neonatal to young rats and a significant increase from young to old rats. The highest NGF amount in LV and RV was observed in neonatal rats. Regarding tyrosine kinase A receptor (TrkA) expression, the main receptor for NGF signaling, both atria showed the largest expression in old rats; while in LV and RV, TrkA was expressed mainly in young rats. These results point to a contribution of nerve growth factors to the change of autonomic tone observed in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erol Saygili
- Department of Cardiology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany.
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Kalra S, Baruah MP, Unnikrishnan AG. Celebrating life with Rita Levi-Montalcini: A hundred years and more. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 16:327-328. [PMID: 22629493 PMCID: PMC3354834 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.95657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kalra
- Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital and B.R.I.D.E, Karnal, Haryana, India
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134
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Early regenerative effects of NGF-transduced Schwann cells in peripheral nerve repair. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 50:103-12. [PMID: 22735691 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury leads to a rapid and robust increase in the synthesis of neurotrophins which guide and support regenerating axons. To further optimize neurotrophin supply at the earliest stages of regeneration, we over-expressed NGF in Schwann cells (SCs) by transducing these cells with a lentiviral vector encoding NGF (NGF-SCs). Transplantation of NGF-SCs in a rat sciatic nerve transection/repair model led to significant increase of NGF levels 2weeks after injury and correspondingly to substantial improvement in axonal regeneration. Numbers of NF200, ChAT and CGRP-positive axon profiles, as well as the gastrocnemius muscle weights, were significantly higher in the NGF-Schwann cell group compared to the animals that received control SCs transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding GFP (GFP-SCs). Comparison with other models of NGF application signifies the important role of this neurotrophin during the early stages of regeneration, and supports the importance of developing combined gene and cell therapy for peripheral nerve repair.
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135
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Bassi R, Trevisani A, Tezza S, Ben Nasr M, Gatti F, Vergani A, Farina A, Fiorina P. Regenerative therapies for diabetic microangiopathy. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:916560. [PMID: 22536216 PMCID: PMC3321284 DOI: 10.1155/2012/916560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia occurring in diabetes is responsible for accelerated arterial remodeling and atherosclerosis, affecting the macro- and the microcirculatory system. Vessel injury is mainly related to deregulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin/insulin-precursors production, generation of advanced glycation end-products, reduction in nitric oxide synthesis, and oxidative and reductive stress. It occurs both at extracellular level with increased calcium and matrix proteins deposition and at intracellular level, with abnormalities of intracellular pathways and increased cell death. Peripheral arterial disease, coronary heart disease, and ischemic stroke are the main causes of morbidity/mortality in diabetic patients representing a major clinical and economic issue. Pharmacological therapies, administration of growth factors, and stem cellular strategies are the most effective approaches and will be discussed in depth in this comprehensive review covering the regenerative therapies of diabetic microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bassi
- Nephrology Division, Transplantation Research Center (TRC), Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- DiSTeBA, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Sara Tezza
- Nephrology Division, Transplantation Research Center (TRC), Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Moufida Ben Nasr
- Department of Biophysical and Medical Science, Higher Institute of Medical Technology, 1006 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Francesca Gatti
- Nephrology Division, Transplantation Research Center (TRC), Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- DiSTeBA, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Vergani
- Nephrology Division, Transplantation Research Center (TRC), Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Farina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Nephrology Division, Transplantation Research Center (TRC), Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Abstract
The heart is electrically and mechanically controlled as a syncytium by the autonomic nervous system. The cardiac nervous system comprises the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory nervous systems that together regulate heart function on demand. Sympathetic electric activation was initially considered the main regulator of cardiac function; however, modern molecular biotechnological approaches have provided a new dimension to our understanding of the mechanisms controlling the cardiac nervous system. The heart is extensively innervated, although the innervation density is not uniform within the heart, being high in the subepicardium and the special conduction system. We and others showed previously that the balance between neural chemoattractants and chemorepellents determine cardiac nervous development, with both factors expressed in heart. Nerve growth factor is a potent chemoattractant synthesized by cardiomyocytes, whereas Sema3a is a neural chemorepellent expressed specifically in the subendocardium. Disruption of this well-organized molecular balance and innervation density can induce sudden cardiac death due to lethal arrhythmias. In diseased hearts, various causes and mechanisms underlie cardiac sympathetic abnormalities, although their detailed pathology and significance remain contentious. We reported that cardiac sympathetic rejuvenation occurs in cardiac hypertrophy and, moreover, interleukin-6 cytokines secreted from the failing myocardium induce cholinergic transdifferentiation of the cardiac sympathetic system via a gp130 signaling pathway, affecting cardiac performance and prognosis. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms involved in sympathetic development, maturation, and transdifferentiation, and propose their investigation as new therapeutic targets for heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kimura
- Division of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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137
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Blumenthal B, Poppe A, Golsong P, Blanke P, Rylski B, Beyersdorf F, Schlensak C, Siepe M. Functional regeneration of ischemic myocardium by transplanted cells overexpressing stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1): intramyocardial injection versus scaffold-based application. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012; 40:e135-41. [PMID: 21684755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is a potent chemotaxin. Increased SDF-1 levels can be found in ischemic myocardium and might protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury. We hypothesized that transplantation of stem cells overexpressing SDF-1 might improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI). We compared intramyocardial injection with a scaffold-based application of SDF-1-transfected cells. METHODS Skeletal myoblasts (SkMs) were isolated and expanded from newborn Lewis rats. Cells were transfected with pcDNA3-huSDF-1 and seeded on polyurethane (PU) scaffolds or diluted in medium for cell injection. Two weeks after myocardial infarction, seeded scaffolds were implanted epicardially into rats (group: PU-SDF-1-SkM) or the injection solution was applied intramyocardially (Inj-SDF-1-SkM). Additional groups were treated with non-transfected myoblasts either by injection (Inj-SkM) or by scaffold-based application (PU-SkM) or received a sham operation (Sham). Before this intervention and 6 weeks later, hemodynamic parameters were measured. Infarction size and neovascularization were assessed by histology at study end. RESULTS In sham animals, we detected a clear decrease in systolic function from intervention to study end. In group Inj-SkM and PU-SkM, all hemodynamic parameters that were assessed remained unchanged during observation time. Systolic function as measured by dP/dt(max) and SB-Emax was significantly improved in groups Inj-SDF-1-SkM and PU-SDF-1-SkM at study end without a difference between the two SDF-1 groups. Diastolic function measured by post-interventional dP/dt(min) was also increased in group Inj-SDF-1-SkM but not in PU-SDF-1-SkM. Histological analysis revealed a reduced infarction size in all treatment groups at study end but enhanced neovascularization was not observable. CONCLUSIONS Transplantation of myoblasts overexpressing SDF-1 improves cardiac function after MI. The restoration of hemodynamic parameters is accompanied by a reduction in infarction size. This reverse remodeling capacity is independent of a scaffold-based application of the SDF-1-transfected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Blumenthal
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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138
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Saygili E, Rana OR, Günzel C, Rackauskas G, Saygili E, Noor-Ebad F, Gemein C, Zink MD, Schwinger RH, Mischke K, Weis J, Marx N, Schauerte P. Rate and irregularity of electrical activation during atrial fibrillation affect myocardial NGF expression via different signalling routes. Cell Signal 2012; 24:99-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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139
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Meloni M, Descamps B, Caporali A, Zentilin L, Floris I, Giacca M, Emanueli C. Nerve growth factor gene therapy using adeno-associated viral vectors prevents cardiomyopathy in type 1 diabetic mice. Diabetes 2012; 61:229-40. [PMID: 22187379 PMCID: PMC3237667 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a cause of cardiac dysfunction, reduced myocardial perfusion, and ultimately heart failure. Nerve growth factor (NGF) exerts protective effects on the cardiovascular system. This study investigated whether NGF gene transfer can prevent diabetic cardiomyopathy in mice. We worked with mice with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes and with nondiabetic control mice. After having established that diabetes reduces cardiac NGF mRNA expression, we tested NGF gene therapies with adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) for the capacity to protect the diabetic mouse heart. To this aim, after 2 weeks of diabetes, cardiac expression of human NGF or β-Gal (control) genes was induced by either intramyocardial injection of AAV serotype 2 (AAV2) or systemic delivery of AAV serotype 9 (AAV9). Nondiabetic mice were given AAV2-β-Gal or AAV9-β-Gal. We found that the diabetic mice receiving NGF gene transfer via either AAV2 or AAV9 were spared the progressive deterioration of cardiac function and left ventricular chamber dilatation observed in β-Gal-injected diabetic mice. Moreover, they were additionally protected from myocardial microvascular rarefaction, hypoperfusion, increased deposition of interstitial fibrosis, and increased apoptosis of endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes, which afflicted the β-Gal-injected diabetic control mice. Our data suggest therapeutic potential of NGF for the prevention of cardiomyopathy in diabetic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Meloni
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology and Regeneration, Regenerative Medicine Section, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Betty Descamps
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology and Regeneration, Regenerative Medicine Section, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Andrea Caporali
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology and Regeneration, Regenerative Medicine Section, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Lorena Zentilin
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ilaria Floris
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology and Regeneration, Regenerative Medicine Section, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Mauro Giacca
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Costanza Emanueli
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology and Regeneration, Regenerative Medicine Section, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
- Corresponding author: Costanza Emanueli,
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140
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Huang M, Nguyen P, Jia F, Hu S, Gong Y, de Almeida PE, Wang L, Nag D, Kay MA, Giaccia AJ, Robbins RC, Wu JC. Double knockdown of prolyl hydroxylase and factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor with nonviral minicircle gene therapy enhances stem cell mobilization and angiogenesis after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2011; 124:S46-54. [PMID: 21911818 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.014019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under normoxic conditions, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α is rapidly degraded by 2 hydroxylases: prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) and factor-inhibiting HIF-1 (FIH). Because HIF-1α mediates the cardioprotective response to ischemic injury, its upregulation may be an effective therapeutic option for ischemic heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS PHD and FIH were cloned from mouse embryonic stem cells. The best candidate short hairpin (sh) sequences for inhibiting PHD isoenzyme 2 and FIH were inserted into novel, nonviral, minicircle vectors. In vitro studies after cell transfection of mouse C2C12 myoblasts, HL-1 atrial myocytes, and c-kit(+) cardiac progenitor cells demonstrated higher expression of angiogenesis factors in the double-knockdown group compared with the single-knockdown and short hairpin scramble control groups. To confirm in vitro data, shRNA minicircle vectors were injected intramyocardially after left anterior descending coronary artery ligation in adult FVB mice (n=60). Functional studies using MRI, echocardiography, and pressure-volume loops showed greater improvement in cardiac function in the double-knockdown group. To assess mechanisms of this functional recovery, we performed a cell trafficking experiment, which demonstrated significantly greater recruitment of bone marrow cells to the ischemic myocardium in the double-knockdown group. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting showed significantly higher activation of endogenous c-kit(+) cardiac progenitor cells. Immunostaining showed increased neovascularization and decreased apoptosis in areas of injured myocardium. Finally, western blots and laser-capture microdissection analysis confirmed upregulation of HIF-1α protein and angiogenesis genes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that HIF-1α upregulation by double knockdown of PHD and FIH synergistically increases stem cell mobilization and myocardial angiogenesis, leading to improved cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA
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Lorentz CU, Woodward WR, Tharp K, Habecker BA. Altered norepinephrine content and ventricular function in p75NTR-/- mice after myocardial infarction. Auton Neurosci 2011; 164:13-9. [PMID: 21646052 PMCID: PMC3167025 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac sympathetic neurons stimulate heart rate and the force of contraction through release of norepinephrine. Nerve growth factor modulates sympathetic transmission through activation of TrkA and p75NTR. Nerve growth factor plays an important role in post-infarct sympathetic remodeling. We used mice lacking p75NTR to examine the effect of altered nerve growth factor signaling on sympathetic neuropeptide expression, cardiac norepinephrine, and ventricular function after myocardial infarction. Infarct size was similar in wildtype and p75NTR-/- mice after ischemia-reperfusion surgery. Likewise, mRNAs encoding vasoactive intestinal peptide, galanin, and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptides were identical in wildtype and p75NTR-/- cardiac sympathetic neurons, as was expression of the TrkA neurotrophin receptor. Norepinephrine content was elevated in the base of the p75NTR-/- ventricle compared to wildtype, but levels were identical below the site of occlusion. Left ventricular pressure, dP/dt(MAX), and dP/dt(MIN) were measured under isoflurane anesthesia 3 and 7 days after surgery. Ventricular pressure decreased significantly 3 days after infarction, and deficits in dP/dt(MAX) were revealed by stimulating beta receptors with dobutamine and release of endogenous norepinephrine with tyramine. dP/dt(MIN) was not altered by genotype or surgical group. Few differences were observed between genotypes 3 days after surgery, in contrast to low pressure and dP/dt(MAX) previously reported in control p75NTR-/- animals. Seven days after surgery ventricular pressure and dP/dt(MAX) were significantly lower in p75NTR-/- hearts compared to WT hearts. Thus, the lack of p75NTR did not enhance cardiac function after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina U. Lorentz
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - William R. Woodward
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kevin Tharp
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Beth A. Habecker
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Sussman MA, Völkers M, Fischer K, Bailey B, Cottage CT, Din S, Gude N, Avitabile D, Alvarez R, Sundararaman B, Quijada P, Mason M, Konstandin MH, Malhowski A, Cheng Z, Khan M, McGregor M. Myocardial AKT: the omnipresent nexus. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:1023-70. [PMID: 21742795 PMCID: PMC3674828 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00024.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest examples of integrated signal transduction is revealed by examination of effects mediated by AKT kinase in myocardial biology. Positioned at the intersection of multiple afferent and efferent signals, AKT exemplifies a molecular sensing node that coordinates dynamic responses of the cell in literally every aspect of biological responses. The balanced and nuanced nature of homeostatic signaling is particularly essential within the myocardial context, where regulation of survival, energy production, contractility, and response to pathological stress all flow through the nexus of AKT activation or repression. Equally important, the loss of regulated AKT activity is primarily the cause or consequence of pathological conditions leading to remodeling of the heart and eventual decompensation. This review presents an overview compendium of the complex world of myocardial AKT biology gleaned from more than a decade of research. Summarization of the widespread influence that AKT exerts upon myocardial responses leaves no doubt that the participation of AKT in molecular signaling will need to be reckoned with as a seemingly omnipresent regulator of myocardial molecular biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Sussman
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, SDSU Heart Institute, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
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143
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Pharmacologic and genetic strategies to enhance cell therapy for cardiac regeneration. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 51:619-25. [PMID: 21645519 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapy is emerging as an exciting potential therapeutic approach for cardiac regeneration following myocardial infarction (MI). As heart failure (HF) prevalence increases over time, development of new interventions designed to aid cardiac recovery from injury are crucial and should be considered more broadly. In this regard, substantial efforts to enhance the efficacy and safety of cell therapy are continuously growing along several fronts, including modifications to improve the reprogramming efficiency of inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPS), genetic engineering of adult stem cells, and administration of growth factors or small molecules to activate regenerative pathways in the injured heart. These interventions are emerging as potential therapeutic alternatives and/or adjuncts based on their potential to promote stem cell homing, proliferation, differentiation, and/or survival. Given the promise of therapeutic interventions to enhance the regenerative capacity of multipotent stem cells as well as specifically guide endogenous or exogenous stem cells into a cardiac lineage, their application in cardiac regenerative medicine should be the focus of future clinical research. This article is part of a special issue entitled "Key Signaling Molecules in Hypertrophy and Heart Failure."
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144
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Saygili E, Pekassa M, Saygili E, Rackauskas G, Hommes D, Noor-Ebad F, Gemein C, Zink MDH, Schwinger RHG, Weis J, Marx N, Schauerte P, Rana OR. Mechanical stretch of sympathetic neurons induces VEGF expression via a NGF and CNTF signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 410:62-7. [PMID: 21640078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stretch has been shown to increase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in cultured myocytes. Sympathetic neurons (SN) also possess the ability to express and secrete VEGF, which is mediated by the NGF/TrkA signaling pathway. Recently, we demonstrated that SN respond to stretch with an upregulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). Whether stretch increases neuronal VEGF expression still remains to be clarified. Therefore, SN from the superior cervical ganglia of neonatal Sprangue Dawley rats were exposed to a gradual increase of stretch from 3% up to 13% within 3days (3%, 7% and 13%). Under these conditions, the expression and secretion of VEGF was analyzed. Mechanical stretch significantly increased VEGF mRNA and protein expression (mRNA: control=1 vs. stretch=3.1; n=3/protein: control=1 vs. stretch=2.7; n=3). ELISA experiments to asses VEGF content in the cell culture supernatant showed a time and dose dependency in VEGF increment due to stretch. NGF and CNTF neutralization decreased stretch-induced VEGF augmentation in a significant manner. This response was mediated in part by TrkA receptor activation. The stretch-induced VEGF upregulation was accompanied by an increase in HIF-1α expression. KDR levels remained unchanged under conditions of stretch, but showed a significant increase due to NGF neutralization. In summary, SN respond to stretch with an upregulation of VEGF, which is mediated by the NGF/CNTF and TrkA signaling pathway paralleled by HIF-1α expression. NGF signaling seems to play an important role in regulating neuronal KDR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erol Saygili
- Department of Cardiology, University RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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145
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Govoni S, Pascale A, Amadio M, Calvillo L, D’Elia E, Cereda C, Fantucci P, Ceroni M, Vanoli E. NGF and heart: Is there a role in heart disease? Pharmacol Res 2011; 63:266-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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146
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Zu L, Zheng X, Wang B, Parajuli N, Steenbergen C, Becker LC, Cai ZP. Ischemic preconditioning attenuates mitochondrial localization of PTEN induced by ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300:H2177-86. [PMID: 21421815 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01138.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the induction of myocyte apoptosis by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is attenuated by ischemic preconditioning (IPC), the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Phosphatase and tensin homologs deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) promotes apoptosis through Akt-dependent and -independent mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that IPC attenuates the mitochondrial localization of PTEN in the myocardium induced by I/R. Isolated hearts from wild-type mice were exposed to IPC or normal perfusion followed by 30 min of ischemia and reperfusion. IPC attenuated myocardial infarct size and apoptosis after I/R. Heart fractionation showed that mitochondrial PTEN and Bax protein levels and the physical association between them were increased by 30 min of I/R and that IPC attenuated all of these effects of I/R. Muscle-specific PTEN knockout decreased mitochondrial Bax protein levels in the reperfused myocardium and increased cell survival. To determine whether PTEN relocalization to mitochondria was influenced by I/R-induced production of ROS, hearts were perfused with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to scavenge ROS or H(2)O(2) to mimic I/R-induced ROS. Mitochondrial PTEN protein levels were decreased by NAC and increased by H(2)O(2). PTEN protein overexpression was generated in mouse hearts by adenoviral gene transfer. PTEN overexpression increased mitochondrial PTEN and Bax protein levels and ROS production, whereas muscle-specific PTEN knockout produced the opposite effects. In conclusion, myocardial I/R causes PTEN localization to the mitochondria, related to the generation of ROS; IPC attenuates the mitochondrial localization of PTEN after I/R, potentially inhibiting the translocation of Bax to the mitochondria and resulting in improved cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Zu
- 720 Rutland Ave., Ross 333, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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147
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Dries JL, Kent SD, Virag JAI. Intramyocardial administration of chimeric ephrinA1-Fc promotes tissue salvage following myocardial infarction in mice. J Physiol 2011; 589:1725-40. [PMID: 21282286 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.202366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of intramyocardial administration of chimeric ephrinA1-Fc in modulating the extent of injury and inflammation in non reperfused myocardial infarction (MI). Our results show that intramyocardial injection of 6 μg ephrinA1-Fc into the border zone immediately after permanent coronary artery ligation in B6129s mice resulted in 50% reduction of infarct size, 64% less necrosis, 35% less chamber dilatation and 32% less left ventricular free wall thinning at 4 days post-MI. In the infarct zone, Ly6G+ neutrophil density was 57% reduced and CD45+ leukocyte density was 21% reduced. Myocyte damage was also reduced in ephrinA1-Fc-treated hearts, as evidenced by 54% reduced serum cardiac troponin I. Further, we observed decreased cleaved PARP, increased BAG-1 protein expression, increased phosphorylated AKT/total AKT protein, and reduced NF-κB protein with ephrinA1-Fc administration, indicating improved cellular survival. Of the eight EphA receptors known to be expressed in mice (A1–A8), RT-PCR revealed that A1–A4, A6 and A7 were expressed in the uninjured adult myocardium. Expression of EphA1–A3 and EphA7 were significantly increased following MI while EphA6 expression decreased. Treatment with ephrinA1-Fc further increased EphA1 and EphA2 gene expression and resulted in a 2-fold increase in EphA4. Upregulation and combinatorial activation of these receptors may promote tissue survival. We have identified a novel, beneficial role for ephrinA1-Fc administration at the time of MI, and propose this as a promising new target for infarct salvage in non reperfused MI. More experiments are in progress to identify receptor-expressing cell types as well as the functional implications of receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Dries
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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148
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Kränkel N, Spinetti G, Amadesi S, Madeddu P. Targeting stem cell niches and trafficking for cardiovascular therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 129:62-81. [PMID: 20965213 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative cardiovascular medicine is the frontline of 21st-century health care. Cell therapy trials using bone marrow progenitor cells documented that the approach is feasible, safe and potentially beneficial in patients with ischemic disease. However, cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation strategies should aim to conserve the pristine healing capacity of a healthy organism as well as reactivate it under disease conditions. This requires an increased understanding of stem cell microenvironment and trafficking mechanisms. Engagement and disengagement of stem cells of the osteoblastic niche is a dynamic process, finely tuned to allow low amounts of cells move out of the bone marrow and into the circulation on a regular basis. The balance is altered under stress situations, like tissue injury or ischemia, leading to remarkably increased cell egression. Individual populations of circulating progenitor cells could give rise to mature tissue cells (e.g. endothelial cells or cardiomyocytes), while the majority may differentiate to leukocytes, affecting the environment of homing sites in a paracrine way, e.g. promoting endothelial survival, proliferation and function, as well as attenuating or enhancing inflammation. This review focuses on the dynamics of the stem cell niche in healthy and disease conditions and on therapeutic means to direct stem cell/progenitor cell mobilization and recruitment into improved tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle Kränkel
- Institute of Physiology/Cardiovascular Research, University of Zürich, and Cardiovascular Center, Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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149
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Frisardi V, Solfrizzi V, Seripa D, Capurso C, Santamato A, Sancarlo D, Vendemiale G, Pilotto A, Panza F. Metabolic-cognitive syndrome: a cross-talk between metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9:399-417. [PMID: 20444434 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of epidemiological evidence suggested that metabolic syndrome (MetS) and Mets components (impaired glucose tolerance, abdominal or central obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) may be important in the development of age-related cognitive decline (ARCD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), vascular dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). These suggestions proposed in these patients the presence of a "metabolic-cognitive syndrome", i.e. a MetS plus cognitive impairment of degenerative or vascular origin. This could represent a pathophysiological model in which to study in depth the mechanisms linking MetS and MetS components with dementia, particularly AD, and predementia syndromes (ARCD or MCI), suggesting a possible integrating view of the MetS components and their influence on cognitive decline. In the present article, we discussed the role of these factors in the development of cognitive decline and dementia, including underlying mechanisms, supporting their influence on β-amyloid peptide metabolism and tau protein hyperphosphorylation, the principal neuropathological hallmarks of AD. In the next future, trials could then be undertaken to determine if modifications of these MetS components including inflammation, another factor probably related to MetS, could lower risk of developing cognitive decline. Future research aimed at identifying mechanisms that underlie comorbid associations of MetS components will not only provide important insights into the causes and interdependencies of predementia and dementia syndromes, but will also inspire novel strategies for treating and preventing cognitive disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging/physiology
- Aging/psychology
- Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology
- Alzheimer Disease/metabolism
- Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology
- Alzheimer Disease/therapy
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, HDL/standards
- Comorbidity
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
- Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic
- Humans
- Hyperlipidemias/blood
- Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology
- Hyperlipidemias/metabolism
- Hyperlipidemias/physiopathology
- Hyperlipidemias/therapy
- Hypertension/epidemiology
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Hypertension/therapy
- Life Style
- Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology
- Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism
- Metabolic Syndrome/physiopathology
- Metabolic Syndrome/therapy
- Mice
- Obesity, Abdominal/epidemiology
- Obesity, Abdominal/metabolism
- Obesity, Abdominal/physiopathology
- Obesity, Abdominal/therapy
- Population Dynamics
- Risk Factors
- tau Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Frisardi
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
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150
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Wright AP, Öhman MK, Hayasaki T, Luo W, Russo HM, Guo C, Eitzman DT. Atherosclerosis and leukocyte-endothelial adhesive interactions are increased following acute myocardial infarction in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2010; 212:414-7. [PMID: 20619838 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of myocardial infarction (MI) on progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS MI was induced following left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) ligation in wild-type (WT) (n=9) and ApoE-/- (n=25) mice. Compared to sham-operated animals, MI mice demonstrated increased intravascular leukocyte rolling and firm adhesion by intravital microscopy, reflecting enhanced systemic leukocyte-endothelial interactions. To determine if MI was associated with accelerated atherogenesis, LAD ligation was performed in ApoE-/- mice. Six weeks following surgery, atherosclerosis was quantitated throughout the arterial tree by microdissection and Oil-Red-O staining. There was 1.6-fold greater atherosclerotic burden present in ApoE-/- MI mice compared to sham-operated mice. CONCLUSIONS Acute MI accelerates atherogenesis in mice. These results may be related to the increased risk of recurrent ischemic coronary events following MI in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Wright
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0644, USA
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