101
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Autophagy as a Possible Underlying Mechanism of Nanomaterial Toxicity. NANOMATERIALS 2014; 4:548-582. [PMID: 28344236 PMCID: PMC5304698 DOI: 10.3390/nano4030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of nanotechnologies is raising safety concerns because of the potential effects of engineered nanomaterials on human health, particularly at the respiratory level. Since the last decades, many in vivo studies have been interested in the pulmonary effects of different classes of nanomaterials. It has been shown that some of them can induce toxic effects, essentially depending on their physico-chemical characteristics, but other studies did not identify such effects. Inflammation and oxidative stress are currently the two main mechanisms described to explain the observed toxicity. However, the exact underlying mechanism(s) still remain(s) unknown and autophagy could represent an interesting candidate. Autophagy is a physiological process in which cytoplasmic components are digested via a lysosomal pathway. It has been shown that autophagy is involved in the pathogenesis and the progression of human diseases, and is able to modulate the oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory responses. A growing amount of literature suggests that a link between nanomaterial toxicity and autophagy impairment could exist. In this review, we will first summarize what is known about the respiratory effects of nanomaterials and we will then discuss the possible involvement of autophagy in this toxicity. This review should help understand why autophagy impairment could be taken as a promising candidate to fully understand nanomaterials toxicity.
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102
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Panzarini E, Dini L. Nanomaterial-induced autophagy: a new reversal MDR tool in cancer therapy? Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2527-38. [PMID: 24921216 DOI: 10.1021/mp500066v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Most of the therapeutic strategies to counteract cancer imply killing of malignant cells. The most exploited cell death mechanism in cancer therapies is apoptosis, but recently, a lot of papers report that other mechanisms, mainly autophagy, could represent a new line of attack in the fight against cancer. One of the limitations for the effectiveness of the approved clinical treatments is the phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR) which enables the cancer cells to develop resistance to therapy, especially for chemotherapy. The MDR mechanisms include (a) decreased uptake of drug, (b) reduced intracellular drug concentration by efflux pumps, (c) altered cell cycle checkpoints, (d) altered drug targets, (e) increased metabolism of drugs, (f) induced emergency response genes to impair apoptotic pathway, and (g) altered drug detoxification. Great efforts have been made to reverse MDR. Currently, autophagy and nanosized drug delivery systems (DDSs) belonging to nanomaterials (NMs) provide alternative strategies to circumvent MDR. Nanosized DDSs are very promising tools to accumulate chemotherapeutics at targeting sites and control temporal and spatial drug release into tumor cells. On the other hand, autophagy could overrule drug resistance upon its activation by ensuring cell death via switching its prosurvival role to a prodeath one or by mediating the occurrence of cell death, i.e., apoptosis or necrosis. Likewise, the autophagy inhibition could counteract MDR by sensitizing the cells to anticancer molecules, i.e., Src family tyrosine kinase (SFK) inhibitors or 5-fluorouracil. Noteworthy, autophagy has been recently indicated to be a common cellular response to NMs, corroborating the fascinating idea of the exploitation of NM-induced autophagy in nanomedicine therapy. This review focuses on recently published literature about the relationship between MDR reversal and NMs or autophagy pointing to hypothesize a pivotal role of autophagy modulation induced by NMs in counteracting MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Panzarini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento , 73100 Lecce, Italy
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103
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Peynshaert K, Manshian BB, Joris F, Braeckmans K, De Smedt SC, Demeester J, Soenen SJ. Exploiting Intrinsic Nanoparticle Toxicity: The Pros and Cons of Nanoparticle-Induced Autophagy in Biomedical Research. Chem Rev 2014; 114:7581-609. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400372p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bella B. Manshian
- Biomedical
MRI Unit/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefaan J. Soenen
- Biomedical
MRI Unit/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
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104
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Zhong W, Zhu H, Sheng F, Tian Y, Zhou J, Chen Y, Li S, Lin J. Activation of the MAPK11/12/13/14 (p38 MAPK) pathway regulates the transcription of autophagy genes in response to oxidative stress induced by a novel copper complex in HeLa cells. Autophagy 2014; 10:1285-300. [PMID: 24905917 PMCID: PMC4203553 DOI: 10.4161/auto.28789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal copper (Cu) can exist in oxidized or reduced states in cells, leading to cytotoxicity in cancer cells through oxidative stress. Recently, copper complexes are emerging as a new class of anticancer compounds. Here, we report that a novel anticancer copper complex (HYF127c/Cu) induces oxidative stress-dependent cell death in cancer cells. Further, transcriptional analysis revealed that oxidative stress elicits broad transcriptional changes of genes, in which autophagy-related genes are significantly changed in HYF127c/Cu-treated cells. Consistently, autophagy was induced in HYF127c/Cu-treated cells and inhibitors of autophagy promoted cell death induced by HYF127c/Cu. Further analysis identified that the MAPK11/12/13/14 (formerly known as p38 MAPK) pathway was also activated in HYF127c/Cu-treated cells. Meanwhile, the MAPK11/12/13/14 inhibitor SB203580 downregulated autophagy by inhibiting the transcription of the autophagy genes MAP1LC3B, BAG3, and HSPA1A, and promoted HYF127c/Cu-induced cell death. These data suggest that copper-induced oxidative stress will induce protective autophagy through transcriptional regulation of autophagy genes by activation of the MAPK11/12/13/14 pathway in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zhong
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design and Discovery; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Beijing, China
| | - Haichuan Zhu
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design and Discovery; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Beijing, China; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing, China
| | - Fugeng Sheng
- Department of Radiology; Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Science; Beijing, China
| | - Yonglu Tian
- Laboratory Animal Centre; Peking University; Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design and Discovery; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Beijing, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- Centre for Human Disease Genomics; Peking University; Beijing, China
| | - Song Li
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design and Discovery; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Beijing, China
| | - Jian Lin
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing, China
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105
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Yu Y, Duan J, Yu Y, Li Y, Liu X, Zhou X, Ho KF, Tian L, Sun Z. Silica nanoparticles induce autophagy and autophagic cell death in HepG2 cells triggered by reactive oxygen species. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 270:176-86. [PMID: 24583672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) are becoming favorable carriers for drug delivery or gene therapy, and in turn, the toxic effect of SNPs on biological systems is gaining attention. Currently, autophagy is recognized as an emerging toxicity mechanism triggered by nanomaterials, yet there have been scarcely research about the mechanisms of autophagy and autophagic cell death associated with SNPs. In this study, we verified the activation of SNPs-induced autophagy via the MDC-staining and LC3-I/LC3-II conversion, resulted in a dose-dependent manner. The typically morphological characteristics (autophagosomes and autolysosomes) of the autophagy process were observed in TEM ultrastructural analysis. In addition, the autophagic cell death was evaluated by cellular co-staining assay. And the underlying mechanisms of autophagy and autophagic cell death were performed using the intracellular ROS detection, autophagy inhibitor and ROS scavenger. Results showed that the elevated ROS level was in line with the increasing of autophagy activation, while both the 3-MA and NAC inhibitors effectively suppressed the autophagy and cell death induced by SNPs. In summary, our findings demonstrated that the SNPs-induced autophagy and autophagic cell death were triggered by the ROS generation in HepG2 cells, suggesting that exposure to SNPs could be a potential hazardous factor for maintaining cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Yu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
| | - Junchao Duan
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linwei Tian
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China.
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106
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Majedi SM, Kelly BC, Lee HK. Evaluation of a cloud point extraction approach for the preconcentration and quantification of trace CuO nanoparticles in environmental waters. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 814:39-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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107
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Roy R, Kumar S, Tripathi A, Das M, Dwivedi PD. Interactive threats of nanoparticles to the biological system. Immunol Lett 2014; 158:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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108
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Chueh PJ, Liang RY, Lee YH, Zeng ZM, Chuang SM. Differential cytotoxic effects of gold nanoparticles in different mammalian cell lines. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 264:303-312. [PMID: 24316248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) possess unique properties that have been exploited in several medical applications. However, a more comprehensive understanding of the environmental safety of AuNPs is imperative for use of these nanomaterials. Here, we describe the impacts of AuNPs in various mammalian cell models using an automatic and dye-free method for continuous monitoring of cell growth based on the measurement of cell impedance. Several well-established cytotoxicity assays were also used for comparison. AuNPs induced a concentration-dependent decrease in cell growth. This inhibitory effect was associated with apoptosis induction in Vero cells but not in MRC-5 or NIH3T3 cells. Interestingly, cDNA microarray analyses in MRC-5 cells supported the involvement of DNA damage and repair responses, cell-cycle regulation, and oxidative stress in AuNP-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Moreover, autophagy appeared to play a role in AuNPs-induced attenuation of cell growth in NIH3T3 cells. In this study, we present a comprehensive overview of AuNP-induced cytotoxicity in a variety of mammalian cell lines, comparing several cytotoxicity assays. Collectively, these assays offer convincing evidence of the cytotoxicity of AuNPs and support the value of a systematic approach for analyzing the toxicology of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Ju Chueh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Yue Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hui Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Ming Zeng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Show-Mei Chuang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
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109
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Akhtar MJ, Kumar S, Alhadlaq HA, Alrokayan SA, Abu-Salah KM, Ahamed M. Dose-dependent genotoxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles stimulated by reactive oxygen species in human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 32:809-21. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713511512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are of great interest in nanoscience and nanotechnology because of their broad industrial and commercial applications. Therefore, toxicity of CuO NPs needs to be thoroughly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress induced by CuO NPs in human lung epithelial (A549) cells. CuO NPs were synthesized by solvothermal method and the size of NPs measured under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was found to be around 23 nm. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays showed that CuO NPs (5–15 µg/ml) exert cytotoxicity in A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Comet assay suggested concentration-dependent induction of DNA damage due to the exposure to CuO NPs. The comet tail moment was 27% at 15 µg/ml of CuO NPs, whereas it was 5% in control ( p < 0.05). The flow cytometry data revealed that CuO NPs induced micronuclei (MN) in A549 cells dose dependently. The frequency of MN was 25/103 cells at 15 µg/ml of CuO NPs, whereas it was 2/103 cells for control. CuO NPs were also found to induce oxidative stress in a concentration-dependent manner, which was indicated by induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation along with glutathione depletion. Moreover, MN induction and DNA damage were significantly correlated with ROS ( R2 = 0.937 for ROS vs. olive tail moment, and R2 = 0.944 for ROS vs. MN). Taken together, this study suggested that CuO NPs induce genotoxicity in A549 cells, which is likely to be mediated through ROS generation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javed Akhtar
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Hisham A Alhadlaq
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman A Alrokayan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M Abu-Salah
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maqusood Ahamed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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110
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Dagda RK, Das Banerjee T, Janda E. How Parkinsonian toxins dysregulate the autophagy machinery. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22163-89. [PMID: 24217228 PMCID: PMC3856058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, Parkinsonian toxins (6-hydroxydopamine, MPP+, paraquat, and rotenone) have been widely employed as in vivo and in vitro chemical models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Alterations in mitochondrial homeostasis, protein quality control pathways, and more recently, autophagy/mitophagy have been implicated in neurotoxin models of PD. Here, we highlight the molecular mechanisms by which different PD toxins dysregulate autophagy/mitophagy and how alterations of these pathways play beneficial or detrimental roles in dopamine neurons. The convergent and divergent effects of PD toxins on mitochondrial function and autophagy/mitophagy are also discussed in this review. Furthermore, we propose new diagnostic tools and discuss how pharmacological modulators of autophagy/mitophagy can be developed as disease-modifying treatments for PD. Finally, we discuss the critical need to identify endogenous and synthetic forms of PD toxins and develop efficient health preventive programs to mitigate the risk of developing PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben K. Dagda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Manville Building 18A, Reno, NV 89557, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-775-784-4121; Fax: +1-775-784-1620
| | - Tania Das Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Manville Building 18A, Reno, NV 89557, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Elzbieta Janda
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Cantazaro, Italy; E-Mail:
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111
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Laha D, Pramanik A, Maity J, Mukherjee A, Pramanik P, Laskar A, Karmakar P. Interplay between autophagy and apoptosis mediated by copper oxide nanoparticles in human breast cancer cells MCF7. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1-9. [PMID: 23962629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metal oxide nanoparticles are well known to generate oxidative stress and deregulate normal cellular activities. Among these, transition metals copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are more compelling than others and able to modulate different cellular responses. METHODS In this work, we have synthesized and characterized CuO NPs by various biophysical methods. These CuO NPs (~30nm) induce autophagy in human breast cancer cell line, MCF7 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Cellular autophagy was tested by MDC staining, induction of green fluorescent protein-light chain 3 (GFP-LC3B) foci by confocal microscopy, transfection of pBABE-puro mCherry-EGFP-LC3B plasmid and Western blotting of autophagy marker proteins LC3B, beclin1 and ATG5. Further, inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA decreased LD50 doses of CuO NPs. Such cell death was associated with the induction of apoptosis as revealed by FACS analysis, cleavage of PARP, de-phosphorylation of Bad and increased cleavage product of caspase 3. siRNA mediated inhibition of autophagy related gene beclin1 also demonstrated similar results. Finally induction of apoptosis by 3-MA in CuO NP treated cells was observed by TEM. RESULTS This study indicates that CuO NPs are a potent inducer of autophagy which may be a cellular defense against the CuO NP mediated toxicity and inhibition of autophagy switches the cellular response into apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS A combination of CuO NPs with the autophagy inhibitor is essential to induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE CuO NP induced autophagy is a survival strategy of MCF7 cells and inhibition of autophagy renders cellular fate to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipranjan Laha
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700 032, India
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112
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Wan B, Wang ZX, Lv QY, Dong PX, Zhao LX, Yang Y, Guo LH. Single-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene oxides induce autophagosome accumulation and lysosome impairment in primarily cultured murine peritoneal macrophages. Toxicol Lett 2013; 221:118-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.06.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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113
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Moschini E, Gualtieri M, Colombo M, Fascio U, Camatini M, Mantecca P. The modality of cell-particle interactions drives the toxicity of nanosized CuO and TiO₂ in human alveolar epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2013; 222:102-16. [PMID: 23906720 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide NPs are abundantly produced in nanotech industries and are emitted in several combustion processes, suggesting the need to characterize their toxic impact on the human respiratory system. The acute toxicity and the morphological changes induced by copper oxide and titanium dioxide NPs (nCuO and nTiO₂) on the human alveolar cell line A549 are here investigated. Cell viability and oxidative stress have been studied in parallel with NP internalization and cell ultrastructural modifications. TiO₂ NPs were abundantly internalized by cells through the endocytic pathway, even they did not induce cell death and ultrastructural lesions. Only after 24h cells were affected by an abundant NP internalization presenting a consequent altered morphology. High cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and severe ultrastructural damages were produced by nCuO, since cell membrane and mitochondria resulted to be heavily affected, even at early exposure time. nCuO-induced toxicity has been interpreted as a consequence of both NPs reactivity and copper ions dissolution in lysosomal compartments, even the free NPs, scattered throughout all the cell compartments, might contribute to the toxicity. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine was effective in recovering nCuO exposed cells viability and Bafilomycin A1 inhibited copper ions release in phagolysosomes and significantly rescued cells, suggesting a relevant cytotoxic mechanism relative to oxidative damages and authophagic cell death, together with NP internalization and dissolution. Our results support the previous data reporting CuO NPs are highly cytotoxic and genotoxic, and associate their toxic effects with their cell penetration and interaction with various compartments. In conclusion, the so-called "Trojan horse" mechanism and autophagy, are involved in nCuO-induced cell death, even a further research is needed to explain the events occurring at early exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Moschini
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, POLARIS Research Centre, University of Milano Bicocca, 1 piazza della Scienza, 20126 Milan, Italy
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114
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Karlsson HL, Cronholm P, Hedberg Y, Tornberg M, De Battice L, Svedhem S, Wallinder IO. Cell membrane damage and protein interaction induced by copper containing nanoparticles--importance of the metal release process. Toxicology 2013; 313:59-69. [PMID: 23891735 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cu-containing nanoparticles are used in various applications in order to e.g. achieve antimicrobial activities and to increase the conductivity of fluids and polymers. Several studies have reported on toxic effects of such particles but the mechanisms are not completely clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactions between cell membranes and well-characterized nanoparticles of CuO, Cu metal, a binary Cu-Zn alloy and micron-sized Cu metal particles. This was conducted via in vitro investigations of the effects of the nanoparticles on (i) cell membrane damage on lung epithelial cells (A549), (ii) membrane rupture of red blood cells (hemolysis), complemented by (iii) nanoparticle interaction studies with a model lipid membrane using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). The results revealed that nanoparticles of the Cu metal and the Cu-Zn alloy were both highly membrane damaging and caused a rapid (within 1h) increase in membrane damage at a particle mass dose of 20 μg/mL, whereas the CuO nanoparticles and the micron-sized Cu metal particles showed no such effect. At similar nanoparticle surface area doses, the nano and micron-sized Cu particles showed more similar effects. The commonly used LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) assay for analysis of membrane damage was found impossible to use due to nanoparticle-assay interactions. None of the particles induced any hemolytic effects on red blood cells when investigated up to high particle concentrations (1mg/mL). However, both Cu and Cu-Zn nanoparticles caused hemoglobin aggregation/precipitation, a process that would conceal a possible hemolytic effect. Studies on interactions between the nanoparticles and a model membrane using QCM-D indicated a small difference between the investigated particles. Results of this study suggest that the observed membrane damage is caused by the metal release process at the cell membrane surface and highlight differences in reactivity between metallic nanoparticles of Cu and Cu-Zn and nanoparticles of CuO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna L Karlsson
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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115
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Dessarthe B, Thedrez A, Latouche JB, Cabillic F, Drouet A, Daniel P, de La Pintière CT, Catros V, Toutirais O. CRTAM Receptor Engagement by Necl-2 on Tumor Cells Triggers Cell Death of Activated Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4868-76. [PMID: 23530148 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
MESH Headings
- Antigens/immunology
- Autophagy/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecule-1
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- HT29 Cells
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/immunology
- Immunoglobulins/metabolism
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- K562 Cells
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Dessarthe
- INSERM UMR991 "Foie, Métabolisme et Cancer," F-35033 Rennes, France
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116
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Nanomaterials toxicity and cell death modalities. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2012; 2012:167896. [PMID: 23304518 PMCID: PMC3523142 DOI: 10.1155/2012/167896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the nanotechnology advancement has developed a plethora of novel and intriguing nanomaterial application in many sectors, including research and medicine. However, many risks have been highlighted in their use, particularly related to their unexpected toxicity in vitro and in vivo experimental models. This paper proposes an overview concerning the cell death modalities induced by the major nanomaterials.
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