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Lin IM, Weng CY, Lin TK, Lin CL. The Relationship between Expressive/Suppressive Hostility Behavior and Cardiac Autonomic Activations in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. ACTA CARDIOLOGICA SINICA 2016; 31:308-16. [PMID: 27122887 DOI: 10.6515/acs20141027b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hostility is an important psychosocial risk factor in coronary artery disease (CAD). Expressive and suppressive hostility behaviors are related to cardiovascular response in healthy adults. However, the relationships of these behavioral dimensions to cardiac autonomic activations in CAD remain unclear. METHOD This study involved 76 patients with CAD to whom a hostility inventory was administered, who were instructed to recall a neutral event and an anger-related event. Heart rate and blood pressure were obtained for each patient as the indices of cardiovascular response; heart rate variability was transformed from electrocardiograph and as the indices of cardiac autonomic activation. RESULTS The results showed that CAD patients with expressive hostility behavior experienced higher cardiovascular autonomic activations during the neutral and anger recall tasks, and lower parasympathetic activations during the recovery after an anger episode. On the other hand, CAD patients with suppressive hostility behavior experienced both sympathetic and parasympathetic activations during the baseline and recovery stages, as well as simultaneously activated higher parasympathetic response. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggested that it is appropriate to extend the cardiac autonomic activation model for expressive and suppressive hostility behaviors in patients with CAD. KEY WORDS Cardiac autonomic; Coronary artery disease; Expressive hostility; Suppressive hostility behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Mei Lin
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Chia-Ying Weng
- Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County
| | - Tin-Kwang Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University
| | - Chin-Lon Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Hualien Tzu Chi General Hospital, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien County, Taiwan
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Charlot K, Hierso R, Lemonne N, Romana M, Tressières B, Lalanne-Mistrih ML, Etienne-Julan M, Tarer V, Ferracci S, Hardy-Dessources MD, Connes P. Changes in autonomic nervous activity during vaso-occlusive crisis in patients with sickle cell anaemia. Br J Haematol 2016; 177:484-486. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keyne Charlot
- Inserm U 1134, CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre; Pointe-Ã -Pitre Guadeloupe
- Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Pointe-à-Pitre; Pointe-Ã -Pitre Guadeloupe
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex; Paris France
| | - Régine Hierso
- Inserm U 1134, CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre; Pointe-Ã -Pitre Guadeloupe
- Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Pointe-à-Pitre; Pointe-Ã -Pitre Guadeloupe
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex; Paris France
| | - Nathalie Lemonne
- Unité Transversale de la Drépanocytose; CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre; Pointe-Ã -Pitre Guadeloupe
| | - Marc Romana
- Inserm U 1134, CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre; Pointe-Ã -Pitre Guadeloupe
- Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Pointe-à-Pitre; Pointe-Ã -Pitre Guadeloupe
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex; Paris France
| | - Benoit Tressières
- CIC-EC 14-24; Inserm, Pôle; CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre; Pointe-Ã -Pitre Guadeloupe
| | - Marie-Laure Lalanne-Mistrih
- Inserm U 1134, CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre; Pointe-Ã -Pitre Guadeloupe
- Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Pointe-à-Pitre; Pointe-Ã -Pitre Guadeloupe
- CIC-EC 14-24; Inserm, Pôle; CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre; Pointe-Ã -Pitre Guadeloupe
| | - Maryse Etienne-Julan
- Unité Transversale de la Drépanocytose; CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre; Pointe-Ã -Pitre Guadeloupe
| | - Vanessa Tarer
- Unité Transversale de la Drépanocytose; CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre; Pointe-Ã -Pitre Guadeloupe
| | - Serge Ferracci
- Service d'accueil des Urgences; CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre; Pointe-Ã -Pitre Guadeloupe**
| | - Marie-Dominique Hardy-Dessources
- Inserm U 1134, CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre; Pointe-Ã -Pitre Guadeloupe
- Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Pointe-à-Pitre; Pointe-Ã -Pitre Guadeloupe
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex; Paris France
| | - Philippe Connes
- Inserm U 1134, CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre; Pointe-Ã -Pitre Guadeloupe
- Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Pointe-à-Pitre; Pointe-Ã -Pitre Guadeloupe
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex; Paris France
- Service d'accueil des Urgences; CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre; Pointe-Ã -Pitre Guadeloupe**
- Institut Universitaire de France; Paris France. Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM); Equipe Biologie Vasculaire et du Globule Rouge; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; COMUE Lyon; Villeurbanne France
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103
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Jia T, Ogawa Y, Miura M, Ito O, Kohzuki M. Music Attenuated a Decrease in Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity after Exercise. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148648. [PMID: 26840532 PMCID: PMC4739605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Music and exercise can both affect autonomic nervous system activity. However, the effects of the combination of music and exercise on autonomic activity are poorly understood. Additionally, it remains unknown whether music affects post-exercise orthostatic tolerance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of music on autonomic nervous system activity in orthostatic tolerance after exercise. Twenty-six healthy graduate students participated in four sessions in a random order on four separate days: a sedentary session, a music session, a bicycling session, and a bicycling with music session. Participants were asked to listen to their favorite music and to exercise on a cycle ergometer. We evaluated autonomic nervous system activity before and after each session using frequency analysis of heart rate variability. High frequency power, an index of parasympathetic nervous system activity, was significantly increased in the music session. Heart rate was increased, and high frequency power was decreased, in the bicycling session. There was no significant difference in high frequency power before and after the bicycling with music session, although heart rate was significantly increased. Additionally, both music and exercise did not significantly affect heart rate, systolic blood pressure or also heart rate variability indices in the orthostatic test. These data suggest that music increased parasympathetic activity and attenuated the exercise-induced decrease in parasympathetic activity without altering the orthostatic tolerance after exercise. Therefore, music may be an effective approach for improving post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation, resulting in a faster recovery and a reduction in cardiac stress after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Jia
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ogawa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Misa Miura
- Course of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, National University Corporation Tsukuba University of Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Osamu Ito
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kohzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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104
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Sun P, Yan H, Ranadive SM, Lane AD, Kappus RM, Bunsawat K, Baynard T, Hu M, Li S, Fernhall B. Autonomic Recovery Is Delayed in Chinese Compared with Caucasian following Treadmill Exercise. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147104. [PMID: 26784109 PMCID: PMC4718672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Caucasian populations have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) when compared with their Chinese counterparts and CVD is associated with autonomic function. It is unknown whether autonomic function during exercise recovery differs between Caucasians and Chinese. The present study investigated autonomic recovery following an acute bout of treadmill exercise in healthy Caucasians and Chinese. Sixty-two participants (30 Caucasian and 32 Chinese, 50% male) performed an acute bout of treadmill exercise at 70% of heart rate reserve. Heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) were obtained during 5-min epochs at pre-exercise, 30-min, and 60-min post-exercise. HRV was assessed using frequency [natural logarithm of high (LnHF) and low frequency (LnLF) powers, normalized high (nHF) and low frequency (nLF) powers, and LF/HF ratio] and time domains [Root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), natural logarithm of RMSSD (LnRMSSD) and R-R interval (RRI)]. Spontaneous BRS included both up-up and down-down sequences. At pre-exercise, no group differences were observed for any HR, HRV and BRS parameters. During exercise recovery, significant race-by-time interactions were observed for LnHF, nHF, nLF, LF/HF, LnRMSSD, RRI, HR, and BRS (up-up). The declines in LnHF, nHF, RMSSD, RRI and BRS (up-up) and the increases in LF/HF, nLF and HR were blunted in Chinese when compared to Caucasians from pre-exercise to 30-min to 60-min post-exercise. Chinese exhibited delayed autonomic recovery following an acute bout of treadmill exercise. This delayed autonomic recovery may result from greater sympathetic dominance and extended vagal withdrawal in Chinese. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Register ChiCTR-IPR-15006684.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Exercise and Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Huimin Yan
- Exercise and Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sushant M. Ranadive
- Exercise and Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Abbi D. Lane
- College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Exercise and Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rebecca M. Kappus
- College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Exercise and Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kanokwan Bunsawat
- College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Exercise and Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tracy Baynard
- College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Exercise and Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Min Hu
- Guangzhou Institute of Physical Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shichang Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Fernhall
- College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Exercise and Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
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105
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Michael S, Jay O, Halaki M, Graham K, Davis GM. Submaximal exercise intensity modulates acute post-exercise heart rate variability. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:697-706. [PMID: 26781711 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated whether short-term heart rate variability (HRV) can be used to differentiate between the immediate recovery periods following three different intensities of preceding exercise. METHODS 12 males cycled for 8 min at three intensities: LOW (40-45 %), MOD (75-80 %) and HIGH (90-95 %) of heart rate (HR) reserve. HRV was assessed during exercise and throughout 10-min seated recovery. RESULTS 1-min HR recovery was reduced following greater exercise intensities when expressed as R-R interval (RRI, ms) (p < 0.001), but not b min(-1) (p = 0.217). During exercise, the natural logarithm of root mean square of successive differences (Ln-RMSSD) was higher during LOW (1.66 ± 0.47 ms) relative to MOD (1.14 ± 0.32 ms) and HIGH (1.30 ± 0.25 ms) (p ≤ 0.037). Similar results were observed for high-frequency spectra (Ln-HF-LOW: 2.9 ± 1.0; MOD: 1.6 ± 0.6; HIGH: 1.6 ± 0.3 ms(2), p < 0.001). By 1-min recovery, higher preceding exercise intensities resulted in lower HRV amongst all three intensities for Ln-RMSSD (LOW: 3.45 ± 0.58; MOD: 2.34 ± 0.81; HIGH: 1.66 ± 0.78 ms, p < 0.001) and Ln-HF (LOW: 6.0 ± 1.0; MOD: 4.3 ± 1.4; HIGH: 2.8 ± 1.4 ms(2), p < 0.001). Similarly, by 1-min recovery 'HR-corrected' HRV (Ln-RMSSD: RRI × 10(3)) was different amongst all three intensities (LOW: 3.64 ± 0.49; MOD: 2.90 ± 0.65; HIGH: 2.40 ± 0.67, p < 0.001). These differences were maintained throughout 10-min recovery (p ≤ 0.027). CONCLUSION Preceding exercise intensity has a graded effect on recovery HRV measures reflecting cardiac vagal activity, even after correcting for the underlying HR. The immediate recovery following exercise is a potentially useful period to investigate autonomic activity, as multiple levels of autonomic activity can be clearly differentiated between using HRV. When investigating post-exercise HRV it is critical to account for the relative exercise intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Michael
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, C103, Cumberland Campus, Lidcombe, NSW, 2141, Australia.
| | - Ollie Jay
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, C103, Cumberland Campus, Lidcombe, NSW, 2141, Australia
| | - Mark Halaki
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, C103, Cumberland Campus, Lidcombe, NSW, 2141, Australia
| | - Kenneth Graham
- New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney Olympic Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Glen M Davis
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, C103, Cumberland Campus, Lidcombe, NSW, 2141, Australia
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106
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107
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Takahashi M, Nakamoto T, Matsukawa K, Ishii K, Watanabe T, Sekikawa K, Hamada H. Cardiac parasympathetic outflow during dynamic exercise in humans estimated from power spectral analysis of P-P interval variability. Exp Physiol 2015; 101:397-409. [PMID: 26690240 DOI: 10.1113/ep085420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Should we use the high-frequency (HF) component of P-P interval as an index of cardiac parasympathetic nerve activity during moderate exercise? What is the main finding and its importance? The HF component of P-P interval variability remained even at a heart rate of 120-140 beats min(-1) and was further reduced by atropine, indicating incomplete cardiac vagal withdrawal during moderate exercise. The HF component of R-R interval is invalid as an estimate of cardiac parasympathetic outflow during moderate exercise; instead, the HF component of P-P interval variability should be used. The high-frequency (HF) component of R-R interval variability has been widely used as an indirect estimate of cardiac parasympathetic (vagal) outflow to the sino-atrial node of the heart. However, we have recently found that the variability of the R-R interval becomes much smaller during dynamic exercise than that of the P-P interval above a heart rate (HR) of ∼100 beats min(-1). We hypothesized that cardiac parasympathetic outflow during dynamic exercise with a higher intensity may be better estimated using the HF component of P-P interval variability. To test this hypothesis, the HF components of both P-P and R-R interval variability were analysed using a Wavelet transform during dynamic exercise. Twelve subjects performed ergometer exercise to increase HR from the baseline of 69 ± 3 beats min(-1) to three different levels of 100, 120 and 140 beats min(-1). We also examined the effect of atropine sulfate on the HF components in eight of the 12 subjects during exercise at an HR of 140 beats min(-1) . The HF component of P-P interval variability was significantly greater than that of R-R interval variability during exercise, especially at the HRs of 120 and 140 beats min(-1). The HF component of P-P interval variability was more reduced by atropine than that of R-R interval variability. We conclude that cardiac parasympathetic outflow to the sino-atrial node can be estimated better by the HF component of P-P interval variability during exercise and that cardiac parasympathetic nerve activity exists during moderate dynamic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Takahashi
- Department of Biomechanics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nakamoto
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kanji Matsukawa
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kei Ishii
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tae Watanabe
- Department of Health Care for Adults, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Sekikawa
- Department of Physical Analysis and Therapeutic Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hironobu Hamada
- Department of Physical Analysis and Therapeutic Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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How the vagus nerve produces beat-to-beat heart rate variability; experiments in rabbits to mimic in vivo vagal patterns. J Clin Transl Res 2015; 1:190-204. [PMID: 30873454 PMCID: PMC6410617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) has recently become the playing field of mathematicians and physicists, losing its relation to physiology and the clinic. To set the record straight, a set of animal experiments is presented here, which was designed to test how vagus nerve traffic might produce beat to beat (b-t-b) heart rate (HR) control, like the baroreflex will do in vivo. METHODS The response of HR to vagus nerve stimulation was tested after bilateral vagotomy in rabbits under anesthesia. Three protocols were followed: 1. Single burst stimulation at varying moments in one cardiac cycle; 2. B-t-b stimulation in each cycle, coupled to the P-wave with variable delays; in addition, testing the effects of one increased or decreased burst; 3. Tetanic stimulation, shortly interrupted or increased at varying moments in the cardiac cycle. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Sensitivity of the sinoatrial node to the timing of vagal bursts in its cycle from protocol 1 explains most of the observations. A single burst would be most effective when applied in late repolarization or early diastole of the sinoatrial node's action potential. In b-t-b stimulation the longest cardiac cycles occur when bursts are timed just before the end of the 'sensitive period'. Later coming bursts have their (diminished) effect on the next cycle; critically timed bursts induce an unstable HR, alternating between long and short cycles. This ran in synchrony with the respirator, thus producing a large respiratory sinus arrhythmia, even though the vagus nerves had been cut. HR-response to vagal burst activity shows two components: a fast one which is phase-sensitive and a slow one that builds up with longer lasting activity and also disappears slowly. Tetanic stimulation results in prolonged, but variable cycle lengths which are difficult to change by short-lasting manipulation of impulse frequency, be it up or down. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS Measurement of heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) have become clinical tools in the cardiology clinic and in hypertension research. This study shows how the underlying vagus nerve to heart rate physiology is responsible for moment-to-moment variability in these numbers at almost unchanged underlying physiology. Programmed stimulation of the vagus nerves in acute animals (rabbits) demonstrates that the optimal mode of fast, beat-to-beat heart rate control by these nerves is by means of bursts of impulses arriving in every heart beat at well-timed moments. In vivo this is how the baroreflex stabilizes blood pressure at the expense of HRV.
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109
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Gąsior JS, Sacha J, Jeleń PJ, Pawłowski M, Werner B, Dąbrowski MJ. Interaction Between Heart Rate Variability and Heart Rate in Pediatric Population. Front Physiol 2015; 6:385. [PMID: 26733878 PMCID: PMC4684141 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is primarily heart rate (HR) dependent, and therefore, different HR may exert different impact on HRV. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of HR on HRV in children and to determine whether HRV indices normalized to HR are sex- and age-related. Methods: Short-term ECG recordings were performed in 346 healthy children. Standard time and frequency domain HRV parameters and HR were analyzed in four age subgroups (6–7, 8–9, 10–11, and 12–13 years old). To investigate the HR impact on HRV, standard HRV parameters were normalized to prevailing HR. Results: Standard HRV measures did not differ between age subgroups, however, HR significantly decreased with subjects age and turned out to be the strongest determinant of HRV. The normalization of HRV to prevailing HR allowed to show that sex-related differences in standard HRV resulted from differences in HR between boys and girls. The normalized HRV significantly decreased with age—before the normalization this effect was masked by age-related HR alterations. Conclusions: HR significantly impacts HRV in pediatric population and turns out to be the strongest determinant of all standard HRV indices. The differences in standard HRV between boys and girls result from differences in their HR. The normalized HRV is decreasing with age in healthy children and it is accompanied by the reduction of HR—as a net result, the standard HRV is constant in children at different ages. This may reflect the maturation of the autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub S Gąsior
- Cardiology Clinic of Physiotherapy Division of the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sacha
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology Opole, Poland
| | - Piotr J Jeleń
- Department of Biophysics and Human Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Pawłowski
- Cardiology Clinic of Physiotherapy Division of the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Werner
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek J Dąbrowski
- Cardiology Clinic of Physiotherapy Division of the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland
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Meier NF, Welch AS. Walking versus biofeedback: a comparison of acute interventions for stressed students. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2015; 29:463-78. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2015.1085514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan F. Meier
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Human Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Amy S. Welch
- Department of Environmental & Health Sciences, Johnson State College, Johnson, VT, USA
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111
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McConachie EL, Giguère S, Rapoport G, Barton MH. Heart rate variability in horses with acute gastrointestinal disease requiring exploratory laparotomy. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 26:269-80. [PMID: 26260488 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe heart rate variability (HRV) in horses with acute gastrointestinal disease that undergo exploratory laparotomy. We hypothesized that horses with ischemic gastrointestinal disease will have reduced HRV compared to horses with nonischemic lesions. We further hypothesized that a reduction in HRV will be associated with nonsurvival. DESIGN Prospective, clinical, observational study. SETTING University veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Horses presented for acute colic (n = 57) or elective surgical procedures (n = 10) were enrolled. INTERVENTIONS Admission heart rate (HR) was recorded and within 2 hours of recovery from general anesthesia continuous telemetry was placed, monitored and recorded for 48-52 hours postoperatively. Stored electrocardiograms were manually inspected and R-to-R intervals were extracted and uploaded into HRV software for analysis. Time domain and frequency spectral analysis were investigated at Times 1 (2-10 h), 2 (16-24 h), 3 (30-38 h), and 4 (44-52 h) postoperatively. A two-way ANOVA for repeated measures was used for group comparisons. Logistic regression analysis was used to detect potential associations between admission HR, time and frequency domain variables, and nonsurvival. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Horses diagnosed with an ischemic gastrointestinal lesion (n = 22) at the time of surgery had significantly higher postoperative heart rates and reduced time domain-derived measures of HRV than horses with nonischemic gastrointestinal lesions (n = 35) or control horses (n = 10). Horses that survived to discharge had significantly lower postoperative HRs, higher time domain, and lower low frequency spectral measures of HRV compared to nonsurvivors. The multivariable logistic regression model had a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) of 0.95 and was significantly better at predicting nonsurvival than admission HR (P = 0.0124). CONCLUSIONS Reduced HRV was strongly associated with ischemic gastrointestinal disease and nonsurvival. HRV analysis is a noninvasive technique that may provide diagnostic and prognostic information pertinent to the management of postoperative horses with severe gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L McConachie
- Departments of Large Animal Medicine, and Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Steeve Giguère
- Departments of Large Animal Medicine, and Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Gregg Rapoport
- Departments of Large Animal Medicine, and Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Michelle H Barton
- Departments of Large Animal Medicine, and Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
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Rossi RC, Vanderlei LCM, Gonçalves ACCR, Vanderlei FM, Bernardo AFB, Yamada KMH, da Silva NT, de Abreu LC. Impact of obesity on autonomic modulation, heart rate and blood pressure in obese young people. Auton Neurosci 2015; 193:138-41. [PMID: 26260435 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2015.07.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity can be understood as a comorbidity of increasing systemic impact, including a deficit in the autonomic nervous system. OBJECTIVE To analyze cardiac autonomic behavior and hemodynamic parameters in obese young people. METHODS 92 individuals (20.58±1.48 years) were evaluated, divided into two groups: obese and eutrophic. Heart rate (HR) was captured for 30 min in the supine position whilst breathing spontaneously. Blood pressure (BP) values were obtained prior to performance of the protocol. For the autonomic analysis, 1000 beats were used for the calculation of heart rate variability indices in the time (Mean RR, SDNN and RMSSD) and frequency (LF, HF and LF/HF) domains, in addition to the Poincaré plot (SD1, SD2, SD1/SD2 and qualitative visual analysis). RESULTS The obese group presented higher baseline BP and HR values compared to the eutrophic. Regarding autonomic modulation a significant decrease was observed in the RMSSD; SD1, HFms and HFnu indices in the obese group, indicating a decrease in vagal activity and reduced SDNN and SD2 rates, with statistical significance for the former, suggesting a reduction in overall variability. The high value of the LFnu index and decrease in Mean RR in the obese group pointed to relative sympathetic predominance in these individuals. The visual analysis of the Poincaré plot showed less dispersion of the points in the obese group. CONCLUSION The obese group presented higher BP and HR values at rest and autonomic impairment, characterized by a reduction in parasympathetic activity and relative predominance of sympathetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Franciele Marques Vanderlei
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Science and Technology - FCT/UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
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Billman GE, Huikuri HV, Sacha J, Trimmel K. An introduction to heart rate variability: methodological considerations and clinical applications. Front Physiol 2015; 6:55. [PMID: 25762937 PMCID: PMC4340167 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- George E Billman
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Heikki V Huikuri
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu Oulu, Finland
| | - Jerzy Sacha
- Department of Cardiology, Regional Medical Center Opole, Poland
| | - Karin Trimmel
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
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114
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Chen KH, Aksan N, Anderson SW, Grafft A, Chapleau MW. Habituation of parasympathetic-mediated heart rate responses to recurring acoustic startle. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1288. [PMID: 25477830 PMCID: PMC4238409 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Startle habituation is a type of implicit and automatic emotion regulation. Diminished startle habituation is linked to several psychiatric or neurological disorders. Most previous studies quantified startle habituation by assessing skin conductance response (SCR; reflecting sympathetic-mediated sweating), eye-blink reflex, or motor response. The habituation of parasympathetic-mediated heart rate responses to recurrent startle stimuli is not well understood. A variety of methods and metrics have been used to quantify parasympathetic activity and its effects on the heart. We hypothesized that these different measures reflect unique psychological and physiological processes that may habituate differently during repeated startle stimuli. We measured cardiac inter-beat intervals (IBIs) to recurring acoustic startle probes in 75 eight year old children. Eight acoustic stimuli of 500 ms duration were introduced at intervals of 15-25 s. Indices of parasympathetic effect included: (1) the initial rapid decrease in IBI post-startle mediated by parasympathetic inhibition (PI); (2) the subsequent IBI recovery mediated by parasympathetic reactivation (PR); (3) rapid, beat-to-beat heart rate variability (HRV) measured from the first seven IBIs following each startle probe. SCR and motor responses to startle were also measured. Results showed that habituation of PR (IBI recovery and overshoot) and SCRs were rapid and robust. In addition, changes in PR and SCR were significantly correlated. In contrast, habituation of PI (the initial decrease in IBI) was slower and relatively modest. Measurement of rapid HRV provided an index reflecting the combination of PI and PR. We conclude that different measures of parasympathetic-mediated heart rate responses to repeated startle probes habituate in a differential manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hua Chen
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA ; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nazan Aksan
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Steven W Anderson
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA ; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Amanda Grafft
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA ; University of Iowa Children's Hospital Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mark W Chapleau
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA ; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA ; Veterans Affairs Medical Center Iowa City, IA, USA
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115
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Hernandez ME, Hayward LF. Effect of DOCA/salt hypertension on CRF expression in the amygdala and the autonomic stress response in conscious rats. Auton Neurosci 2014; 185:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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116
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Pellissier S, Dantzer C, Mondillon L, Trocme C, Gauchez AS, Ducros V, Mathieu N, Toussaint B, Fournier A, Canini F, Bonaz B. Relationship between vagal tone, cortisol, TNF-alpha, epinephrine and negative affects in Crohn's disease and irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105328. [PMID: 25207649 PMCID: PMC4160179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) involve brain-gut dysfunctions where vagus nerve is an important component. The aim of this work was to study the association between vagal tone and markers of stress and inflammation in patients with CD or IBS compared to healthy subjects (controls). The study was performed in 73 subjects (26 controls, 21 CD in remission and 26 IBS patients). The day prior to the experiment, salivary cortisol was measured at 8:00 AM and 10:00 PM. The day of the experiment, subjects completed questionnaires for anxiety (STAI) and depressive symptoms (CES-D). After 30 min of rest, ECG was recorded for heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Plasma cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, TNF-alpha and IL-6 were measured in blood samples taken at the end of ECG recording. Compared with controls, CD and IBS patients had higher scores of state-anxiety and depressive symptomatology. A subgroup classification based on HRV-normalized high frequency band (HFnu) as a marker of vagal tone, showed that control subjects with high vagal tone had significantly lower evening salivary cortisol levels than subjects with low vagal tone. Such an effect was not observed in CD and IBS patients. Moreover, an inverse association (r = -0.48; p<0.05) was observed between the vagal tone and TNF-alpha level in CD patients exclusively. In contrast, in IBS patients, vagal tone was inversely correlated with plasma epinephrine (r = -0.39; p<0.05). No relationship was observed between vagal tone and IL-6, norepinephrine or negative affects (anxiety and depressive symptomatology) in any group. In conclusion, these data argue for an imbalance between the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the vagal tone in CD and IBS patients. Furthermore, they highlight the specific homeostatic link between vagal tone and TNF-alpha in CD and epinephrine in IBS and argue for the relevance of vagus nerve reinforcement interventions in those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Pellissier
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Centre de Recherche INSERM 836 Equipe : Stress et Interactions Neuro-Digestives (EA3744), Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Savoie, Chambéry, France
| | - Cécile Dantzer
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Psychologie: Personnalité, Cognition, Changement social (LIP/PC2S), Université de Savoie, Chambéry, France
| | - Laurie Mondillon
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO, CNRS UMR6024), Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Candice Trocme
- Institut de Biologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Gauchez
- Institut de Biologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Véronique Ducros
- Institut de Biologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Mathieu
- Clinique Universitaire d’Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Bertrand Toussaint
- Institut de Biologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire TIMC/TheREx UMR 5525, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Alicia Fournier
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO, CNRS UMR6024), Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Canini
- Unité de Neurophysiologie du Stress, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Ecole du Val de Grâce, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Bonaz
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Centre de Recherche INSERM 836 Equipe : Stress et Interactions Neuro-Digestives (EA3744), Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- Clinique Universitaire d’Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
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Jennings JR, Allen B, Gianaros PJ, Thayer JF, Manuck SB. Focusing neurovisceral integration: cognition, heart rate variability, and cerebral blood flow. Psychophysiology 2014; 52:214-224. [PMID: 25160649 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The neurovisceral integration hypothesis suggests in part that cerebral control of autonomic function conveys comparable control of executive function and, hence, correlation among vagally determined high frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV), executive function, and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF). In 440 middle-aged men and women, resting HF-HRV was related to regional CBF derived from a resting arterial spin-labeled MRI scan and to seven neuropsychological tests of executive function. Despite some intercorrelations, regression modeling failed to support integrated central control of HF-HRV and executive function. Integration between autonomic and cognitive control appears more circumscribed than the general integration suggested by the neurovisceral integration hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richard Jennings
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ben Allen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter J Gianaros
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen B Manuck
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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118
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Quintana DS, Heathers JAJ. Considerations in the assessment of heart rate variability in biobehavioral research. Front Psychol 2014; 5:805. [PMID: 25101047 PMCID: PMC4106423 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) refers to various methods of assessing the beat-to-beat variation in the heart over time, in order to draw inference on the outflow of the autonomic nervous system. Easy access to measuring HRV has led to a plethora of studies within emotion science and psychology assessing autonomic regulation, but significant caveats exist due to the complicated nature of HRV. Firstly, both breathing and blood pressure regulation have their own relationship to social, emotional, and cognitive experiments – if this is the case are we observing heart rate (HR) changes as a consequence of breathing changes? Secondly, experiments often have poor internal and external controls. In this review we highlight the interrelationships between HR and respiration, as well as presenting recommendations for researchers to use when collecting data for HRV assessment. Namely, we highlight the superior utility of within-subjects designs along with the importance of establishing an appropriate baseline and monitoring respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Quintana
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway ; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Norway
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119
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Kushki A, Brian J, Dupuis A, Anagnostou E. Functional autonomic nervous system profile in children with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism 2014; 5:39. [PMID: 25031832 PMCID: PMC4099494 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-5-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autonomic dysregulation has been recently reported as a feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the nature of autonomic atypicalities in ASD remain largely unknown. The goal of this study was to characterize the cardiac autonomic profile of children with ASD across four domains affected in ASD (anxiety, attention, response inhibition, and social cognition), and suggested to be affected by autonomic dysregulation. Methods We compared measures of autonomic cardiac regulation in typically developing children (n = 34) and those with ASD (n = 40) as the children performed tasks eliciting anxiety, attention, response inhibition, and social cognition. Heart rate was used to quantify overall autonomic arousal, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was used as an index of vagal influences. Associations between atypical autonomic findings and intellectual functioning (Weschler scale), ASD symptomatology (Social Communication Questionnaire score), and co-morbid anxiety (Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale) were also investigated. Results The ASD group had marginally elevated basal heart rate, and showed decreased heart rate reactivity to social anxiety and increased RSA reactivity to the social cognition task. In this group, heart rate reactivity to the social anxiety task was positively correlated with IQ and task performance, and negatively correlated with generalized anxiety. RSA reactivity in the social cognition task was positively correlated with IQ. Conclusions Our data suggest overall autonomic hyperarousal in ASD and selective atypical reactivity to social tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Kushki
- Bloorview Research Institute, 150 Kilgour Road, M4G 1R8 Toronto, Canada ; The Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, M5S 3G9 Toronto, Canada
| | - Jessica Brian
- Bloorview Research Institute, 150 Kilgour Road, M4G 1R8 Toronto, Canada
| | - Annie Dupuis
- The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, M5G 1X8 Toronto, Canada
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120
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Prinsloo GE, Rauch HGL, Derman WE. A brief review and clinical application of heart rate variability biofeedback in sports, exercise, and rehabilitation medicine. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2014; 42:88-99. [PMID: 24875976 DOI: 10.3810/psm.2014.05.2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT An important component of the effective management of chronic noncommunicable disease is the assessment and management of psychosocial stress. The measurement and modulation of heart rate variability (HRV) may be valuable in this regard. OBJECTIVE To describe the measurement and physiological control of HRV; to describe the impact of psychosocial stress on cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and chronic respiratory disease, and the relationship between these diseases and changes in HRV; and to describe the influence of biofeedback and exercise on HRV and the use of HRV biofeedback in the management of chronic disease. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION The PubMed, Medline, and Embase databases were searched (up to August 2013). Additional articles were obtained from the reference lists of relevant articles and reviews. Articles were individually selected for further review based on the quality and focus of the study, and the population studied. RESULTS Heart rate variability is reduced in stress and in many chronic diseases, and may even predict the development and prognosis of some diseases. Heart rate variability can be increased with both exercise and biofeedback. Although the research on the effect of exercise is conflicting, there is evidence that aerobic training may increase HRV and cardiac vagal tone both in healthy individuals and in patients with disease. Heart rate variability biofeedback is also an effective method of increasing HRV and cardiac vagal tone, and has been shown to decrease stress and reduce the morbidity and mortality of disease. CONCLUSION The assessment and management of psychosocial stress is a challenging but important component of effective comprehensive lifestyle interventions for the management of noncommunicable disease. It is, therefore, important for the sports and exercise physician to have an understanding of the therapeutic use of HRV modulation, both in the reduction of stress and in the management of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriell E Prinsloo
- MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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121
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Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is significantly associated with average heart rate (HR), therefore, HRV actually provides information on two quantities, that is, on HR and its variability. It is difficult to conclude which of these two plays a principal role in the HRV clinical value, or in other words, what is the HR contribution to the clinical significance of HRV. Moreover, the association between HRV and HR is both a physiological phenomenon and a mathematical one. The physiological HRV dependence on HR is determined by the autonomic nervous system activity, but the mathematical one is caused by the nonlinear relationship between RR interval and HR. By employing modification methods of the HRV and HR relationship, it is possible to investigate the HR contribution to the HRV clinical value. Recent studies have shown that the removal of the HR impact on HRV makes HRV more predictive for noncardiac death, however, the enhancement of this impact causes HRV to be a better predictor of cardiovascular mortality. Thus, HR seems to constitute a cardiovascular factor of the HRV predictive ability. HR also influences the reproducibility of HRV, therefore, HR changes should be considered when one compares HRV measurements in a given patient. This review summarizes methodological aspects of investigations of the HRV and HR interaction as well as latest observations concerning its clinical utility. The issues discussed in this article should also refer to any other heart rate dynamics analysis which indices are significantly associated with HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Sacha
- Department of Cardiology, Regional Medical Center, Opole, Poland
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122
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Buchheit M. Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome? Front Physiol 2014; 5:73. [PMID: 24578692 PMCID: PMC3936188 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Measures of resting, exercise, and recovery heart rate are receiving increasing interest for monitoring fatigue, fitness and endurance performance responses, which has direct implications for adjusting training load (1) daily during specific training blocks and (2) throughout the competitive season. However, these measures are still not widely implemented to monitor athletes' responses to training load, probably because of apparent contradictory findings in the literature. In this review I contend that most of the contradictory findings are related to methodological inconsistencies and/or misinterpretation of the data rather than to limitations of heart rate measures to accurately inform on training status. I also provide evidence that measures derived from 5-min (almost daily) recordings of resting (indices capturing beat-to-beat changes in heart rate, reflecting cardiac parasympathetic activity) and submaximal exercise (30- to 60-s average) heart rate are likely the most useful monitoring tools. For appropriate interpretation at the individual level, changes in a given measure should be interpreted by taking into account the error of measurement and the smallest important change of the measure, as well as the training context (training phase, load, and intensity distribution). The decision to use a given measure should be based upon the level of information that is required by the athlete, the marker's sensitivity to changes in training status and the practical constrains required for the measurements. However, measures of heart rate cannot inform on all aspects of wellness, fatigue, and performance, so their use in combination with daily training logs, psychometric questionnaires and non-invasive, cost-effective performance tests such as a countermovement jump may offer a complete solution to monitor training status in athletes participating in aerobic-oriented sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Buchheit
- Sport Science Department, Myorobie AssociationMontvalezan, France
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123
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Carter R, Hinojosa-Laborde C, Convertino VA. Heart rate variability in patients being treated for dengue viral infection: new insights from mathematical correction of heart rate. Front Physiol 2014; 5:46. [PMID: 24611050 PMCID: PMC3933783 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Severe dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a viral infection that acts to increase permeability of capillaries, resulting in internal hemorrhage. Linear frequency domain Fourier spectral analysis represents the most published noninvasive tool for diagnosing and assessing health status via calculated heart rate variability (HRV). As such, HRV may be useful in assessing clinical status in DHF patients, but is prone to erroneous results and conclusions due to the influence of the average HR during the time period of HRV assessment (defined as the "prevailing" HR). We tested the hypothesis that alterations in HRV calculated with linear frequency analysis would be minimal when mathematically corrected for prevailing HR following dengue viral infection. METHODS Male (N = 16) and female (N = 11) patients between the ages of 6 months and 15 years of age (10 ± 6 SD years) were tracked through the progression of the dengue viral infection with treatment following the abatement of a fever (defervescence). Electrocardiographic recordings were collected and analyzed for HRV. RESULTS High frequency (HF), low frequency (LF), and LF/HF ratio were unaffected by correction for prevailing HR. CONCLUSION HRV corrected for changes in HR did not alter the interpretation of our data. Therefore, we conclude that cardiac parasympathetic activity (based on HF frequency) is responsible for the majority of the HR reduction following defervescence in patients with dengue viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Carter
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
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Berry M, Jaquiery A, Oliver M, Harding J, Bloomfield F. Preterm birth has sex-specific effects on autonomic modulation of heart rate variability in adult sheep. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85468. [PMID: 24386475 PMCID: PMC3873460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Globally, 11% of infants are born preterm. In adulthood, individuals born preterm are at increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but the mechanistic basis of this remains unknown. Clinically overt cardiovascular disease may be preceded by altered cardiac autonomic activity characterised by increased sympathetic activity and/or reduced parasympathetic activity. Thus, altered cardiac autonomic activity in survivors of preterm birth may underlie later cardiovascular risk. OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of gestational age on cardiac autonomic activity in juvenile and adult sheep. METHODS AND RESULTS Singleton-bearing ewes were randomised antenatally to spontaneous term birth (TC; n=73) or corticosteroid induced preterm birth (PT; n=60). Cardiac autonomic modulation was assessed using heart rate variability analysis in juvenile and adult offspring. Preterm birth in adult males was associated with altered sympatho-vagal modulation (LFnu: PT 64 ± 4 vs. TC 49 ± 4, p<0.05; LogLF/HF: PT 1.8 ± 0.1 vs. TC 1.5 ± 0.1, p<0.05) and reduced parasympathetic modulation (LogRMSSD: PT 2.9 ± 0.2 vs. TC 3.4 ± 0.1, p<0.05; LogNN50: PT 0.3 ± 0.4 vs. TC 1.6 ± 0.4, p<0.05). Within the range of term birth, each one-day increment in gestational age was associated with a decrement in LFnu in juvenile females and with a decrement in LFnu and LF/HF ratio, but an increment in RMSSD and NN50 in adult females. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac autonomic function in adult sheep is affected in a sex-specific manner by gestational age at birth, even within the term range. Altered cardiac autonomic function may contribute to increased later cardiovascular morbidity in those born preterm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Berry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Anne Jaquiery
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark Oliver
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jane Harding
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Frank Bloomfield
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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125
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Sacha J. Why should one normalize heart rate variability with respect to average heart rate. Front Physiol 2013; 4:306. [PMID: 24155724 PMCID: PMC3804770 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Sacha
- Department of Cardiology, Regional Medical Center Opole, Poland
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