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Saeidnia S, Gohari AR, Haddadi A. Biogenic trypanocidal sesquiterpenes: lead compounds to design future trypanocidal drugs - a mini review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:35. [PMID: 23676125 PMCID: PMC3663703 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-21-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease among poor people in Africa and Latin America. Therapy against African and American trypanosomiasis is based on a few drugs that often cause severe side-effects. Therefore, it is essential to develop drug discovery especially from natural origins. Sesquiterpenes, a diverse group of natural terpenoids, are found in essential oils of many plants and show a broad range of bioactivities. They act through multiple mechanisms in the chemotherapy of trypanosomiasis. Some of these active compounds contain hydroperoxides, aldehydes, alcohols, α,β-unsaturated γ-lactone and even halogenated moieties. Among the compounds reported, sesquiterpene lactones showed a potent anti-trypanosoma effect comparable with commercial trypanocidal drugs. Trypanocidal activity of sesquiterpene lactones mostly depends on the reaction between γ-lactone moieties and nucleophile groups of trypanithione, which is essential for Trypanosoma defense against the oxidative stresses. Elatol is a sesquiterpenoid from marine algae, with a different structure and considerable trypanocidal activity which could be an interesting candidate for further antiprotozoal investigations. To develop novel drugs with higher efficacy and lower toxicity from natural products, this review summarizes the more recent information on trypanocidal activities of various sesquiterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soodabeh Saeidnia
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran.
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152
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New oxidovanadium(IV) N -acylhydrazone complexes: Promising antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 62:20-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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153
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Benítez J, Correia I, Becco L, Fernández M, Garat B, Gallardo H, Conte G, Kuznetsov ML, Neves A, Moreno V, Costa Pessoa J, Gambino D. Searching for Vanadium-Based Prospective Agents againstTrypanosoma cruzi: Oxidovanadium(IV) Compounds with Phenanthroline Derivatives as Ligands. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201300057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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154
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Veiga-Santos P, Desoti VC, Miranda N, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias-Filho BP, Silva SO, Cortez DAG, de Mello JCP, Nakamura CV. The natural compounds piperovatine and piperlonguminine induce autophagic cell death on Trypanosoma cruzi. Acta Trop 2013; 125:349-56. [PMID: 23228524 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The currently available treatments for Chagas disease show limited therapeutic potential and are associated with serious side effects. Our group has been attempting to find alternative drugs isolated from natural products as a potential source of pharmacological agents against Trypanosoma cruzi. Here, we demonstrate the antitrypanosomal activity of the amides piperovatine and piperlonguminine isolated from Piper ovatum against epimastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. We also investigated the mechanisms of action of these compounds on extracellular amastigote and epimastigote forms of T. cruzi. These amides showed low toxicity to LLCMK(2) mammalian cells. By using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, we observed that the compounds caused severe alterations in T. cruzi. These alterations were mainly located in plasma membrane and mitochondria. Furthermore, the study of treated parasites labeled with Rh123, PI and MDC corroborate with our TEM data. These mitochondrial dysfunctions induced by the amides might trigger biochemical alterations that lead to cell death. Altogether, our data evidence a possible autophagic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phercyles Veiga-Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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155
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López S, Lima B, Aragón L, Espinar LA, Tapia A, Zacchino S, Zygadlo J, Feresin GE, López ML. Essential oil of Azorella cryptantha collected in two different locations from San Juan Province, Argentina: chemical variability and anti-insect and antimicrobial activities. Chem Biodivers 2013; 9:1452-64. [PMID: 22899606 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The essential oils (EOs) of two populations of Azorella cryptantha (Clos) Reiche, a native species from San Juan Province, were obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus and characterized by GC-FID and GC/MS analyses. The compounds identified amounted to 92.3 and 88.7% of the total oil composition for A. cryptantha from Bauchaceta (Ac-BAU) and Agua Negra (Ac-AN), respectively. The EO composition for the two populations was similar, although with differences in the identity and content of the main compounds and also in the identity of minor components. The main compounds of the Ac-BAU EO were α-pinene, α-thujene, sabinene, δ-cadinene, δ-cadinol, trans-β-guaiene, and τ-muurolol, while α-pinene, α-thujene, β-pinene, γ-cadinene, τ-cadinol, δ-cadinene, τ-muurolol, and a not identified compound were the main constituents of the Ac-AN EO, which also contained 3.0% of oxygenated monoterpenes. The repellent activity on Triatoma infestans nymphs was 100 and 92% for the Ac-AN and Ac-BAU EOs, respectively. Regarding the toxic effects on Ceratitis capitata, the EOs were very active with LD(50) values lower than 11 μg/fly. The dermatophytes Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton rubrum, and T. mentagrophytes and the bacterial strains Escherichia coli LM(1), E. coli LM(2), and Yersinia enterocolitica PI were more sensitive toward the Ac-AN EO (MIC 125 μg/ml) than toward the Ac-BAU EO. This is the first report on the composition of A. cryptantha EO and its anti-insect and antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra López
- Instituto de Biotecnología - Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador General San Martín 1109 (O), CP5400, San Juan, Argentina
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156
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Vazquez-Rodriguez S, Figueroa-Guíñez R, Matos MJ, Santana L, Uriarte E, Lapier M, Maya JD, Olea-Azar C. Synthesis of coumarin–chalcone hybrids and evaluation of their antioxidant and trypanocidal properties. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00025g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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157
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Ifeoma NM. The Prevalence of Haemoparasitic Infection in Dogs Attending ECWA Vertinary Clinic, Bukuru, Jos South Local Government Area, Plateau State. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2013.33043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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158
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Fernández M, Varela J, Correia I, Birriel E, Castiglioni J, Moreno V, Costa Pessoa J, Cerecetto H, González M, Gambino D. A new series of heteroleptic oxidovanadium(iv) compounds with phenanthroline-derived co-ligands: selective Trypanosoma cruzi growth inhibitors. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:11900-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50512j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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159
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Cogo J, Caleare ADO, Ueda-Nakamura T, Filho BPD, Ferreira ICP, Nakamura CV. Trypanocidal activity of guaianolide obtained from Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. and its combinational effect with benznidazole. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 20:59-66. [PMID: 23069248 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the in vitro antiprotozoal activity of a guaianolide (11,13-dehydrocompressanolide) isolated from Tanacetum parthenium against Trypanosoma cruzi and investigated the possible combinational effect of guaianolide and benznidazole. The isolated compound was shown to be effective against T. cruzi, with IC₅₀ values of 18.1±0.8 and 66.6±1.3 μM against the multiplicative epimastigote and amastigote forms, respectively. The best results were obtained against trypomastigotes, with an EC₅₀ of 5.7±0.7 μM. The guaianolide presented no toxicity in LLCMK₂ cells (CC₅₀ of 93.5 μM) and was 16.4-fold more selective for trypomastigotes. The study of the combinational effect of benznidazole and guaianolide revealed the presence of a synergistic effect against the epimastigote form and marginal additive effect against the trypomastigote form. Striking morphological changes were observed in epimastigotes treated with guaianolide, such as thinning and stretching of the cell body and flagellum and changes in the format of the cell body with apparent leakage of the cytoplasmic content in trypomastigote forms. The ultrastructural analysis of epimastigotes revealed the presence of membranes that involved organelles and formation of myelin-like figures. Flow cytometry revealed a cell volume reduction and decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. However, no major changes in cell membrane integrity were found in the epimastigote form treated with guaianolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Cogo
- Programa de Pós graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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160
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Rigalli JP, Perdomo VG, Luquita MG, Villanueva SSM, Arias A, Theile D, Weiss J, Mottino AD, Ruiz ML, Catania VA. Regulation of biotransformation systems and ABC transporters by benznidazole in HepG2 cells: involvement of pregnane X-receptor. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1951. [PMID: 23272261 PMCID: PMC3521711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Benznidazole (BZL) is the only antichagasic drug available in most endemic countries. Its effect on the expression and activity of drug-metabolizing and transporter proteins has not been studied yet. Methodology/Principal Findings Expression and activity of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2), Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) were evaluated in HepG2 cells after treatment with BZL. Expression was estimated by immunoblotting and real time PCR. P-gp and MRP2 activities were estimated using model substrates rhodamine 123 and dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione (DNP-SG), respectively. CYP3A4 and GST activities were evaluated through their abilities to convert proluciferin into luciferin and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene into DNP-SG, respectively. BZL (200 µM) increased the expression (protein and mRNA) of P-gp, MRP2, CYP3A4, and GSTπ class. A concomitant enhancement of activity was observed for all these proteins, except for CYP3A4, which exhibited a decreased activity. To elucidate if pregnane X receptor (PXR) mediates BZL response, its expression was knocked down with a specific siRNA. In this condition, the effect of BZL on P-gp, MRP2, CYP3A4, and GSTπ protein up-regulation was completely abolished. Consistent with this, BZL was able to activate PXR, as detected by reporter gene assay. Additional studies, using transporter inhibitors and P-gp-knock down cells, demonstrated that P-gp is involved in BZL extrusion. Pre-treatment of HepG2 cells with BZL increased its own efflux, as a consequence of P-gp up-regulation. Conclusions/Significance Modifications in the activity of biotransformation and transport systems by BZL may alter the pharmacokinetics and efficiency of drugs that are substrates of these systems, including BZL itself. Chagas disease is an endemic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. Benznidazole (BZL) is the only antichagasic drug available in most endemic countries. The liver plays a major role in disposition of endogenous and exogenous compounds and their excretion is mainly mediated by transporter proteins (such as P-gp and MRP2) that act coordinately with biotransformation enzymes (such as CYP3A4 and GST). At present there is no information on whether BZL may modulate major biotransformation systems and transporters, with potential impact on its disposition or on disposition of other therapeutic agents co-administered with BZL. BZL (200 µM) altered the expression (protein and mRNA) and activity of P-gp, MRP2, CYP3A4, and GSTπ in HepG2 cells (a cell model that retains many biochemical, morphological and functional properties of the human hepatocytes), being the nuclear receptor PXR a key mediator. Additional studies demonstrated that P-gp is involved in BZL extrusion. Alterations in the pharmacokinetics and efficiency of drugs that are substrates of these systems, including BZL itself, would be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P. Rigalli
- Institute of Experimental Physiology (CONICET), School of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Virginia G. Perdomo
- Institute of Experimental Physiology (CONICET), School of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marcelo G. Luquita
- Institute of Experimental Physiology (CONICET), School of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Silvina S. M. Villanueva
- Institute of Experimental Physiology (CONICET), School of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Agostina Arias
- Institute of Experimental Physiology (CONICET), School of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Dirk Theile
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Weiss
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aldo D. Mottino
- Institute of Experimental Physiology (CONICET), School of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - María L. Ruiz
- Institute of Experimental Physiology (CONICET), School of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Viviana A. Catania
- Institute of Experimental Physiology (CONICET), School of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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161
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Soares CO, Colli W, Bechara EJ, Alves MJM. 1,4-Diamino-2-butanone, a putrescine analogue, promotes redox imbalance in Trypanosoma cruzi and mammalian cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 528:103-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Santos D, Parajón-Costa B, Rossi M, Caruso F, Benítez D, Varela J, Cerecetto H, González M, Gómez N, Caputto ME, Moglioni AG, Moltrasio GY, Finkielsztein LM, Gambino D. Activity on Trypanosoma cruzi, erythrocytes lysis and biologically relevant physicochemical properties of Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes of thiosemicarbazones derived from 1-indanones. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 117:270-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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163
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Gambino D, Otero L. Perspectives on what ruthenium-based compounds could offer in the development of potential antiparasitic drugs. Inorganica Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2012.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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164
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Synthesis, biological evaluation and chemometric analysis of indazole derivatives. 1,2-Disubstituted 5-nitroindazolinones, new prototypes of antichagasic drug. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 58:214-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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165
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Dos Santos Gomes FO, de Melo CML, Peixoto CA, de Lima MDCA, Galdino SL, Pereira VRA, da Rocha Pitta I. New imidazolidine derivatives as anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents: structure-activity relationships. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:2361-6. [PMID: 22941528 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Imidazolidine derivatives are key components for the development of bioactive compounds for the treatment of many diseases, especially Chagas. In fact, others studies showed that the imidazolidine-2,4-dione has stood out by presenting a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities including anticonvulsants, antiarrhythmic, and antiparasitic. In the present study, we investigated the morphological alterations induced by imidazolidine derivates LPSF/NN-52 and LPSF/NN-100 on trypomastigotes forms of Trypanosoma cruzi through ultrastructural analysis by electron microscopy. Many concentrations were used to measure the antiparasitic propriety promoted by imidazolidine derivatives, and our study indicates that parasites treated with 13 μg mL(-1) of the imidazolidine derivates for 24 h revealed severe damage to the parasite's mitochondrial complex. Beyond that, also observed in treated parasites were the following: myelin bodies, enlargement of cytoplasm vacuole, fragmentation of endoplasmic reticulum, and some treated samples clearly showed signs of necrosis. To confirm the ultrastructural results, some assays were performed for knowledge cellular death induction promoted by imidazolidine derivates against immune spleen cells. The induction of the necrotic process through derivatives LPSF/NN-52 and LPSF/NN-100 showed similar results in relation to nifurtimox and benznidazole. In the last assays, it was demonstrated that NN-100 was efficient against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes forms and these results reinforce the mechanisms of action of both new imidazolidine derivatives against T. cruzi.
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166
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Díaz-Urrutia CA, Olea-Azar CA, Zapata GA, Lapier M, Mura F, Aguilera-Venegas B, Arán VJ, López-Múñoz RA, Maya JD. Biological and chemical study of fused tri- and tetracyclic indazoles and analogues with important antiparasitic activity. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 95:670-678. [PMID: 22584127 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of fused tri- and tetracyclic indazoles and analogues compounds (NID) with potential antiparasitic effects were studied using voltamperometric and spectroscopic techniques. Nitroanion radicals generated by cyclic voltammetry were characterized by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) and their spectral lines were explained and analyzed using simulated spectra. In addition, we examined the interaction between radical species generated from nitroindazole derivatives and glutathione (GSH). Biological assays such as activity against Trypanosoma cruzi and cytotoxicity against macrophages were carried out. Finally, spin trapping and molecular modeling studies were also done in order to elucidate the potentials action mechanisms involved in the trypanocidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Díaz-Urrutia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile
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167
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Abstract
A nutritional characteristic of trypanosomatid protozoa is that they need a heme compound as a growth factor. Because of the cytotoxic activity of heme and its structural similarity to cobalamins, we have investigated the in vitro and in vivo effect of vitamin B(12) (or cyanocobalamin) on the different forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Cyanocobalamin showed a marked antiparasitic activity against epimastigotes (50% inhibitory concentration [IC(50)], 2.42 μM), amastigotes (IC(50), 10.69 μM), and trypomastigotes (IC(50), 9.46 μM). Anti-epimastigote and -trypomastigote values were 1.7 to 4 times lower than those obtained with the reference drug benznidazole (Bnz). We also found that B(12) and hemin do not interact with each other in their modes of action. Our results show that B(12) increases intracellular oxidative activity and stimulates both superoxide dismutase (50%) and ascorbate peroxidase (20%) activities, while the activity of trypanothione reductase was not modified. In addition, we found that the antioxidants dithiothreitol and ascorbic acid increase the susceptibility of the parasite to the cytotoxic action of B(12). We propose that vitamin B(12) exerts its growth-inhibitory effect through the generation of reactive oxygen species. In an in vivo assay, a significant reduction in the number of circulating parasites was found in T. cruzi-infected mice treated with cyanocobalamin and ascorbic acid. The reduction of parasitemia in benznidazole-treated mice was improved by the addition of these vitamins. According to our results, a combination of B(12) and Bnz should be further investigated due to its potential as a new therapeutic modality for the treatment of Chagas' disease.
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168
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Gunatilleke SS, Calvet CM, Johnston JB, Chen CK, Erenburg G, Gut J, Engel JC, Ang KKH, Mulvaney J, Chen S, Arkin MR, McKerrow JH, Podust LM. Diverse inhibitor chemotypes targeting Trypanosoma cruzi CYP51. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1736. [PMID: 22860142 PMCID: PMC3409115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas Disease, a WHO- and NIH-designated neglected tropical disease, is endemic in Latin America and an emerging infection in North America and Europe as a result of population moves. Although a major cause of morbidity and mortality due to heart failure, as well as inflicting a heavy economic burden in affected regions, Chagas Disease elicits scant notice from the pharmaceutical industry because of adverse economic incentives. The discovery and development of new routes to chemotherapy for Chagas Disease is a clear priority. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The similarity between the membrane sterol requirements of pathogenic fungi and those of the parasitic protozoon Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas human cardiopathy, has led to repurposing anti-fungal azole inhibitors of sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) for the treatment of Chagas Disease. To diversify the therapeutic pipeline of anti-Chagasic drug candidates we exploited an approach that included directly probing the T. cruzi CYP51 active site with a library of synthetic small molecules. Target-based high-throughput screening reduced the library of ∼104,000 small molecules to 185 hits with estimated nanomolar K(D) values, while cross-validation against T. cruzi-infected skeletal myoblast cells yielded 57 active hits with EC(50) <10 µM. Two pools of hits partially overlapped. The top hit inhibited T. cruzi with EC(50) of 17 nM and was trypanocidal at 40 nM. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The hits are structurally diverse, demonstrating that CYP51 is a rather permissive enzyme target for small molecules. Cheminformatic analysis of the hits suggests that CYP51 pharmacology is similar to that of other cytochromes P450 therapeutic targets, including thromboxane synthase (CYP5), fatty acid ω-hydroxylases (CYP4), 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17) and aromatase (CYP19). Surprisingly, strong similarity is suggested to glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase, which is unrelated to CYP51 by sequence or structure. Lead compounds developed by pharmaceutical companies against these targets could also be explored for efficacy against T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila S. Gunatilleke
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Claudia M. Calvet
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Cellular Ultra-Structure Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jonathan B. Johnston
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Chiung-Kuang Chen
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Grigori Erenburg
- King's University College at the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jiri Gut
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Juan C. Engel
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kenny K. H. Ang
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Mulvaney
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven Chen
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle R. Arkin
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Larissa M. Podust
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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169
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Esperandim VR, da Silva Ferreira D, Sousa Rezende KC, Cunha WR, Saraiva J, Bastos JK, Andrade e Silva ML, de Albuquerque S. In vivo infection by Trypanosoma cruzi: a morphometric study of tissue changes in mice. Parasitol Res 2012; 112:431-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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170
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Sensibilidad al benzonidazol de cepas de Trypanosoma cruzi sugiere la circulación de cepas naturalmente resistentes en Colombia. BIOMEDICA 2012. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v32i2.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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171
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Lagos CF, Araya-Secchi R, Thomas P, Pérez-Acle T, Tapia RA, Salas CO. Molecular modeling of Trypanosoma cruzi glutamate cysteine ligase and investigation of its interactions with glutathione. J Mol Model 2012; 18:2055-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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172
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Keenan M, Abbott MJ, Alexander PW, Armstrong T, Best WM, Berven B, Botero A, Chaplin JH, Charman SA, Chatelain E, von Geldern TW, Kerfoot M, Khong A, Nguyen T, McManus JD, Morizzi J, Ryan E, Scandale I, Thompson RA, Wang SZ, White KL. Analogues of fenarimol are potent inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi and are efficacious in a murine model of Chagas disease. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4189-204. [PMID: 22536986 DOI: 10.1021/jm2015809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery of nontoxic fungicide fenarimol (1) as an inhibitor of Trypanosoma cruzi ( T. cruzi ), the causative agent of Chagas disease, and the results of structure-activity investigations leading to potent analogues with low nM IC(50)s in a T. cruzi whole cell in vitro assay. Lead compounds suppressed blood parasitemia to virtually undetectable levels after once daily oral dosing in mouse models of T. cruzi infection. Compounds are chemically tractable, allowing rapid optimization of target biological activity and drug characteristics. Chemical and biological studies undertaken in the development of the fenarimol series toward the goal of delivering a new drug candidate for Chagas disease are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Keenan
- Epichem Pty Ltd, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
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173
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Sánchez-Moreno M, Marín C, Navarro P, Lamarque L, García-España E, Miranda C, Huertas O, Olmo F, Gómez-Contreras F, Pitarch J, Arrebola F. In Vitro and in Vivo Trypanosomicidal Activity of Pyrazole-Containing Macrocyclic and Macrobicyclic Polyamines: Their Action on Acute and Chronic Phases of Chagas Disease. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4231-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2017144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pilar Navarro
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica M. Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laurent Lamarque
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica M. Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique García-España
- Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, E-46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain
| | - Carlos Miranda
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica M. Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Fernando Gómez-Contreras
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pitarch
- Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, E-46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain
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174
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Romano PS, Cueto JA, Casassa AF, Vanrell MC, Gottlieb RA, Colombo MI. Molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the Trypanosoma cruzi/host cell interplay. IUBMB Life 2012; 64:387-96. [PMID: 22454195 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi has a complex biological cycle that involves vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. In mammals, the infective trypomastigote form of this parasite can invade several cell types by exploiting phagocytic-like or nonphagocytic mechanisms depending on the class of cell involved. Morphological studies showed that when trypomastigotes contact macrophages, they induce the formation of plasma membrane protrusions that differ from the canonical phagocytosis that occurs in the case of noninfective epimastigotes. In contrast, when trypomastigotes infect epithelial or muscle cells, the cell surface is minimally modified, suggesting the induction of a different class of process. Lysosomal-dependent or -independent T. cruzi invasion of host cells are two different models that describe the molecular and cellular events activated during parasite entry into nonphagocytic cells. In this context, we have previously shown that induction of autophagy in host cells before infection favors T. cruzi invasion. Furthermore, we demonstrate that autophagosomes and the autophagosomal protein LC3 are recruited to the T. cruzi entry sites and that the newly formed T. cruzi parasitophorous vacuole has characteristics of an autophagolysosome. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of T. cruzi invasion in nonphagocytic cells. Based on our findings, we propose a new model in which T. cruzi takes advantage of the upregulation of autophagy during starvation to increase its successful colonization of host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Silvia Romano
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina.
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175
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Induction of oxidative stress in Trypanosoma brucei by the antitrypanosomal dihydroquinoline OSU-40. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:2428-34. [PMID: 22314522 DOI: 10.1128/aac.06386-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydroquinoline derivative OSU-40 (1-benzyl-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinolin-6-yl acetate) is selectively potent against Trypanosma brucei rhodesiense in vitro (50% inhibitory concentration [IC(50)], 14 nM; selectivity index, 1,700) and has been proposed to cause the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in African trypanosomes (J. Fotie et al., J. Med. Chem. 53:966-982, 2010). In the present study, we sought to provide further support for the hypothesis that OSU-40 kills trypanosomes through oxidative stress. Inducible RNA interference (RNAi) was applied to downregulate key enzymes in parasite antioxidant defense, including T. brucei trypanothione synthetase (TbTryS) and superoxide dismutase B (TbSODB). Both TbTryS RNAi-induced and TbSODB RNAi-induced cells showed impaired growth and increased sensitivity toward OSU-40 by 2.4-fold and 3.4-fold, respectively. Decreased expression of key parasite antioxidant enzymes was thus associated with increased sensitivity to OSU-40, consistent with the hypothesis that OSU-40 acts through oxidative stress. Finally, the dose-dependent formation of free radicals was observed after incubation of T. brucei with OSU-40 utilizing electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. These data support the notion that the mode of antitrypanosomal action for this class of compounds is to induce oxidative stress.
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176
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Saeidnia S, Gohari AR. Trypanocidal Monoterpenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59514-0.00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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177
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Soares RO, Echevarria A, Bellieny MS, Pinho RT, de Leo RM, Seguins WS, Machado GM, Canto-Cavalheiro MM, Leon LL. Evaluation of thiosemicarbazones and semicarbazones as potential agents anti-Trypanosoma cruzi. Exp Parasitol 2011; 129:381-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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178
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Vieites M, Smircich P, Pagano M, Otero L, Fischer FL, Terenzi H, Prieto MJ, Moreno V, Garat B, Gambino D. DNA as molecular target of analogous palladium and platinum anti-Trypanosoma cruzi compounds: A comparative study. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1704-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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179
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Caputto ME, Fabian LE, Benítez D, Merlino A, Ríos N, Cerecetto H, Moltrasio GY, Moglioni AG, González M, Finkielsztein LM. Thiosemicarbazones derived from 1-indanones as new anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6818-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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180
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Pelizzaro-Rocha KJ, Veiga-Santos P, Lazarin-Bidóia D, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias Filho BP, Ximenes VF, Silva SO, Nakamura CV. Trypanocidal action of eupomatenoid-5 is related to mitochondrion dysfunction and oxidative damage in Trypanosoma cruzi. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:1018-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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181
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182
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Menezes C, Costa GC, Gollob KJ, Dutra WO. Clinical aspects of Chagas disease and implications for novel therapies. Drug Dev Res 2011; 72:471-479. [PMID: 22267887 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and the human host dates back 9000 years, as demonstrated by molecular analysis of material obtained from Andean mummies indicating the presence of the parasite's kinetoplast DNA in populations from Chile and Peru. This long-established interaction, which persists today, demonstrates that T. cruzi has established a very well adapted relationship with the human host. From a host-parasite relationship point-of-view this is desirable, however, such a high degree of adaptation is perhaps the foundation for many of the unknowns that surround this disease. Unveiling of the immunological mechanisms that underlie the establishment of pathology, identification of parasite-associated factors that determine strain-differential tissue tropism, discovery of host genetic elements that influence the development of different clinical forms of the disease, and understanding environmental factors that may influence the host-parasite interactions, are some of the key questions remaining to be answered. The response to these questions will aid in addressing some of the current challenges in Chagas disease: fulfilling the need for efficient diagnosis, developing effective prophylactic measures, discovering effective therapeutics, and finding methods to control disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Menezes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Exact and Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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183
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Mejía-Jaramillo AM, Fernández GJ, Palacio L, Triana-Chávez O. Gene expression study using real-time PCR identifies an NTR gene as a major marker of resistance to benzonidazole in Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:169. [PMID: 21892937 PMCID: PMC3185274 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease is a neglected illness, with limited treatments, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Two drugs are prescribed to treat the disease, nifurtimox and benznidazole, which have been previously reported to have limited efficacy and the appearance of resistance by T. cruzi. Acquisition of drug-resistant phenotypes is a complex physiological process based on single or multiple changes of the genes involved, probably in its mechanisms of action. Results The differential genes expression of a sensitive Trypanosoma cruzi strain and its induced in vitro benznidazole-resistant phenotypes was studied. The stepwise increasing concentration of BZ in the parental strain generated five different resistant populations assessed by the IC50 ranging from 10.49 to 93.7 μM. The resistant populations maintained their phenotype when the BZ was depleted from the culture for many passages. Additionally, the benznidazole-resistant phenotypes presented a cross-resistance to nifurtimox but not to G418 sulfate. On the other hand, four of the five phenotypes resistant to different concentrations of drugs had different expression levels for the 12 genes evaluated by real-time PCR. However, in the most resistant phenotype (TcR5x), the levels of mRNA from these 12 genes and seven more were similar to the parental strain but not for NTR and OYE genes, which were down-regulated and over-expressed, respectively. The number of copies for these two genes was evaluated for the parental strain and the TcR5x phenotype, revealing that the NTR gene had lost a copy in this last phenotype. No changes were found in the enzyme activity of CPR and SOD in the most resistant population. Finally, there was no variability of genetic profiles among all the parasite populations evaluated by performing low-stringency single-specific primer PCR (LSSP-PCR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA RAPD techniques, indicating that no clonal selection or drastic genetic changes had occurred for the exposure to BZ. Conclusion Here, we propose NTR as the major marker of the appearance of resistance to BZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Mejía-Jaramillo
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas-BCEI-SIU, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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184
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Faúndez M, Rojas M, Bohle P, Reyes C, Letelier ME, Aliaga ME, Speisky H, Lissi E, López-Alarcón C. Pyrogallol red oxidation induced by superoxide radicals: application to evaluate redox cycling of nitro compounds. Anal Biochem 2011; 419:284-91. [PMID: 21945352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The bleaching of the pyrogallol red (PGR) dye mediated by superoxide anion radicals (O(2)(-)) generated from the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system (X/XO) was studied by UV-visible spectrophotometry. The absorption band (at 540 nm) of PGR quickly decreased in the presence of X/XO, implying an efficient reaction of O(2)(-) with PGR. The process was unaffected by catalase (CAT), but completely abolished by superoxide dismutase (SOD). A mechanism of the reaction involving the consumption of one PGR molecule by two O(2)(-) to generate one molecule of H(2)O(2) is proposed. PGR was used as a probe to estimate the rate of O(2)(-) generation in redox cycling reactions of a series of nitro compounds mediated by rat liver microsomes. The consumption of PGR induced by the redox cycling of nitrofurantoin was totally eliminated by the addition of SOD but unaffected by CAT. The initial rate of consumption of PGR mediated by the redox cycling of others nitro derivatives follows the order: furazolidindione > nitrofurantoin > nifurtimox > benznidazole > chloramphenicol. We concluded that PGR can be used as a probe to estimate the release of O(2)(-) from enzymatic systems or from the redox cycling of nitro compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Faúndez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, CP 782 0436, Santiago, Chile
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185
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Aravena CM, Olea AC, Cerecetto H, González M, Maya JD, Rodríguez-Becerra J. Potent 5-nitrofuran derivatives inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi growth: electrochemical, spectroscopic and biological studies. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 79:312-319. [PMID: 21470905 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammetry and electron spin resonance techniques were used in the investigation of several potential antiprotozoal containing thiosemicarbazone and carbamate nitrofurans. In the electrochemical behaviour, a self-protonation process involving the nitro group was observed. The reactivity of the nitro anion radical for these derivatives with glutathione, a biological relevant thiol, was also studied in means of cyclic voltammetry. These studies demonstrated that glutathione could react with radical species from 5-nitrofuryl system. Furthermore, from the voltammetric results, some parameters of biological significance as E(7)(1) (indicative of the biological nitro anion radical formation), and [Formula: see text] (thermodynamic indicator the of oxygen redox cycling) have been calculated. We also evaluated the stability of the nitro anion radical in terms of the dimerization constant (k(d)). The nitrofuran-free radicals from cyclic voltammetry were characterized by electron spin resonance. A clear dependence between both the thiosemicarbazone or carbamate substructure and the length of the linker, furyl- or furylpropenyl-spacer, and the delocalization of the unpaired electron was observed. Through of biological assays we obtained important parameters that account for the selective anti-trypanosomal activity of these derivatives. The trypomastigote viability study showed that all derivatives are as active as in the epimastigote form of the parasite in a doses dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Maria Aravena
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Famacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Olivos 1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
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186
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187
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Genes C, Baquero E, Echeverri F, Maya JD, Triana O. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Trypanosoma cruzi: the role of Serratia marcescens prodigiosin in the alternative treatment of Chagas disease. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:66. [PMID: 21548954 PMCID: PMC3118961 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease is a health threat for many people, mostly those living in Latin America. One of the most important problems in treatment is the limitation of existing drugs. Prodigiosin, produced by Serratia marcescens (Rhodnius prolixus endosymbiont), belongs to the red-pigmented bacterial prodiginine family, which displays numerous biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antimalarial, immunosuppressive, and anticancer properties. Here we describe its effects on Trypanosoma cruzi mitochondria belonging to Tc I and Tc II. RESULTS Parasites exposed to prodigiosin altered the mitochondrial function and oxidative phosphorylation could not have a normal course, probably by inhibition of complex III. Prodigiosin did not produce cytotoxic effects in lymphocytes and Vero cells and has better effects than benznidazole. Our data suggest that the action of prodigiosin on the parasites is mediated by mitochondrial structural and functional disruptions that could lead the parasites to an apoptotic-like cell death process. CONCLUSIONS Here, we propose a potentially useful trypanocidal agent derived from knowledge of an important aspect of the natural life cycle of the parasite: the vector-parasite interaction. Our results indicate that prodigiosin could be a good candidate for the treatment of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Genes
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas BCEI-SIU, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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188
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Magdaleno A, Suárez Mantilla B, Rocha SC, Pral EMF, Silber AM. The Involvement of Glutamate Metabolism in the Resistance to Thermal, Nutritional, and Oxidative Stress in Trypanosoma cruzi. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:486928. [PMID: 21629861 PMCID: PMC3092565 DOI: 10.4061/2011/486928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of some glutamate metabolic pathways could lead to diminished parasite survival. In this study, the effects of L-methionine sulfoximine (MS), DL-methionine sulfone (MSO), and DL-methionine sulfoxide (MSE), three glutamate analogs, on several biological processes were evaluated. We found that these analogs inhibited the growth of epimastigotes cells and showed a synergistic effect with stress conditions such as temperature, nutritional starvation, and oxidative stress. The specific activity for the reductive amination of α-ketoglutaric acid, catalyzed by the NADP(+)-linked glutamate dehydrogenase, showed an increase in the NADP(+) levels, when MS, MSE, and MSO were added. It suggests an eventual conversion of the compounds tested by the T. cruzi cells. The fact that trypomastigote bursting was not significantly inhibited when infected cells were treated with these compounds, remarks the existence of relevant metabolic differences among the different life-cycle stages. It must be considered when proposing a new therapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahí Magdaleno
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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189
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Recabarren-Gajardo G, Gacitúa M, Murueva I, Romero J, Espinosa-Bustos C, Mella-Raipán J, del Valle MA, Pessoa-Mahana CD, Tapia R. Synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical studies of new 5- and 6-nitro N
-acyl-1H
-indazoles. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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190
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Izumi E, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias Filho BP, Veiga Júnior VF, Nakamura CV. Natural products and Chagas' disease: a review of plant compounds studied for activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:809-23. [PMID: 21290079 DOI: 10.1039/c0np00069h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we review studies that have investigated the activity of plant-derived compounds against Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas’ disease. In the last decade, more than 300 species belonging to almost 100 families have been evaluated for activity, and here we describe the compounds isolated; 85 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Izumi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid s/n, 86051-990, Londrina-PR, Brazil
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191
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Sánchez-Moreno M, Sanz AM, Gómez-Contreras F, Navarro P, Marín C, Ramírez-Macias I, Rosales MJ, Olmo F, Garcia-Aranda I, Campayo L, Cano C, Arrebola F, Yunta MJR. In Vivo Trypanosomicidal Activity of Imidazole- or Pyrazole-Based Benzo[g]phthalazine Derivatives against Acute and Chronic Phases of Chagas Disease. J Med Chem 2011; 54:970-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101198k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana M. Sanz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Gómez-Contreras
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Navarro
- Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica M. Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - María Jose Rosales
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Olmo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Garcia-Aranda
- Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica M. Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucrecia Campayo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Cano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Arrebola
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Spain
| | - María J. R. Yunta
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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192
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Demoro B, Caruso F, Rossi M, Benítez D, Gonzalez M, Cerecetto H, Parajón-Costa B, Castiglioni J, Galizzi M, Docampo R, Otero L, Gambino D. Risedronate metal complexes potentially active against Chagas disease. J Inorg Biochem 2010; 104:1252-8. [PMID: 20817265 PMCID: PMC2949467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the search for new metal-based drugs for the treatment of Chagas disease, the most widespread Latin American parasitic disease, novel complexes of the bioactive ligand risedronate (Ris, (1-hydroxy-1-phosphono-2-pyridin-3-yl-ethyl)phosphonate), [M(II)(Ris)(2)]·4H(2)O, where M═Cu, Co, Mn and Ni, and [Ni(II)(Ris)(2)(H(2)O)(2)]·H(2)O were synthesized and characterized by using analytical measurements, thermogravimetric analyses, cyclic voltammetry and infrared and Raman spectroscopies. Crystal structures of [Cu(II)(Ris)(2)]·4H(2)O and [Ni(II)(Ris)(2)(H(2)O)(2)]·H(2)O were solved by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The complexes, as well as the free ligand, were evaluated in vitro against epimastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, causative agent of Chagas disease. Results demonstrated that the coordination of risedronate to different metal ions improved the antiproliferative effect against T. cruzi, exhibiting growth inhibition values against the intracellular amastigotes ranging the low micromolar levels. In addition, this strong activity could be related to high inhibition of farnesyl diphosphate synthase enzyme. On the other hand, protein interaction studies showed that all the complexes strongly interact with albumin thus providing a suitable means of transporting them to tissues in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Demoro
- Cátedra de Química Inorgánica, DEC, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, C. C. 1157, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Francesco Caruso
- Istituto Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR, Ple. Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York 12604-0484, USA
| | - Diego Benítez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mercedes Gonzalez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Hugo Cerecetto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Parajón-Costa
- Centro de Química Inorgánica (CEQUINOR/CONICET-UNLP), C.C. 962, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jorge Castiglioni
- LAFIDESU, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, C. C. 1157, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Melina Galizzi
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Lucía Otero
- Cátedra de Química Inorgánica, DEC, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, C. C. 1157, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Dinorah Gambino
- Cátedra de Química Inorgánica, DEC, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, C. C. 1157, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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193
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Benítez J, Becco L, Correia I, Leal SM, Guiset H, Pessoa JC, Lorenzo J, Tanco S, Escobar P, Moreno V, Garat B, Gambino D. Vanadium polypyridyl compounds as potential antiparasitic and antitumoral agents: new achievements. J Inorg Biochem 2010; 105:303-12. [PMID: 21194632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Revised: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the search for new therapeutic tools against diseases produced by kinetoplastid parasites five vanadyl complexes, [V(IV)O(L-2H)(phen)], including 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and tridentate salicylaldehyde semicarbazone derivatives as ligands have been synthesized and characterized in the solid state and in solution by using different techniques. EPR suggested a distorted octahedral geometry with the tridentate semicarbazone occupying three equatorial positions and phen coordinated in an equatorial/axial mode. The compounds were evaluated in vitro on epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, causative agent of Chagas disease, Leishmania panamensis and Leishmania chagasi and on tumor cells. The complexes showed higher in vitro anti-trypanosomal activities than the reference drug Nifurtimox (IC(50) values in the range 1.6-3.8 μM) and increased activities in respect to the free semicarbazone ligands. In vitro activity on promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania showed interesting results. The compounds [VO(L1-2H)(phen)] and [VO(L3-2H)(phen)], where L1 = 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde semicarbazone and L3 = 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde semicarbazone, resulted active (IC(50) 2.74 and 2.75 μM, respectively, on promastigotes of L. panamensis; IC(50) 19.52 and 20.75 μM, respectively, on intracellular amastigotes of L. panamensis) and showed low toxicity on THP-1 mammalian cells (IC(50) 188.55 and 88.13 μM, respectively). In addition, the complexes showed cytotoxicity on human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells with IC(50) values of the same order of magnitude as cisplatin. The interaction of the complexes with DNA was demonstrated by different techniques, suggesting that this biomolecule could be a potential target either in the parasites or in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Benítez
- Facultad de Química, UDELAR, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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194
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García P, Genes C, Molano P, Torres O, Saez J, Triana O. Evaluation of the trypanocidal, cytotoxic and genotoxic activity of styrylquinoline analogs. J Chemother 2010; 22:169-74. [PMID: 20566421 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2010.22.3.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Styrylquinolines isolated from Galipea longiflora have shown leishmanicidal, trypanocidal, nematocidal and antimalarial activity. Here, we propose to use analogs of these styrylquinolines to enhance the activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Three compounds in a reduced and oxidized state were synthesized, and the activity against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes was evaluated. in addition, the cytotoxic activity and genotoxic effect were also determined. The results indicated that epimastigotes from different T. cruzi I stocks were highly sensitive to the three compounds. The PQM4 compound presented promising activity against trypomastigotes and low cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. Finally, we observed that the doublebond reduction of the lateral chain of the three carbons made on these compounds improved the activity and substantially diminished the toxicity of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- P García
- Grupo Biologia y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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195
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Apt W. Current and developing therapeutic agents in the treatment of Chagas disease. Drug Des Devel Ther 2010; 4:243-53. [PMID: 20957215 PMCID: PMC2948934 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s8338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease must be treated in all its stages: acute, indeterminate, chronic, and initial and middle determinant chronic, due to the fact that DNA of the parasite can be demonstrated by PCR in chronic cases, where optical microscopy does not detect parasites. Nifurtimox (NF) and benznidazole (BNZ) are the drugs accepted to treat humans based upon ethical considerations and efficiency. However, both the drugs produce secondary effects in 30% of the cases, and the treatment must be given for at least 30-60 days. Other useful drugs are itraconazole and posaconazole. The latter may be the drug to treat Chagas disease in the future when all the investigations related to it are finished. At present, there is no criterion of cure for chronic cases since in the majority, the serology remains positive, although it may decrease. In acute cases, 70% cure with NF and 75% with BNZ is achieved. In congenital cases, 100% cure is obtained if the treatment is performed during the first year of life. In chronic acquired cases, 20% cure and 50% improvement of the electrocardiographic changes are obtained with itraconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Apt
- University of Chile, Faculty of Medicine, Santiago, Chile.
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196
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Matsuo AL, Silva LS, Torrecilhas AC, Pascoalino BS, Ramos TC, Rodrigues EG, Schenkman S, Caires ACF, Travassos LR. In vitro and in vivo trypanocidal effects of the cyclopalladated compound 7a, a drug candidate for treatment of Chagas' disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:3318-25. [PMID: 20479201 PMCID: PMC2916297 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00323-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas' disease, a neglected tropical infection, affects about 18 million people, and 100 million are at risk. The only drug available, benznidazole, is effective in the acute form and in the early chronic form, but its efficacy and tolerance are inversely related to the age of the patients. Side effects are frequent in elderly patients. The search for new drugs is thus warranted. In the present study we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo effect of a cyclopalladated compound (7a) against Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease. The 7a compound inhibits trypomastigote cell invasion, decreases intracellular amastigote proliferation, and is very effective as a trypanocidal drug in vivo, even at very low dosages. It was 340-fold more cytotoxic to parasites than to mammalian cells and was more effective than benznidazole in all in vitro and in vivo experiments. The 7a cyclopalladate complex exerts an apoptosis-like death in T. cruzi trypomastigote forms and causes mitochondrion disruption seen by electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson L Matsuo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, SP 04023-062 Brazil.
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197
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Tonin LTD, Panice MR, Nakamura CV, Rocha KJP, Santos AOD, Ueda-Nakamura T, Costa WFD, Sarragiotto MH. Antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activities of novel N-alkyl-(1-phenylsubstituted-β-carboline)-3-carboxamides. Biomed Pharmacother 2010; 64:386-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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198
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Herrera C, Vallejos GA, Loaiza R, Zeledón R, Urbina A, Sepúlveda-Boza S. In vitro activity of thienyl-2-nitropropene compounds against Trypanosoma cruzi. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104:980-5. [PMID: 20027464 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000700007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro activity of four 2-nitropropene derivatives, 1-(3-benzothienyl)-2-nitropropene (N1), 1-(3-thienyl)-2-nitropropene (N2), 1-(5-bromo-2-thienyl)-2-nitropropene (N3) and 1-(4-bromo-2-thienyl)-2-nitropropene (N4), were tested against cultures of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Cytotoxicity studies were performed using Vero cells. The blood trypomastigotes, amastigotes and epimastigotes showed differential degrees of sensitivity towards the four tested compounds; the highest activity against the epimastigotes and blood tripomastigotes was exhibited by N1, followed by N3, N4 and finally N2. In contrast, whereas the compounds N1, N3 and N4 exerted similar magnitudes of activity against amastigotes, N2 was found to be a much less potent compound. According to our results, the compound N1 had the highest level of activity (IC50: 0.6 microM) against epimastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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199
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Cordeiro AT, Thiemann OH. 16-bromoepiandrosterone, an activator of the mammalian immune system, inhibits glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Trypanosoma cruzi and is toxic to these parasites grown in culture. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:4762-8. [PMID: 20570159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) catalyzes the first step of the pentose-phosphate pathway which supplies cells with ribose 5-phosphate (R5P) and NADPH. R5P is the precursor for the biosynthesis of nucleotides while NADPH is the cofactor of several dehydrogenases acting in a broad range of biosynthetic processes and in the maintenance of the cellular redox state. RNA interference-mediated reduction of G6PDH levels in bloodstream-form Trypanosoma brucei validated this enzyme as a drug target against Human African Trypanosomiasis. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a human steroidal pro-hormone and its derivative 16α-bromoepiandrosterone (16BrEA) are uncompetitive inhibitors of mammalian G6PDH. Such steroids are also known to enhance the immune response in a broad range of animal infection models. It is noteworthy that the administration of DHEA to rats infected by Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Human American Trypanosomiasis (also known as Chagas' disease), reduces blood parasite levels at both acute and chronic infection stages. In the present work, we investigated the in vitro effect of DHEA derivatives on the proliferation of T. cruzi epimastigotes and their inhibitory effect on a recombinant form of the parasite's G6PDH (TcG6PDH). Our results show that DHEA and its derivative epiandrosterone (EA) are uncompetitive inhibitors of TcG6PDH, with K(i) values of 21.5 ± 0.5 and 4.8 ± 0.3 μM, respectively. Results from quantitative inhibition assays indicate 16BrEA as a potent inhibitor of TcG6PDH with an IC₅₀ of 86 ± 8 nM and those from in vitro cell viability assays confirm its toxicity for T. cruzi epimastigotes, with a LD₅₀ of 12 ± 8 μM. In summary, we demonstrated that, in addition to host immune response enhancement, 16BrEA has a direct effect on parasite viability, most likely as a consequence of TcG6PDH inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur T Cordeiro
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000 Campinas, Brazil.
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200
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Boiani M, Piacenza L, Hernández P, Boiani L, Cerecetto H, González M, Denicola A. Mode of action of nifurtimox and N-oxide-containing heterocycles against Trypanosoma cruzi: is oxidative stress involved? Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 79:1736-45. [PMID: 20178775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the trypanosomatid parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and threatens millions of lives in South America. As other neglected diseases there is almost no research and development effort by the pharmaceutical industry and the treatment relies on two drugs, Nifurtimox and Benznidazole, discovered empirically more than three decades ago. Nifurtimox, a nitrofurane derivative, is believed to exert its biological activity through the bioreduction of the nitro-group to a nitro-anion radical which undergoes redox-cycling with molecular oxygen. This hypothesis is generally accepted, although arguments against it have been presented. In the present work we studied the ability of Nifurtimox and five N-oxide-containing heterocycles to induce oxidative stress in T. cruzi. N-Oxide-containing heterocycles represent a promising group of new trypanosomicidal agents and their mode of action is not completely elucidated. The results here obtained argue against the oxidative stress hypothesis almost for all the studied compounds, including Nifurtimox. A significant reduction in the level of parasitic low-molecular-weight thiols was observed after Nifurtimox treatment; however, it was not linked to the production of reactive oxidant species. Besides, redox-cycling is only observed at high Nifurtimox concentrations (>400microM), two orders of magnitude higher than the concentration required for anti-proliferative activity (5microM). Our results indicate that an increase in oxidative stress is not the main mechanism of action of Nifurtimox. Among the studied N-oxide-containing heterocycles, benzofuroxan derivatives strongly inhibited parasite dehydrogenase activity and affected mitochondrial membrane potential. The indazole derivative raised intracellular oxidants production, but it was the least effective as anti-T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Boiani
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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