101
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Zhang C, Guo Z. Multiple functions of Maf in the regulation of cellular development and differentiation. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:773-8. [PMID: 26122665 PMCID: PMC5042042 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cellular muscular aponeurotic fibrosarcoma (c-Maf) is a member of the large macrophage-activating factor family. C-Maf plays important roles in the morphogenetic processes and cellular differentiation of the lens, kidneys, liver, T cells and nervous system, and it is particularly important in pancreatic islet and erythroblastic island formation. However, the exact role of c-Maf remains to be elucidated. In this review, we summarize the research to clarify the functions of c-Maf in the cellular development and differentiation. The expression of c-Maf is higher in pancreatic duct cells than in pancreatic islet cells. Therefore, we suggest that pancreatic duct cells may be converted to the functional insulin-secreting cells by regulating c-Maf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismThe Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Zhi‐Min Guo
- Department of Experimental MicrobiologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
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102
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Abstract
Controversy has long surrounded research on pancreatic beta cell regeneration. Some groups have used nonphysiological experimental methodologies to build support for the existence of pancreatic progenitor cells within the adult pancreas that constantly replenish the beta cell pool; others argue strongly against this mode of regeneration. Recent research has reinvigorated enthusiasm for the harnessing of pancreatic plasticity for therapeutic application--for example, the transdifferentiation of human pancreatic exocrine cells into insulin-secreting beta-like cells in vitro; the conversion of mouse pancreatic acinar cells to beta-like cells in vivo via cytokine treatment; and the potential redifferentiation of dedifferentiated mouse beta cells in vivo. Here, we highlight key findings in this provocative field and provide a perspective on possible exploitation of human pancreatic plasticity for therapeutic beta cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Valdez
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Adrian K K Teo
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Present address: Discovery Research Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore. Present affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore. Present affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore.
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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103
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Greggio C, De Franceschi F, Grapin-Botton A. Concise reviews: In vitro-produced pancreas organogenesis models in three dimensions: self-organization from few stem cells or progenitors. Stem Cells 2015; 33:8-14. [PMID: 25185771 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional models of organ biogenesis have recently flourished. They promote a balance between stem/progenitor cell expansion and differentiation without the constraints of flat tissue culture vessels, allowing for autonomous self-organization of cells. Such models allow the formation of miniature organs in a dish and are emerging for the pancreas, starting from embryonic progenitors and adult cells. This review focuses on the currently available systems and how these allow new types of questions to be addressed. We discuss the expected advancements including their potential to study human pancreas development and function as well as to develop diabetes models and therapeutic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Greggio
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Life Sciences, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland; Département de Physiologie, Université de Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, Lausanne, Switzerland
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104
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Bonfanti P, Nobecourt E, Oshima M, Albagli-Curiel O, Laurysens V, Stangé G, Sojoodi M, Heremans Y, Heimberg H, Scharfmann R. Ex Vivo Expansion and Differentiation of Human and Mouse Fetal Pancreatic Progenitors Are Modulated by Epidermal Growth Factor. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1766-78. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bonfanti
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Estelle Nobecourt
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris, Paris, France
| | - Masaya Oshima
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Albagli-Curiel
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris, Paris, France
| | - Veerle Laurysens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Stangé
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raphael Scharfmann
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris, Paris, France
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105
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Graham ML, Schuurman HJ. Validity of animal models of type 1 diabetes, and strategies to enhance their utility in translational research. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:221-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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106
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Ghazalli N, Mahdavi A, Feng T, Jin L, Kozlowski MT, Hsu J, Riggs AD, Tirrell DA, Ku HT. Postnatal Pancreas of Mice Contains Tripotent Progenitors Capable of Giving Rise to Duct, Acinar, and Endocrine Cells In Vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1995-2008. [PMID: 25941840 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Postnatal pancreas is a potential source for progenitor cells to generate endocrine β-cells for treating type 1 diabetes. However, it remains unclear whether young (1-week-old) pancreas harbors multipotent progenitors capable of differentiating into duct, acinar, and endocrine cells. Laminin is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein important for β-cells' survival and function. We established an artificial extracellular matrix (aECM) protein that contains the functional IKVAV (Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val) sequence derived from laminin (designated aECM-lam). Whether IKVAV is necessary for endocrine differentiation in vitro is unknown. To answer these questions, we cultured single cells from 1-week-old pancreas in semi-solid media supplemented with aECM-lam, aECM-scr (which contains a scrambled sequence instead of IKVAV), or Matrigel. We found that colonies were generated in all materials. Individual colonies were examined by microfluidic reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunostaining, and electron microscopy analyses. The majority of the colonies expressed markers for endocrine, acinar, and ductal lineages, demonstrating tri-lineage potential of individual colony-forming progenitors. Colonies grown in aECM-lam expressed higher levels of endocrine markers Insulin1, Insulin2, and Glucagon compared with those grown in aECM-scr and Matrigel, indicating that the IKVAV sequence enhances endocrine differentiation. In contrast, Matrigel was inhibitory for endocrine gene expression. Colonies grown in aECM-lam displayed the hallmarks of functional β-cells: mature insulin granules and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Colony-forming progenitors were enriched in the CD133(high) fraction and among 230 micro-manipulated single CD133(high) cells, four gave rise to colonies that expressed tri-lineage markers. We conclude that young postnatal pancreas contains multipotent progenitor cells and that aECM-lam promotes differentiation of β-like cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiah Ghazalli
- 1 Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California.,2 The Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - Alborz Mahdavi
- 3 Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California
| | - Tao Feng
- 2 The Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - Liang Jin
- 2 The Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - Mark T Kozlowski
- 4 Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California
| | - Jasper Hsu
- 2 The Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - Arthur D Riggs
- 1 Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California.,2 The Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - David A Tirrell
- 4 Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California
| | - H Teresa Ku
- 1 Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California.,2 The Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California
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107
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Yamada T, Cavelti-Weder C, Caballero F, Lysy PA, Guo L, Sharma A, Li W, Zhou Q, Bonner-Weir S, Weir GC. Reprogramming Mouse Cells With a Pancreatic Duct Phenotype to Insulin-Producing β-Like Cells. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2029-38. [PMID: 25836667 PMCID: PMC4430605 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming technology has opened the possibility of converting one cell type into another by forced expression of transgenes. Transduction of adenoviral vectors encoding 3 pancreatic transcription factors, Pdx1, Ngn3, and MafA, into mouse pancreas results in direct reprogramming of exocrine cells to insulin-producing β-like cells. We hypothesized that cultured adult pancreatic duct cells could be reprogrammed to become insulin-producing β-cells by adenoviral-mediated expression of this same combination of factors. Exocrine were isolated from adult mouse insulin 1 promoter (MIP)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice to allow new insulin-expressing cells to be detected by GFP fluorescence. Cultured cells were transduced by an adenoviral vector carrying a polycistronic construct Ngn3/Pdx1/MafA/mCherry (Ad-M3C) or mCherry sequence alone as a control vector. In addition, the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, exendin-4 (Ex-4) on the reprogramming process were examined. GFP(+) cells appeared 2 days after Ad-M3C transduction; the reprogramming efficiency was 8.6 ± 2.6% by day 4 after transduction. Ad-M3C also resulted in increased expression of β-cell markers insulin 1 and 2, with enhancement by Ex-4. Expression of other β-cell markers, neuroD and GLP-1 receptor, were also significantly up-regulated. The amount of insulin release into the media and insulin content of the cells were significantly higher in the Ad-M3C-transduced cells; this too was enhanced by Ex-4. The transduced cells did not secrete insulin in response to increased glucose, indicating incomplete differentiation to β-cells. Thus, cultured murine adult pancreatic cells with a duct phenotype can be directly reprogrammed to insulin-producing β-like cells by adenoviral delivery of 3 pancreatic transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatsugu Yamada
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology (T.Y., C.C.-W., F.C., P.A.L., L.G., A.S., S.B.-W., G.C.W.), Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology (W.L., Q.Z.), Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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108
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Heinrich C, Spagnoli FM, Berninger B. In vivo reprogramming for tissue repair. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:204-11. [PMID: 25720960 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vital organs such as the pancreas and the brain lack the capacity for effective regeneration. To overcome this limitation, an emerging strategy consists of converting resident tissue-specific cells into the cell types that are lost due to disease by a process called in vivo lineage reprogramming. Here we discuss recent breakthroughs in regenerating pancreatic β-cells and neurons from various cell types, and highlight fundamental challenges that need to be overcome for the translation of in vivo lineage reprogramming into therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Heinrich
- INSERM U836, F-38000 Grenoble, France and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Benedikt Berninger
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and the Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, and Physiological Genomics, Institute of Physiology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany
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109
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Alfa RW, Park S, Skelly KR, Poffenberger G, Jain N, Gu X, Kockel L, Wang J, Liu Y, Powers AC, Kim SK. Suppression of insulin production and secretion by a decretin hormone. Cell Metab 2015; 21:323-334. [PMID: 25651184 PMCID: PMC4349554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Decretins, hormones induced by fasting that suppress insulin production and secretion, have been postulated from classical human metabolic studies. From genetic screens, we identified Drosophila Limostatin (Lst), a peptide hormone that suppresses insulin secretion. Lst is induced by nutrient restriction in gut-associated endocrine cells. limostatin deficiency led to hyperinsulinemia, hypoglycemia, and excess adiposity. A conserved 15-residue polypeptide encoded by limostatin suppressed secretion by insulin-producing cells. Targeted knockdown of CG9918, a Drosophila ortholog of Neuromedin U receptors (NMURs), in insulin-producing cells phenocopied limostatin deficiency and attenuated insulin suppression by purified Lst, suggesting CG9918 encodes an Lst receptor. NMUR1 is expressed in islet β cells, and purified NMU suppresses insulin secretion from human islets. A human mutant NMU variant that co-segregates with familial early-onset obesity and hyperinsulinemia fails to suppress insulin secretion. We propose Lst as an index member of an ancient hormone class called decretins, which suppress insulin output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald W Alfa
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neuroscience Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sangbin Park
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kathleen-Rose Skelly
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gregory Poffenberger
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nimit Jain
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xueying Gu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lutz Kockel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yinghua Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine (Oncology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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110
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Cavelti-Weder C, Li W, Zumsteg A, Stemann M, Yamada T, Bonner-Weir S, Weir G, Zhou Q. Direct Reprogramming for Pancreatic Beta-Cells Using Key Developmental Genes. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 3:57-65. [PMID: 26998407 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Direct reprogramming is a promising approach for regenerative medicine whereby one cell type is directly converted into another without going through a multipotent or pluripotent stage. This reprogramming approach has been extensively explored for the generation of functional insulin-secreting cells from non-beta-cells with the aim of developing novel cell therapies for the treatment of people with diabetes lacking sufficient endogenous beta-cells. A common approach for such conversion studies is the introduction of key regulators that are important in controlling beta-cell development and maintenance. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances in the field of beta-cell reprogramming and discuss the challenges of creating functional and long-lasting beta-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cavelti-Weder
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weida Li
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adrian Zumsteg
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marianne Stemann
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takatsugu Yamada
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gordon Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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111
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Lineage potential, plasticity and environmental reprogramming of epithelial stem/progenitor cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:637-44. [PMID: 24849231 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence supports and reinforces the concept that environmental cues may reprogramme somatic cells and change their natural fate. In the present review, we concentrate on environmental reprogramming and fate potency of different epithelial cells. These include stratified epithelia, such as the epidermis, hair follicle, cornea and oesophagus, as well as the thymic epithelium, which stands alone among simple and stratified epithelia, and has been shown recently to contain stem cells. In addition, we briefly discuss the pancreas as an example of plasticity of intrinsic progenitors and even differentiated cells. Of relevance, examples of plasticity and fate change characterize pathologies such as oesophageal metaplasia, whose possible cell origin is still debated, but has important implications as a pre-neoplastic event. Although much work remains to be done in order to unravel the full potential and plasticity of epithelial cells, exploitation of this phenomenon has already entered the clinical arena, and might provide new avenues for future cell therapy of these tissues.
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112
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Organoid models of human and mouse ductal pancreatic cancer. Cell 2014; 160:324-38. [PMID: 25557080 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1419] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies due to its late diagnosis and limited response to treatment. Tractable methods to identify and interrogate pathways involved in pancreatic tumorigenesis are urgently needed. We established organoid models from normal and neoplastic murine and human pancreas tissues. Pancreatic organoids can be rapidly generated from resected tumors and biopsies, survive cryopreservation, and exhibit ductal- and disease-stage-specific characteristics. Orthotopically transplanted neoplastic organoids recapitulate the full spectrum of tumor development by forming early-grade neoplasms that progress to locally invasive and metastatic carcinomas. Due to their ability to be genetically manipulated, organoids are a platform to probe genetic cooperation. Comprehensive transcriptional and proteomic analyses of murine pancreatic organoids revealed genes and pathways altered during disease progression. The confirmation of many of these protein changes in human tissues demonstrates that organoids are a facile model system to discover characteristics of this deadly malignancy.
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113
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Li W, Cavelti-Weder C, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Clement K, Donovan S, Gonzalez G, Zhu J, Stemann M, Xu K, Hashimoto T, Yamada T, Nakanishi M, Zhang Y, Zeng S, Gifford D, Meissner A, Weir G, Zhou Q. Long-term persistence and development of induced pancreatic beta cells generated by lineage conversion of acinar cells. Nat Biotechnol 2014; 32:1223-30. [PMID: 25402613 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Direct lineage conversion is a promising approach to generate therapeutically important cell types for disease modeling and tissue repair. However, the survival and function of lineage-reprogrammed cells in vivo over the long term has not been examined. Here, using an improved method for in vivo conversion of adult mouse pancreatic acinar cells toward beta cells, we show that induced beta cells persist for up to 13 months (the length of the experiment), form pancreatic islet-like structures and support normoglycemia in diabetic mice. Detailed molecular analyses of induced beta cells over 7 months reveal that global DNA methylation changes occur within 10 d, whereas the transcriptional network evolves over 2 months to resemble that of endogenous beta cells and remains stable thereafter. Progressive gain of beta-cell function occurs over 7 months, as measured by glucose-regulated insulin release and suppression of hyperglycemia. These studies demonstrate that lineage-reprogrammed cells persist for >1 year and undergo epigenetic, transcriptional, anatomical and functional development toward a beta-cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weida Li
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claudia Cavelti-Weder
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Yinying Zhang
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kendell Clement
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott Donovan
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jiang Zhu
- 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Center for System Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marianne Stemann
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tatsu Hashimoto
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Takatsugu Yamada
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mio Nakanishi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuemei Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuel Zeng
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Gifford
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Meissner
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gordon Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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114
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Okada M, Imai T, Yaegaki K, Ishkitiev N, Tanaka T. Regeneration of insulin-producing pancreatic cells using a volatile bioactive compound and human teeth. J Breath Res 2014; 8:046004. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/4/046004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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115
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is caused by absolute (type 1) or relative (type 2) deficiency of insulin-secreting islet β cells. An ideal treatment of diabetes would, therefore, be to replace the lost or deficient β cells, by transplantation of donated islets or differentiated endocrine cells or by regeneration of endogenous islet cells. Due to their ability of unlimited proliferation and differentiation into all functional lineages in our body, including β cells, embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells are ideally placed as cell sources for a diabetic transplantation therapy. Unfortunately, the inability to generate functional differentiated islet cells from pluripotent stem cells and the poor availability of donor islets have severely restricted the broad clinical use of the replacement therapy. Therefore, endogenous sources that can be directed to becoming insulin-secreting cells are actively sought after. In particular, any cell types in the developing or adult pancreas that may act as pancreatic stem cells (PSC) would provide an alternative renewable source for endogenous regeneration. In this review, we will summarize the latest progress and knowledge of such PSC, and discuss ways that facilitate the future development of this often controversial, but crucial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Xu Jiang
- 1 Islet Cell Development Program, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia
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116
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An integrated cell purification and genomics strategy reveals multiple regulators of pancreas development. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004645. [PMID: 25330008 PMCID: PMC4199491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory logic underlying global transcriptional programs controlling development of visceral organs like the pancreas remains undiscovered. Here, we profiled gene expression in 12 purified populations of fetal and adult pancreatic epithelial cells representing crucial progenitor cell subsets, and their endocrine or exocrine progeny. Using probabilistic models to decode the general programs organizing gene expression, we identified co-expressed gene sets in cell subsets that revealed patterns and processes governing progenitor cell development, lineage specification, and endocrine cell maturation. Purification of Neurog3 mutant cells and module network analysis linked established regulators such as Neurog3 to unrecognized gene targets and roles in pancreas development. Iterative module network analysis nominated and prioritized transcriptional regulators, including diabetes risk genes. Functional validation of a subset of candidate regulators with corresponding mutant mice revealed that the transcription factors Etv1, Prdm16, Runx1t1 and Bcl11a are essential for pancreas development. Our integrated approach provides a unique framework for identifying regulatory genes and functional gene sets underlying pancreas development and associated diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Discovery of specific pancreas developmental regulators has accelerated in recent years. In contrast, the global regulatory programs controlling pancreas development are poorly understood compared to other organs or tissues like heart or blood. Decoding this regulatory logic may accelerate development of replacement organs from renewable sources like stem cells, but this goal requires identification of regulators and assessment of their functions on a global scale. To address this important challenge for pancreas biology, we combined purification of normal and mutant cells with genome-scale methods to generate and analyze expression profiles from developing pancreas cells. Our work revealed regulatory gene sets governing development of pancreas progenitor cells and their progeny. Our integrative approach nominated multiple pancreas developmental regulators, including suspected risk genes for human diabetes, which we validated by phenotyping mutant mice on a scale not previously reported. Selection of these candidate regulators was unbiased; thus it is remarkable that all were essential for pancreatic islet development. Thus, our studies provide a new heuristic resource for identifying genetic functions underlying pancreas development and diseases like diabetes mellitus.
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Conrad E, Stein R, Hunter CS. Revealing transcription factors during human pancreatic β cell development. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:407-14. [PMID: 24831984 PMCID: PMC4167784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Developing cell-based diabetes therapies requires examining transcriptional mechanisms underlying human β cell development. However, increased knowledge is hampered by low availability of fetal pancreatic tissue and gene targeting strategies. Rodent models have elucidated transcription factor roles during islet organogenesis and maturation, but differences between mouse and human islets have been identified. The past 5 years have seen strides toward generating human β cell lines, the examination of human transcription factor expression, and studies utilizing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) and human embryonic stem (hES) cells to generate β-like cells. Nevertheless, much remains to be resolved. We present current knowledge of developing human β cell transcription factor expression, as compared to rodents. We also discuss recent studies employing transcription factor or epigenetic modulation to generate β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Conrad
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Roland Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Chad S Hunter
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Dorrell C, Tarlow B, Wang Y, Canaday PS, Haft A, Schug J, Streeter PR, Finegold MJ, Shenje LT, Kaestner KH, Grompe M. The organoid-initiating cells in mouse pancreas and liver are phenotypically and functionally similar. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:275-83. [PMID: 25151611 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Lgr5 expression has been associated with organoid-forming epithelial progenitor populations but the identity of the organoid-initiating epithelial cell subpopulation has remained elusive. Injury causes the emergence of an Lgr5(+) organoid-forming epithelial progenitor population in the adult mouse liver and pancreas. Here, we define the origin of organoid-initiating cells from mouse pancreas and liver prior to Lgr5 activation. This clonogenic population was defined as MIC1-1C3(+)/CD133(+)/CD26(-) in both tissues and the frequency of organoid initiation within this population was approximately 5% in each case. The transcriptomes of these populations overlapped extensively and showed enrichment of epithelial progenitor-associated regulatory genes such as Sox9 and FoxJ1. Surprisingly, pancreatic organoid cells also had the capacity to generate hepatocyte-like cells upon transplantation to Fah(-/-) mice, indicating a differentiation capacity similar to hepatic organoids. Although spontaneous endocrine differentiation of pancreatic progenitors was not observed in culture, adenoviral delivery of fate-specifying factors Pdx1, Neurog3 and MafA induced insulin expression without glucagon or somatostatin. Pancreatic organoid cultures therefore preserve many key attributes of progenitor cells while allowing unlimited expansion, facilitating the study of fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Dorrell
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Branden Tarlow
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Pamela S Canaday
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Annelise Haft
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jonathan Schug
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Philip R Streeter
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Milton J Finegold
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lincoln T Shenje
- OHSU Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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119
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Ding L, Heremans Y, Pipeleers D, Ling Z, Heimberg H, Gysemans C, Mathieu C. Clinical Immunosuppressants Inhibit Inflammatory, Proliferative, and Reprogramming Potential, But Not Angiogenesis of Human Pancreatic Duct Cells. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:1585-98. [PMID: 25198311 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x682819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of pancreatic duct cells in clinical islet grafts may affect long-term metabolic success. Human pancreatic duct cells express factors that may exert both protective and damaging effects on islet cells in the graft. Here we studied the potential of commonly used immunosuppressive drugs in islet transplantation-sirolimus, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)-to influence the inflammatory and angiogenic capacity of human pancreatic duct cells in addition to their proliferation and reprogramming abilities. Our data show that the expression of specific proinflammatory cytokines by the human pancreatic duct cells was either unaltered or inhibited by the immunosuppressants studied, especially tacrolimus and MMF, whereas expression of chemotactic and angiogenic factors was unaffected. Although none of the immunosuppressants directly led to duct cell death, MMF prevented duct cell proliferation, and sirolimus inhibited neurogenin 3-mediated duct-to-(neuro)endocrine cell reprogramming. Our data indicate that the immunosuppressant tacrolimus was the least aggressive on the angiogenic, proliferative, and reprogramming potential of human pancreatic duct cells, while it was most powerful in inhibiting inflammatory cytokines, which may influence the outcome of islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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