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Romacho T, Azcutia V, Vázquez-Bella M, Matesanz N, Cercas E, Nevado J, Carraro R, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Sánchez-Ferrer CF, Peiró C. Extracellular PBEF/NAMPT/visfatin activates pro-inflammatory signalling in human vascular smooth muscle cells through nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase activity. Diabetologia 2009; 52:2455-2463. [PMID: 19727662 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Extracellular pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor/nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase/visfatin (ePBEF/NAMPT/visfatin) is an adipocytokine, whose circulating levels are enhanced in metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus and obesity. Here, we explored the ability of ePBEF/NAMPT/visfatin to promote vascular inflammation, as a condition closely related to atherothrombotic diseases. We specifically studied the ability of PBEF/NAMPT/visfatin to directly activate pathways leading to inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction in cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells, as well as the mechanisms involved. METHODS iNOS levels and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activity were determined by western blotting. Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activity was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS ePBEF/NAMPT/visfatin (10-250 ng/ml) induced iNOS in a concentration-dependent manner. At a submaximal concentration (100 ng/ml), ePBEF/NAMPT/visfatin time-dependently enhanced iNOS levels up to 18 h after stimulation. Over this time period, ePBEF/NAMPT/visfatin elicited a sustained activation of NF-kappaB and triggered a biphasic ERK 1/2 activation. By using the respective ERK 1/2 and NF-kappaB inhibitors, PD98059 and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, we established that iNOS induction by ePBEF/NAMPT/visfatin required the consecutive upstream activation of ERK 1/2 and NF-kappaB. The pro-inflammatory action of ePBEF/NAMPT/visfatin was not prevented by insulin receptor blockade. However, exogenous nicotinamide mononucleotide, the product of NAMPT activity, mimicked NF-kappaB activation and iNOS induction by ePBEF/NAMPT/visfatin, while the NAMPT inhibitor APO866 prevented the effects of ePBEF/NAMPT/visfatin on iNOS and NF-kappaB. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Through its intrinsic NAMPT activity, ePBEF/NAMPT/visfatin appears to be a direct contributor to vascular inflammation, a key feature of atherothrombotic diseases linked to metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Romacho
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Azcutia
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Vázquez-Bella
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Matesanz
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Cercas
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Nevado
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Carraro
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Rodríguez-Mañas
- Unidad de Investigación y Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Spain
| | - C F Sánchez-Ferrer
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Peiró
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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152
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Mazaki-Tovi S, Romero R, Vaisbuch E, Erez O, Chaiworapongsa T, Mittal P, Kim SK, Pacora P, Gotsch F, Dong Z, Hassan SS, Kusanovic JP. Maternal plasma visfatin in preterm labor. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 22:693-704. [PMID: 19572235 PMCID: PMC6656365 DOI: 10.1080/14767050902994788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Visfatin, a novel adipokine with diabetogenic and immunoregulatory properties, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance, as well as in various acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. We have previously reported that amniotic fluid concentrations of visfatin are higher in patients with preterm labor (PTL) and intra-amniotic infection than in patients with PTL without infection. The aim of this study was to determine whether spontaneous PTL with intact membranes and intra-amniotic infection/inflammation (IAI) is associated with changes in maternal plasma circulating visfatin concentrations. STUDY DESIGN This cross-sectional study included patients in the following groups: (1) normal pregnant women (n = 123); (2) patients with an episode of PTL and intact membranes without IAI who delivered at term (n = 57); (3) PTL without IAI who delivered preterm (n = 47); and (4) PTL with IAI who delivered preterm (n = 57). Plasma visfatin concentrations were determined by ELISA. Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis. RESULTS (1) PTL with IAI leading to preterm delivery was associated with a higher median maternal plasma concentration of visfatin than normal pregnancy; (2) among patients with PTL, those with IAI had the highest median maternal concentration of visfatin; (3) the changes in maternal plasma visfatin remained significant after adjusting for maternal age, body mass index, gestational age at sampling, and birth weight. CONCLUSION (1) PTL with IAI is characterized by high maternal circulating visfatin concentrations; (2) these findings suggest that visfatin plays a role in the regulation of the metabolic adaptations to insults resulting in PTL in the context of IAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shali Mazaki-Tovi
- Intramural Division, Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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153
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Jongwutiwes T, Lertvikool S, Leelaphiwat S, Rattanasiri S, Jultanmas R, Weerakiet S. Serum visfatin in Asian women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2009; 25:536-42. [PMID: 19533482 DOI: 10.1080/09513590903015478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine serum visfatin levels in Asian polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women and its correlations with various parameters. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING University hospital. SUBJECTS Eighty women were enrolled in this study. Of these, 40 women were PCOS and 40 age-matched subjects with regular menstrual cycles were controls. INTERVENTION Seventy-five gram oral glucose tolerance tests were performed in all women. Fasting venous blood samples for serum visfatin, insulin and androgen levels were obtained both from the PCOS and the control women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serum concentrations of visfatin, fasting insulin (FI), fasting glucose, 2-h post-load glucose (2hPG), homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance, homeostasis model assessment beta cell function, total testosterone, free testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were measured in both groups. RESULTS Women with PCOS had significantly higher serum visfatin levels than the healthy controls [100.39 +/- 41.90 vs. 45.09 +/- 28.24 mg/ml, p < 0.01]. PCOS women also had significantly higher concentrations of all androgens (p < 0.01). Insulin resistance seemed to be greater in the PCOS than the control groups, but did not reach a statistically significant level. In the PCOS group, serum visfatin levels were positively correlated with 2hPG, and systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Serum visfatin levels were negatively associated with FI (r = -0.80, p = 0.03) and positively associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.77, p = 0.04, r = 0.79, p = 0.03, respectively) in the sub-group of PCOS women with abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT). CONCLUSIONS Asian PCOS women had significantly higher serum visfatin levels than age-matched healthy controls. Their levels were significantly correlated with 2hPG and blood pressure in PCOS women, and with FI and blood pressure in PCOS women with AGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theerayut Jongwutiwes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Ratchatawee, Bangkok, Thailand
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154
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Garten A, Petzold S, Körner A, Imai SI, Kiess W. Nampt: linking NAD biology, metabolism and cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2009; 20:130-8. [PMID: 19109034 PMCID: PMC2738422 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) converts nicotinamide to nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a key nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) intermediate. Previously identified as a cytokine pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor and controversially claimed as an insulin-mimetic hormone visfatin, Nampt has recently drawn much attention in several fields, including NAD biology, metabolism and inflammation. As a NAD biosynthetic enzyme, Nampt regulates the activity of NAD-consuming enzymes such as sirtuins and influences a variety of metabolic and stress responses. Nampt also plays an important part in regulating insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells. Nampt seems to have another function as an immunomodulatory cytokine and, therefore, has a role in inflammation. This review summarizes these various functional aspects of Nampt and discusses its potential roles in diseases, including type 2 diabetes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Garten
- University of Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Research Laboratory, Oststr. 21-25, 04317 Leipzig, Germany
- Corresponding author: Garten, A. (), # Co-corresponding author: Imai, S. ()
| | - Stefanie Petzold
- University of Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Research Laboratory, Oststr. 21-25, 04317 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Körner
- University of Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Research Laboratory, Oststr. 21-25, 04317 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shin-ichiro Imai
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Campus Box 8103, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Corresponding author: Garten, A. (), # Co-corresponding author: Imai, S. ()
| | - Wieland Kiess
- University of Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Research Laboratory, Oststr. 21-25, 04317 Leipzig, Germany
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155
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Imai SI. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt): a link between NAD biology, metabolism, and diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2009; 15:20-8. [PMID: 19149599 DOI: 10.2174/138161209787185814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
New interest in NAD biology has recently been revived, and enzymes involved in NAD biosynthetic pathways have been identified and characterized in mammals. Among them, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) has drawn much attention in several different fields, including NAD biology, metabolism, and immunomodulatory response. The research history of this protein is peculiar and controversial, and its physiological function has been a matter of debate. Nampt has both intra- and extracellular forms in mammals. Intracellular Nampt (iNampt) is an essential enzyme in the NAD biosynthetic pathway starting from nicotinamide. On the other hand, an extracellular form of this protein has been reported to act as a cytokine named PBEF, an insulin-mimetic hormone named visfatin, or an extracellular NAD biosynthetic enzyme named eNampt. This review article summarizes the research history and reported functions of this unique protein and discusses the pathophysiological significance of Nampt as an NAD biosynthetic enzyme vs. a potential inflammatory cytokine in diverse biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Imai
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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156
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Visfatin/PBEF/Nampt: structure, regulation and potential function of a novel adipokine. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009; 115:13-23. [PMID: 19016657 DOI: 10.1042/cs20070226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, it has become obvious that obesity and insulin resistance are linked by a variety of proteins secreted by adipocytes. Visfatin/PBEF (pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor) has recently been identified as a novel adipokine with insulin-mimetic effects. Furthermore, an enzymatic function has been reported that reveals visfatin/PBEF as Nampt (nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; EC 2.4.2.12.). Moreover, reports on the structure and hormonal regulation of visfatin/PBEF/Nampt have given further insights into its potential physiological role. The present review summarizes studies on visfatin/PBEF/Nampt as a novel adipokine.
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157
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Mazaki-Tovi S, Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Vaisbuch E, Erez O, Than NG, Chaiworapongsa T, Nhan-Chang CL, Pacora P, Gotsch F, Yeo L, Kim SK, Edwin SS, Hassan SS, Mittal P. Visfatin in human pregnancy: maternal gestational diabetes vis-à-vis neonatal birthweight. J Perinat Med 2009; 37:218-31. [PMID: 19099366 PMCID: PMC3504974 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2009.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue dysfunction, characterized by dysregulation of adipokines production and/or secretion, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of type-2 diabetes mellitus, a metabolic complication closely related to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Recently, an association between circulating maternal visfatin, a novel adipokine with metabolic and immunoregulatory properties, and impaired glucose metabolism as well as with altered fetal growth, has been proposed. The aims of this study were to determine whether there is an association between maternal plasma visfatin concentration, GDM, and a large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborn. STUDY DESIGN This cross-sectional study, included pregnant women at term in the following groups: 1) normal pregnancy and an appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) neonate (n=54); 2) normal pregnancy and an LGA newborn (n=47); 3) GDM and an AGA newborn (n=56); 4) GDM and an LGA newborn (n=45). The study population was further stratified by first trimester BMI (<25 vs. > or =25 kg/m(2)). Maternal plasma visfatin concentration was determined by ELISA. Parametric and non-parametric statistics were used for analysis. RESULTS 1) Among women who delivered an AGA neonate, the median maternal plasma concentration of visfatin was higher in patients with GDM than in those with a normal pregnancy; 2) Among women with a normal pregnancy, those who delivered an LGA neonate had a higher median maternal plasma visfatin concentration than those who delivered an AGA neonate; 3) among patients with normal BMI, there were no significant differences in the median maternal plasma visfatin concentration between the four study groups; and 4) maternal GDM, as well as delivery of an LGA neonate were independently associated with a higher maternal plasma visfatin concentrations. CONCLUSION The linkage between increased maternal circulating visfatin and the presence of GDM or delivery of an LGA neonate supports the hypothesis that perturbation of adipokines homeostasis may play a role in the pathophysiology of GDM or excess fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shali Mazaki-Tovi
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
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158
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Mazaki-Tovi S, Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Vaisbuch E, Erez O, Than NG, Chaiworapongsa T, Nhan-Chang CL, Pacora P, Gotsch F, Yeo L, Kim SK, Edwin SS, Hassan SS, Mittal P. Maternal visfatin concentration in normal pregnancy. J Perinat Med 2009; 37:206-17. [PMID: 19284295 PMCID: PMC3500641 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2009.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue has now emerged as a powerful endocrine organ via the production of adipokines. Visfatin, a novel adipokine with diabetogenic and immuno-modulatory properties has been implicated in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance in patients with obesity and Type-2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are changes in the maternal plasma concentration of visfatin with advancing gestation and as a function of maternal weight. STUDY DESIGN In this cross-sectional study, maternal plasma concentrations of visfatin were determined in normal weight and overweight/obese pregnant women in the following gestational age groups: 1) 11-14 weeks (n=52); 2) 19-26 weeks (n=68); 3) 27-34 weeks (n=93); and 4) >37 weeks (n=60). Visfatin concentrations were determined by ELISA. Non parametric statistics were used for analysis. RESULTS 1) The median maternal plasma visfatin concentration was higher in pregnant women between 19-26 weeks of gestation than that of those between 11-14 weeks of gestation (P<0.01) and those between 27-34 weeks of gestation (P<0.01); 2) among normal weight pregnant women, the median plasma visfatin concentrations of women between 19-26 weeks of gestation was higher than that of those between 11-14 weeks (P<0.01) and those between 27-34 weeks (P<0.01); and 3) among overweight/obese patients, the median maternal visfatin concentration was similar between the different gestational age groups. CONCLUSION The median maternal plasma concentration of visfatin peaks between 19-26 and has a nadir between 27-34 weeks of gestation. Normal and overweight/obese pregnant women differed in the pattern of changes in circulating visfatin concentrations as a function of gestational age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shali Mazaki-Tovi
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
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159
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Won Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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160
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Pre-B cell colony enhancing factor (PBEF)/visfatin induces secretion of MCP-1 in human endothelial cells: role in visfatin-induced angiogenesis. Atherosclerosis 2008; 205:113-9. [PMID: 19166999 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Visfatin and Monocyte-Chemoattractant-Protein-1 (MCP-1) are elevated in cardiovascular pathologies, insulin-resistant and diabetic states. Visfatin has been reported to exhibit pro-angiogenic actions in human endothelial cells. Given MCP-1's well described pro-angiogenic properties we sought to study the potential interaction between visfatin and MCP-1 in human endothelial cells. We also explored the possible autocrine/paracrine mechanisms governing this potential interaction; specifically we looked at the effect of visfatin on MCP-1's putative receptor (CCR2 receptor) in human endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Using in vitro angiogenic assays (capillary tube formation and migration), Western blotting and RT-PCR, we found that visfatin, dose-dependently, induced MCP-1 as well as CCR2 levels. We also studied the involvement of PI3Kinase, MAPKinase and NF-kappaB pathways in visfatin induced MCP-1/CCR2 levels by employing LY294002, U0126 and BAY11-7085, respectively. We found the increase in MCP-1 and CCR2 levels by visfatin were negated by LY294002 and BAY11-7085, but not with U0126, suggesting the crucial role of PI3Kinase and NF-kappaB pathways in visfatin induced MCP-1 and its autocrine regulation via the CCR2 receptor. Finally, we consolidate the role of MCP-1 in visfatin-induced angiogenesis by employing CCR2 antagonist (RS-102895) and MCP-1 neutralising antibody, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our novel data reveal that MCP-1 is pivotal in modulating visfatin-induced angiogenesis via NF-kappaB and PI3Kinase pathways. Furthermore, our findings elucidate the potential influence of autocrine/paracrine mechanisms (via the CCR2 receptor) underlying visfatin's angiogenic effects through MCP-1.
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161
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Katwa LC, Seidel ER. Visfatin in pregnancy: proposed mechanism of peptide delivery. Amino Acids 2008; 37:555-8. [PMID: 18953631 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Visfatin is a newly identified 52 kD adipocytokine that appears to have insulinomimetic properties. We examined visfatin expression in visceral fat from lean and pregnant women. Visfatin gene expression was seven times higher in omental fat of pregnant women than in lean women. Both immunohistochemistry and immunoblot confirmed that visfatin protein was much higher in pregnant women than in nonpregnant women. However, serum visfatin was 20.8 +/- 7.7 ng/ml (n = 7) in lean women as compared to only a slight increase to 40.3 ng/ml in pregnant women (n = 4). We measured visfatin mRNA content of human placenta and found that placenta expresses high levels of visfatin mRNA and protein. At a concentration of 2 nM, visfatin and insulin produced nearly identical increase in glucose transport. The discrepancy between the elevated visfatin expression and tissue visfatin compared to only a small increase in serum visfatin is a matter of controversy. The data on serum visfatin concentrations are replete with contradictory data. Taken together, we suggest that visfatin is not a hormone. Instead, we propose that visfatin acts in either a paracrine or autocrine mode. This hypothesis would explain what various laboratories have found widely discrepant values for serum visfatin. Since visfatin potently and efficaciously induced glucose transport in a cell culture model, any hypothetical role for visfatin in pregnancy should include the possibility that it may play a role in maternal/fetal glucose metabolism or distribution and that it may do so by acting locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmansa C Katwa
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd., Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
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162
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Wang P, Xu TY, Guan YF, Su DF, Fan GR, Miao CY. Perivascular adipose tissue-derived visfatin is a vascular smooth muscle cell growth factor: role of nicotinamide mononucleotide. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 81:370-80. [PMID: 18952695 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) contraction and stimulates VSMC proliferation by releasing protein factors. The present study was to determine whether visfatin is involved in these paracrine actions of PVAT, and if so, to explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Visfatin was preferentially expressed in Sprague-Dawley rat and monkey aortic PVAT, compared with subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues. The PVAT-derived visfatin was found to be a VSMC growth factor rather than a VSMC relaxing factor, which was proved by visfatin-specific antibody/inhibitor and direct observation of recombinant visfatin. Exogenous visfatin stimulated VSMC proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2) and p38 signalling pathways. This proliferative effect was further confirmed by enhancement of DNA synthesis and upregulation of proliferative marker Ki-67. Visfatin had no anti-apoptotic effect on normal cultured VSMCs, and it exerted an anti-apoptotic effect only during cell apoptosis induced by H2O2, excluding a role of anti-apoptosis in the visfatin-induced VSMC proliferation. Insulin receptor knockdown did not show any action on the visfatin effect. However, visfatin acted as a nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase to biosynthesize nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), which mediated proliferative signalling pathways and cell proliferation similar to the visfatin effect. CONCLUSION Visfatin stimulates VSMC proliferation via NMN-mediated ERK1/2 and p38 signalling. The present study provides a molecular link of visfatin to the paracrine action of PVAT, demonstrates a novel function of visfatin in promoting VSMC proliferation, and reveals NMN as a novel signalling molecule that triggers the proliferative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guo He Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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163
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Baranova AV. Adipokine genetics: Unbalanced protein secretion by human adipose tissue as a cause of the metabolic syndrome. RUSS J GENET+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795408100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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164
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Morgan SA, Bringolf JB, Seidel ER. Visfatin expression is elevated in normal human pregnancy. Peptides 2008; 29:1382-9. [PMID: 18524416 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Visfatin is a novel-secreted 52kDa adipokine that appears to mimic the action of insulin, inducing glucose transport into mammalian cells. We examined visfatin expression in a cohort of pregnant women to determine if pregnancy influenced visfatin gene expression, circulating levels of visfatin, or local concentrations of visfatin in either omental fat or placenta. Samples of female omental fat, blood and placenta were collected over a 2-year period and frozen at -80 degrees C until they were employed in a series of various assays. Samples were collected during delivery in pregnant women, at hysterectomy in lean women and at bariatric surgery in obese and obese diabetic women. Visfatin expression and concentrations were measured in four cohorts of women: lean controls, pregnant women at term, obese (BMI>40) and obese diabetic women (BMI>40). Visfatin expression was seven times higher in omental fat of pregnant women than in lean women. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) demonstrated that the visfatin gene transcript was translated to protein. An immunoblot confirmed that visfatin protein was much higher in pregnant women than in obese women. Serum visfatin was 20.8ng/ml (n=7) in lean women as compared to 40.3ng/ml in pregnant women (n=4); thus the increased visfatin mRNA levels in omental fat were not reflected in increased serum visfatin. We measured visfatin mRNA content of human placenta and found that placenta expresses substantial amounts of visfatin. GAP-DH, a housekeeping gene that is highly expressed in most human cells had a threshold value (Ct) of 20.9 versus a Ct of 22.4 for visfatin. Again, IHC confirmed that placental visfatin mRNA was translated into visfatin protein. [(3)H] 2-deoxyglucose transport was measured in partially differentiated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. At a concentration of 2nM, visfatin and insulin produced nearly identical increases in glucose transport. Taken together, these data suggest there is a selective increase in visfatin gene expression in pregnant women at term. Since visfatin also potently and efficaciously induced glucose transport in a cell culture model, any hypothetical role for visfatin in pregnancy should include the possibility that it may function in regulation of maternal/fetal glucose metabolism or distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Morgan
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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165
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Gómez-Ambrosi J, Rodríguez A, Catalán V, Frühbeck G. The bone-adipose axis in obesity and weight loss. Obes Surg 2008; 18:1134-43. [PMID: 18563500 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-008-9548-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Body fat and lean mass are correlated with bone mineral density, with obesity apparently exerting protection against osteoporosis. The pathophysiological relevance of adipose tissue in bone integrity resides in the participation of adipokines in bone remodeling through effects on deposition and resorption. On the other hand, the skeleton has recently emerged as an endocrine organ with effects on body weight control and glucose homeostasis through the actions of bone-derived factors such as osteocalcin and osteopontin. The cross-talk between adipose tissue and the skeleton constitutes a homeostatic feedback system with adipokines and molecules secreted by osteoblasts and osteoclasts representing the links of an active bone-adipose axis. Given the impact of bariatric surgery on absorption and the adipokine secretory pattern, to focus on the changes taking place following surgical-induced weight loss on this dynamic system merits detailed consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gómez-Ambrosi
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, University of Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 36, Pamplona, Spain
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166
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Krzysik-Walker SM, Ocón-Grove OM, Maddineni SR, Hendricks GL, Ramachandran R. Is visfatin an adipokine or myokine? Evidence for greater visfatin expression in skeletal muscle than visceral fat in chickens. Endocrinology 2008; 149:1543-50. [PMID: 18096661 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Visfatin, an adipokine hormone produced primarily by visceral adipose tissue in mammals, has been implicated in the immune system, cellular aging, and glucose metabolism. Increased visceral adiposity and hyperglycemia have been correlated with elevated plasma visfatin levels in humans. The present study investigated visfatin cDNA and protein expression as well as plasma visfatin levels in chickens that are selected for rapid growth and are naturally hyperglycemic relative to mammals. By RT-PCR, we detected visfatin cDNA in multiple tissues in the chicken. The deduced amino acid sequence of full-length chicken visfatin was 92-93% homologous to mammalian visfatin. Using real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting, chicken skeletal muscle was found to contain 5- and 3-fold greater quantities of visfatin mRNA and protein than abdominal fat pad, respectively. Visfatin mRNA and protein quantities were not significantly different among sc and visceral adipose tissue depots. Skeletal muscle visfatin mRNA and protein quantities as well as plasma visfatin levels determined by enzyme immunoassay were significantly higher in 8-wk-old compared with 4-wk-old chickens, possibly due to rapid skeletal muscle growth and visceral fat accretion occurring in broiler chickens during this period. However, fasting and refeeding did not affect plasma visfatin levels in the chicken. Collectively, our results provide novel evidence that skeletal muscle, not the visceral adipose tissue, is the primary source of visfatin in chickens, thereby raising the possibility that visfatin may be acting as a myokine affecting skeletal muscle growth and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Krzysik-Walker
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Poultry Science, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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167
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Tokunaga A, Miura A, Okauchi Y, Segawa K, Fukuhara A, Okita K, Takahashi M, Funahashi T, Miyagawa JI, Shimomura I, Yamagata K. The -1535 promoter variant of the visfatin gene is associated with serum triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol levels in Japanese subjects. Endocr J 2008; 55:205-12. [PMID: 18270432 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k07e-039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Visfatin is a novel adipocytokine that is expressed by the visceral fat cells. We investigated the role of genetic variation in the visfatin gene in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and clinical variables in Japanese subjects. The 11 exons, and the promoter region of the visfatin gene were screened for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by PCR-direct sequencing. We found SNPs in the promoter region (SNP - 1535T>C), exon 2 (SNP + 131C>G, Thr44Arg), and exon 7 (SNP + 903G>A). The allele and genotype frequencies of these SNPs showed no significant differences between 200-448 diabetic and 200-333 control subjects. However, the -1535T/T genotype was associated with lower serum triglyceride levels (T/T vs. T/C + C/C (p = 0.015) and T/T vs. C/C (p = 0.043)) and higher HDL-cholesterol levels (T/T vs. C/C, p = 0.0496) in the nondiabetic subjects. Reporter gene assay of 3T3-L1 adipocytes revealed that the promoter activity of -1535T and -1535C was similar, suggesting that the observed association may reflect linkage disequilibrium between -1535T>C and causative variations of the visfatin gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Tokunaga
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
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168
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Peng XD, Xie H, Zhao Q, Wu XP, Sun ZQ, Liao EY. Relationships between serum adiponectin, leptin, resistin, visfatin levels and bone mineral density, and bone biochemical markers in Chinese men. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 387:31-5. [PMID: 17884030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 08/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and visfatin, as the main circulating peptides secreted by adipose tissue, are potential contributors to bone metabolism. We investigated whether these serum adipocytokines levels are associated with BMD and bone turnover biochemical markers in 232 Chinese men (20-80 y). METHODS Serum adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and visfatin levels were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Leptin had a positively correlation with fat mass, and remained significant after adjustment for age and BMI. There was a significant negative weak correlation between adiponectin and fat mass, and disappear after adjustment for age and BMI. Resistin and visfatin were not significantly correlated with fat mass. In the multiple linear stepwise regression analysis, lean mass and adiponectin, but not leptin, resistin and visfatin, were independent predictors of BMD. The significant positive correlations between adiponectin and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), bone cross-linked N-telopeptides of type collagen (NTX) were found, and remained significant after adjustment for age and fat mass. CONCLUSIONS Adiponectin was an independent predictor of BMD in Chinese men, and positively correlated with bone turnover biochemical markers. It suggested that adiponectin exert a negative effect on bone mass in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ding Peng
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China
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169
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Mazaki-Tovi S, Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Erez O, Gotsch F, Mittal P, Than NG, Nhan-Chang CL, Hamill N, Vaisbuch E, Chaiworapongsa T, Edwin SS, Nien JK, Gomez R, Espinoza J, Kendal-Wright C, Hassan SS, Bryant-Greenwood G. Visfatin/Pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor in amniotic fluid in normal pregnancy, spontaneous labor at term, preterm labor and prelabor rupture of membranes: an association with subclinical intrauterine infection in preterm parturition. J Perinat Med 2008; 36:485-96. [PMID: 18598235 PMCID: PMC2581638 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2008.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Visfatin, a novel adipokine originally discovered as a pre-B-cell colony enhancing factor, is expressed by amniotic epithelium, cytotrophoblast, and decidua and is over-expressed when fetal membranes are exposed to mechanical stress and/or pro-inflammatory stimuli. Visfatin expression by fetal membranes is dramatically up-regulated after normal spontaneous labor. The aims of this study were to determine if visfatin is detectable in amniotic fluid (AF) and whether its concentration changes with gestational age, spontaneous labor, preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (preterm PROM) and in the presence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC). METHODS In this cross-sectional study, visfatin concentration in AF was determined in patients in the following groups: 1) mid-trimester (n=75); 2) term not in labor (n=27); 3) term in spontaneous labor (n=51); 4) patients with preterm labor with intact membranes (PTL) without MIAC who delivered at term (n=35); 5) patients with PTL without MIAC who delivered preterm (n=52); 6) patients with PTL with MIAC (n=25); 7) women with preterm PROM without MIAC (n=26); and 8) women with preterm PROM with MIAC (n=26). Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis. RESULTS 1) The median AF concentration of visfatin was significantly higher in patients at term than in mid-trimester; 2) Among women with PTL who delivered preterm, the median visfatin concentration was significantly higher in patients with MIAC than those without MIAC; 3) Similarly, patients with PTL and MIAC had a higher median AF visfatin concentration than those with PTL who delivered at term; 4) Among women with preterm PROM, the median AF visfatin concentration was significantly higher in patients with MIAC than those without MIAC. CONCLUSIONS 1) Visfatin is a physiologic constituent of AF; 2) The concentration of AF visfatin increases with advancing gestational age; 3) AF visfatin concentration is elevated in patients with MIAC, regardless of the membrane status, suggesting that visfatin participates in the host response against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shali Mazaki-Tovi
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women's Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women's Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women's Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Pooja Mittal
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women's Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Chia-lang Nhan-Chang
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women's Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Neil Hamill
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women's Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Edi Vaisbuch
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women's Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women's Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Samuel S. Edwin
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Jyh Kae Nien
- Center for Perinatal Diagnosis and Research (CEDIP), Hospital Sotero del Rio, P. Universidad Catolica de Chile, Puente Alto, Chile
| | - Ricardo Gomez
- Center for Perinatal Diagnosis and Research (CEDIP), Hospital Sotero del Rio, P. Universidad Catolica de Chile, Puente Alto, Chile
| | - Jimmy Espinoza
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women's Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Claire Kendal-Wright
- University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Honolulu, HI
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women's Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Gillian Bryant-Greenwood
- University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Honolulu, HI
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170
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Fukuhara A, Matsuda M, Nishizawa M, Segawa K, Tanaka M, Kishimoto K, Matsuki Y, Murakami M, Ichisaka T, Murakami H, Watanabe E, Takagi T, Akiyoshi M, Ohtsubo T, Kihara S, Yamashita S, Makishima M, Funahashi T, Yamanaka S, Hiramatsu R, Matsuzawa Y, Shimomura I. Retraction. Science 2007; 318:565. [PMID: 17962537 DOI: 10.1126/science.318.5850.565b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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171
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Tanaka M, Nozaki M, Fukuhara A, Segawa K, Aoki N, Matsuda M, Komuro R, Shimomura I. Visfatin is released from 3T3-L1 adipocytes via a non-classical pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 359:194-201. [PMID: 17543285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Visfatin is a secretory protein which exerts insulin mimetic and proinflammatory effects, also functioning as an intracellular enzyme to produce NAD. Plasma visfatin levels and visfatin mRNA expression in adipose tissues are increased in obese subjects. Visfatin does not have a decent cleavable signal sequence, and the mechanism, that mediates release of visfatin from adipocytes, remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that visfatin is released abundantly into culture medium from 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Subcellular fractionation analysis showed that visfatin was localized in the cytosol, but not in nucleus, membrane, vesicles, or mitochondria fractions. Visfatin release was not reduced by Brefeldin A and Monensin, inhibitors of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi-dependent secretion. In addition, visfatin was not released on microvesicles. These results suggest that visfatin should be released from 3T3-L1 adipocytes via an ER-Golgi or microvesicles independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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