151
|
Curia G, Lucchi C, Vinet J, Gualtieri F, Marinelli C, Torsello A, Costantino L, Biagini G. Pathophysiogenesis of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: is prevention of damage antiepileptogenic? Curr Med Chem 2014; 21:663-88. [PMID: 24251566 PMCID: PMC4101766 DOI: 10.2174/0929867320666131119152201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is frequently associated with hippocampal sclerosis, possibly caused by a primary brain injury that occurred a long time before the appearance of neurological symptoms. This type of epilepsy is characterized by refractoriness to drug treatment, so to require surgical resection of mesial temporal regions involved in seizure onset. Even this last therapeutic approach may fail in giving relief to patients. Although prevention of hippocampal damage and epileptogenesis after a primary event could be a key innovative approach to TLE, the lack of clear data on the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to TLE does not allow any rational therapy. Here we address the current knowledge on mechanisms supposed to be involved in epileptogenesis, as well as on the possible innovative treatments that may lead to a preventive approach. Besides loss of principal neurons and of specific interneurons, network rearrangement caused by axonal sprouting and neurogenesis are well known phenomena that are integrated by changes in receptor and channel functioning and modifications in other cellular components. In particular, a growing body of evidence from the study of animal models suggests that disruption of vascular and astrocytic components of the blood-brain barrier takes place in injured brain regions such as the hippocampus and piriform cortex. These events may be counteracted by drugs able to prevent damage to the vascular component, as in the case of the growth hormone secretagogue ghrelin and its analogues. A thoroughly investigation on these new pharmacological tools may lead to design effective preventive therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - G Biagini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Laboratorio di Epilettologia Sperimentale, Universita di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Viviani B, Boraso M, Valero M, Gardoni F, Marco EM, Llorente R, Corsini E, Galli CL, Di Luca M, Marinovich M, López-Gallardo M, Viveros MP. Early maternal deprivation immunologically primes hippocampal synapses by redistributing interleukin-1 receptor type I in a sex dependent manner. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 35:135-43. [PMID: 24060584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Challenges experienced in early life cause an enduring phenotypical shift of immune cells towards a sensitised state that may lead to an exacerbated reaction later in life and contribute to increased vulnerability to neurological diseases. Peripheral and central inflammation may affect neuronal function through cytokines such as IL-1. The extent to which an early life challenge induces long-term alteration of immune receptors organization in neurons has not been shown. We investigated whether a single episode of maternal deprivation (MD) on post-natal day (PND) 9 affects: (i) the synapse distribution of IL-1RI together with subunits of NMDA and AMPA receptors; and (ii) the interactions between IL-1RI and the GluN2B subunit of the NMDAR in the long-term, at PND 45. MD increased IL-1RI levels and IL-1RI interactions with GluN2B at the synapse of male hippocampal neurons, without affecting the total number of IL-1RI or NMDAR subunits. Although GluN2B and GluN2A were slightly but not significantly changed at the synapse, their ratio was significantly decreased in the hippocampus of the male rats who had experienced MD; the levels of the GluA1 and GluA2 subunits of the AMPAR were also decreased. These changes were not observed immediately after the MD episode. None of the observed alterations occurred in the hippocampus of the females or in the prefrontal cortex of either sex. These data reveal a long-term, sex-dependent modification in receptor organisation at the hippocampal post-synapses following MD. We suggest that this effect might contribute to priming hippocampal synapses to the action of IL-1β.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Viviani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Mariaserena Boraso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuel Valero
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Maria Marco
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Llorente
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Corrado Lodovico Galli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Di Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Marinovich
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Meritxell López-Gallardo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria-Paz Viveros
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Rossi S, Bozzali M, Bari M, Mori F, Studer V, Motta C, Buttari F, Cercignani M, Gravina P, Mastrangelo N, Castelli M, Mancino R, Nucci C, Sottile F, Bernardini S, Maccarrone M, Centonze D. Association between a genetic variant of type-1 cannabinoid receptor and inflammatory neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82848. [PMID: 24391723 PMCID: PMC3877004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic ablation of type-1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs) exacerbates the neurodegenerative damage of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the rodent model of multiple sclerosis (MS). To address the role on CB1Rs in the pathophysiology of human MS, we first investigated the impact of AAT trinucleotide short tandem repeat polymorphism of CNR1 gene on CB1R cell expression, and secondly on the inflammatory neurodegeneration process responsible for irreversible disability in MS patients. We found that MS patients with long AAT repeats within the CNR1 gene (≥12 in both alleles) had more pronounced neuronal degeneration in response to inflammatory white matter damage both in the optic nerve and in the cortex. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), in fact, showed more severe alterations of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and of the macular volume (MV) after an episode of optic neuritis in MS patients carrying the long AAT genotype of CNR1. MS patients with long AAT repeats also had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of increased gray matter damage in response to inflammatory lesions of the white matter, especially in areas with a major role in cognition. In parallel, visual abilities evaluated at the low contrast acuity test, and cognitive performances were negatively influenced by the long AAT CNR1 genotype in our sample of MS patients. Our results demonstrate the biological relevance of the (AAT)n CNR1 repeats in the inflammatory neurodegenerative damage of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rossi
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Bari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Chirurgia, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Mori
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Studer
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Motta
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Buttari
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Cercignani
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Gravina
- Dipartimento Medicina di Laboratorio, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolina Mastrangelo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Chirurgia, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Maura Castelli
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Mancino
- Clinica Oculistica, Dipartimento di Biopatologia, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Nucci
- Clinica Oculistica, Dipartimento di Biopatologia, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Bernardini
- Dipartimento Medicina di Laboratorio, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Center of Integrated Research, School of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Prins M, Eriksson C, Wierinckx A, Bol JGJM, Binnekade R, Tilders FJH, Van Dam AM. Interleukin-1β and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist appear in grey matter additionally to white matter lesions during experimental multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83835. [PMID: 24376764 PMCID: PMC3871572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been mainly attributed to white matter (WM) pathology. However, recent evidence indicated the presence of grey matter (GM) lesions. One of the principal mediators of inflammatory processes is interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which is known to play a role in MS pathogenesis. It is unknown whether IL-1β is solely present in WM or also in GM lesions. Using an experimental MS model, we questioned whether IL-1β and the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) are present in GM in addition to affected WM regions. METHODS The expression of IL-1β and IL-1ra in chronic-relapsing EAE (cr-EAE) rats was examined using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. Rats were sacrificed at the peak of the first disease phase, the trough of the remission phase, and at the peak of the relapse. Histopathological characteristics of CNS lesions were studied using immunohistochemistry for PLP, CD68 and CD3 and Oil-Red O histochemistry. RESULTS IL-1β and IL-ra expression appears to a similar extent in affected GM and WM regions in the brain and spinal cord of cr-EAE rats, particularly in perivascular and periventricular locations. IL-1β and IL-1ra expression was dedicated to macrophages and/or activated microglial cells, at sites of starting demyelination. The time-dependent expression of IL-1β and IL-1ra revealed that within the spinal cord IL-1β and IL-1ra mRNA remained present throughout the disease, whereas in the brain their expression disappeared during the relapse. CONCLUSIONS The appearance of IL-1β expressing cells in GM within the CNS during cr-EAE may explain the occurrence of several clinical deficits present in EAE and MS which cannot be attributed solely to the presence of IL-1β in WM. Endogenously produced IL-1ra seems not capable to counteract IL-1β-induced effects. We put forward that IL-1β may behold promise as a target to address GM, in addition to WM, related pathology in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Prins
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotta Eriksson
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Wierinckx
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- UNIV UMR1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - John G. J. M. Bol
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Binnekade
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fred J. H. Tilders
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Van Dam
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Nisticò R, Mori F, Feligioni M, Nicoletti F, Centonze D. Synaptic plasticity in multiple sclerosis and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 369:20130162. [PMID: 24298163 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately half of all patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience cognitive dysfunction, including learning and memory impairment. Recent studies suggest that hippocampal pathology is involved, although the mechanisms underlying these deficits remain poorly understood. Evidence obtained from a mouse model of MS, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), suggests that in the hippocampus of EAE mice long-term potentiation (LTP) is favoured over long-term depression in response to repetitive synaptic activation, through a mechanism dependent on enhanced IL-1β released from infiltrating lymphocytes or activated microglia. Facilitated LTP during an immune-mediated attack might underlie functional recovery, but also cognitive deficits and excitotoxic neurodegeneration. Having identified that pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β can influence synaptic function and integrity in early MS, it is hoped that new treatments targeted towards preventing synaptic pathology can be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nisticò
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, , 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
156
|
Feng M, Shu Y, Yang Y, Zheng X, Li R, Wang Y, Dai Y, Qiu W, Lu Z, Hu X. Ulinastatin attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by enhancing anti-inflammatory responses. Neurochem Int 2013; 64:64-72. [PMID: 24274996 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common inflammatory and demyelinating neurological disease. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, has been widely used to test MS treatment methods. Ulinastatin (UTI), a drug used to treat acute inflammatory disorders, has been tested in animal models of autoimmune inflammatory diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and crescentic glomerulonephritis. We recently found that UTI has a neuroprotective effect on EAE by reducing oligodendrocyte apoptosis and demyelination. The anti-inflammatory effects of UTI on EAE/MS, however, have never been investigated. We have therefore evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of UTI in EAE and explored the mechanisms underlying this effect. EAE was induced in mice with and without UTI treatment. Inflammation and demyelination of spinal cords were evaluated by staining with hematoxylin and eosin and with Luxol fast blue, respectively. Inflammatory markers in serum were analyzed by the Luminex method, and spinal cords were evaluated by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. UTI significantly lowered the clinical and pathological scores and the serum concentrations of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and matrix metal protease-9 (MMP-9). UTI also reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)/nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB)/inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) proteins and decreased CD11b(+) cells in spinal cord lesions. UTI may protect against EAE in mice by suppressing inflammatory responses. We think that UTI might be a potential therapeutic agent for MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Gerontology and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yaqing Shu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xueping Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yuge Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yongqiang Dai
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xueqiang Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Dias C, McDonald A, Sincan M, Rupps R, Markello T, Salvarinova R, Santos RF, Menghrajani K, Ahaghotu C, Sutherland DP, Fortuno ES, Kollmann TR, Demos M, Friedman JM, Speert DP, Gahl WA, Boerkoel CF. Recurrent subacute post-viral onset of ataxia associated with a PRF1 mutation. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 21:1232-9. [PMID: 23443029 PMCID: PMC3798831 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an important contributor to pediatric and adult neurodegeneration. Understanding the genetic determinants of neuroinflammation provides valuable insight into disease mechanism. We characterize a disorder of recurrent immune-mediated neurodegeneration. We report two sisters who presented with neurodegeneration triggered by infections. The proband, a previously healthy girl, presented at 22.5 months with ataxia and dysarthria following mild gastroenteritis. MRI at onset showed a symmetric signal abnormality of the cerebellar and peritrigonal white matter. Following a progressive course of partial remissions and relapses, she died at 5 years of age. Her older sister had a similar course following varicella infection, she died within 13 months. Both sisters had unremarkable routine laboratory testing, with exception of a transient mild cytopenia in the proband 19 months after presentation. Exome sequencing identified a biallelic perforin1 mutation (PRF1; p.R225W) previously associated with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL). In contrast to FHL, these girls did not have hematopathology or cytokine overproduction. However, 3 years after disease onset, the proband had markedly deficient interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) production. These observations extend the spectrum of disease associated with perforin mutations to immune-mediated neurodegeneration triggered by infection and possibly due to primary immunodeficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Dias
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Genetics and Health Cluster, Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Allison McDonald
- Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infection in Children, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Murat Sincan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rosemarie Rupps
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Genetics and Health Cluster, Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Rare Disease Foundation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Thomas Markello
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ramona Salvarinova
- Division of Biochemical Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rui F Santos
- Department of Radiology, BC Children's Hospital & University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kamal Menghrajani
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chidi Ahaghotu
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Darren P Sutherland
- Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infection in Children, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Edgardo S Fortuno
- Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infection in Children, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tobias R Kollmann
- Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infection in Children, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michelle Demos
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jan M Friedman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Genetics and Health Cluster, Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David P Speert
- Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infection in Children, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cornelius F Boerkoel
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Genetics and Health Cluster, Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Interleukin-1β alters glutamate transmission at purkinje cell synapses in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci 2013; 33:12105-21. [PMID: 23864696 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5369-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar deficit contributes significantly to disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). Several clinical and experimental studies have investigated the pathophysiology of cerebellar dysfunction in this neuroinflammatory disorder, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS, proinflammatory cytokines, together with a degeneration of inhibitory neurons, contribute to impair GABAergic transmission at Purkinje cells (PCs). Here, we investigated glutamatergic transmission to gain insight into the pathophysiology of cerebellar dysfunction in EAE. Electrophysiological recordings from PCs showed increased duration of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) during the symptomatic phase of EAE, suggesting an alteration of glutamate uptake played by Bergmann glia. We indeed observed an impaired functioning of the glutamate-aspartate transporter/excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (GLAST/EAAT1) in EAE cerebellum caused by protein downregulation and in correlation with prominent astroglia activation. We have also demonstrated that the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β), released by a subset of activated microglia/macrophages and infiltrating lymphocytes, was involved directly in such synaptic alteration. In fact, brief incubation of IL-1β in normal cerebellar slices replicated EAE modifications through a rapid GLAST/EAAT1 downregulation, whereas incubation of an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) in EAE slices reduced spontaneous EPSC alterations. Finally, EAE mice treated with intracerebroventricular IL-1ra showed normal glutamatergic and GABAergic transmissions, along with GLAST/EAAT1 normalization, milder inflammation, and reduced motor deficits. These results highlight the crucial role played by the proinflammatory IL-1β in triggering molecular and synaptic events involved in neurodegenerative processes that characterize neuroinflammatory diseases such as MS.
Collapse
|
159
|
Yan X, 严 喜, Weng HR, 翁 汉. Endogenous interleukin-1β in neuropathic rats enhances glutamate release from the primary afferents in the spinal dorsal horn through coupling with presynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:30544-30557. [PMID: 24003233 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.495465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive activation of glutamate receptors and overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the spinal dorsal horn, are key mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which endogenous IL-1β alters glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the spinal dorsal horn in rats with neuropathic pain induced by ligation of the L5 spinal nerve. We demonstrated that endogenous IL-1β in neuropathic rats enhances glutamate release from the primary afferent terminals and non-NMDA glutamate receptor activities in postsynaptic neurons in the spinal dorsal horn. Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) is a mediator used by IL-1β to enhance non-NMDA glutamate receptor activities in postsynaptic neurons in the spinal dorsal horn. Presynaptic NMDA receptors are effector receptors used by the endogenous IL-1β to enhance glutamate release from the primary afferents in neuropathic rats. This is further supported by the fact that NMDA currents recorded from small neurons in the dorsal root ganglion of normal rats are potentiated by exogenous IL-1β. Furthermore, we provided evidence that functional coupling between IL-1β receptors and presynaptic NMDA receptors at the primary afferent terminals is mediated by the neutral sphingomyelinase/ceramide signaling pathway. Hence, functional coupling between IL-1β receptors and presynaptic NMDA receptors at the primary afferent terminals is a crucial mechanism leading to enhanced glutamate release and activation of non-NMDA receptors in the spinal dorsal horn neurons in neuropathic pain conditions. Interruption of such functional coupling could be an effective approach for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xisheng Yan
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - 喜胜 严
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Han-Rong Weng
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - 汉荣 翁
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia 30602.
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Musella A, Mandolesi G, Gentile A, Rossi S, Studer V, Motta C, Sepman H, Fresegna D, Haji N, Paolillo A, Matarese G, Centonze D. Cladribine interferes with IL-1β synaptic effects in experimental multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 264:8-13. [PMID: 24045165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of glutamate-mediated synaptic transmission occur in both multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS. Here we investigated whether intracerebroventricular (Icv) administration of cladribine has effects on EAE. Icv infusion of cladribine reduced the clinical deficits of EAE mice and reversed EAE-induced enhancement of excitatory postsynaptic current (sEPSC) frequency, a neurophysiological measure of glutamatergic synaptopathy associated with central inflammation. Cladribine failed to interfere with EAE-induced microglial and astroglial activation, but blocked EAE synaptic alterations by interfering with interleukin-1β effects. Cladribine possesses neuroprotective properties in experimental MS that are independent of its peripheral immunosuppressant action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Musella
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), 00143 Rome, Italy; UOC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
161
|
Interleukin-1β promotes long-term potentiation in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 16:38-51. [PMID: 23892937 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The immune system shapes synaptic transmission and plasticity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS). These synaptic adaptations are believed to drive recovery of function after brain lesions, and also learning and memory deficits and excitotoxic neurodegeneration; whether inflammation influences synaptic plasticity in MS patients is less clear. In a cohort of 59 patients with MS, we found that continuous theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation did not induce the expected long-term depression (LTD)-like synaptic phenomenon, but caused persisting enhancement of brain cortical excitability. The amplitude of this long-term potentiation (LTP)-like synaptic phenomenon correlated with the concentration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the cerebrospinal fluid. In MS and EAE, the brain and spinal cord are typically enriched of CD3(+) T lymphocyte infiltrates, which are, along with activated microglia and astroglia, a major cause of inflammation. Here, we found a correlation between the presence of infiltrating T lymphocytes in the hippocampus of EAE mice and synaptic plasticity alterations. We observed that T lymphocytes from EAE, but not from control mice, release IL-1β and promote LTP appearance over LTD, thereby mimicking the facilitated LTP induction observed in the cortex of MS patients. EAE-specific T lymphocytes were able to suppress GABAergic transmission in an IL-1β-dependent manner, providing a possible synaptic mechanism able to lower the threshold of LTP induction in MS brains. Moreover, in vivo blockade of IL-1β signaling resulted in inflammation and synaptopathy recovery in EAE hippocampus. These data provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of MS.
Collapse
|
162
|
Rossi S, Motta C, Studer V, Barbieri F, Buttari F, Bergami A, Sancesario G, Bernardini S, De Angelis G, Martino G, Furlan R, Centonze D. Tumor necrosis factor is elevated in progressive multiple sclerosis and causes excitotoxic neurodegeneration. Mult Scler 2013; 20:304-12. [PMID: 23886826 DOI: 10.1177/1352458513498128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation leads to gray matter damage in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS), but the mechanism linking inflammation and neurodegeneration is unclear. OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper is to investigate the synaptic mechanism of inflammatory neurodegeneration in progressive forms of MS. METHODS Cytokine and neurofilament-light were determined in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients. In vitro electrophysiology and cell swelling experiments were performed to measure the effects of inflammatory cytokines in the CSF of MS patients on synaptic transmission and neuronal integrity. RESULTS Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) was higher in CSF of progressive MS subjects, and caused excitotoxic neuronal death in vitro. In murine brain slices incubated in the presence of CSF from progressive MS, in fact, we observed increased spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) and glutamate-mediated neuronal swelling through a mechanism dependent on enhanced TNF signaling. We also suggested a pathogenic role of B cells in TNF CSF increase, exacerbation of glutamatergic transmission and neuronal damage, since CNS depletion of B cells with intrathecal rituximab caused a dramatic reduction of TNF levels, of TNF-induced sEPSC alterations, and of neurofilament CSF concentrations in a patient with progressive MS. CONCLUSION Our results point to TNF as a primary neurotoxic molecule in progressive forms of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rossi
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
163
|
De Chiara V, Motta C, Rossi S, Studer V, Barbieri F, Lauro D, Bernardi G, Centonze D. Interleukin-1β alters the sensitivity of cannabinoid CB1 receptors controlling glutamate transmission in the striatum. Neuroscience 2013; 250:232-9. [PMID: 23856068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β (IL1β) regulate both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. The interaction between IL1β and endocannabinoid system (ECS) is also emerging, based on the evidence that IL1β effects on striatal spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents are regulated by transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels, members of the ECS. Furthermore, IL1β has also been shown to control the sensitivity of cannabinoid CB1 receptors controlling GABA transmission (CB1Rs(GABA)) in the striatum. To better detail the synaptic action of IL1β, and to clarify its complex interaction with the ECS, here we investigated the possible interplay between IL1β and CB1Rs controlling glutamate transmission (CB1Rs(glu)), other critical elements of the ECS. Our results show that the sensitivity of CB1Rs(glu) is fully blocked in the presence of IL1β in corticostriatal brain slices, and that the protein kinase C/TRPV1 pathway is involved in this effect. IL1β failed to modulate the sensitivity of glutamate synapses to the stimulation of GABAB receptors. We also provided evidence that IL1β-CB1Rs(GABA) but not IL1β-CB1Rs(glu) interaction is under the control of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/trkB signaling and of lipid raft composition, because BDNF gene partial deletion, pharmacological blockade of trkB and membrane cholesterol removal with methyl-β-cyclodextrin all blocked IL1β-mediated inhibition of CB1Rs(GABA) but left unaltered the sensitivity of CB1Rs(glu) to this cytokine. Our results provide further evidence that synaptic transmission and the ECS are regulated by IL1β in the striatum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V De Chiara
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia/Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
164
|
Grasselli G, Rossi S, Musella A, Gentile A, Loizzo S, Muzio L, Di Sanza C, Errico F, Musumeci G, Haji N, Fresegna D, Sepman H, De Chiara V, Furlan R, Martino G, Usiello A, Mandolesi G, Centonze D. Abnormal NMDA receptor function exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:502-17. [PMID: 22924679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glutamate transmission is dysregulated in both multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS. A characteristic of EAE is increased glutamate transmission associated with up-regulation of AMPA receptors. However, little is known about the role of NMDA receptors in the synaptic modifications induced by EAE. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The contribution of NMDA receptors to the alterations of glutamate transmission and disease severity in EAE mice was assessed by means of neurophysiological, morphological, Western blot, metabolic and clinical score assessments. KEY RESULTS In our EAE mice, there was an NMDA receptor-dependent increase of glutamate release, associated with marked activation of the astroglia. Presynaptic NMDA receptors became overactive during EAE, increasing synaptic glutamate release by a mechanism dependent on voltage-gated sodium channels. By means of NAD(P)H autofluorescence analysis, we also found that EAE has a glutamate and NMDA receptor-dependent dysfunction of mitochondrial activity, which is known to contribute to the neurodegenerative damage of MS and EAE. Furthermore, pharmacological blockade of NMDA receptors in vivo ameliorated both synaptic transmission defects and of the clinical disease course of EAE mice, while EAE induced in mice with a genetically enhanced NMDA receptor signalling had opposite effects. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data, showing both sensitization of NMDA receptors and their involvement in the progression of the EAE disease, supggest that pharmacological impairment of NMDA receptor signalling would be a component of a neuroprotection strategy in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Grasselli
- Fondazione Santa Lucia/Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
165
|
Zendedel A, Beyer C, Kipp M. Cuprizone-induced demyelination as a tool to study remyelination and axonal protection. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 51:567-72. [PMID: 23666824 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the brain of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, the conduction block of axons due to demyelination and inflammation underlies early neurological symptoms, whereas axonal transection accounts for permanent deficits occurring during later disease stages. The beneficial function of myelin for the protection of the axonal compartment and network stability between neurons has been shown in numerous studies. Thus, rapid and adequate remyelination is an important factor for axonal patronage during neuroinflammatory conditions. In this review article, we discuss frequently used experimental in vivo and in vitro animal models to examine remyelination and repair in MS. The focus of the discussion is the relevance of the toxin model 'cuprizone' to study the pathology of demyelination and the physiology of remyelination. This also includes recent findings in this animal model which implicate that axonal damage is an ongoing process independent of the initiation of endogenous remyelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
166
|
Leal MC, Casabona JC, Puntel M, Pitossi FJ. Interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α: reliable targets for protective therapies in Parkinson's Disease? Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:53. [PMID: 23641196 PMCID: PMC3638129 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has received increased attention as a target for putative neuroprotective therapies in Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Two prototypic pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) have been implicated as main effectors of the functional consequences of neuroinflammation on neurodegeneration in PD models. In this review, we describe that the functional interaction between these cytokines in the brain differs from the periphery (e.g., their expression is not induced by each other) and present data showing predominantly a toxic effect of these cytokines when expressed at high doses and for a sustained period of time in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN). In addition, we highlight opposite evidence showing protective effects of these two main cytokines when conditions of duration, amount of expression or state of activation of the target or neighboring cells are changed. Furthermore, we discuss these results in the frame of previous disappointing results from anti-TNF-α clinical trials against Multiple Sclerosis, another neurodegenerative disease with a clear neuroinflammatory component. In conclusion, we hypothesize that the available evidence suggests that the duration and dose of IL-1β or TNF-α expression is crucial to predict their functional effect on the SN. Since these parameters are not amenable for measurement in the SN of PD patients, we call for an in-depth analysis to identify downstream mediators that could be common to the toxic (and not the protective) effects of these cytokines in the SN. This strategy could spare the possible neuroprotective effect of these cytokines operative in the patient at the time of treatment, increasing the probability of efficacy in a clinical setting. Alternatively, receptor-specific agonists or antagonists could also provide a way to circumvent undesired effects of general anti-inflammatory or specific anti-IL-1β or TNF-α therapies against PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María C Leal
- Institute Leloir Fundation - IIBBA-CONICET Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
167
|
Glatiramer Acetate Protects Against Inflammatory Synaptopathy in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:651-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
168
|
Nisticò R, Mango D, Mandolesi G, Piccinin S, Berretta N, Pignatelli M, Feligioni M, Musella A, Gentile A, Mori F, Bernardi G, Nicoletti F, Mercuri NB, Centonze D. Inflammation subverts hippocampal synaptic plasticity in experimental multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54666. [PMID: 23355887 PMCID: PMC3552964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal use-dependent synaptic plasticity is universally accepted as the main physiological correlate of memory deficits in neurodegenerative disorders. It is unclear whether synaptic plasticity deficits take place during neuroinflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its mouse model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In EAE mice, we found significant alterations of synaptic plasticity rules in the hippocampus. When compared to control mice, in fact, hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) induction was favored over long-term depression (LTD) in EAE, as shown by a significant rightward shift in the frequency–synaptic response function. Notably, LTP induction was also enhanced in hippocampal slices from control mice following interleukin-1β (IL-1β) perfusion, and both EAE and IL-1β inhibited GABAergic spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSC) without affecting glutamatergic transmission and AMPA/NMDA ratio. EAE was also associated with selective loss of GABAergic interneurons and with reduced gamma-frequency oscillations in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Finally, we provided evidence that microglial activation in the EAE hippocampus was associated with IL-1β expression, and hippocampal slices from control mice incubated with activated microglia displayed alterations of GABAergic transmission similar to those seen in EAE brains, through a mechanism dependent on enhanced IL-1β signaling. These data may yield novel insights into the basis of cognitive deficits in EAE and possibly of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nisticò
- IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (RN); (DC)
| | - Dalila Mango
- IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sonia Piccinin
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
- Laboratorio di Farmacologia della Plasticità Sinaptica, EBRI-European Brain Research Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Pignatelli
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
- Laboratorio di Farmacologia della Plasticità Sinaptica, EBRI-European Brain Research Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Feligioni
- Laboratorio di Farmacologia della Plasticità Sinaptica, EBRI-European Brain Research Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Musella
- IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta Gentile
- IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Mori
- IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bernardi
- IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Nicola B. Mercuri
- IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (RN); (DC)
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Parthsarathy V, Hölscher C. The type 2 diabetes drug liraglutide reduces chronic inflammation induced by irradiation in the mouse brain. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 700:42-50. [PMID: 23276669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in the brain is found in a range of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease. We have recently shown that analogues of the glucagon-like polypeptide 1 (GLP-1) such as liraglutide have potent neuroprotective properties in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. We also found a reduction of activated microglia in the brain. This finding suggests that GLP-1 analogues such as liraglutide have anti-inflammatory properties. To further characterise this property, we tested the effects of liraglutide on the chronic inflammation response induced by exposure of the brain to 6 Gy (X-ray). Animals were injected i.p. with 25 nmol/kg once daily for 30 days. Brains were analysed for cytokine levels, activated microglia and astrocyte levels, and nitrite levels as a measure for nitric oxide production and protein expression of iNOS. Exposure of the brain to 6 Gy induced a pronounced chronic inflammation response in the brain. The activated microglia load in the cortex and dentate gyrus region of hippocampus (P<0.001), and the activated astrocyte load in the cortex (P<0.01) was reduced by liraglutide. Furthermore, the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels of IL-6 (P<0.01), IL-12p70 (P<0.01), IL-1β (P<0.05), and total nitrite concentration were reduced in the brains of animals treated with liraglutide. The results demonstrate that liraglutide is effective in reducing a number of parameters linked to the chronic inflammation response. Liraglutide or similar GLP-1 analogues may be a suitable treatment for reducing the chronic inflammatory response in the brain found in several neurodegenerative conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vadivel Parthsarathy
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, BT52 1SA Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
170
|
Abstract
The current understanding of neurodegenerative processes in sporadic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) or multiple sclerosis is very limited. Several risk factors have been identified that may shed light on the underlying mechanisms that initiate the neurodegeneration. Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been identified as a risk factor for AD and PD. In AD patients, desensitization of insulin receptors in the brain has been shown, even in non-diabetic patients. Insulin acts as a growth factor in the brain and supports neuronal repair, dendritic sprouting and synaptogenesis, and protection from oxidative stress. Importantly, several drugs have been developed to treat type 2 diabetes that re-sensitize insulin receptors and may be of use to prevent neurodegenerative processes. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone that facilitates insulin release under high blood sugar conditions. Interestingly, GLP-1 also has very similar growth factor-like properties to insulin, and has been shown to reduce a range of degenerative processes. In pre-clinical studies, GLP-1 and longer-lasting protease-resistant analogues cross the blood-brain barrier, protect memory formation (AD) or motor activity (PD), protect synapses and synaptic functions, enhance neurogenesis, reduce apoptosis, protect neurons from oxidative stress, and reduce plaque formation and the chronic inflammation response in the brains of mouse models of AD, PD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke and other degenerative diseases. GLP-1 signalling does not affect blood sugar levels in non-diabetic people and therapies that affect GLP-1 signalling have a good safety profile as shown by the chronic application of drugs currently on the market (liraglutide, Victoza(®); NovoNordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark, and exendin-4, Byetta(®); Amylin, San Diego, CA, USA). Based on the extensive evidence, several clinical trials are currently underway, testing liraglutide and exendin-4 in AD and PD patients. Therefore, GLP-1 analogues show great promise as a novel treatment for AD or other neurodegenerative conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hölscher
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Guzmán-Soto I, Salinas E, Hernández-Jasso I, Quintanar JL. Leuprolide acetate, a GnRH agonist, improves experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a possible therapy for multiple sclerosis. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2190-7. [PMID: 22832949 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0842-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a well known hypothalamic neuropeptide, has been reported to possess neurotrophic properties. Leuprolide acetate, a synthetic analogue of GnRH is considered to be a very safe and tolerable drug and it has been used for diverse clinical applications, including the treatment of prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, central precocious puberty and in vitro fertilization techniques. The present study was designed to determine whether Leuprolide acetate administration, exerts neurotrophic effects on clinical signs, body weight gain, neurofilaments (NFs) and myelin basic protein (MBP) expression, axonal morphometry and cell infiltration in spinal cord of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rats. In this work, we have found that Leuprolide acetate treatment decreases the severity of clinical signs of locomotion, induces a significantly greater body weight gain, increases the MBP and NFs expression, axonal area and cell infiltration in EAE animals. These results suggest the use of this agonist as a potential therapeutic approach for multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Guzmán-Soto
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, C.P. 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
172
|
Losi G, Cammarota M, Carmignoto G. The role of astroglia in the epileptic brain. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:132. [PMID: 22807916 PMCID: PMC3395023 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsies comprise a family of multifactorial neurological disorders that affect at least 50 million people worldwide. Despite a long history of neurobiological and clinical studies the mechanisms that lead the brain network to a hyperexcitable state and to the intense, massive neuronal discharges reflecting a seizure episode are only partially defined. Most epilepsies of genetic origin are related to mutations in ionic channels that cause neuronal hyperexcitability. However, idiopathic epilepsies of unclear origin represent the majority of these brain disorders. A large body of evidence suggests that in the epileptic brain neurons are not the only players. Indeed, the glial cell astrocyte is known to be morphologically and functionally altered in different types of epilepsy. Although it is unclear whether these astrocyte dysfunctions can have a causative role in epileptogenesis, the hypothesis that astrocytes contribute to epileptiform activities recently received a considerable experimental support. Notably, currently used antiepileptic drugs, that act mainly on neuronal ion channels, are ineffective in a large group of patients. Clarifying astrocyte functions in the epileptic brain tissue could unveil astrocytes as novel therapeutic targets. In this review we present first a short overview on the role of astrocytes in the epileptic brain starting from the "historical" observations on their fundamental modulation of brain homeostasis, such as the control of water content, ionic equilibrium, and neurotransmitters concentrations. We then focus our review on most recent studies that hint at a distinct contribution of these cells in the generation of focal epileptiform activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Losi
- Institute of Neuroscience of the National Research Council and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova Padova, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
173
|
Rossi S, Studer V, Motta C, De Chiara V, Barbieri F, Bernardi G, Centonze D. Inflammation inhibits GABA transmission in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2012; 18:1633-5. [PMID: 22419673 DOI: 10.1177/1352458512440207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal glutamate-dependent synaptic excitation contributes to neuronal damage in multiple sclerosis (MS). Little is known about the involvement of the GABA system in this disorder. Here we found that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from MS patients with enhanced brain lesions on magnetic resonance imaging inhibited GABA transmission in mouse brain slices. Enhanced IL-1β neuronal action was responsible for this effect, because IL-1β receptor antagonist blocked, and exogenous IL-1β mimicked the synaptic effect of inflamed CSF. Our results provide evidence that focal inflammation in MS perturbs the cytokine milieu within the circulating CSF, resulting in diffuse GABAergic alteration in neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rossi
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|