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Ning YJ, Deng F, Hu Z, Wang H. The roles of ebolavirus glycoproteins in viral pathogenesis. Virol Sin 2016; 32:3-15. [PMID: 27853993 PMCID: PMC6791933 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebolaviruses are highly dangerous pathogens exhibiting extreme virulence in humans and nonhuman primates. The majority of ebolavirus species, most notably Zaire ebolavirus, can cause Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, in humans. EVD is associated with case-fatality rates as high as 90%, and there is currently no specific treatment or licensed vaccine available against EVD. Understanding the molecular biology and pathogenesis of ebolaviruses is important for the development of antiviral therapeutics. Ebolavirus encodes several forms of glycoproteins (GPs), which have some interesting characteristics, including the transcriptional editing coding strategy and extensive O-glycosylation modification, clustered in the mucin-like domain of GP1, full-length GP (GP1,2), and shed GP. In addition to the canonical role of the spike protein, GP1,2, in viral entry, ebolavirus GPs appear to have multiple additional functions, likely contributing to the complex pathogenesis of the virus. Here, we review the roles of ebolavirus GPs in viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jia Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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102
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Fedson DS. Treating the host response to emerging virus diseases: lessons learned from sepsis, pneumonia, influenza and Ebola. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:421. [PMID: 27942512 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.11.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing threat of epidemic or pandemic diseases that could be caused by influenza, Ebola or other emerging viruses. It will be difficult and costly to develop new drugs that target each of these viruses. Statins and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have been effective in treating patients with sepsis, pneumonia and influenza, and a statin/ARB combination appeared to dramatically reduce mortality during the recent Ebola outbreak. These drugs target (among other things) the endothelial dysfunction found in all of these diseases. Most scientists work on new drugs that target viruses, and few accept the idea of treating the host response with generic drugs. A great deal of research will be needed to show conclusively that these drugs work, and this will require the support of public agencies and foundations. Investigators in developing countries should take an active role in this research. If the next Public Health Emergency of International Concern is caused by an emerging virus, a "top down" approach to developing specific new drug treatments is unlikely to be effective. However, a "bottom up" approach to treatment that targets the host response to these viruses by using widely available and inexpensive generic drugs could reduce mortality in any country with a basic health care system. In doing so, it would make an immeasurable contribution to global equity and global security.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Fedson
- Formerly, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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103
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Martyushev A, Nakaoka S, Sato K, Noda T, Iwami S. Modelling Ebola virus dynamics: Implications for therapy. Antiviral Res 2016; 135:62-73. [PMID: 27743917 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes a severe, often fatal Ebola virus disease (EVD), for which no approved antivirals exist. Recently, some promising anti-EBOV drugs, which are experimentally potent in animal models, have been developed. However, because the quantitative dynamics of EBOV replication in humans is uncertain, it remains unclear how much antiviral suppression of viral replication affects EVD outcome in patients. Here, we developed a novel mathematical model to quantitatively analyse human viral load data obtained during the 2000/01 Uganda EBOV outbreak and evaluated the effects of different antivirals. We found that nucleoside analogue- and siRNA-based therapies are effective if a therapy with a >50% inhibition rate is initiated within a few days post-symptom-onset. In contrast, antibody-based therapy requires not only a higher inhibition rate but also an earlier administration, especially for otherwise fatal cases. Our results demonstrate that an appropriate choice of EBOV-specific drugs is required for effective EVD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Martyushev
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Shinji Nakaoka
- Institute of Industrial Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1538505, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan; CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 3320012, Japan
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan; CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 3320012, Japan; PRESTO, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 3320012, Japan.
| | - Shingo Iwami
- Mathematical Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 8128581, Japan; PRESTO, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 3320012, Japan; CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 3320012, Japan.
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104
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Filovirus proteins for antiviral drug discovery: A structure/function analysis of surface glycoproteins and virus entry. Antiviral Res 2016; 135:1-14. [PMID: 27640102 PMCID: PMC7113884 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the recent progress in our understanding of filovirus protein structure/function and its impact on antiviral research. Here we focus on the surface glycoprotein GP1,2 and its different roles in filovirus entry. We first describe the latest advances on the characterization of GP gene-overlapping proteins sGP, ssGP and Δ-peptide. Then, we compare filovirus surface GP1,2 proteins in terms of structure, synthesis and function. As they bear potential in drug-design, the discovery of small organic compounds inhibiting filovirus entry is a currently very active field. Although it is at an early stage, the development of antiviral drugs against Ebola and Marburg virus entry might prove essential to reduce outbreak-associated fatality rates through post-exposure treatment of both suspected and confirmed cases. The filovirus surface glycoprotein is the key player protein responsible for viral entry. Secreted forms of the glycoprotein have been suggested to participate to filovirus virus pathogenicity. Recent structural insights of the filovirus surface glycoprotein highlight new antiviral perspectives. Interesting compounds and innovative antiviral strategies emerge from research and development to inhibit filovirus entry.
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105
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L. Rasmussen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109;
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106
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Babalola MO. THE STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND THREATS (SWOTs) ANALYSES OF THE EBOLA VIRUS - PAPER RETRACTED. Afr J Infect Dis 2016; 10:69-88. [PMID: 28480441 PMCID: PMC5411992 DOI: 10.21010/ajid.v10i2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Owing to the extreme virulence and case fatality rate of ebola virus disease (EVD), there had been so much furore, panic and public health emergency about the possible pandemic from the recent West African outbreak of the disease, with attendant handful research, both in the past and most recently. The magnitude of the epidemic of ebola virus disease has prompted global interest and urgency in the discovery of measures to mitigate the impact of the disease. Researchers in the academia and the industry were pressured to only focus on the development of effective and safe ebola virus vaccines, without consideration of the other aspects to this virus, which may influence the success or otherwise of a potential vaccine. The objective of this review was to adopt the SWOT concept to elucidate the biological Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats to Ebola virus as a pathogen, with a view to understanding and devising holistic strategies at combating and overcoming the scourge of EVD. Method: This systematic review and narrative synthesis utilized Medline, PubMed, Google and other databases to select about 150 publications on ebola and ebola virus disease using text word searches to generate the specific terms. Relevant publications were reviewed and compared, findings were synthesized using a narrative method and summarized qualitatively. Results: Some of the identified strengths of ebola virus include: Ebola virus is an RNA virus with inherent capability to mutate, reassort and recombine to generate mutant or reassortant virulent strains; Ebola virus has a broad cellular tropism; Natural Reservoir of ebola virus is unconfirmed but fruit bats, arthropods, and plants are hypothesized; Ebola virus primarily targets and selectively destroys the immune system; Ebola viruses possess accessory proteins that inhibits the host’ immune responses; Secreted glycoprotein (sGP), a truncated soluble protein that triggers immune activation and increased vascular permeability is uniquely associated with Ebola virus only; Ability to effectively cross the species barrier and establish productive infection in humans, non human primates, and other mammals; Ebola virus attacks every part of the human body; The Weaknesses include: Ebola virus transmission and persistence is severely limited by its virulence; Ebola virus essentially requires host encoded protein Niemann–Pick C1 (NPC1) for host’s cell’ entry; Ebola virus essentially requires host encoded proteins (TIM-1) for cell’ entry; Relative abundance of Ebolavirus Nucleoprotein than the other virion components; The Opportunities harnessed by ebola virus include: Lack of infection control practices in African health-care facilities and paucity of health infrastructures, especially in the endemic zones; Permissiveness of circulating Monocytes, Macrophages and dendritic cells in virus mobilization and dissemination; Collection, consumption and trade of wild games (bushmeats); Pertubation and drastic changes in forest ecosystems present opportunities for Ebola virus; Use of dogs in hunting predisposes man and animals to inter-species contact; Poverty, malnutrition, crowding, social disorder, mobility and political instability; Ease of travel and aviation as potentials for global spread; Possible mechanical transmission by arthropod vectors; No vaccines or therapeutics are yet approved for human treatment; The Threats to ebola virus include: Avoidance of direct contact with infected blood and other bodily fluids of infected patient; Appropriate and correct burial practices; Adoption of barrier Nursing; Improved surveillance to prevent potential spread of epidemic; Making Available Rapid laboratory equipment and procedures for prompt detection (ELISA, Western Blot, PCR); Sterilization or disinfection of equipment and safe disposal of instrument; Prompt hospitalization, isolation and quarantine of infected individual; Active contact tracing and monitoring, among others. Conclusion: The identified capacities and gaps presented in this study are inexhaustive framework to combat the ebola virus. To undermine and overcome the virus, focus should be aimed at strategically decreasing the identified strengths and opportunities, while increasing on the weaknesses of, and threats to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oluyemi Babalola
- Epidemiology, Molecular Virology, and Special Pathogens Research, Department of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo state, Nigeria
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107
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Zhao D, Han X, Zheng X, Wang H, Yang Z, Liu D, Han K, Liu J, Wang X, Yang W, Dong Q, Yang S, Xia X, Tang L, He F. The Myeloid LSECtin Is a DAP12-Coupled Receptor That Is Crucial for Inflammatory Response Induced by Ebola Virus Glycoprotein. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005487. [PMID: 26943817 PMCID: PMC4778874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatal Ebola virus infection is characterized by a systemic inflammatory response similar to septic shock. Ebola glycoprotein (GP) is involved in this process through activating dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. However, the mechanism is unclear. Here, we showed that LSECtin (also known as CLEC4G) plays an important role in GP-mediated inflammatory responses in human DCs. Anti-LSECtin mAb engagement induced TNF-α and IL-6 production in DCs, whereas silencing of LSECtin abrogated this effect. Intriguingly, as a pathogen-derived ligand, Ebola GP could trigger TNF-α and IL-6 release by DCs through LSECtin. Mechanistic investigations revealed that LSECtin initiated signaling via association with a 12-kDa DNAX-activating protein (DAP12) and induced Syk activation. Mutation of key tyrosines in the DAP12 immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif abrogated LSECtin-mediated signaling. Furthermore, Syk inhibitors significantly reduced the GP-triggered cytokine production in DCs. Therefore, our results demonstrate that LSECtin is required for the GP-induced inflammatory response, providing new insights into the EBOV-mediated inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xintao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Science of PLA, Changchun, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Science of PLA, Changchun, China
| | - Zaopeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Di Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Han
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Science of PLA, Changchun, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Science of PLA, Changchun, China
| | - Li Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- * E-mail: (LT); (FH)
| | - Fuchu He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biology Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LT); (FH)
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108
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Dowall SD, Callan J, Zeltina A, Al-Abdulla I, Strecker T, Fehling SK, Krähling V, Bosworth A, Rayner E, Taylor I, Charlton S, Landon J, Cameron I, Hewson R, Nasidi A, Bowden TA, Carroll MW. Development of a Cost-effective Ovine Polyclonal Antibody-Based Product, EBOTAb, to Treat Ebola Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:1124-33. [PMID: 26715676 PMCID: PMC4779302 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly glycosylated glycoprotein spike of Ebola virus (EBOV-GP1,2) is the primary target of the humoral host response. Recombinant EBOV-GP ectodomain (EBOV-GP1,2ecto) expressed in mammalian cells was used to immunize sheep and elicited a robust immune response and produced high titers of high avidity polyclonal antibodies. Investigation of the neutralizing activity of the ovine antisera in vitro revealed that it neutralized EBOV. A pool of intact ovine immunoglobulin G, herein termed EBOTAb, was prepared from the antisera and used for an in vivo guinea pig study. When EBOTAb was delivered 6 hours after challenge, all animals survived without experiencing fever or other clinical manifestations. In a second series of guinea pig studies, the administration of EBOTAb dosing was delayed for 48 or 72 hours after challenge, resulting in 100% and 75% survival, respectively. These studies illustrate the usefulness of EBOTAb in protecting against EBOV-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antra Zeltina
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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109
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Trefry JC, Wollen SE, Nasar F, Shamblin JD, Kern SJ, Bearss JJ, Jefferson MA, Chance TB, Kugelman JR, Ladner JT, Honko AN, Kobs DJ, Wending MQS, Sabourin CL, Pratt WD, Palacios GF, Pitt MLM. Ebola Virus Infections in Nonhuman Primates Are Temporally Influenced by Glycoprotein Poly-U Editing Site Populations in the Exposure Material. Viruses 2015; 7:6739-54. [PMID: 26703716 PMCID: PMC4690892 DOI: 10.3390/v7122969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent experimentation with the variants of the Ebola virus that differ in the glycoprotein's poly-uridine site, which dictates the form of glycoprotein produced through a transcriptional stutter, has resulted in questions regarding the pathogenicity and lethality of the stocks used to develop products currently undergoing human clinical trials to combat the disease. In order to address these concerns and prevent the delay of these critical research programs, we designed an experiment that permitted us to intramuscularly challenge statistically significant numbers of naïve and vaccinated cynomolgus macaques with either a 7U or 8U variant of the Ebola virus, Kikwit isolate. In naïve animals, no difference in survivorship was observed; however, there was a significant delay in the disease course between the two groups. Significant differences were also observed in time-of-fever, serum chemistry, and hematology. In vaccinated animals, there was no statistical difference in survivorship between either challenge groups, with two succumbing in the 7U group compared to 1 in the 8U challenge group. In summary, survivorship was not affected, but the Ebola virus disease course in nonhuman primates is temporally influenced by glycoprotein poly-U editing site populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Trefry
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Suzanne E Wollen
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Farooq Nasar
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Joshua D Shamblin
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Steven J Kern
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jeremy J Bearss
- Pathology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Michelle A Jefferson
- Pathology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Taylor B Chance
- Pathology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jeffery R Kugelman
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jason T Ladner
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Anna N Honko
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Dean J Kobs
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Columbus, OH 43201, USA.
| | | | - Carol L Sabourin
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Columbus, OH 43201, USA.
| | - William D Pratt
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Gustavo F Palacios
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - M Louise M Pitt
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
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110
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Abstract
The past year has marked the most devastating Ebola outbreak the world has ever witnessed, with over 28,000 cases and over 11,000 deaths. Ebola virus (EBOV) has now been around for almost 50 years. In this review, we discuss past and present outbreaks of EBOV and how those variants evolved over time. We explore and discuss selective pressures that drive the evolution of different Ebola variants, and how they may modify the efficacy of therapeutic treatments and vaccines currently being developed. Finally, given the unprecedented size and spread of the outbreak, as well as the extended period of replication in human hosts, specific attention is given to the 2014-2015 West African outbreak variant (Makona).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine de La Vega
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Derek Stein
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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111
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The Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Filovirus Infection. Viruses 2015; 7:5489-507. [PMID: 26512687 PMCID: PMC4632400 DOI: 10.3390/v7102892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola- and marburgviruses are highly pathogenic filoviruses and causative agents of viral hemorrhagic fever. Filovirus disease is characterized by a dysregulated immune response, severe organ damage, and coagulation abnormalities. This includes modulation of cytokines, signaling mediators that regulate various components of the immune system as well as other biological processes. Here we examine the role of cytokines in filovirus infection, with an emphasis on understanding how these molecules affect development of the antiviral immune response and influence pathology. These proteins may present targets for immune modulation by therapeutic agents and vaccines in an effort to boost the natural immune response to infection and/or reduce immunopathology.
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112
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Hellman J. Addressing the Complications of Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Infections: Using Insights from Bacterial and Fungal Sepsis. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005088. [PMID: 26425845 PMCID: PMC4591006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Hellman
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Division of Critical Care Medicine Faculty, Biomedical Sciences and Immunology Programs, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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113
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Anthony SM, Bradfute SB. Filoviruses: One of These Things is (not) Like the Other. Viruses 2015; 7:5172-90. [PMID: 26426036 PMCID: PMC4632375 DOI: 10.3390/v7102867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Filoviridae contains several of the most deadly pathogens known to date and the current Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in Western Africa, due to Ebola virus (EBOV) infection, highlights the need for active and broad research into filovirus pathogenesis. However, in comparison, the seven other known filovirus family members are significantly understudied. Many of these, including Marburgviruses and Ebolaviruses other than EBOV, are also highly virulent and fully capable of causing widespread epidemics. This review places the focus on these non-EBOV filoviruses, including known immunological and pathological data. The available animal models, research tools and currently available therapeutics will also be discussed along with an emphasis in the large number of current gaps in knowledge of these less highlighted filoviruses. It is evident that much research is yet to be done in order to bring the non-EBOV filovirus field to the forefront of current research and, importantly, to the development of more effective vaccines and therapeutics to combat potential future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Anthony
- Immunology Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Steven B Bradfute
- University of New Mexico, Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine.
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114
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Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a zoonotic disease that causes severe haemorrhagic fever, with high fatality rates of up to 90% in humans. Today, there is no effective treatment available. Person-to-person transmission occurs through exposure to blood or body fluids, which can threaten other household members and first-line healthcare workers. The first cases of EVD in Guinea were identified on 22 March 2014. It was initially believed that this like previous outbreaks would be self-limiting. However, lack of public health infrastructure, delays in virus detection and late implementation of control interventions contributed to widespread transmission of EVD in a region inexperienced in dealing with the disease. Socio-cultural and economic factors probably also played a key role in the spread of the disease, resulting in the current large-scale outbreak. Some promising candidate treatments for this disease are now being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mirazimi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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115
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Hacke M, Björkholm P, Hellwig A, Himmels P, Ruiz de Almodóvar C, Brügger B, Wieland F, Ernst AM. Inhibition of Ebola virus glycoprotein-mediated cytotoxicity by targeting its transmembrane domain and cholesterol. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7688. [PMID: 26158910 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The high pathogenicity of the Ebola virus reflects multiple concurrent processes on infection. Among other important determinants, Ebola fusogenic glycoprotein (GP) has been associated with the detachment of infected cells and eventually leads to vascular leakage and haemorrhagic fever. Here we report that the membrane-anchored GP is sufficient to induce the detachment of adherent cells. The results show that the detachment induced through either full-length GP1,2 or the subunit GP2 depends on cholesterol and the structure of the transmembrane domain. These data reveal a novel molecular mechanism in which GP regulates Ebola virus assembly and suggest that cholesterol-reducing agents could be useful as therapeutics to counteract GP-mediated cell detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Hacke
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrik Björkholm
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrea Hellwig
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Patricia Himmels
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Britta Brügger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Wieland
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Ernst
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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116
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Volchkova VA, Dolnik O, Martinez MJ, Reynard O, Volchkov VE. RNA Editing of the GP Gene of Ebola Virus is an Important Pathogenicity Factor. J Infect Dis 2015; 212 Suppl 2:S226-33. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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117
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Treating the Host Response to Ebola Virus Disease with Generic Statins and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers. mBio 2015; 6:e00716. [PMID: 26106080 PMCID: PMC4479704 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00716-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatments targeting the Ebola virus may eventually be shown to work, but they will not have an impact on overall Ebola mortality in West Africa. Endothelial dysfunction is responsible for the fluid and electrolyte imbalances seen in Ebola patients. Because inexpensive generic statins and angiotensin receptor blockers restore endothelial barrier integrity, they can be used to treat the host response in these patients. In Sierra Leone, approximately 100 Ebola patients were treated with this combination, and reports indicate that survival was greatly improved.
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118
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Dolnik O, Volchkova VA, Escudero-Perez B, Lawrence P, Klenk HD, Volchkov VE. Shedding of Ebola Virus Surface Glycoprotein Is a Mechanism of Self-regulation of Cellular Cytotoxicity and Has a Direct Effect on Virus Infectivity. J Infect Dis 2015; 212 Suppl 2:S322-8. [PMID: 26092855 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface glycoprotein (GP) is responsible for Ebola virus (EBOV) attachment and membrane fusion during virus entry. Surface expression of highly glycosylated GP causes marked cytotoxicity via masking of a wide range of cellular surface molecules, including integrins. Considerable amounts of surface GP are shed from virus-infected cells in a soluble truncated form by tumor necrosis factor α-converting enzyme. In this study, the role of GP shedding was investigated using a reverse genetics approach by comparing recombinant viruses possessing amino acid substitutions at the GP shedding site. Virus with an L635V substitution showed a substantial decrease in shedding, whereas a D637V substitution resulted in a striking increase in the release of shed GP. Variations in shedding efficacy correlated with observed differences in the amounts of shed GP in the medium, GP present in virus-infected cells, and GP present on virions. An increase in shedding appeared to be associated with a reduction in viral cytotoxicity, and, vice versa, the virus that shed less was more cytotoxic. An increase in shedding also resulted in a reduction in viral infectivity, whereas a decrease in shedding efficacy enhanced viral growth characteristics in vitro. Differences in shedding efficacy and, as a result, differences in the amount of mature GP available for incorporation into budding virions did not equate to differences in overall release of viral particles. Likewise, data suggest that the resulting differences in the amount of mature GP on the cell surface led to variations in the GP content of released particles and, as a consequence, in infectivity. In conclusion, fine-tuning of the levels of EBOV GP expressed at the surface of virus-infected cells via GP shedding plays an important role in EBOV replication by orchestrating the balance between optimal virion GP content and cytotoxicity caused by GP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Dolnik
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, CIRI, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | - Valentina A Volchkova
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, CIRI, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France
| | - Beatriz Escudero-Perez
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, CIRI, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France
| | - Philip Lawrence
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, CIRI, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France
| | | | - Viktor E Volchkov
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, CIRI, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France
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119
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Cross RW, Fenton KA, Geisbert JB, Mire CE, Geisbert TW. Modeling the Disease Course of Zaire ebolavirus Infection in the Outbred Guinea Pig. J Infect Dis 2015; 212 Suppl 2:S305-15. [PMID: 26038397 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodent models that accurately reflect human filovirus infection are needed as early screens for medical countermeasures. Prior work in rodents with the Zaire species of Ebola virus (ZEBOV) primarily used inbred mice and guinea pigs to model disease. However, these inbred species do not show some of the important features of primate ZEBOV infection, most notably, coagulation abnormalities. METHODS Thirty-six outbred guinea pigs were infected with guinea pig-adapted ZEBOV and examined sequentially over an 8-day period to investigate the pathologic events that lead to death. RESULTS Features of disease in ZEBOV-infected outbred guinea pigs were largely consistent with disease in humans and nonhuman primates and included early infection of macrophages and dendritiform cells, apoptosis of bystander lymphocytes, and increases in levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Most importantly, dysregulation of circulating levels of fibrinogen, protein C activity, and antifibrinolytic proteins and deposition of fibrin in tissues demonstrated both biochemical and microscopic evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the outbred guinea pig model recapitulates ZEBOV infection of primates better than inbred rodent models, is useful for dissecting key events in the pathogenesis of ZEBOV, and is useful for evaluating candidate interventions prior to assessment in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
| | - Chad E Mire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
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120
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Falasca L, Agrati C, Petrosillo N, Di Caro A, Capobianchi MR, Ippolito G, Piacentini M. Molecular mechanisms of Ebola virus pathogenesis: focus on cell death. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1250-9. [PMID: 26024394 PMCID: PMC4495366 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) belongs to the Filoviridae family and is responsible for a severe disease characterized by the sudden onset of fever and malaise accompanied by other non-specific signs and symptoms; in 30–50% of cases hemorrhagic symptoms are present. Multiorgan dysfunction occurs in severe forms with a mortality up to 90%. The EBOV first attacks macrophages and dendritic immune cells. The innate immune reaction is characterized by a cytokine storm, with secretion of numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines, which induces a huge number of contradictory signals and hurts the immune cells, as well as other tissues. Other highly pathogenic viruses also trigger cytokine storms, but Filoviruses are thought to be particularly lethal because they affect a wide array of tissues. In addition to the immune system, EBOV attacks the spleen and kidneys, where it kills cells that help the body to regulate its fluid and chemical balance and that make proteins that help the blood to clot. In addition, EBOV causes liver, lungs and kidneys to shut down their functions and the blood vessels to leak fluid into surrounding tissues. In this review, we analyze the molecular mechanisms at the basis of Ebola pathogenesis with a particular focus on the cell death pathways induced by the virus. We also discuss how the treatment of the infection can benefit from the recent experience of blocking/modulating cell death in human degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Falasca
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - C Agrati
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - N Petrosillo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - A Di Caro
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - M R Capobianchi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - G Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - M Piacentini
- 1] National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy [2] Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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121
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Filewod NC, Lee WL. Is strengthening the endothelial barrier a therapeutic strategy for Ebola? Int J Infect Dis 2015; 36:78-9. [PMID: 26025870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niall C Filewod
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Warren L Lee
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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122
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Reynard O, Volchkov VE. Entry of Ebola Virus is an Asynchronous Process. J Infect Dis 2015; 212 Suppl 2:S199-203. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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123
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Alfson KJ, Avena LE, Beadles MW, Menzie H, Patterson JL, Carrion R, Griffiths A. Genetic Changes at the Glycoprotein Editing Site Associated With Serial Passage of Sudan Virus. J Infect Dis 2015; 212 Suppl 2:S295-304. [PMID: 25920319 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sudan virus (SUDV), like the closely related Ebola virus (EBOV), is a filovirus that causes severe hemorrhagic disease. They both contain an RNA editing site in the glycoprotein gene that controls expression of soluble and full-length protein. We tested the consequences of cell culture passage on the genome sequence at the SUDV editing site locus and determined whether this affected virulence. Passage resulted in expansion of the SUDV editing site, similar to that observed with EBOV. We compared viruses possessing either the wild-type or expanded editing site, using a nonhuman primate model of disease. Despite differences in virus serum titer at one time point, there were no significant differences in time to death or any other measured parameter. These data imply that changes at this locus were not important for SUDV lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra J Alfson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
| | - Laura E Avena
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute
| | - Michael W Beadles
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute
| | - Heather Menzie
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
| | - Jean L Patterson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute
| | - Ricardo Carrion
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
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124
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Reynard O, Escudero-Perez B, Volchkov V. [Haemostasis dysregulation in filovirus infections]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:143-50. [PMID: 25744260 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153102010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses are responsible for highly lethal infections. Those viruses are found in intertropical areas of Africa and Asia where they circulate in their supposed natural reservoir, fruit bats. During filovirus outbreaks and depending on the strains, various modifications in hemostasis have been observed in patients. The disseminated intravascular coagulation identified in these infections is multicausal and involves both viral factors and abnormal physiological responses. In this review we will describe the mechanisms responsible for these disturbances and we will highlight some aspects of the basis of filovirus high pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Reynard
- CIRI (centre international de recherche en infectiologie), Inserm U1111, laboratoire bases moléculaires de la pathogénicité virale, 21, avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Beatriz Escudero-Perez
- CIRI (centre international de recherche en infectiologie), Inserm U1111, laboratoire bases moléculaires de la pathogénicité virale, 21, avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Viktor Volchkov
- CIRI (centre international de recherche en infectiologie), Inserm U1111, laboratoire bases moléculaires de la pathogénicité virale, 21, avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
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125
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Büttner S, Koch B, Dolnik O, Eickmann M, Freiwald T, Rudolf S, Engel J, Becker S, Ronco C, Geiger H. Extracorporeal Virus Elimination for the Treatment of Severe Ebola Virus Disease - First Experience with Lectin Affinity Plasmapheresis. Blood Purif 2015; 38:286-91. [DOI: 10.1159/000375229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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126
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Ronco
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
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127
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Gallaher WR, Garry RF. Modeling of the Ebola virus delta peptide reveals a potential lytic sequence motif. Viruses 2015; 7:285-305. [PMID: 25609303 PMCID: PMC4306839 DOI: 10.3390/v7010285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses, such as Ebola and Marburg viruses, cause severe outbreaks of human infection, including the extensive epidemic of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa in 2014. In the course of examining mutations in the glycoprotein gene associated with 2014 Ebola virus (EBOV) sequences, a differential level of conservation was noted between the soluble form of glycoprotein (sGP) and the full length glycoprotein (GP), which are both encoded by the GP gene via RNA editing. In the region of the proteins encoded after the RNA editing site sGP was more conserved than the overlapping region of GP when compared to a distant outlier species, Tai Forest ebolavirus. Half of the amino acids comprising the “delta peptide”, a 40 amino acid carboxy-terminal fragment of sGP, were identical between otherwise widely divergent species. A lysine-rich amphipathic peptide motif was noted at the carboxyl terminus of delta peptide with high structural relatedness to the cytolytic peptide of the non-structural protein 4 (NSP4) of rotavirus. EBOV delta peptide is a candidate viroporin, a cationic pore-forming peptide, and may contribute to EBOV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Gallaher
- Mockingbird Nature Research Group, PO Box 568, Pearl River, LA 70452, USA.
| | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Medical Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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128
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Capps B, Lederman Z. One Health, Vaccines and Ebola: The Opportunities for Shared Benefits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS 2015; 28:1011-1032. [PMID: 32214867 PMCID: PMC7088325 DOI: 10.1007/s10806-015-9574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The 2013 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, as of writing, is declining in reported human cases and mortalities. The resulting devastation caused highlights how health systems, in particular in West Africa, and in terms of global pandemic planning, are ill prepared to react to zoonotic pathogens. In this paper we propose One Health as a strategy to prevent zoonotic outbreaks as a shared goal: that human and Great Ape vaccine trials could benefit both species. Only recently have two phase 2/3 Ebola human vaccine trials been started in West Africa. This paper argues for a conceptual change in pandemic preparedness. We first discuss the ethics of One Health. Next, we focus on the current Ebola outbreak and defines its victims. Third, we present the notion of a 'shared benefit' approach, grounded in One Health, and argue for the vaccination of wild apes in order to protect both apes and humans. We believe that a creation of such inter-species immunity is an exemplar of One Health, and that it is worth pursuing as a coextensive public health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Capps
- Department of Bioethics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5849 University Avenue, Room C-312, CRC Bldg, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Zohar Lederman
- Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Loo Long Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, Singapore
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129
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Nunes-Alves C. Ebola virus' shed GP activates immune cells. Nat Rev Microbiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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130
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Lai KY, Ng WYG, Cheng FF. Human Ebola virus infection in West Africa: a review of available therapeutic agents that target different steps of the life cycle of Ebola virus. Infect Dis Poverty 2014; 3:43. [PMID: 25699183 PMCID: PMC4334593 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-3-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of the human Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) epidemic is spiraling out of control in West Africa. Human EBOV hemorrhagic fever has a case fatality rate of up to 90%. The EBOV is classified as a biosafety level 4 pathogen and is considered a category A agent of bioterrorism by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, with no approved therapies and vaccines available for its treatment apart from supportive care. Although several promising therapeutic agents and vaccines against EBOV are undergoing the Phase I human trial, the current epidemic might be outpacing the speed at which drugs and vaccines can be produced. Like all viruses, the EBOV largely relies on host cell factors and physiological processes for its entry, replication, and egress. We have reviewed currently available therapeutic agents that have been shown to be effective in suppressing the proliferation of the EBOV in cell cultures or animal studies. Most of the therapeutic agents in this review are directed against non-mutable targets of the host, which is independent of viral mutation. These medications are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of other diseases. They are available and stockpileable for immediate use. They may also have a complementary role to those therapeutic agents under development that are directed against the mutable targets of the EBOV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Yiu Lai
- />Department of Intensive Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, HKSAR, B6, 30 Gascoigne Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Wing Yiu George Ng
- />Department of Intensive Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, HKSAR, B6, 30 Gascoigne Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Fan Fanny Cheng
- />Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, HKSAR, Kowloon, Hong Kong SARChina
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