1851
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Jiang Y, Chen M, Nie H, Yuan Y. PD-1 and PD-L1 in cancer immunotherapy: clinical implications and future considerations. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:1111-1122. [PMID: 30888929 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1571892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is a cell surface receptor that functions as a T cell checkpoint and plays a central role in regulating T cell exhaustion. Binding of PD-1 to its ligand, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), activates downstream signaling pathways and inhibits T cell activation. Moreover abnormally high PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and antigen-presenting cells in the tumor microenvironment mediates tumor immune escape, and the development of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies has recently become a hot topic in cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the structure of PD-1 and PD-L1, the function of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway, the application of PD-1 or PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies and future directions for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies with combination therapies. Cancer immunotherapy using PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade may require more studies, and this approach may be curative for patients with many types of cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuai Jiang
- a Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Ming Chen
- b Department of Gynecology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Hong Nie
- a Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,c Department of Stomatology, Xin Hua Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Yuanyang Yuan
- a Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
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1852
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Parente P, Chan BA, Hughes BGM, Jasas K, Joshi R, Kao S, Hegi-Johnson F, Hui R, McLaughlin-Barrett S, Nordman I, Stone E. Patterns of care for stage III non-small cell lung cancer in Australia. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2019; 15:93-100. [PMID: 30868747 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) makes up a third of all NSCLC cases and is potentially curable. Despite this 5-year survival rates remain between 15% and 20% with chemoradiation treatment alone given with curative intent. With the recent exciting breakthroughs in immunotherapy use (durvalumab) for stage III NSCLC, further improvements in patient survival can be expected. Most patients with stage III NSCLC present initially to their general practitioner (GP). The recommended time from GP referral to first specialist appointment is less than 14 days with treatment initiated within 42 days. Our review found that there is a shortfall in meeting these recommendations, however a number of initiatives have been established in Australia to improve timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment patterns. The lung cancer multidisciplinary team (MDT) is critical to consistency of evidence-based diagnosis and treatment and can improve patient survival. We aimed to review current patterns of care and clinical practice recommendations for stage III NSCLC across Australia and identify opportunities to improve practice in referral, diagnosis and treatment pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Parente
- Eastern Health Monash University, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bryan A Chan
- The Adem Crosby Cancer Centre, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia.,University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brett G M Hughes
- University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kevin Jasas
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rohit Joshi
- Calvary Central Districts Hospital, Elizabeth Vale, South Australia, Australia
| | - Steven Kao
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Rina Hui
- Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Ina Nordman
- Calvary Mater Newcastle, Waratah, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily Stone
- St Vincent's Hospital and Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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1853
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Eckert F, Zwirner K, Boeke S, Thorwarth D, Zips D, Huber SM. Rationale for Combining Radiotherapy and Immune Checkpoint Inhibition for Patients With Hypoxic Tumors. Front Immunol 2019; 10:407. [PMID: 30930892 PMCID: PMC6423917 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to compensate for the increased oxygen consumption in growing tumors, tumors need angiogenesis and vasculogenesis to increase the supply. Insufficiency in this process or in the microcirculation leads to hypoxic tumor areas with a significantly reduced pO2, which in turn leads to alterations in the biology of cancer cells as well as in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer cells develop more aggressive phenotypes, stem cell features and are more prone to metastasis formation and migration. In addition, intratumoral hypoxia confers therapy resistance, specifically radioresistance. Reactive oxygen species are crucial in fixing DNA breaks after ionizing radiation. Thus, hypoxic tumor cells show a two- to threefold increase in radioresistance. The microenvironment is enriched with chemokines (e.g., SDF-1) and growth factors (e.g., TGFβ) additionally reducing radiosensitivity. During recent years hypoxia has also been identified as a major factor for immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. Hypoxic tumors show increased numbers of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) as well as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and decreased infiltration and activation of cytotoxic T cells. The combination of radiotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibition is on the rise in the treatment of metastatic cancer patients, but is also tested in multiple curative treatment settings. There is a strong rationale for synergistic effects, such as increased T cell infiltration in irradiated tumors and mitigation of radiation-induced immunosuppressive mechanisms such as PD-L1 upregulation by immune checkpoint inhibition. Given the worse prognosis of patients with hypoxic tumors due to local therapy resistance but also increased rate of distant metastases and the strong immune suppression induced by hypoxia, we hypothesize that the subgroup of patients with hypoxic tumors might be of special interest for combining immune checkpoint inhibition with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Eckert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partnersite Tuebingen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Zwirner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Simon Boeke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partnersite Tuebingen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Section for Biomedical Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Thorwarth
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partnersite Tuebingen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Section for Biomedical Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Zips
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partnersite Tuebingen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan M. Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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1854
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Adam J, Forest F, Mansuet-Lupo A, Ilié M. [Recent updates regarding PD-L1 testing in non-small cell lung carcinoma]. Ann Pathol 2019; 39:303-304. [PMID: 30853496 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Adam
- Département de biologie et pathologie médicales, Gustave-Roussy, 114, rue Edouard-Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France.
| | - Fabien Forest
- Laboratoire d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, CHU de Saint-Étienne, hôpital Nord, avenue Albert-Raimond, 42055 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Audrey Mansuet-Lupo
- Département de pathologie, hôpitaux universitaires Paris centre, hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 27, rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Marius Ilié
- Laboratoire de pathologie clinique et expérimentale/biobanque (BB 0025-00033), fédération hospitalo-universitaire OncoAge, CHU de Nice, université Côte-d'Azur, 30, voie Romaine, 06000 Nice, France
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1855
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1856
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Manukian G, Bar-Ad V, Lu B, Argiris A, Johnson JM. Combining Radiation and Immune Checkpoint Blockade in the Treatment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:122. [PMID: 30895168 PMCID: PMC6414812 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current treatment options, even though potentially curative, have many limitations including a high rate of complications. Over the past few years immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) targeting cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) have changed treatment paradigms in many malignancies and are currently under investigation in HNSCC as well. Despite improvements in treatment outcomes and the implementation of combined modality approaches long-term survival rates in patients with locally advanced HNSCC remain suboptimal. Accumulating evidence suggests that under certain conditions, radiation may be delivered in conjunction with ICI to augment efficacy. In this review, we will discuss the immune modulating mechanisms of ICI and radiation, how changing the dose, fractionation, and field of radiation may alter the tumor microenvironment (TME), and how these two treatment modalities may work in concert to generate durable treatment responses against HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Manukian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Voichita Bar-Ad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bo Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Athanassios Argiris
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Johnson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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1857
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Yang H, Jin T, Li M, Xue J, Lu B. Synergistic effect of immunotherapy and radiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: current clinical trials and prospective challenges. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2019; 2:57-70. [PMID: 35694698 PMCID: PMC8985786 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lately, the success of ICIs has drastically changed the landscape of cancer treatment, and several immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, numerous patients are resistant to ICIs and require additional procedures for better efficacy results. Thus, combination therapy is urgently needed to strengthen the anti-tumor immunity. A variety of preclinical and clinical studies combining ICIs with radiotherapy (RT) have demonstrated that the combination could induce synergistic effects, as RT overcomes the resistance to ICIs. However, the underlying mechanism of the synergistic effect and the optimal arrangement of the combination therapy are indecisive now. Hence, this review was conducted to provide an update on the current clinical trial results and highlighted the ongoing trials. We also discussed the optimal parameters in clinical trials, including radiation dose, radiation fractionation, radiation target field, and sequencing of combination therapy. In this review, we found that combination therapy showed stronger anti-tumor immunity with tolerable toxicities in clinical trials. However, the best combination mode and potential biomarkers for the target patients in combination therapy are still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengqian Li
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianxin Xue
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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1858
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Greco C, Rossi A, Ramella S. Prophylactic cranial irradiation in non-small cell lung cancer: the debate is open. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11:S337-S340. [PMID: 30997214 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.12.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Greco
- Division of Radiotherapy, Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Sara Ramella
- Division of Radiotherapy, Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italy
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1859
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Yu Y, Lee NY. JAVELIN Head and Neck 100: a Phase III trial of avelumab and chemoradiation for locally advanced head and neck cancer. Future Oncol 2019; 15:687-694. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is the standard of care for locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC). The immune checkpoint inhibitors nivolumab and pembrolizumab were recently approved by the US FDA for treatment of recurrent or metastatic HNSCC that are refractory to platinum chemotherapy. However, prospective studies incorporating immune checkpoint inhibitors in the definitive management of poor prognosis, nonmetastatic, locoregionally advanced HNSCC are lacking. The JAVELIN Head and Neck 100 study is a multinational, Phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial assessing the efficacy of avelumab, a PD-L1 inhibitor, in combination with CRT compared with placebo in combination with CRT for high-risk HNSCC. Trial registration: Javelin Head and Neck 100; NCT 02952586.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nancy Y Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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1860
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Osorio B, Yegya-Raman N, Kim S, Simone CB, Theodorou Ross C, Deek MP, Gaines D, Zou W, Lin L, Malhotra J, Nie K, Aisner J, Jabbour SK. Clinical significance of pretreatment tumor growth rate for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:95. [PMID: 31019945 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.02.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may exhibit significant tumor growth before the initiation of definitive chemoradiation therapy (CRT). We thus investigated the prognostic value of pretreatment tumor growth rate as measured by specific growth rate (SGR). Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 42 patients with locally advanced NSCLC treated with definitive concurrent CRT. For each patient, we contoured the primary gross tumor volume (GTV) on the pretreatment diagnostic chest computed tomography (CT) scan and the radiation therapy (RT) planning CT scan. We then calculated SGR based on the primary GTV from each scan and the time interval between scans. We used log-rank tests and univariate Cox regression models to quantify differences in progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and recurrence based on SGR. Results We divided patients into two groups for analysis: those with an SGR greater than or equal to the upper tercile value of 0.94%/day (high SGR) and those with SGR less than 0.94%/day (low SGR). Patients with high SGRs versus low SGRs experienced inferior PFS (median, 5.6 vs. 13.6 months, P=0.016), without a significant difference in OS. The inferior PFS in the high SGR group persisted on multivariate analysis [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 2.37, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07-5.25, P=0.034]. The risk of distant recurrence was higher in the high SGR group (HR 2.62, 95% CI: 1.08-6.38, P=0.033), but there was no difference in the risk of locoregional recurrence between groups. Conclusions Pretreatment SGR was associated with inferior PFS and distant control among patients with locally advanced NSCLC treated with concurrent CRT. Further studies in larger populations may aid in elucidating optimal SGR cut-off points for risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Osorio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Nikhil Yegya-Raman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sinae Kim
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Biometrics Division, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Charles B Simone
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina Theodorou Ross
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Matthew P Deek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology & Molecular Radiation Sciences, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dakim Gaines
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Liyong Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jyoti Malhotra
- Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ke Nie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph Aisner
- Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Salma K Jabbour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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1861
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Afzal MZ, Dragnev KH, Shirai K. An extended overall survival analysis of pemetrexed and carboplatin with or without pembrolizumab as first-line therapy for advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:S53. [PMID: 31032332 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.03.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keisuke Shirai
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, One Medical Center Dr., Lebanon, NH, USA
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1862
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Rajappa S, Sharma S, Prasad K. Unmet Clinical Need in the Management of Locally Advanced Unresectable Lung Cancer: Treatment Strategies to Improve Patient Outcomes. Adv Ther 2019; 36:563-578. [PMID: 30693419 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-019-0876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stage III locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA NSCLC) comprises the most heterogeneous group of patients, accounts for one-third of patients with lung cancer, and is unresectable at presentation. Multiple treatment approaches have evolved over the past few decades focusing on timing of chemoradiation (concurrent vs. sequential) and sequencing of therapy (induction vs. consolidation). Concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT) emerged as the standard of care for the majority of the patients worldwide. Despite improvements in median and overall survival (OS) using the concurrent approach, the rate of distant failure remains high. Consolidation with chemotherapy or targeted agents, adding more radiation dose, or induction chemotherapy did not improve OS. With continued research on defining optimal radiation doses and schedules and integrating novel systemic agents, immunotherapy consolidation has renewed optimism. Synergistic use of radiation and immunotherapy can prevent micrometastatic disease and reduce local failure and may have an abscopal effect in addition to survival benefits. The PACIFIC study reported an absolute progression-free survival benefit of 11.2 months with durvalumab consolidation after standard CCRT compared with placebo. The OS data with durvalumab consolidation are encouraging. Durvalumab is the only approved immunotherapy for unresectable stage III LA NSCLC. Improved survival confirms the definitive role of durvalumab as an effective adjuvant therapy after CCRT with no new safety signals. However, the potential mechanisms driving interaction between immunotherapy and chemoradiotherapy require definitive investigation. These mechanisms may help define the timing of immunotherapy initiation as neoadjuvant, adjuvant, or consolidation and maintenance therapy after progression. FUNDING: AstraZeneca Pharma India Limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Rajappa
- Basavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, India.
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1863
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Rethinking pulmonary toxicity in advanced non-small cell lung cancer in the era of combining anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy with thoracic radiotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:323-330. [PMID: 30826426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The combination of programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 blockade and thoracic radiotherapy has become the new standard of care in the treatment of locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. The information regarding the pulmonary safety of such therapy remains limited to mostly retrospective studies and case reports with a small portion of data from prospective clinical trials. By analyzing the underlying mechanisms of interactions between radiation and immunotherapy from preclinical data and summarizing safety data from relevant clinical studies with pulmonary toxicity, we believe that longer and rigorous follow-up is warranted, to determine if the combination of such modalities is appropriate for patients without risking undue toxicity.
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1864
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Abstract
Radiotherapy is used in >50% of patients with cancer, both for curative and palliative purposes. Radiotherapy uses ionizing radiation to target and kill tumour tissue, but normal tissue can also be damaged, leading to toxicity. Modern and precise radiotherapy techniques, such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy, may prevent toxicity, but some patients still experience adverse effects. The physiopathology of toxicity is dependent on many parameters, such as the location of irradiation or the functional status of organs at risk. Knowledge of the mechanisms leads to a more rational approach for controlling radiotherapy toxicity, which may result in improved symptom control and quality of life for patients. This improved quality of life is particularly important in paediatric patients, who may live for many years with the long-term effects of radiotherapy. Notably, signs and symptoms occurring after radiotherapy may not be due to the treatment but to an exacerbation of existing conditions or to the development of new diseases. Although differential diagnosis may be difficult, it has important consequences for patients.
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1865
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Guckenberger M. [Local radiotherapy for patients with newly diagnosed, metastatic prostate cancer]. Strahlenther Onkol 2019; 195:362-364. [PMID: 30767033 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-019-01435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Guckenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Competence Center Palliative Care, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Schweiz.
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1866
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Menon H, Ramapriyan R, Cushman TR, Verma V, Kim HH, Schoenhals JE, Atalar C, Selek U, Chun SG, Chang JY, Barsoumian HB, Nguyen QN, Altan M, Cortez MA, Hahn SM, Welsh JW. Role of Radiation Therapy in Modulation of the Tumor Stroma and Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2019; 10:193. [PMID: 30828330 PMCID: PMC6384252 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, there has been substantial growth in our understanding of the immune system and its role in tumor growth and overall survival. A central finding has been the cross-talk between tumor cells and the surrounding environment or stroma. This tumor stroma, comprised of various cells, and extracellular matrix (ECM), has been shown to aid in suppressing host immune responses against tumor cells. Through immunosuppressive cytokine secretion, metabolic alterations, and other mechanisms, the tumor stroma provides a complex network of safeguards for tumor proliferation. With recent advances in more effective, localized treatment, radiation therapy (XRT) has allowed for strategies that can effectively alter and ablate tumor stromal tissue. This includes promoting immunogenic cell death through tumor antigen release to increasing immune cell trafficking, XRT has a unique advantage against the tumoral immune evasion mechanisms that are orchestrated by stromal cells. Current studies are underway to elucidate pathways within the tumor stroma as potential targets for immunotherapy and chemoradiation. This review summarizes the effects of tumor stroma in tumor immune evasion, explains how XRT may help overcome these effects, with potential combinatorial approaches for future treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Menon
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rishab Ramapriyan
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Taylor R. Cushman
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vivek Verma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hans H. Kim
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
| | | | - Cemre Atalar
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ugur Selek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Stephen G. Chun
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joe Y. Chang
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hampartsoum B. Barsoumian
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Quynh-Nhu Nguyen
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mehmet Altan
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Maria A. Cortez
- Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stephen M. Hahn
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - James W. Welsh
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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1867
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Wilkins AC, Patin EC, Harrington KJ, Melcher AA. The immunological consequences of radiation-induced DNA damage. J Pathol 2019; 247:606-614. [PMID: 30632153 DOI: 10.1002/path.5232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Historically, our understanding of the cytotoxicity of radiation has centred on tumour cell-autonomous mechanisms of cell death. Here, tumour cell death occurs when a threshold number of radiation-induced non-reparable double-stranded DNA breaks is exceeded. However, in recent years, the importance of immune mechanisms of cell death has been increasingly recognised, as well as the impact of radiotherapy on non-malignant cellular components of the tumour microenvironment. Conserved antiviral pathways that detect foreign nucleic acid in the cytosol and drive downstream interferon (IFN) responses via the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase/stimulator of IFN genes (cGAS/STING) pathway are key components of the immune response to radiation-induced DNA damage. In preclinical models, acute induction of a type 1 IFN response is important for both direct and abscopal tumour responses to radiation. Inhibitors of the DNA damage response show promise in augmenting this inflammatory IFN response. However, a substantial proportion of tumours show chronic IFN signalling prior to radiotherapy, which paradoxically drives immunosuppression. This chronic IFN signalling leads to treatment resistance, and heterotypic interactions between stromal fibroblasts and tumour cells contribute to an aggressive tumour phenotype. The effect of radiotherapy on myeloid cell populations, particularly tumour-associated macrophages, has an additional impact on the immune tumour microenvironment. It is not yet clear how the above preclinical findings translate into a human context. Human tumours show greater intratumoural genomic heterogeneity and more variable levels of chromosomal instability than experimental murine models. High-quality translational studies of immunological changes occurring during radiotherapy that incorporate intrinsic tumour biology will enable a better understanding of the immunological consequences of radiation-induced DNA damage in patients. Copyright © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Wilkins
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Emmanuel C Patin
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kevin J Harrington
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alan A Melcher
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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1868
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Mohan S, Beydoun N, Nasser E, Nguyen A, Shafiq J, Vinod S. Patterns of follow‐up care after curative radiotherapy ± chemotherapy for stage I–III non–small cell lung cancer. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2019; 15:172-180. [DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharanya Mohan
- South Western Sydney Clinical SchoolUniversity of NSW NSW Australia
| | - Nadine Beydoun
- St George Hospital Cancer Care Centre Kogarah NSW Australia
| | - Elias Nasser
- Illawarra Cancer Care Centre Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Andrew Nguyen
- South Western Sydney Clinical SchoolUniversity of NSW NSW Australia
| | - Jesmin Shafiq
- South Western Sydney Clinical SchoolUniversity of NSW NSW Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research Liverpool NSW Australia
| | - Shalini Vinod
- South Western Sydney Clinical SchoolUniversity of NSW NSW Australia
- Cancer Therapy CentreLiverpool Hospital Liverpool NSW Australia
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1869
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Lamberti G, Peterle C, Gelsomino F. DARPP-32 and t-DARPP isoform in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): could they drive patients' clinical management and be a therapeutic target? Transl Lung Cancer Res 2019; 7:S326-S328. [PMID: 30705846 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2018.12.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lamberti
- Medical Oncology Unit, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Peterle
- Medical Oncology Unit, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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1870
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Cheema PK, Rothenstein J, Melosky B, Brade A, Hirsh V. Perspectives on treatment advances for stage III locally advanced unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer. Curr Oncol 2019; 26:37-42. [PMID: 30853796 PMCID: PMC6380636 DOI: 10.3747/co.25.4096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than a decade, there has been no improvement in outcomes for patients with unresectable locally advanced (la) non-small-cell lung cancer (nsclc). The standard treatment in that setting is definitive concurrent chemotherapy and radiation (ccrt). Although the intent of treatment is curative, most patients rapidly progress, and their prognosis is poor, with a 5-year overall survival (os) rate in the 15%-25% range. Those patients therefore represent a critical unmet need, warranting expedited approval of, and access to, new treatments that can improve outcomes. The pacific trial, which evaluated durvalumab consolidation therapy after ccrt in unresectable la nsclc, demonstrated a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in progression-free survival (pfs) and a significant improvement in os. Durvalumab thus fills a critical unmet need in the setting of unresectable la nsclc and provides a new option for patients treated with curative intent. Here, we review the treatment of unresectable la nsclc, with a focus on the effect of the clinical data for durvalumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Cheema
- William Osler Health System, Brampton/Toronto, and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - J Rothenstein
- R.S. McLaughlin Durham Regional Cancer Centre, Oshawa, and Queen's University, Kingston, ON
| | - B Melosky
- BC Cancer-Vancouver and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - A Brade
- Peel Regional Cancer Centre, Mississauga, and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - V Hirsh
- Royal Victoria Hospital and McGill University, Montreal, QC
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1871
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Peters S, Dafni U, Boyer M, De Ruysscher D, Faivre-Finn C, Felip E, Garrido P, Girard N, Guckenberger M, Haanen J, Le Pechoux C, Mornex F, Ozsahin M, Paz-Ares L, Planchard D, Raben D, Ramalingam S, Reck M, Smit E, Stahel R, Stenzinger A, Swanton C, Vallone S, Garassino MC. Position of a panel of international lung cancer experts on the approval decision for use of durvalumab in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP). Ann Oncol 2019; 30:161-165. [PMID: 30624547 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Peters
- Oncology Department, Lausanne University and CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - U Dafni
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - M Boyer
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, Australia
| | - D De Ruysscher
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro Clinic), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C Faivre-Finn
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust & University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - E Felip
- Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Garrido
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Girard
- Thorax Institute, Institute Curie, Paris, France
| | - M Guckenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Haanen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Le Pechoux
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - F Mornex
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - M Ozsahin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Paz-Ares
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, CNIO & Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Planchard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thoracic Group, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - D Raben
- Marsico Family Endowed Chair of Head and Neck Cancer Research, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, USA
| | - S Ramalingam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, USA
| | - M Reck
- LungenClinic, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - E Smit
- Egbert Smit, Department Thoracic Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Stahel
- Chair Comprehensive Cancer Center Zürich, Universitätspital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Stenzinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Swanton
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Stability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute and UCL Cancer Institute, UK
| | - S Vallone
- Lung Cancer Europe (LuCE), Bern, Switzerland
| | - M C Garassino
- Thoracic Oncology, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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1872
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Facchinetti F, Majori M, Sabato M, Gnetti L, Tiseo M. Early fatal hemoptysis after first-dose, first-line pembrolizumab in a central lung cancer: did tumor shrinkage matter? Immunotherapy 2019; 11:161-166. [PMID: 30730279 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A patient diagnosed with centrally located advanced lung adenocarcinoma with signs of large vessels infiltration, strongly expressing PD-L1, was candidate to first-line pembrolizumab. He had not complained of any bleeding manifestation before immunotherapy. 5 days after the first dose of pembrolizumab, the patient experienced massive, fatal hemoptysis. Given the central localization of the tumor and the strong PD-L1 expression, a contribution of rapid disease shrinkage is envisaged in determining the fatal hemorrhagic event. An attentive clinical attitude should be dedicated in centrally located and vessel-infiltrating tumors strongly expressing PD-L1 and candidate to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Facchinetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of General and Specialistic Medicine, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Majori
- Pulmonology & Thoracic Endoscopy Unit, Department of General and Specialistic Medicine, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Mariangela Sabato
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Letizia Gnetti
- Pathology Section, Diagnostic Department, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Marcello Tiseo
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of General and Specialistic Medicine, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
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1873
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Commentary: Are we really operating on advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 157:1631-1632. [PMID: 30665757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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1874
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Belluomini L, Fiorica F, Frassoldati A. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Radiotherapy in NSCLC Patients: Not Just a Fluke. Oncol Ther 2019; 7:83-91. [PMID: 32700194 PMCID: PMC7360008 DOI: 10.1007/s40487-019-0092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, atezolizumab and durvalumab, has revolutionized the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Concurrent radiotherapy (RT) is of particular interest with regard to the potential role for this combination in many settings. The purpose of this commentary is to evaluate the potential for the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors and radiotherapy, including analysis of studies that have considered this combination in various settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Fiorica
- Radiation Oncology Unit, University Hospital St. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
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1875
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Leaman Alcibar O, Candini D, López-Campos F, Albert Antequera M, Morillo Macías V, Conde AJ, Rodríguez Pérez A, Hervás Morón A, Contreras Martínez J, Ferrer Albiach C, Navarro Aguilar S, Rodríguez-Ruiz ME. Time for radioimmunotherapy: an overview to bring improvements in clinical practice. Clin Transl Oncol 2019; 21:992-1004. [PMID: 30644044 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-018-02027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing the patient's own immune system against an established cancer has proven to be a successful strategy. Within the last years, several antibodies blocking critical "checkpoints" that control the activation of T cells, the immune cells able to kill cancer cells, have been approved for the use in patients with different tumours. Unfortunately, these cases remain a minority. Over the last years, radiotherapy has been reported as a means to turn a patient's own tumour into an in situ vaccine and generate anti-tumour T cells in patients who lack sufficient anti-tumour immunity. Indeed, review data show that the strategy of blocking multiple selected immune inhibitory targets in combination with radiotherapy has the potential to unleash powerful anti-tumour responses and improve the outcome of metastatic solid tumours. Here, we review the principal tumours where research in this field has led to new knowledge and where radioimmunotherapy becomes a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Leaman Alcibar
- Radiation Oncology Department, Central University Hospital of Defence Gómez Ulla, Madrid, Spain.
| | - D Candini
- Radiation Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - F López-Campos
- Radiation Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Albert Antequera
- Radiation Oncology Department, La Ribera University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - V Morillo Macías
- Radiation Oncology Department, General Hospital in Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
| | - A J Conde
- Radiation Oncology Department, The University and Polytechnic La Fe Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Rodríguez Pérez
- Radiation Oncology Department, Internacional Ruber Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Hervás Morón
- Radiation Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - C Ferrer Albiach
- Radiation Oncology Department, General Hospital in Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
| | - S Navarro Aguilar
- Radiation Oncology Department, Oncology and Radiotherapy Institut, Ricardo Palma Clinic, Lima, Peru
| | - M E Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Radiation Oncology Department, University of Navarra Clinic and CIMA, Navarra, Spain
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1876
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Tsao AS, Jolly S, Lee JM. Updates in Local-Regionally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2019; 39:553-562. [PMID: 31099691 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_237839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The landscape for therapy in local-regionally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has shifted dramatically in the last year as a result of the PACIFIC trial, which demonstrated a significant survival benefit with the addition of 1 year of durvalumab after concurrent chemoradiation. This is a new standard of care for unresectable local-regionally advanced NSCLC and is the first trial to show that immunotherapy can increase survival in earlier-stage NSCLC. Several clinical trials are underway or in development to explore the role of adding immunotherapy to concurrent chemoradiation, followed by a year of immunotherapy or to even replace chemotherapy in this treatment paradigm. In resectable disease, adjuvant chemotherapy is still the standard of care for stage IB (tumors ≥ 4 cm) through stage III disease. However, new studies are investigating the role of adding immunotherapy to neoadjuvant chemotherapy or as adjuvant therapy for 1 year after resection. Molecular profiling for early-stage disease is not currently the standard of care, but several national clinical trials are studying the benefit of adding adjuvant-targeted therapies. This article will detail the current standard practices in early-stage and local-regionally advanced NSCLC and describe the evolving strategies that are under investigation that may further refine our current practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Tsao
- 1 The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Shruti Jolly
- 2 University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jay M Lee
- 3 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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1877
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Botticella A, Mezquita L, Le Pechoux C, Planchard D. Durvalumab for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer patients: clinical evidence and real-world experience. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2019; 13:1753466619885530. [PMID: 31686616 PMCID: PMC6831969 DOI: 10.1177/1753466619885530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has a dismal prognosis, with only 15-20% of patients alive at 5 years after concomitant chemo-radiotherapy, which represents the standard treatment. Targeting immune-checkpoint inhibitors represents a standard option for advanced NSCLC. Improvements in understanding of the immune profile of NSCLC has led to the development of immunotherapeutic strategies, including inhibitory molecules responsible for abrogating an anticancer immune response such as programmed cell-death 1 and programmed cell-death ligand 1. A recently published phase III trial (PACIFIC) showed for the first time an improved overall survival in stage III NSCLC patients with consolidative durvalumab. The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the clinical evidence for the use of durvalumab in stage III NSCLC, with a brief overview on future perspectives in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Mezquita
- Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy,
Villejuif, France
| | | | - David Planchard
- Head of Thoracic Oncology Group, Medical
Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, Villejuif
94805, France
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1878
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Radiation Therapy in Non-small-Cell Lung Cancer. Radiat Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-52619-5_34-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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1879
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Dahl O, Dale JE, Brydøy M. Rationale for combination of radiation therapy and immune checkpoint blockers to improve cancer treatment. Acta Oncol 2019; 58:9-20. [PMID: 30632870 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2018.1554259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy for cancer is considered to be immunosuppressive. However, the cellular response after radiation therapy may stimulate or suppress an immune response. The effect may vary with the tumor type and occasionally tumor regressions have been observed outside the irradiated volume, both in animal studies and in the clinic. A renewed interest in the role of immunity for the observed effect of radiation came with the current recognized role of immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) for control of selected cancer types. We therefore here review preclinical studies and clinical reports on the interaction of ICBs and radiation as a basis for further clinical trials. Some tumor types where the combination of these modalities seems especially promising are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav Dahl
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Oncology and Medical Physics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jon Espen Dale
- Department of Oncology and Medical Physics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marianne Brydøy
- Department of Oncology and Medical Physics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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1880
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Prabhash K, Patil V, Noronha V, Joshi A, Abhyankar A, Menon N, Banavali S, Gupta S. Low doses in immunotherapy: Are they effective? CANCER RESEARCH, STATISTICS, AND TREATMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/crst.crst_29_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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1881
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Majem M, Juan O, Insa A, Reguart N, Trigo JM, Carcereny E, García-Campelo R, García Y, Guirado M, Provencio M. SEOM clinical guidelines for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (2018). Clin Transl Oncol 2019; 21:3-17. [PMID: 30446985 PMCID: PMC6339680 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-018-1978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for up to 85% of all lung cancers. The last few years have seen the development of a new staging system, diagnostic procedures such as liquid biopsy, treatments like immunotherapy, as well as deeper molecular knowledge; so, more options can be offered to patients with driver mutations. Groups with specific treatments account for around 25% and demonstrate significant increases in overall survival, and in some subgroups, it is important to evaluate each treatment alternative in accordance with scientific evidence, and even more so with immunotherapy. New treatments similarly mean that we must reconsider what should be done in oligometastatic disease where local treatment attains greater value.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Majem
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - O. Juan
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - A. Insa
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - N. Reguart
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. M. Trigo
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - E. Carcereny
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Català d’Oncologia Badalona-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - R. García-Campelo
- Medical Oncology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Coruña, Spain
| | - Y. García
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Sabadell, Spain
| | - M. Guirado
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - M. Provencio
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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1882
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Früh M, Betticher DC, Stupp R, Xyrafas A, Peters S, Ris HB, Mirimanoff RO, Ochsenbein AF, Schmid R, Matzinger O, Stahel RA, Weder W, Guckenberger M, Rothschild SI, Lardinois D, Mach N, Mark M, Gautschi O, Thierstein S, Biaggi Rudolf C, Pless M. Multimodal Treatment in Operable Stage III NSCLC: A Pooled Analysis on Long-Term Results of Three SAKK trials (SAKK 16/96, 16/00, and 16/01). J Thorac Oncol 2019; 14:115-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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1883
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Onesti CE, Frères P, Jerusalem G. Atypical patterns of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors: interpreting pseudoprogression and hyperprogression in decision making for patients' treatment. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11:35-38. [PMID: 30863564 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.12.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Elisa Onesti
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA Research Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital (CHU Liège), Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Medical Oncology, GIGA Research Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Frères
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital (CHU Liège), Liège, Belgium
| | - Guy Jerusalem
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital (CHU Liège), Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Medical Oncology, GIGA Research Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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1884
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From Tumor Immunology to Immunotherapy in Gastric and Esophageal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010013. [PMID: 30577521 PMCID: PMC6337592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal and gastric cancers represent tumors with poor prognosis. Unfortunately, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy have made only limited progress in recent years in improving the generally disappointing outcome. Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors is a novel treatment approach that quickly entered clinical practice in malignant melanoma and renal cell cancer, but the role in esophageal and gastric cancer is still poorly defined. The principal prognostic/predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy efficacy currently considered are PD-L1 expression along with defects in mismatch repair genes resulting in microsatellite instability (MSI-H) phenotype. The new molecular classification of gastric cancer also takes these factors into consideration. Available reports regarding PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2 expression and MSI status in gastric and esophageal cancer are reviewed to summarize the clinical prognostic and predictive role together with potential clinical implications. The most important recently published clinical trials evaluating checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in these tumors are also summarized.
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1885
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Immunosuppression for Immune Checkpoint-related Toxicity Can Cause Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia (PJP) in Non-small-cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): A Report of 2 Cases. Clin Lung Cancer 2018; 20:e247-e250. [PMID: 30635258 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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1886
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Wang SJ, Haffty B. Radiotherapy as a New Player in Immuno-Oncology. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10120515. [PMID: 30558196 PMCID: PMC6315809 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10120515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent development in radiation biology has revealed potent immunogenic properties of radiotherapy in cancer treatments. However, antitumor immune effects of radiotherapy are limited by the concomitant induction of radiation-dependent immunosuppressive effects. In the growing era of immunotherapy, combining radiotherapy with immunomodulating agents has demonstrated enhancement of radiation-induced antitumor immune activation that correlated with improved treatment outcomes. Yet, how to optimally deliver combination therapy regarding dose-fractionation and timing of radiotherapy is largely unknown. Future prospective testing to fine-tune this promising combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Jui Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany St., New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Bruce Haffty
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany St., New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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1887
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Putora PM. Electronic Patient-Reported Outcomes: A New Standard of Care? Oncology 2018; 98:327-328. [PMID: 30540993 DOI: 10.1159/000494925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Martin Putora
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland, .,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,
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1888
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Buchwald ZS, Wynne J, Nasti TH, Zhu S, Mourad WF, Yan W, Gupta S, Khleif SN, Khan MK. Radiation, Immune Checkpoint Blockade and the Abscopal Effect: A Critical Review on Timing, Dose and Fractionation. Front Oncol 2018; 8:612. [PMID: 30619752 PMCID: PMC6306034 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of radiation and immunotherapy is currently an exciting avenue of pre-clinical and clinical investigation. The synergy between these two treatment modalities has the potential to expand the role of radiation from a purely local therapy, to a role in advanced and metastatic disease. Tumor regression outside of the irradiated field, known as the abscopal effect, is a recognized phenomenon mediated by lymphocytes and enhanced by checkpoint blockade. In this review, we summarize the known mechanistic data behind the immunostimulatory effects of radiation and how this is enhanced by immunotherapy. We also provide pre-clinical data supporting specific radiation timing and optimal dose/fractionation for induction of a robust anti-tumor immune response with or without checkpoint blockade. Importantly, these data are placed in a larger context of understanding T-cell exhaustion and the impact of immunotherapy on this phenotype. We also include relevant pre-clinical studies done in non-tumor systems. We discuss the published clinical trials and briefly summarize salient case reports evaluating the abscopal effect. Much of the data discussed here remains at the preliminary stage, and a number of interesting avenues of research remain under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Buchwald
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jacob Wynne
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Tahseen H Nasti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Simeng Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Waleed F Mourad
- Erlanger UT Radiation Oncology, Chattanooga, TN, United States
| | - Weisi Yan
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of Southern Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Seema Gupta
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Samir N Khleif
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Mohammad K Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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1889
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Arcangeli S, Jereczek-Fossa BA, Alongi F, Aristei C, Becherini C, Belgioia L, Buglione M, Caravatta L, D'Angelillo RM, Filippi AR, Fiore M, Genovesi D, Greco C, Livi L, Magrini SM, Marvaso G, Mazzola R, Meattini I, Merlotti A, Palumbo I, Pergolizzi S, Ramella S, Ricardi U, Russi E, Trovò M, Sindoni A, Valentini V, Corvò R. Combination of novel systemic agents and radiotherapy for solid tumors - part I: An AIRO (Italian association of radiotherapy and clinical oncology) overview focused on treatment efficacy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 134:87-103. [PMID: 30658886 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past century, technologic advances have promoted the evolution of radiation therapy into a precise treatment modality allowing for the maximal administration of dose to tumors while sparing normal tissues. In parallel with this technological maturation, the rapid expansion in understanding the basic biology and heterogeneity of cancer has led to the development of several compounds that target specific pathways. Many of them are in advanced steps of clinical development for combination treatments with radiotherapy, and can be incorporated into radiation oncology practice for a personalized approach to maximize the therapeutic gain. This review describes the rationale for combining novel agents with radiation, and provides an overview of the current landscape focused on treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Arcangeli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Policlinico S. Gerardo and University of Milan "Bicocca", Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Filippo Alongi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Cancer Care Center, Negrar-Verona, and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cynthia Aristei
- Radiation Oncology Section, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia General Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlotta Becherini
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Liliana Belgioia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino and University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Buglione
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University and Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luciana Caravatta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, SS. Annunziata Hospital, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Michele Fiore
- Radiotherapy Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Genovesi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, SS. Annunziata Hospital, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Carlo Greco
- Radiotherapy Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Livi
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefano Maria Magrini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University and Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulia Marvaso
- Deparment of Radiation Oncology of IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosario Mazzola
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Cancer Care Center, Negrar-Verona, and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Icro Meattini
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Anna Merlotti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, S. Croce and Carle Teaching Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Isabella Palumbo
- Radiation Oncology Section, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia General Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Pergolizzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Sara Ramella
- Radiotherapy Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elvio Russi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, S. Croce and Carle Teaching Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Marco Trovò
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sindoni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Valentini
- Gemelli Advanced Radiation Therapy Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Renzo Corvò
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino and University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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1890
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Arcangeli S, Jereczek-Fossa BA, Alongi F, Aristei C, Becherini C, Belgioia L, Buglione M, Caravatta L, D'Angelillo RM, Filippi AR, Fiore M, Genovesi D, Greco C, Livi L, Magrini SM, Marvaso G, Mazzola R, Meattini I, Merlotti A, Palumbo I, Pergolizzi S, Ramella S, Ricardi U, Russi E, Trovò M, Sindoni A, Valentini V, Corvò R. Combination of novel systemic agents and radiotherapy for solid tumors - Part II: An AIRO (Italian association of radiotherapy and clinical oncology) overview focused on treatment toxicity. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 134:104-119. [PMID: 30658887 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical development and use of novel systemic agents in combination with radiotherapy (RT) is at nowadays most advanced in the field of treatment of solid tumors. Although for many of these substances preclinical studies provide sufficient evidences on their principal capability to enhance radiation effects, the majority of them have not been investigated in even phase I clinical trials for safety in the context of RT. In clinical practice, unexpected acute and late side effects may emerge especially in combination with RT. As a matter of fact, despite combined modality treatment holds potential for enhancing the therapeutic ratio, some concerns are raised from the lack of high-quality clinical data to guide the care of patients who are treated with novel compounds in conjunction with RT. The aim of this review is to provide, from a radio-oncological point of view, an overview of the most advanced combined treatment concepts for solid tumors focusing on treatment toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Arcangeli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Policlinico S. Gerardo and University of Milan "Bicocca", Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Filippo Alongi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Cancer Care Center, Negrar-Verona, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cynthia Aristei
- Radiation Oncology Section, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia General Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlotta Becherini
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Liliana Belgioia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino and University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Buglione
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University and Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luciana Caravatta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, SS. Annunziata Hospital, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Michele Fiore
- Radiotherapy Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Genovesi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, SS. Annunziata Hospital, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Carlo Greco
- Radiotherapy Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Livi
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefano Maria Magrini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University and Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulia Marvaso
- Deparment of Radiation Oncology of IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosario Mazzola
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Cancer Care Center, Negrar-Verona, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Icro Meattini
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Anna Merlotti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, S. Croce and Carle Teaching Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Isabella Palumbo
- Radiation Oncology Section, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia General Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Pergolizzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Sara Ramella
- Radiotherapy Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elvio Russi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, S. Croce and Carle Teaching Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Marco Trovò
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sindoni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Valentini
- Gemelli Advanced Radiation Therapy Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Renzo Corvò
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino and University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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1891
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of new lung cancer cases and has 5-year survival rates ranging from 92% in early-stage disease to as low as 13% in locally advanced cases. Radiation therapy is a key component in the treatment repertoire for NSCLC, where it is currently used alone or in combinations with chemotherapy and surgery. Despite the broad use of modern photon radiation techniques, as many as 25% of patients experience isolated locoregional recurrences, and toxicity has been proven to be a limiting factor in many cases. Proton beam therapy (PBT) has emerged as a potential solution to improve upon clinical outcomes in both early-stage and locally advanced disease. The proton beam allows for a sharp dose build-up and drop-off, which is particularly important in lung cancer where nearby structures include the heart, spinal cord, esophagus, and uninvolved lung. There are now numerous studies showing dosimetric advantages of PBT in early and locally advanced NSCLC, particularly in the heart and lung doses. Randomized data comparing clinical outcomes between proton and photon radiation are limited to a small number of studies. Despite early results suggesting improvements or at least comparable outcomes with PBT, the most recent randomized comparisons have failed to show significant differences in toxicity and local control between photon and proton therapy. As newer PBT techniques (e.g., intensity-modulated proton therapy) are increasingly utilized, more dramatic improvements in tumor control and toxicity may be demonstrated. It is also important to recognize that there may be certain subpopulations in which the benefits of proton therapy are greater, such as central early-stage tumors, previously irradiated tumors, and locally advanced tumors, while others may best be treated with traditional photon techniques. As immunotherapy becomes more prevalent in the treatment of NSCLC, improving local control and limiting the toxicity contributed by radiation will be increasingly important. The unique dosimetric advantages of PBT may allow for tumor dose escalation while maintaining normal tissue doses to improve local control, or treating the tumor to the standard dose while decreasing normal tissue doses to improve toxicity. Finally, given the high costs of proton therapy, where low insurance approval rates have limited trial enrollment, it will be important to determine the overall cost-benefit ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Mesko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Daniel Gomez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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1892
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Guckenberger M. Radiotherapy dose escalation in locally advanced NSCLC - The limits of conventional radiochemotherapy. Lung Cancer 2018; 126:208-209. [PMID: 30471812 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Guckenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), University of Zurich (UZH), Rämistrasse 100, CH - 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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1893
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Pu X, Wu L, Su D, Mao W, Fang B. Immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancers: biomarkers for predicting responses and strategies to overcome resistance. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1082. [PMID: 30409126 PMCID: PMC6225701 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4990-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in targeted therapy and immunotherapy have revolutionized the treatment of lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States and worldwide. Here we provide an overview of recent progress in immune checkpoint blockade therapy for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and discuss biomarkers associated with the treatment responses, mechanisms underlying resistance and strategies to overcome resistance. The success of immune checkpoint blockade therapies is driven by immunogenicity of tumor cells, which is associated with mutation burden and neoantigen burden in cancers. Lymphocyte infiltration in cancer tissues and interferon-γ-induced PD-L1 expression in tumor microenvironments may serve as surrogate biomarkers for adaptive immune resistance and likelihood of responses to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. In contrast, weak immunogenicity of, and/or impaired antigen presentation in, tumor cells are primary causes of resistance to these therapies. Thus, approaches that increase immunogenicity of cancer cells and/or enhance immune cell recruitment to cancer sites will likely overcome resistance to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxiang Pu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital/the affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya school of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013 Hunan China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital/the affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya school of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013 Hunan China
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38 Guanji Road, Banshan Bridge, Hangzhou, 310022 Zejiang China
| | - Weimin Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38 Guanji Road, Banshan Bridge, Hangzhou, 310022 Zejiang China
| | - Bingliang Fang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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1894
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Twomey R, Bebb G, Culos-Reed SN. Health-related quality of life after curative-intent treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: can exercise lessen the burden? ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:S76. [PMID: 30613651 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.10.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Twomey
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gwyn Bebb
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Nicole Culos-Reed
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada
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1895
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Romero D. From WCLC 2018. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2018; 15:725. [PMID: 30279453 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-018-0109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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