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Calaza KC, Kam JH, Hogg C, Jeffery G. Mitochondrial decline precedes phenotype development in the complement factor H mouse model of retinal degeneration but can be corrected by near infrared light. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2869-76. [PMID: 26149919 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), critical for cellular metabolism. ATP declines with age, which is associated with inflammation. Here, we measure retinal and brain ATP in normal C57BL/6 and complement factor H knockout mice (Cfh(-/-)), which are proposed as a model of age-related macular degeneration. We show a significant premature 30% decline in retinal ATP in Cfh(-/-) mice and a subsequent shift in expression of a heat shock protein that is predominantly mitochondrial (Hsp60). Changes in Hsp60 are associated with stress and neuroprotection. We find no differences in brain ATP between C57BL/6 and Cfh(-/-) mice. Near infrared (NIR) increases ATP and reduces inflammation. ATP decline in Cfh(-/-) mice was corrected with NIR which also shifted Hsp60 labeling patterns. ATP decline in Cfh(-/-) mice occurs before inflammation becomes established and photoreceptor loss occurs and may relate to disease etiology. However, ATP levels were corrected with NIR. In summary, we provide evidence for a mitochondrial basis for this disease in mice and correct this with simple light exposure known to improve mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin C Calaza
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Ophthalmology University College London, London, UK
| | - Jaimie Hoh Kam
- Institute of Ophthalmology University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Glen Jeffery
- Institute of Ophthalmology University College London, London, UK.
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102
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Giacci MK, Hart NS, Hartz RV, Harvey AR, Hodgetts SI, Fitzgerald M. Method for the assessment of effects of a range of wavelengths and intensities of red/near-infrared light therapy on oxidative stress in vitro. J Vis Exp 2015:52221. [PMID: 25867757 PMCID: PMC4401369 DOI: 10.3791/52221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Red/near-infrared light therapy (R/NIR-LT), delivered by laser or light emitting diode (LED), improves functional and morphological outcomes in a range of central nervous system injuries in vivo, possibly by reducing oxidative stress. However, effects of R/NIR-LT on oxidative stress have been shown to vary depending on wavelength or intensity of irradiation. Studies comparing treatment parameters are lacking, due to absence of commercially available devices that deliver multiple wavelengths or intensities, suitable for high through-put in vitro optimization studies. This protocol describes a technique for delivery of light at a range of wavelengths and intensities to optimize therapeutic doses required for a given injury model. We hypothesized that a method of delivering light, in which wavelength and intensity parameters could easily be altered, could facilitate determination of an optimal dose of R/NIR-LT for reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro. Non-coherent Xenon light was filtered through narrow-band interference filters to deliver varying wavelengths (center wavelengths of 440, 550, 670 and 810 nm) and fluences (8.5x10(-3) to 3.8x10(-1) J/cm2) of light to cultured cells. Light output from the apparatus was calibrated to emit therapeutically relevant, equal quantal doses of light at each wavelength. Reactive species were detected in glutamate stressed cells treated with the light, using DCFH-DA and H2O2 sensitive fluorescent dyes. We successfully delivered light at a range of physiologically and therapeutically relevant wavelengths and intensities, to cultured cells exposed to glutamate as a model of CNS injury. While the fluences of R/NIR-LT used in the current study did not exert an effect on ROS generated by the cultured cells, the method of light delivery is applicable to other systems including isolated mitochondria or more physiologically relevant organotypic slice culture models, and could be used to assess effects on a range of outcome measures of oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus K Giacci
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia
| | - Nathan S Hart
- School of Animal Biology and The Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia
| | - Richard V Hartz
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia
| | - Alan R Harvey
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia
| | - Stuart I Hodgetts
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia;
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103
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104
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El Massri N, Johnstone DM, Peoples CL, Moro C, Reinhart F, Torres N, Stone J, Benabid AL, Mitrofanis J. The effect of different doses of near infrared light on dopaminergic cell survival and gliosis in MPTP-treated mice. Int J Neurosci 2015; 126:76-87. [PMID: 25469453 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.994063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We have used the MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) mouse model to explore whether (i) the neuroprotective effect of near infrared light (NIr) treatment in the SNc is dose-dependent and (ii) the relationship between tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+ terminal density and glial cells in the caudate-putamen complex (CPu). Mice received MPTP injections (50 mg/kg) and 2 J/cm2 NIr dose with either 2 d or 7 d survival period. In another series, with a longer 14 d survival period, mice had a stronger MPTP regime (100 mg/kg) and either 2 J/cm2 or 4 J/cm2 NIr dose. Brains were processed for routine immunohistochemistry and cell counts were made using stereology. Our findings were that in the 2 d series, no change in SNc TH+ cell number was evident after any treatment. In the 7 d series however, MPTP insult resulted in ∼45% reduction in TH+ cell number; after NIr (2 J/cm2) treatment, many cells were protected from the toxic insult. In the 14 d series, MPTP induced a similar reduction in TH+ cell number. NIr mitigated the loss of TH+ cells, but only at the higher dose of 4 J/cm2; the lower dose of 2 J/cm2 had no neuroprotective effect in this series. The higher dose of NIr, unlike the lower dose, also mitigated the MPTP- induced increase in CPu astrocytes after 14 d; these changes were independent of TH+ terminal density, of which, did not vary across the different experimental groups. In summary, we showed that neuroprotection by NIr irradiation in MPTP-treated mice was dose-dependent; with increasing MPTP toxicity, higher doses of NIr were required to protect cells and reduce astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil El Massri
- a Department of Anatomy F13, University of Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Cécile Moro
- c University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, CLINATEC, MINATEC Campus, Grenoble, France
| | - Florian Reinhart
- c University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, CLINATEC, MINATEC Campus, Grenoble, France
| | - Napoleon Torres
- c University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, CLINATEC, MINATEC Campus, Grenoble, France
| | - Jonathan Stone
- b Department of Physiology F13, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Alim-Louis Benabid
- c University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, CLINATEC, MINATEC Campus, Grenoble, France
| | - John Mitrofanis
- a Department of Anatomy F13, University of Sydney, Australia
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105
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Osborne NN, Álvarez CN, del Olmo Aguado S. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction as in aging and glaucoma. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1613-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Di Marco F, Di Paolo M, Romeo S, Colecchi L, Fiorani L, Spana S, Stone J, Bisti S. Combining neuroprotectants in a model of retinal degeneration: no additive benefit. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100389. [PMID: 24955576 PMCID: PMC4067315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system undergoing degeneration can be stabilized, and in some models can be restored to function, by neuroprotective treatments. Photobiomodulation (PBM) and dietary saffron are distinctive as neuroprotectants in that they upregulate protective mechanisms, without causing measurable tissue damage. This study reports a first attempt to combine the actions of PBM and saffron. Our working hypothesis was that the actions of PBM and saffron in protecting retinal photoreceptors, in a rat light damage model, would be additive. Results confirmed the neuroprotective potential of each used separately, but gave no evidence that their effects are additive. Detailed analysis suggests that there is actually a negative interaction between PBM and saffron when given simultaneously, with a consequent reduction of the neuroprotection. Specific testing will be required to understand the mechanisms involved and to establish whether there is clinical potential in combining neuroprotectants, to improve the quality of life of people affected by retinal pathology, such as age-related macular degeneration, the major cause of blindness and visual impairment in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Di Marco
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Mattia Di Paolo
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Stefania Romeo
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Linda Colecchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Lavinia Fiorani
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sharon Spana
- Discipline of Physiology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan Stone
- Discipline of Physiology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Vision Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Silvia Bisti
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Vision Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Gkotsi D, Begum R, Salt T, Lascaratos G, Hogg C, Chau KY, Schapira AHV, Jeffery G. Recharging mitochondrial batteries in old eyes. Near infra-red increases ATP. Exp Eye Res 2014; 122:50-3. [PMID: 24631333 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Progressive accumulation of age related mitochondrial DNA mutations reduce ATP production and increase reactive oxygen species output, leading to oxidative stress, inflammation and degradation. The pace of this is linked to metabolic demand. The retina has the greatest metabolic demand and mitochondrial density in the body and displays progressive age related inflammation and marked cell loss. Near infra-red (670 nm) is thought to be absorbed by cytochrome c oxidase (COX), a key element in mitochondrial respiration and it has been demonstrated that it improves mitochondrial membrane potentials in aged eyes. It also significantly reduces the impact of experimental pathology and ameliorates age related retinal inflammation. We show ATP decline with ageing in mouse retina and brain. Also, in these tissues that ATP is significantly increased by 670 nm exposure in old mice. In the retina this was associated with increased COX and reduced acrolein expression. Acrolein, being a free radical marker of retinal oxidative stress, is up regulated in Alzheimer's and retinal degeneration. This is the first demonstration of ATP manipulation in vivo and may provide a simple non-invasive route to combating age related tissue decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Gkotsi
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Rana Begum
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Thomas Salt
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | | | - Kai-Yin Chau
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK
| | | | - Glen Jeffery
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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108
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Marco FD, Romeo S, Nandasena C, Purushothuman S, Adams C, Bisti S, Stone J. The time course of action of two neuroprotectants, dietary saffron and photobiomodulation, assessed in the rat retina. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE 2013; 2:208-20. [PMID: 24093084 PMCID: PMC3783833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary saffron and photobiomodulation (low-level infrared radiation, PBM) are emerging as therapeutically promising protectants for neurodegenerative conditions, such as the retinal dystrophies. In animal models, saffron and PBM, given in limited daily doses, protect retina and brain from toxin- or light-induced stress. This study addresses the rate at which saffron and PBM, given in daily doses, induce neuroprotection, using a light damage model of photoreceptor degeneration in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. RESULTS Rats were raised in dim cyclic (12 h 5 lux, 12 h dark) illumination, treated with saffron or PBM for 2-10 d, and then exposed to bright damaging light (1,000 lux for 24 h). After 1 week survival, the retina was assessed for photoreceptor death (using the TUNEL reaction), for surviving photoreceptor damage (thickness of the outer nuclear layer) and for the expression of a stress-related protein GFAP, using immunohistochemistry. Preconditioning the retina with saffron or PBM reduced photoreceptor death, preserved the population of surviving photoreceptors and reduced the upregulation of GFAP in Müller cells. At the daily dose of saffron used (1 mg/kg), protection was detectable at 2 d, increasing to 10 d. At the daily dose of PBM used (5 J/cm(2) at 670 nm) protection was detectable at 5 d, increasing to 7-10 d. CONCLUSIONS The results provide time parameters for exploration of the mechanisms and durability of the protection provided by saffron and PBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Di Marco
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Science, University of L’AquilaItaly
| | - Stefania Romeo
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Science, University of L’AquilaItaly
| | - Charith Nandasena
- Discipline of Physiology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney and ARC Centre of Excellence in Vision Science, University of SydneyAustralia
| | - Sivaraman Purushothuman
- Discipline of Physiology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney and ARC Centre of Excellence in Vision Science, University of SydneyAustralia
| | - Charean Adams
- Discipline of Physiology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney and ARC Centre of Excellence in Vision Science, University of SydneyAustralia
| | - Silvia Bisti
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Science, University of L’AquilaItaly
| | - Jonathan Stone
- Discipline of Physiology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney and ARC Centre of Excellence in Vision Science, University of SydneyAustralia
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109
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del Olmo-Aguado S, Núñez-Álvarez C, Ji D, Manso AG, Osborne NN. RTP801 immunoreactivity in retinal ganglion cells and its down-regulation in cultured cells protect them from light and cobalt chloride. Brain Res Bull 2013; 98:132-44. [PMID: 23978538 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RTP801, a stress-related protein, is activated by adverse environmental conditions and inhibits the activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in promoting oxidative stress-dependent cell death. RTP801 exists both in the mammalian retina and the lens of the eye. Here, we observed RTP801 immunoreactivity in some retinal ganglion cells. Intravitreal injection of cobalt chloride (CoCl2) to mimick hypoxia influenced retinal GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels, but did not affect RTP801 immunoreactivity or mRNA content relative to GAPDH. However, RTP801 mRNA was elevated when compared with Brn3a mRNA, suggesting that RTP801 is activated in stressed Brn3a retinal ganglion cells. In cultures of RGC-5 cells, RTP801 immunoreactivity was located in the cytoplasm and partly present in the mitochondria. An insult of blue light or CoCl2 increased RTP801 expression, which was accompanied by cell death. However, in cultures where RTP801 mRNA was down-regulated, the negative influence of blue light and CoCl2 was blunted. Rapamycin nullified the CoCl2-induced up-regulation of RTP801 and attenuated cell death. Moreover, rapamycin was non-toxic to RGC-5 cells, even at a high concentration (10μM). The protective effect of rapamycin on RGC-5 cells caused by the inhibition of RTP801 suggests that rapamycin might attenuate retinal ganglion cell death in situ, as in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana del Olmo-Aguado
- Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega 34, E-33012 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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