101
|
Schöller K, Feiler S, Anetsberger S, Kim SW, Plesnila N. Contribution of Bradykinin Receptors to the Development of Secondary Brain Damage After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2011; 68:1118-23. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e31820a0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Schöller
- Department of Neurosurgery and University of Munich Medical Center–Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich Medical Center–Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sergej Feiler
- Department of Neurosurgery and University of Munich Medical Center–Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich Medical Center–Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie Anetsberger
- Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich Medical Center–Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Seong-Woong Kim
- Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich Medical Center–Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Department of Neurosurgery and University of Munich Medical Center–Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich Medical Center–Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Blockade of the kinin receptor B1 protects from autoimmune CNS disease by reducing leukocyte trafficking. J Autoimmun 2011; 36:106-14. [PMID: 21216565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and transendothelial trafficking of immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS) are pathophysiological hallmarks of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). Kinins are proinflammatory peptides which are released during tissue injury including EAE. They increase vascular permeability and enhance inflammation by acting on distinct bradykinin receptors, B1R and B2R. We studied the expression of B1R and B2R and the effect of their inhibition on the disease course, BBB integrity and T cell migration following myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG(35-55))-induced EAE. B1R, but not B2R expression was markedly enhanced in inflammatory CNS lesions in mice and humans. Brain endothelial cells could be identified as major source of B1R protein. The severity of EAE was significantly alleviated in B1R(-/-) mice compared with wild-type (WT) controls (P<0.05). Treatment of WT mice with the B1R antagonist R715 before and after disease onset was equally effective (P<0.05) while B1R activation by R838 promoted EAE (P<0.05). B1R inhibition was accompanied by a remarkable reduction of BBB disruption and tissue inflammation. In vitro analyses revealed that B1R suppression reverses the upregulation of ICAM-I and VCAM-I at the inflamed BBB thereby limiting T cell transmigration. In contrast, blocking B2R had no significant impact on EAE. We conclude that B1R inhibition can reduce BBB damage and cell invasion during autoimmune CNS disease and may offer a novel anti-inflammatory strategy for the treatment of MS.
Collapse
|
103
|
Brugts JJ, Boersma E, Simoons ML. Tailored therapy of ACE inhibitors in stable coronary artery disease: pharmacogenetic profiling of treatment benefit. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:1115-26. [PMID: 20712529 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are among the most commonly used drugs in stable coronary artery disease as these agents have been proven to be effective for reducing the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. As with other drugs, individual variation in treatment benefit is likely. Such heterogeneity could be used to target ACE-inhibitor therapy to those patients most likely to benefit from treatment. However, prior attempts to target ACE-inhibitor therapy to those patients who are most likely to benefit of such prophylactic treatment in secondary prevention using clinical characteristics or the level of baseline risk appeared not to be useful. A new approach of 'tailored therapy' could be to integrate more patient-specific characteristics, such as the genetic information of patients. Pharmacogenetic research of ACE inhibitors in coronary artery disease patients is at a formative stage, and studies are limited. The Perindopril Genetic association (PERGENE) study is a large pharmacogenetic substudy of the randomized placebo-controlled European trial On Reduction of Cardiac Events with Perindopril in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery disease (EUROPA) trial, aimed to assess the feasibility of pharmacogenetic profiling of ACE-inhibitor therapy by perindopril. This article summarizes the recent findings of the PERGENE study and pharmacogenetic research of the treatment benefit of perindopril in stable coronary artery disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper J Brugts
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC Thoraxcenter, 's Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
104
|
Kraft P, Benz PM, Austinat M, Brede ME, Schuh K, Walter U, Stoll G, Kleinschnitz C. Deficiency of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) increases blood-brain-barrier damage and edema formation after ischemic stroke in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15106. [PMID: 21151938 PMCID: PMC2997079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke-induced brain edema formation is a frequent cause of secondary infarct growth and deterioration of neurological function. The molecular mechanisms underlying edema formation after stroke are largely unknown. Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) is an important regulator of actin dynamics and stabilizes endothelial barriers through interaction with cell-cell contacts and focal adhesion sites. Hypoxia has been shown to foster vascular leakage by downregulation of VASP in vitro but the significance of VASP for regulating vascular permeability in the hypoxic brain in vivo awaits clarification. Methodology/Principal Findings Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in Vasp−/− mice and wild-type (WT) littermates by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Evan's Blue tracer was applied to visualize the extent of blood-brain-barrier (BBB) damage. Brain edema formation and infarct volumes were calculated from 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)-stained brain slices. Both mouse groups were carefully controlled for anatomical and physiological parameters relevant for edema formation and stroke outcome. BBB damage (p<0.05) and edema volumes (1.7 mm3±0.5 mm3 versus 0.8 mm3±0.4 mm3; p<0.0001) were significantly enhanced in Vasp−/− mice compared to controls on day 1 after tMCAO. This was accompanied by a significant increase in infarct size (56.1 mm3±17.3 mm3 versus 39.3 mm3±10.7 mm3, respectively; p<0.01) and a non significant trend (p>0.05) towards worse neurological outcomes. Conclusion Our study identifies VASP as critical regulator of BBB maintenance during acute ischemic stroke. Therapeutic modulation of VASP or VASP-dependent signalling pathways could become a novel strategy to combat excessive edema formation in ischemic brain damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kraft
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Michael Benz
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Marc Elmar Brede
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kai Schuh
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Walter
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Guido Stoll
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
105
|
Stoll G, Kleinschnitz C, Nieswandt B. Combating innate inflammation: a new paradigm for acute treatment of stroke? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1207:149-54. [PMID: 20955438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interference with early steps of platelet adhesion/activation by inhibition of the von Willebrand factor (vWF) receptor glycoprotein (GP)Ib, its ligand vWF, or the collagen receptor GPVI, profoundly limits infarction in the mouse stroke model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). A similar pathogenic role was revealed for coagulation factor XII (FXII). Although these findings strongly suggest that microvascular thrombus formation is the leading pathophysiological event in acute stroke, recent studies have shown that these molecules have the additional capacity to guide inflammatory processes, thereby providing an intriguing alternative mechanistic explanation for these observations. Surprisingly, mice lacking T cells are also protected from acute stroke, and these T cell effects are antigen independent. Thus, acute ischemic stroke can be redefined as a thrombo-inflammatory disorder, and multifunctional molecules such as GPIb, GPVI, and FXII may provide new therapeutic targets linking inflammation and thrombus formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Stoll
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
Kleinschnitz C, Grund H, Wingler K, Armitage ME, Jones E, Mittal M, Barit D, Schwarz T, Geis C, Kraft P, Barthel K, Schuhmann MK, Herrmann AM, Meuth SG, Stoll G, Meurer S, Schrewe A, Becker L, Gailus-Durner V, Fuchs H, Klopstock T, de Angelis MH, Jandeleit-Dahm K, Shah AM, Weissmann N, Schmidt HHHW. Post-stroke inhibition of induced NADPH oxidase type 4 prevents oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. PLoS Biol 2010; 8. [PMID: 20877715 PMCID: PMC2943442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Only one moderately effective therapy exists, albeit with contraindications that exclude 90% of the patients. This medical need contrasts with a high failure rate of more than 1,000 pre-clinical drug candidates for stroke therapies. Thus, there is a need for translatable mechanisms of neuroprotection and more rigid thresholds of relevance in pre-clinical stroke models. One such candidate mechanism is oxidative stress. However, antioxidant approaches have failed in clinical trials, and the significant sources of oxidative stress in stroke are unknown. We here identify NADPH oxidase type 4 (NOX4) as a major source of oxidative stress and an effective therapeutic target in acute stroke. Upon ischemia, NOX4 was induced in human and mouse brain. Mice deficient in NOX4 (Nox4(-/-)) of either sex, but not those deficient for NOX1 or NOX2, were largely protected from oxidative stress, blood-brain-barrier leakage, and neuronal apoptosis, after both transient and permanent cerebral ischemia. This effect was independent of age, as elderly mice were equally protected. Restoration of oxidative stress reversed the stroke-protective phenotype in Nox4(-/-) mice. Application of the only validated low-molecular-weight pharmacological NADPH oxidase inhibitor, VAS2870, several hours after ischemia was as protective as deleting NOX4. The extent of neuroprotection was exceptional, resulting in significantly improved long-term neurological functions and reduced mortality. NOX4 therefore represents a major source of oxidative stress and novel class of drug target for stroke therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kleinschnitz
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (HHHWS); (CK)
| | - Henrike Grund
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institut für Pharmakologie & Medizinische Klinik, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - Kirstin Wingler
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institut für Pharmakologie & Medizinische Klinik, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Vascular Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
- National Stroke Research Institute, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melanie E. Armitage
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Vascular Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- National Stroke Research Institute, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emma Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Vascular Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Manish Mittal
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institut für Pharmakologie & Medizinische Klinik, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - David Barit
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) International Center for Diabetic Complications Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tobias Schwarz
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Geis
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kraft
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Konstanze Barthel
- Abteilung Neurologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael K. Schuhmann
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Universitätsklinik Münster, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie—Entzündliche Erkrankungen des Nervensystems und Neuroonkologie, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander M. Herrmann
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Universitätsklinik Münster, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie—Entzündliche Erkrankungen des Nervensystems und Neuroonkologie, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Universitätsklinik Münster, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie—Entzündliche Erkrankungen des Nervensystems und Neuroonkologie, Münster, Germany
| | - Guido Stoll
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Meurer
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Vascular Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anja Schrewe
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Germany
| | - Lore Becker
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Germany
- Friedrich-Baur-Institut an der Neurologischen Klinik, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Valérie Gailus-Durner
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Germany
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Friedrich-Baur-Institut an der Neurologischen Klinik, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabé de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Karin Jandeleit-Dahm
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) International Center for Diabetic Complications Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ajay M. Shah
- King's College London School of Medicine, The James Black Centre, Cardiovascular Division, London, United Kingdom
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institut für Pharmakologie & Medizinische Klinik, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - Harald H. H. W. Schmidt
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institut für Pharmakologie & Medizinische Klinik, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Vascular Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
- National Stroke Research Institute, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail: (HHHWS); (CK)
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Kinin receptor antagonists as potential neuroprotective agents in central nervous system injury. Molecules 2010; 15:6598-618. [PMID: 20877247 PMCID: PMC6257767 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15096598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system initiates complex physiological, cellular and molecular processes that can result in neuronal cell death. Of interest to this review is the activation of the kinin family of neuropeptides, in particular bradykinin and substance P. These neuropeptides are known to have a potent pro-inflammatory role and can initiate neurogenic inflammation resulting in vasodilation, plasma extravasation and the subsequent development of edema. As inflammation and edema play an integral role in the progressive secondary injury that causes neurological deficits, this review critically examines kinin receptor antagonists as a potential neuroprotective intervention for acute brain injury, and more specifically, traumatic brain and spinal cord injury and stroke.
Collapse
|
108
|
Brugts JJ, Isaacs A, Boersma E, van Duijn CM, Uitterlinden AG, Remme W, Bertrand M, Ninomiya T, Ceconi C, Chalmers J, MacMahon S, Fox K, Ferrari R, Witteman JC, Danser AJ, Simoons ML, de Maat MP. Genetic determinants of treatment benefit of the angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitor perindopril in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2010; 31:1854-1864. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
|
109
|
Raslan F, Schwarz T, Meuth SG, Austinat M, Bader M, Renné T, Roosen K, Stoll G, Sirén AL, Kleinschnitz C. Inhibition of bradykinin receptor B1 protects mice from focal brain injury by reducing blood-brain barrier leakage and inflammation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:1477-86. [PMID: 20197781 PMCID: PMC2949241 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Kinins are proinflammatory and vasoactive peptides that are released during tissue damage and may contribute to neuronal degeneration, inflammation, and edema formation after brain injury by acting on discrete bradykinin receptors, B1R and B2R. We studied the expression of B1R and B2R and the effect of their inhibition on lesion size, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and inflammatory processes after a focal cryolesion of the right parietal cortex in mice. B1R and B2R gene transcripts were significantly induced in the lesioned hemispheres of wild-type mice (P<0.05). The volume of the cortical lesions and neuronal damage at 24 h after injury in B1R(-/-) mice were significantly smaller than in wild-type controls (2.5+/-2.6 versus 11.5+/-3.9 mm(3), P<0.001). Treatment with the B1R antagonist R-715 1 h after lesion induction likewise reduced lesion volume in wild-type mice (2.6+/-1.4 versus 12.2+/-6.1 mm(3), P<0.001). This was accompanied by a remarkable reduction of BBB disruption and tissue inflammation. In contrast, genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of B2R had no significant impact on lesion formation or the development of brain edema. We conclude that B1R inhibition may offer a novel therapeutic strategy after acute brain injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Furat Raslan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Filipovich-Rimon T, Fleisher-Berkovich S. Protein synthesis dependent effects of kinins on astrocyte prostaglandin synthesis. Peptides 2010; 31:651-6. [PMID: 20006666 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that kinins and their receptors are over expressed in the brain under pathophysiological conditions such as inflammation. However, little is known about the possible role of kinins, and especially bradykinin in brain inflammation. Although kinins are thought to have immediate effects, peptides may also exert longer and protein synthesis dependent actions. To evaluate this possibility, we assessed the regulation of prostaglandin E(2) synthesis after 15h bradykinin or Lys-des-Arg(9)-bradykinin (B(1) receptor agonist) treatment in rat neonatal astrocytes. Bradykinin, dose dependently stimulated basal and lipopolysaccharide-induced prostaglandin E(2) production, whereas exposure of astrocytes to the B(1) receptor agonist decreased both basal and lipopolysaccharide-induced prostaglandin E(2) release in a dose-dependent manner. These kinin effects on PGE(2) synthesis were completely abrogated by actinomycin-D and cycloheximide, suggesting de novo synthesis of proteins. Bradykinin also increased cyclooxygenase-2 protein levels about 2-fold, while the B(1) receptor agonist decreased cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression. There was no change in cyclooxygenase-1 protein levels after treatment with either of the kinins. Our data suggest a delayed feedback regulatory mechanism of kinins on astrocyte inflammation, whereby astrocyte prostaglandin synthesis is initially enhanced by bradykinin (B(2)) and eventually blocked by kinin breakdown product, acting on B(1) receptors. At least part of this presumed feedback loop could be mediated by de novo protein synthesis of cyclooxygenase-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talia Filipovich-Rimon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Kraft P, Schwarz T, Pochet L, Stoll G, Kleinschnitz C. COU254, a specific 3-carboxamide-coumarin inhibitor of coagulation factor XII, does not protect mice from acute ischemic stroke. EXPERIMENTAL & TRANSLATIONAL STROKE MEDICINE 2010; 2:5. [PMID: 20298537 PMCID: PMC2831840 DOI: 10.1186/2040-7378-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Anticoagulation is an important means to prevent from acute ischemic stroke but is associated with a significant risk of severe hemorrhages. Previous studies have shown that blood coagulation factor XII (FXII)-deficient mice are protected from pathological thrombus formation during cerebral ischemia without bearing an increased bleeding tendency. Hence, pharmacological blockade of FXII might be a promising and safe approach to prevent acute ischemic stroke and possibly other thromboembolic disorders but pharmacological inhibitors selective over FXII are still lacking. In the present study we investigated the efficacy of COU254, a novel nonpeptidic 3-carboxamide-coumarin that selectively blocks FXII activity, on stroke development and post stroke functional outcome in mice. Methods C57Bl/6 mice were treated with COU254 (40 mg/kg i.p.) or vehicle and subjected to 60 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) using the intraluminal filament method. After 24 h infarct volumes were determined from 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazoliumchloride(TTC)-stained brain sections and functional scores were assessed. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to estimate the extent of neuronal cell damage. Thrombus formation within the infarcted brain areas was analyzed by immunoblot. Results Infarct volumes and functional outcomes on day 1 after tMCAO did not significantly differ between COU254 pre-treated mice or untreated controls (p > 0.05). Histology revealed extensive ischemic neuronal damage regularly including the cortex and the basal ganglia in both groups. COU254 treatment did not prevent intracerebral fibrin(ogen) formation. Conclusions COU254 at the given concentration of 40 mg/kg failed to demonstrate efficacy in acute ischemic stroke in this preliminary study. Further preclinical evaluation of 3-carboxamide-coumarins is needed before the antithrombotic potential of this novel class of FXII inhibitors can be finally judged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kraft
- Department of Neurology, Josef-Schneider-Str, 11, University Clinic of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
The role of bradykinin B(1) and B(2) receptors for secondary brain damage after traumatic brain injury in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:130-9. [PMID: 19773800 PMCID: PMC2949094 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory mechanisms are known to contribute to the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Since bradykinin is one of the first mediators activated during inflammation, we investigated the role of bradykinin and its receptors in posttraumatic secondary brain damage. We subjected wild-type (WT), B(1)-, and B(2)-receptor-knockout mice to controlled cortical impact (CCI) and analyzed tissue bradykinin as well as kinin receptor mRNA and protein expression up to 48 h thereafter. Brain edema, contusion volume, and functional outcome were assessed 24 h and 7 days after CCI. Tissue bradykinin was maximally increased 2 h after trauma (P<0.01 versus sham). Kinin B(1) receptor mRNA was upregulated up to four-fold 24 h after CCI. Immunohistochemistry showed that B(1) and B(2) receptors were expressed in the brain and were significantly upregulated in the traumatic penumbra 1 to 24 h after CCI. B(2)R(-/-) mice had significantly less brain edema (-51% versus WT, 24 h; P<0.001), smaller contusion volumes ( approximately 50% versus WT 24 h and 7 d after CCI; P<0.05), and better functional outcome 7 days after TBI as compared with WT mice (P<0.05). The present results show that bradykinin and its B(2) receptors play a causal role for brain edema formation and cell death after TBI.
Collapse
|
113
|
Small but powerful: short peptide hormones and their role in autoimmune inflammation. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 217:1-7. [PMID: 19748684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, it has become increasingly clear that the immune response is also influenced by mediators which were first discovered as regulators in the nervous or also cardiovascular system. Here, small peptide hormones may play an important role. Kinins like bradykinins act on the endothelium and play a role for trafficking of lymphocytes over the blood-brain barrier. Neuropeptides like vasoactive intestinal peptide or neuropeptide Y also directly act on T cells and favour the differentiation of Th2 cells or regulatory T cell populations. Recently, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) came into the focus of interest. Inhibition of the RAS at different levels may influence autoimmune responses and involve T cells as well as antigen-presenting cells, probably via different signalling pathways. Inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme and antagonists of the angiotensin 1 receptors are used in the treatment of hypertension, kidney disease or stroke by millions of people worldwide. These inexpensive and safe pharmaceuticals may also represent an interesting and innovative approach for the (combination) treatment of autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
|
114
|
Su J, Cui M, Tang Y, Zhou H, Liu L, Dong Q. Blockade of bradykinin B2 receptor more effectively reduces postischemic blood-brain barrier disruption and cytokines release than B1 receptor inhibition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 388:205-11. [PMID: 19647718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier disruption and brain edema are detrimental in ischemic stroke. The kallikrein-kinin system appears to play an important role in the regulation of vascular permeability and is invoked in edema formation. The effects of kinins are mediated by bradykinin receptors B1R and B2R. However, little is known about the exact roles of bradykinin receptors in the early stage of cerebral ischemia. In this study, we demonstrated that ischemia upregulated the level of B1R and B2R at 24h after reperfusion by immunofluorescence assays, mainly expressed in astrocytes and neurons, respectively, in the ischemic penumbra. Moreover, B2R inhibition more effectively reduced neurological severity scores, blood-brain barrier permeability and cytokines release than B1R inhibition did. Additionally, B2R inhibition also significantly suppressed B1R protein level. Therefore, blockade of B2R may be a more effective strategy for the treatment of ischemic brain injury than B1R inhibition within 24h after reperfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Su
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Westermann D, Walther T, Savvatis K, Escher F, Sobirey M, Riad A, Bader M, Schultheiss HP, Tschöpe C. Gene deletion of the kinin receptor B1 attenuates cardiac inflammation and fibrosis during the development of experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetes 2009; 58:1373-81. [PMID: 19276445 PMCID: PMC2682670 DOI: 10.2337/db08-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetic cardiomyopathy is associated with increased mortality in patients with diabetes. The underlying pathology of this disease is still under discussion. We studied the role of the kinin B1 receptor on the development of experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We utilized B1 receptor knockout mice and investigated cardiac inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative stress after induction of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Furthermore, the left ventricular function was measured by pressure-volume loops after 8 weeks of diabetes. RESULTS B1 receptor knockout mice showed an attenuation of diabetic cardiomyopathy with improved systolic and diastolic function in comparison with diabetic control mice. This was associated with a decreased activation state of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38, less oxidative stress, as well as normalized cardiac inflammation, shown by fewer invading cells and no increase in matrix metalloproteinase-9 as well as the chemokine CXCL-5. Furthermore, the profibrotic connective tissue growth factor was normalized, leading to a reduction in cardiac fibrosis despite severe hyperglycemia in mice lacking the B1 receptor. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the B1 receptor is detrimental in diabetic cardiomyopathy in that it mediates inflammatory and fibrotic processes. These insights might have useful implications on future studies utilizing B1 receptor antagonists for treatment of human diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Westermann
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Walther
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Savvatis
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felcicitas Escher
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Meike Sobirey
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Riad
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Heinz-Peter Schultheiss
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Corresponding author: Carsten Tschöpe,
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Tsuda K. Role of bradykinin and catecholamines in cerebral infarction and brain edema. Stroke 2009; 40:e103; author reply e104. [PMID: 19265042 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.109.547752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|