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Beer NJ, Dimmock JA, Jackson B, Guelfi KJ. Exercise-related factors that influence post-exercise energy intake: A psychological perspective. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:1068-1073. [PMID: 32546435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exercise confers numerous health benefits; however, unhealthy, or excessive food and drink consumption post-exercise may counteract at least some of these benefits. There is emerging evidence that certain exercise-related factors, including the psychological experiences associated with different forms of exercise motivation, may influence post-exercise energy intake. Questions remain, though, about the optimal exercise characteristics that may reduce overconsumption of food/drink post-exercise. DESIGN Narrative review. METHODS In this narrative review, we overview the developing body of literature linking the psychological experiences in exercise with subsequent energy intake, focusing first on the relationship between exercise motivation and food consumption, and then on practical strategies which may be utilised to promote healthier post-exercise food choices. RESULTS Preliminary evidence suggests that psychological experiences associated with high-quality autonomous motivation for exercise may reduce subsequent energy intake. Exercise factors (both psychological and physiological in nature) that have been shown to influence post-exercise energy consumption may interact, resulting in synergistic or antagonistic effects on subsequent food and drink consumption, through mechanisms which have not been considered previously. CONCLUSIONS Exercise experiences may be shaped to promote healthier subsequent eating behaviours and future work is encouraged to enable researchers to identify combinations of exercise conditions and experiences that have the strongest influence on post-exercise food and drink consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya J Beer
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia.
| | - James A Dimmock
- Department of Psychology, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Australia
| | - Ben Jackson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kym J Guelfi
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia
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102
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Metabolic Impacts of Confinement during the COVID-19 Pandemic Due to Modified Diet and Physical Activity Habits. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061549. [PMID: 32466598 PMCID: PMC7352228 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While the detrimental effects of a chronic positive energy balance due to a sedentary lifestyle have been well established, the impacts of a short period of abruptly reduced physical activity and overeating arising from strict confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic will soon start to emerge. To reasonably anticipate major consequences according to the available evidence, we hereby review the literature for studies that have explored the health impacts of several weeks of a reduction in physical activity and daily step-count combined with modified eating habits. These studies identify as main metabolic consequences increases in insulin resistance, total body fat, abdominal fat and inflammatory cytokines. All these factors have been strongly associated with the development of metabolic syndrome, which in turn increases the risk of multiple chronic diseases. A plausible mechanism involved in these impacts could be a positive energy balance promoted by maintaining usual dietary intake while reducing energy expenditure. This means that just as calorie intake restriction could help mitigate the deleterious impacts of a bout of physical inactivity, overeating under conditions of home confinement is very likely to exacerbate these consequences. Moreover, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease have been identified as potential risk factors for more severely ill patients with COVID-19. Thus, adequate control of metabolic disorders could be important to reduce the risk of severe COVID-19.
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103
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Höchsmann C, Dorling JL, Apolzan JW, Johannsen NM, Hsia DS, Martin CK. Baseline Habitual Physical Activity Predicts Weight Loss, Weight Compensation, and Energy Intake During Aerobic Exercise. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:882-892. [PMID: 32144895 PMCID: PMC7180105 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine whether different measures of habitual physical activity (PA) at baseline predict weight change, weight compensation, and changes in energy intake (EI) during a 24-week supervised aerobic exercise intervention. METHODS Data from 108 participants (78 women; 48.7 [SD: 11.6] years; BMI 31.4 [SD: 4.6] kg/m2 ), randomly assigned to either the moderate-dose exercise group (8 kcal/kg of body weight per week) or the high-dose exercise group (20 kcal/kg of body weight per week) of the Examination of Mechanisms of Exercise-induced Weight Compensation (E-MECHANIC) trial, were analyzed. Moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), steps per day, and PA energy expenditure (PAEE) were measured with SenseWear armbands (BodyMedia, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), and total activity energy expenditure and EI were estimated with doubly labeled water, all over 2 weeks, before and toward the end of the intervention. Multiple linear regression models, adjusted for sex, exercise group, and baseline value of the outcome, were used. RESULTS Baseline habitual MVPA levels predicted weight change (β = -0.275; P = 0.020), weight compensation (β = -0.238; P = 0.043), and change in EI (β = -0.318; P = 0.001). Associations between baseline PAEE and outcomes were comparable, whereas steps per day and, importantly, total activity energy expenditure (via doubly labeled water) did not significantly predict change in weight-related outcomes. CONCLUSIONS While acknowledging substantial variability in the data, on average, lower baseline habitual MVPA and PAEE levels were associated with less weight loss from exercise, higher compensation, and increased EI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Neil M. Johannsen
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge,
LA
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
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104
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Miyashita M, Hamada Y, Fujihira K, Nagayama C, Takahashi M, Burns SF, Thackray AE, Stensel DJ. Energy replacement diminishes the postprandial triglyceride-lowering effect from accumulated walking in older women. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:2261-2270. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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105
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High-intensity Interval Training Promotes the Shift to a Health-Supporting Dietary Pattern in Young Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030843. [PMID: 32245173 PMCID: PMC7146399 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy lifestyle is based on a correct diet and regular exercise. Little is known about the effect of different types of exercise on dietary preferences. To address the question of whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) could modulate spontaneous food choices, an experimental study was carried out on 32 young, healthy normal-weight subjects. The spontaneous diet of each subject has been monitored over nine weeks of indoor-cycling training, divided into three mesocycles with an incremental pattern: total energy intake, macronutrients and micronutrients have been analysed. A two-way mixed model has been used to assess differences in dietary variables; a principal factor analysis has been performed to identify sample subgroups. An increased energy intake (+17.8% at T3; p < 0.01) has been observed, although macronutrients' proportions did not vary over time, without differences between sexes. An increase of free fat mass was found in the last mesocycle (+3.8%), without an augmentation of body weight, when, despite the increased training load, a stabilization of energy intake occurred. Three different subgroups characterized by different dietary modifications could be identified among participants that showed a common trend towards a healthier diet. Nine weeks of HIIT promoted a spontaneous modulation of food choices and regulation of dietary intake in young normal-weight subjects aged 21-24. Importantly, this life-period is critical to lay the foundation of correct lifestyles to prevent metabolic diseases and secure a healthy future with advancing age.
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106
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Beer NJ, Dimmock JA, Jackson B, Guelfi KJ. Interactions of sprint interval exercise and psychological need-support on subsequent food intake among physically inactive men and women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:835-844. [PMID: 32017599 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sprint interval training (SIT) and psychological need-support in exercise on postexercise appetite and energy intake. Forty physically inactive men and women (body mass index, 24.6 ± 4.8 kg·m-2; peak oxygen consumption, 26.6 ± 4.9 mL·kg-1·min-1) were randomised to either a need-support or no-support condition, with each participant completing 2 experimental trials involving 30 min of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; 60% peak oxygen consumption) and SIT (alternating 15 s at 170% peak oxygen consumption and 60 s at 32% peak oxygen consumption) matched for total work. Perceptions of appetite and appetite-related blood variables were assessed, together with ad libitum energy intake for 3 h following exercise using a laboratory test meal and available snacks. Greater enjoyment, perceived exertion, heart rate, and blood lactate were observed in SIT compared with MICT (all p ≤ 0.006). Ratings of perceived appetite were similar across conditions and trials (p > 0.05); however, active ghrelin was lower following SIT compared with MICT (p < 0.001), and there was a significant condition-by-type interaction for energy intake (p = 0.033), with participants in the support group consuming less energy from foods following SIT (1895 ± 1040 kJ) than MICT (2475 ± 1192 kJ). Findings from this work highlight the need to reconsider traditional exercise guidelines where dietary intake is a concern. Novelty Enjoyment was greater during SIT compared with MICT. Enjoyment and choice were higher among participants provided with psychological need-support. In a need-supportive environment, SIT reduced subsequent energy intake compared with MICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya J Beer
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - James A Dimmock
- Department of Psychology, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Ben Jackson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Kym J Guelfi
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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107
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Impact of Exercise Timing on Chemosensory Response, Appetite, and Energy Intake in Lean Males. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 30:145–152. [PMID: 32023541 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity exercise can have an anorectic impact, leading to negative energy balance. Several studies have reported that the practice of physical activity could also cause a shift in perceptions and preferences, causing a change in food intakes. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to question to what extent the timing of exercise in relation to a meal could have an impact on olfaction and gustation, appetite, and food choices. METHODS Twelve males aged 25 (4) years with a body mass index of 22.4 (2.0) kg/m2 attended two experimental visits in a counterbalanced fashion. The participants consumed a standardized breakfast between 7:00 and 7:30 a.m. and were subjected to smell and taste tests upon arrival at the laboratory (8:30 a.m.). In the EX9:40 visit, the participants performed a 30-min exercise session (70% of maximum oxygen uptake) at 9:40 a.m., followed by a 90-min sedentary break. In EX10:30, the participants first took part in the 90-min sedentary break and then performed the 30-min exercise session at 10:30 a.m. Taste and smell tests were performed again at 11:40 a.m., immediately followed by an ad libitum buffet-style meal. Visual analog scales were used to report appetite sensations during the session and satiety quotients around the lunch. RESULTS There was no difference in energy intakes between the EX9:40 (596 [302] kcal) and EX10:30 (682 [263] kcal) conditions (p = .459). There was no condition effect for the taste and smell sensations (all ps > .05), appetite sensation, or satiety quotients around the meal (all ps > .05). CONCLUSION Exercise timing in the morning had no effect on taste and smell perceptions, appetite sensations, or energy intakes.
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108
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Satiety responsiveness but not food reward is modified in response to an acute bout of low versus high intensity exercise in healthy adults. Appetite 2020; 145:104500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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109
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Nadermann N, Volkoff H. Effects of short-term exercise on food intake and the expression of appetite-regulating factors in goldfish. Peptides 2020; 123:170182. [PMID: 31678371 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, growing evidence indicates that exercise affects food intake, metabolism and the expression and blood levels of appetite regulators. In this study, we examined the effects of short-term (30 min, at low and high water flow) exercise on food intake, glucose levels and the expressions of appetite regulators in goldfish hypothalamus (irisin, orexin, CART, leptin), intestine (CCK, PYY, proglucagon/GLP-1), muscle (irisin) and liver (leptin), of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in brain, interleukin-6 (IL6) in muscle and hypothalamus, and major metabolic enzymes, the glycolytic enzyme glucokinase (GCK) and its regulatory protein (GCKR) in liver, the lipolytic enzyme lipoprotein lipase in intestine and muscle, and trypsin in intestine. Fish submitted to high flow exercise had a lower post-exercise food intake compared to control fish but no differences were seen in glucose levels between groups. Exercise induced an increase in hypothalamic expression levels of CART, IL6 and BDNF, but not orexin, irisin, CRF, leptin and NPY. High flow exercise induced an increase in intestine CCK, PYY and GLP-1, and muscle irisin and IL-6 expression levels. Exercise had no effects on expression levels of hepatic leptin or any of the metabolic enzymes examined. Our results suggest that, in goldfish, short-term exercise might decrease feeding in part by affecting the expressions of myokines and peripheral, but not central appetite regulators or metabolic enzyme/hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Nadermann
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada; Hochschule Mannheim University, Mannheim, 68163, Germany
| | - Hélène Volkoff
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada.
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110
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Effect of medium-chain TAG and exercise on satiety, energy intake and energy balance. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:1313-1320. [PMID: 31690357 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519002186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined whether the combination of medium-chain TAG (MCT) along with exercise suppresses energy intake to a greater extent compared with either intervention alone. Twelve participants consumed a porridge breakfast containing 692·9 kJ of either vegetable or MCT oil on two separate occasions: one followed by rest for 240 min and another followed by rest broken up with 1 h of cycling at 65 % $\dot V$O2peak starting at 120 min. At 240 min, participants consumed a buffet lunch to satiation and recorded their food intake for the rest of the day. Expired air samples (for calculation of energy expenditure (EE)) and subjective ratings of appetite on visual analogue scales were taken every 30 min, and gastric emptying (GE) breath samples were taken every 15 min. No effect of either breakfast or exercise condition was observed on energy intake at any time point (P > 0·05) or no effect was observed on subjective appetite ratings (P > 0·05). Exercise trials resulted in significantly higher EE compared with resting trials (2960·6 kJ, 95 % CI 2528·9, 3392·2; P < 0·001), and MCT increased resting EE over 4 h compared with long-chain TAG (LCT) (124·8 kJ, 95 % CI 13·5, 236·0; P = 0·031). GE was accelerated by exercise, regardless of the breakfast consumed, but delayed by MCT in both resting and exercise trials. The results show that exercise causes energy deficits via increased EE without promoting dietary compensation. MCT has no effect on energy intake or satiety but increases EE under resting conditions. There is no additive effect of MCT and exercise on EE, intake or appetite ratings.
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111
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Hägele FA, Büsing F, Nas A, Hasler M, Müller MJ, Blundell JE, Bosy-Westphal A. Appetite Control Is Improved by Acute Increases in Energy Turnover at Different Levels of Energy Balance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:4481-4491. [PMID: 31305927 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight control is hypothesized to be improved when physical activity and energy intake are both high [high energy turnover (ET)]. OBJECTIVE The impact of three levels of ET on short-term appetite control is therefore investigated at fixed levels of energy balance. DESIGN In a randomized crossover trial, 16 healthy adults (25.1 ± 3.9 y of age; body mass index, 24.0 ± 3.2 kg/m2) spent three daylong protocols for four times in a metabolic chamber. Four conditions of energy balance (ad libitum energy intake, zero energy balance, -25% caloric restriction, and +25% overfeeding) were each performed at three levels of ET (PAL 1.3 low, 1.6 medium, and 1.8 high ET; by walking on a treadmill). Levels of appetite hormones ghrelin, GLP-1, and insulin (total area under the curve) were measured during 14 hours. Subjective appetite ratings were assessed by visual analog scales. RESULTS Compared with high ET, low ET led to decreased GLP-1 (at all energy balance conditions: P < 0.001) and increased ghrelin concentrations (caloric restriction and overfeeding: P < 0.001), which was consistent with higher feelings of hunger (zero energy balance: P < 0.001) and desire to eat (all energy balance conditions: P < 0.05) and a positive energy balance during ad libitum intake (+17.5%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Appetite is regulated more effectively at a high level of ET, whereas overeating and consequently weight gain are likely to occur at low levels of ET. In contrast to the prevailing concept of body weight control, the positive impact of physical activity is independent from burning up more calories and is explained by improved appetite sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska A Hägele
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Applied Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Franziska Büsing
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Applied Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alessa Nas
- Department of Applied Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mario Hasler
- Applied Statistics, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - John E Blundell
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Applied Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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112
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Dorling JL, Church TS, Myers CA, Höchsmann C, White UA, Hsia DS, Martin CK, Apolzan JW. Racial Variations in Appetite-Related Hormones, Appetite, and Laboratory-Based Energy Intake from the E-MECHANIC Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092018. [PMID: 31466276 PMCID: PMC6770918 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
African Americans (AAs) have a higher obesity risk than Whites; however, it is unclear if appetite-related hormones and food intake are implicated. We examined differences in appetite-related hormones, appetite, and food intake between AAs (n = 53) and Whites (n = 111) with overweight or obesity. Participants were randomized into a control group or into supervised, controlled exercise groups at 8 kcal/kg of body weight/week (KKW) or 20 KKW. Participants consumed lunch and dinner at baseline and follow-up, with appetite and hormones measured before and after meals (except leptin). At baseline, AAs had lower peptide YY (PYY; p < 0.01) and a blunted elevation in PYY after lunch (p = 0.01), as well as lower ghrelin (p = 0.02) and higher leptin (p < 0.01) compared to Whites. Despite desire to eat being lower and satisfaction being higher in AAs relative to Whites (p ≤ 0.03), no racial differences in food intake were observed. Compared to Whites, leptin increased in the 8 KKW group in AAs (p = 0.01), yet no other race-by-group interactions were evident. Differences in appetite-related hormones between AAs and Whites exist; however, their influence on racial disparities in appetite, food intake, and obesity within this trial was limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Dorling
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Timothy S Church
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Candice A Myers
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Christoph Höchsmann
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Ursula A White
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Daniel S Hsia
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Corby K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - John W Apolzan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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113
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Newman AA, Grimm NC, Wilburn JR, Schoenberg HM, Trikha SRJ, Luckasen GJ, Biela LM, Melby CL, Bell C. Influence of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibition on Physiological Adaptation to Endurance Exercise Training. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:1953-1966. [PMID: 30597042 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The combination of two beneficial antidiabetes interventions, regular exercise and pharmaceuticals, is intuitively appealing. However, metformin, the most commonly prescribed diabetes medication, attenuates the favorable physiological adaptations to exercise; in turn, exercise may impede the action of metformin. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the influence of an alternative diabetes treatment, sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition, on the response to endurance exercise training. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTION In a randomized, double-blind, repeated measures parallel design, 30 sedentary overweight and obese men and women were assigned to 12 weeks of supervised endurance exercise training, with daily ingestion of either a placebo or SGLT2 inhibitor (dapagliflozin: ≤10 mg/day). OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Endurance exercise training favorably modified body mass, body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), peak oxygen uptake (graded exercise with indirect calorimetry), responses to standardized submaximal exercise (indirect calorimetry, heart rate, and blood lactate), and skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis) citrate synthase activity (main effects of exercise training, all P < 0.05); SGLT2 inhibition did not influence any of these physiological adaptations (exercise training × treatment interaction, all P > 0.05). However, after endurance exercise training, fasting blood glucose was greater with SGLT2 inhibition, and increased insulin sensitivity (oral glucose tolerance test/Matsuda index) was abrogated with SGLT2 inhibition (exercise training × treatment interaction, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The efficacy of combining two beneficial antidiabetes interventions, regular endurance exercise and SGLT2 inhibition, was not supported. SGLT2 inhibition blunted endurance exercise training-induced improvements in insulin sensitivity, independent of effects on aerobic fitness or body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa A Newman
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Nathan C Grimm
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jessie R Wilburn
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Hayden M Schoenberg
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - S Raj J Trikha
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Gary J Luckasen
- Medical Center of the Rockies Foundation, University of Colorado Health, Loveland, Colorado
| | - Laurie M Biela
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Christopher L Melby
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Christopher Bell
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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114
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Shirvani H, Rahmati-Ahmadabad S, Broom DR, Mirnejad R. Eccentric resistance training and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid affects muscle PGC-1α expression and serum irisin, nesfatin-1 and resistin in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.198424. [PMID: 31085594 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.198424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus controls metabolism and feeding behaviour via several signals with other tissues. Exercise and supplements can change hypothalamic signalling pathways, so the present study investigated the influence of eccentric resistance training and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation on PGC-1α expression, serum irisin, nesfatin-1 and resistin concentrations. Thirty-two male rats (8 weeks old, 200±17 g body mass) were randomly allocated to control, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation (HMB), eccentric resistance training (ERT), and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation plus eccentric resistance training (HMB+ERT) groups. Training groups undertook eccentric resistance training (6 weeks, 3 times a week) and supplement groups consumed β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid (HMB-FA) orally (76 mg kg-1 day-1). Twenty-four hours after the last training session, serum and triceps brachii muscle samples were collected and sent to the laboratory for analysis. Two-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation were employed (significance level: P<0.05). The results showed that eccentric resistance training increases skeletal muscle PGC-1α gene expression, as well as serum levels of irisin and nesfatin-1 (P=0.001). Eccentric resistance training decreased the serum concentration of resistin (P=0.001). HMB-FA supplementation increased skeletal muscle PGC-1α gene expression (P=0.002), as well as the serum concentration of irisin and nesfatin-1 (P=0.001), but decreased the serum concentration of resistin (P=0.001). Significant correlations were observed between PGC-1α gene expression and serum concentrations of irisin, nesfatin-1 and resistin. HMB-FA supplementation with eccentric resistance training may induce crosstalk between peptide release from other tissues and increases maximal muscle strength. The combination of the two interventions had a more substantial effect than each in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Shirvani
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - David Robert Broom
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK
| | - Reza Mirnejad
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Association of Exercise with Control of Eating and Energy Intake. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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