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Chao CM, Yahya F, Moiseenko A, Tiozzo C, Shrestha A, Ahmadvand N, El Agha E, Quantius J, Dilai S, Kheirollahi V, Jones M, Wilhem J, Carraro G, Ehrhardt H, Zimmer KP, Barreto G, Ahlbrecht K, Morty RE, Herold S, Abellar RG, Seeger W, Schermuly R, Zhang JS, Minoo P, Bellusci S. Fgf10 deficiency is causative for lethality in a mouse model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pathol 2016; 241:91-103. [PMID: 27770432 DOI: 10.1002/path.4834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation-induced FGF10 protein deficiency is associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease of prematurely born infants characterized by arrested alveolar development. So far, experimental evidence for a direct role of FGF10 in lung disease is lacking. Using the hyperoxia-induced neonatal lung injury as a mouse model of BPD, the impact of Fgf10 deficiency in Fgf10+/- versus Fgf10+/+ pups was investigated. In normoxia, no lethality of Fgf10+/+ or Fgf10+/- pups was observed. By contrast, all Fgf10+/- pups died within 8 days of hyperoxic injury, with lethality starting at day 5, whereas Fgf10+/+ pups were all alive. Lungs of pups from the two genotypes were collected on postnatal day 3 following normoxia or hyperoxia exposure for further analysis. In hyperoxia, Fgf10+/- lungs exhibited increased hypoalveolarization. Analysis by FACS of the Fgf10+/- versus control lungs in normoxia revealed a decreased ratio of alveolar epithelial type II (AECII) cells over total Epcam-positive cells. In addition, gene array analysis indicated reduced AECII and increased AECI transcriptome signatures in isolated AECII cells from Fgf10+/- lungs. Such an imbalance in differentiation is also seen in hyperoxia and is associated with reduced mature surfactant protein B and C expression. Attenuation of the activity of Fgfr2b ligands postnatally in the context of hyperoxia also led to increased lethality with decreased surfactant expression. In summary, decreased Fgf10 mRNA levels lead to congenital lung defects, which are compatible with postnatal survival, but which compromise the ability of the lungs to cope with sub-lethal hyperoxic injury. Fgf10 deficiency affects quantitatively and qualitatively the formation of AECII cells. In addition, Fgfr2b ligands are also important for repair after hyperoxia exposure in neonates. Deficient AECII cells could be an additional complication for patients with BPD. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Ming Chao
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine II, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,University Children's Hospital Gießen, Division of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Justus-Liebig-University, Member of the German Lung Center (DZL), Gießen, Germany
| | - Faady Yahya
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine II, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alena Moiseenko
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine II, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Caterina Tiozzo
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amit Shrestha
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine II, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Negah Ahmadvand
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine II, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elie El Agha
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine II, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Quantius
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine II, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Salma Dilai
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine II, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Vahid Kheirollahi
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine II, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Matthew Jones
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine II, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jochen Wilhem
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine II, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gianni Carraro
- Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Harald Ehrhardt
- University Children's Hospital Gießen, Division of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Justus-Liebig-University, Member of the German Lung Center (DZL), Gießen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Zimmer
- University Children's Hospital Gießen, Division of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Justus-Liebig-University, Member of the German Lung Center (DZL), Gießen, Germany
| | - Guillermo Barreto
- LOEWE Research Group, Lung Cancer Epigenetic, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Lung Center (DZL), 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Katrin Ahlbrecht
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Lung Center (DZL), 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Lung Center (DZL), 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine II, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rosanna G Abellar
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Werner Seeger
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine II, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Lung Center (DZL), 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ralph Schermuly
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine II, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, PR China
| | - Parviz Minoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine II, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, PR China.,Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles and University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
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152
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Choudhury G, MacNee W. Role of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Pathology of Ageing in COPD: Potential Therapeutic Interventions. COPD 2016; 14:122-135. [DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2016.1214948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Choudhury
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, 47 little France Crescent Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - William MacNee
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, 47 little France Crescent Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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153
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Jia J, Conlon TM, Ballester Lopez C, Seimetz M, Bednorz M, Zhou-Suckow Z, Weissmann N, Eickelberg O, Mall MA, Yildirim AÖ. Cigarette smoke causes acute airway disease and exacerbates chronic obstructive lung disease in neonatal mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L602-10. [PMID: 27448665 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00124.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence demonstrates a strong link between postnatal cigarette smoke (CS) exposure and increased respiratory morbidity in young children. However, how CS induces early onset airway disease in young children, and how it interacts with endogenous risk factors, remains poorly understood. We, therefore, exposed 10-day-old neonatal wild-type and β-epithelial sodium ion channel (β-ENaC)-transgenic mice with cystic fibrosis-like lung disease to CS for 4 days. Neonatal wild-type mice exposed to CS demonstrated increased numbers of macrophages and neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), which was accompanied by increased levels of Mmp12 and Cxcl1 BALF from β-ENaC-transgenic mice contained greater numbers of macrophages, which did not increase following acute CS exposure; however, there was significant increase in airway neutrophilia compared with filtered air transgenic and CS-exposed wild-type controls. Interestingly, wild-type and β-ENaC-transgenic mice demonstrated epithelial airway and vascular remodeling following CS exposure. Morphometric analysis of lung sections revealed that CS exposure caused increased mucus accumulation in the airway lumen of neonatal β-ENaC-transgenic mice compared with wild-type controls, which was accompanied by an increase in the number of goblet cells and Muc5ac upregulation. We conclude that short-term CS exposure 1) induces acute airway disease with airway epithelial and vascular remodeling in neonatal wild-type mice; and 2) exacerbates airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and mucus plugging in neonatal β-ENaC-transgenic mice with chronic lung disease. Our results in neonatal mice suggest that young children may be highly susceptible to develop airway disease in response to tobacco smoke exposure, and that adverse effects may be aggravated in children with underlying chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jia
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M Conlon
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Carolina Ballester Lopez
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Seimetz
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Mariola Bednorz
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Zhe Zhou-Suckow
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), University of Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany; University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus A Mall
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), University of Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany;
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154
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Olschewski H. Why we should care about the mysteries of pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ 2016; 6:249-50. [PMID: 27683601 PMCID: PMC5019077 DOI: 10.1086/687367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Horst Olschewski
- Medical University of Graz and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
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155
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Aberrant immune response with consequent vascular and connective tissue remodeling - causal to scleroderma and associated syndromes such as Raynaud phenomenon and other fibrosing syndromes? Curr Opin Rheumatol 2016; 28:571-6. [PMID: 27548652 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Scleroderma and other autoimmune-induced connective tissue diseases are characterized by dysfunctions in the immune system, connective tissue and the vasculature. We are focusing on systemic sclerosis (SSc)-associated pulmonary hypertension, which remains a leading cause of death with only a 50-60% of 2-year survival rate. RECENT FINDINGS Much research and translational efforts have been directed at understanding the immune response that causes SSc and the networked interactions with the connective tissue and the vasculature. One of the unexpected findings was that in some cases the pathogenic immune response in SSc resembles the immune response to helminth parasites. During coevolution, means of communication were developed which protect the host from over-colonization with parasites and which protect the parasite from excessive host responses. One explanation for the geographically clustered occurrence of SSc is that environmental exposures combined with genetic predisposition turn on triggers of molecular and cellular modules that were once initiated by parasites. SUMMARY Future research is needed to further understand the parasite-derived signals that dampen the host response. Therapeutic helminth infection or treatment with parasite-derived response modifiers could be promising new management tools for autoimmune connective tissue diseases.
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156
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Glufosinate aerogenic exposure induces glutamate and IL-1 receptor dependent lung inflammation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:1939-54. [PMID: 27549113 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glufosinate-ammonium (GLA), the active component of an herbicide, is known to cause neurotoxicity. GLA shares structural analogy with glutamate. It is a powerful inhibitor of glutamine synthetase (GS) and may bind to glutamate receptors. Since these potentials targets of GLA are present in lung and immune cells, we asked whether airway exposure to GLA may cause lung inflammation in mice. A single GLA exposure (1 mg/kg) induced seizures and inflammatory cell recruitment in the broncho-alveolar space, and increased myeloperoxidase (MPO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), interstitial inflammation and disruption of alveolar septae within 6-24 h. Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) was increased and lung inflammation depended on IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1). We demonstrate that glutamate receptor pathway is central, since the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor inhibitor MK-801 prevented GLA-induced lung inflammation. Chronic exposure (0.2 mg/kg 3× per week for 4 weeks) caused moderate lung inflammation and enhanced airway hyperreactivity with significant increased airway resistance. In conclusion, GLA aerosol exposure causes glutamate signalling and IL-1R-dependent pulmonary inflammation with airway hyperreactivity in mice.
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157
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Iyer KS, Newell JD, Jin D, Fuld MK, Saha PK, Hansdottir S, Hoffman EA. Quantitative Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Supports a Vascular Etiology of Smoking-induced Inflammatory Lung Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193:652-61. [PMID: 26569033 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201506-1196oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Endothelial dysfunction is of interest in relation to smoking-associated emphysema, a component of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We previously demonstrated that computed tomography (CT)-derived pulmonary blood flow (PBF) heterogeneity is greater in smokers with normal pulmonary function tests (PFTs) but who have visual evidence of centriacinar emphysema (CAE) on CT. OBJECTIVES We introduced dual-energy CT (DECT) perfused blood volume (PBV) as a PBF surrogate to evaluate whether the CAE-associated increased PBF heterogeneity is reversible with sildenafil. METHODS Seventeen PFT-normal current smokers were divided into CAE-susceptible (SS; n = 10) and nonsusceptible (NS; n = 7) smokers, based on the presence or absence of CT-detected CAE. DECT-PBV images were acquired before and 1 hour after administration of 20 mg oral sildenafil. Regional PBV and PBV coefficients of variation (CV), a measure of spatial blood flow heterogeneity, were determined, followed by quantitative assessment of the central arterial tree. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS After sildenafil administration, regional PBV-CV decreased in SS subjects but did not decrease in NS subjects (P < 0.05), after adjusting for age and pack-years. Quantitative evaluation of the central pulmonary arteries revealed higher arterial volume and greater cross-sectional area (CSA) in the lower lobes of SS smokers, which suggested arterial enlargement in response to increased peripheral resistance. After sildenafil, arterial CSA decreased in SS smokers but did not decrease in NS smokers (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that sildenafil restores peripheral perfusion and reduces central arterial enlargement in normal SS subjects with little effect in NS subjects, highlighting DECT-PBV as a biomarker of reversible endothelial dysfunction in smokers with CAE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John D Newell
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering.,2 Department of Radiology
| | - Dakai Jin
- 3 Department of Electrical Engineering, and
| | | | - Punam K Saha
- 2 Department of Radiology.,3 Department of Electrical Engineering, and
| | - Sif Hansdottir
- 5 Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Eric A Hoffman
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering.,2 Department of Radiology.,5 Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
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158
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Gupta I, Ganguly S, Rozanas CR, Stuehr DJ, Panda K. Ascorbate attenuates pulmonary emphysema by inhibiting tobacco smoke and Rtp801-triggered lung protein modification and proteolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4208-17. [PMID: 27382160 PMCID: PMC4961122 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600056113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking causes emphysema, a fatal disease involving extensive structural and functional damage of the lung. Using a guinea pig model and human lung cells, we show that oxidant(s) present in tobacco smoke not only cause direct oxidative damage of lung proteins, contributing to the major share of lung injury, but also activate Rtp801, a key proinflammatory cellular factor involved in tobacco smoke-induced lung damage. Rtp801 triggers nuclear factor κB and consequent inducible NOS (iNOS)-mediated overproduction of NO, which in combination with excess superoxide produced during Rtp801 activation, contribute to increased oxido-nitrosative stress and lung protein nitration. However, lung-specific inhibition of iNOS with a iNOS-specific inhibitor, N6-(1-iminoethyl)-L-lysine, dihydrochloride (L-NIL) solely restricts lung protein nitration but fails to prevent or reverse the major tobacco smoke-induced oxidative lung injury. In comparison, the dietary antioxidant, ascorbate or vitamin C, can substantially prevent such damage by inhibiting both tobacco smoke-induced lung protein oxidation as well as activation of pulmonary Rtp801 and consequent iNOS/NO-induced nitration of lung proteins, that otherwise lead to increased proteolysis of such oxidized or nitrated proteins by endogenous lung proteases, resulting in emphysematous lung damage. Vitamin C also restricts the up-regulation of matrix-metalloproteinase-9, the major lung protease involved in the proteolysis of such modified lung proteins during tobacco smoke-induced emphysema. Overall, our findings implicate tobacco-smoke oxidant(s) as the primary etiopathogenic factor behind both the noncellular and cellular damage mechanisms governing emphysematous lung injury and demonstrate the potential of vitamin C to accomplish holistic prevention of such damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology and Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Souradipta Ganguly
- Department of Biotechnology and Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Christine R Rozanas
- Proteomics Applications Laboratory, GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Dennis J Stuehr
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Koustubh Panda
- Department of Biotechnology and Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India;
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159
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Grimminger J, Ghofrani HA, Weissmann N, Klose H, Grimminger F. COPD-associated pulmonary hypertension: clinical implications and current methods for treatment. Expert Rev Respir Med 2016; 10:755-66. [PMID: 27212458 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2016.1190275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, one serious complication being pulmonary hypertension, which occurs in up to 30% of patients and increases mortality drastically. Difficulties in diagnosis and the unclear beneficial effects of PH-specific therapy have hitherto resulted in the absence of approved therapies. Consequently, PH and right heart failure in COPD are still currently treated according to symptoms and not underlying cause Areas covered: This review focuses on the current knowledge of its pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnosis as well as methods for treatment Expert commentary: Since PH-COPD is an orphan disease with grievous consequences, and diagnosis as well as the right choice of possible treatment is crucial, referral to an expert center in cases of suspicion is necessary. Hitherto there is no officially approved treatment available even though several studies have shown notable improvement in selected individuals, making diagnostics, prognostic markers, and the search for therapeutic agents key issues of interest in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Grimminger
- a University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), University of Giessen , Giessen , Germany.,b German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , University of Giessen , Giessen , Germany.,c Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS) , University of Giessen , Giessen , Germany.,d University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany.,e Center for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Hamburg (CPAHH), Martin Zeitz Center for Rare Diseases , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Hossein Ardeschir Ghofrani
- a University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), University of Giessen , Giessen , Germany.,b German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , University of Giessen , Giessen , Germany.,c Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS) , University of Giessen , Giessen , Germany.,f Department of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Nobert Weissmann
- a University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), University of Giessen , Giessen , Germany.,b German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , University of Giessen , Giessen , Germany.,c Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS) , University of Giessen , Giessen , Germany
| | - Hans Klose
- d University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany.,e Center for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Hamburg (CPAHH), Martin Zeitz Center for Rare Diseases , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany.,g German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- a University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), University of Giessen , Giessen , Germany.,b German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , University of Giessen , Giessen , Germany.,c Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS) , University of Giessen , Giessen , Germany
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160
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Functional and Prognostic Implications of the Main Pulmonary Artery Diameter to Aorta Diameter Ratio from Chest Computed Tomography in Korean COPD Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154584. [PMID: 27152915 PMCID: PMC4859521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ratio of the diameter of the main pulmonary artery (mPA) to the diameter of the aorta (Ao) on chest computed tomography is associated with diverse clinical conditions. Herein, we determined the functional and prognostic implications of the mPA/Ao ratio in Korean chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. METHODS The study population comprised 226 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients from the Korean Obstructive Lung Disease cohort who underwent chest computed tomography. We analyzed the relationships between the clinical characteristics, including pulmonary function, echocardiography findings, St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire, 6-minute walking (6MW) distance, and exacerbation with the mPA, Ao, and mPA/Ao ratio. RESULTS The mean age was 65.8 years, and 219 (96.9%) patients were male. The mean FEV1% predicted and FEV1/FVC ratio were 61.2% and 47.3%, respectively. The mean mPA and Ao were 23.7 and 36.4 mm, respectively, and the mPA/Ao ratio was 0.66. The mPA/Ao ratio correlated negatively with the 6MW distance (G = -0.133, P = 0.025) and positively with the right ventricular pressure (G = 0.323, P = 0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders, the mPA/Ao ratio was significantly associated with 6MW distance (β = -107.7, P = 0.017). Moreover, an mPA/Ao ratio >0.8 was a significant predictor of exacerbation at the 1-year (odds ratio 2.12, 95% confidence interval 1.27-3.52) and 3-year follow-ups (odds ratio 2.04, 95% confidence interval 1.42-2.90). CONCLUSIONS The mPA/Ao ratio is an independent predictor of exercise capacity and an mPA/Ao ratio >0.8 is a significant risk factor of COPD exacerbation.
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161
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Blanco I, Piccari L, Barberà JA. Pulmonary vasculature in COPD: The silent component. Respirology 2016; 21:984-94. [PMID: 27028849 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow obstruction that results from an inflammatory process affecting the airways and lung parenchyma. Despite major abnormalities taking place in bronchial and alveolar structures, changes in pulmonary vessels also represent an important component of the disease. Alterations in vessel structure are highly prevalent and abnormalities in their function impair gas exchange and may result in pulmonary hypertension (PH), an important complication of the disease associated with reduced survival and worse clinical course. The prevalence of PH is high in COPD, particularly in advanced stages, although it remains of mild to moderate severity in the majority of cases. Endothelial dysfunction, with imbalance between vasodilator/vasoconstrictive mediators, is a key determinant of changes taking place in pulmonary vasculature in COPD. Cigarette smoke products may perturb endothelial cells and play a critical role in initiating vascular changes. The concurrence of inflammation, hypoxia and emphysema further contributes to vascular damage and to the development of PH. The use of drugs that target endothelium-dependent signalling pathways, currently employed in pulmonary arterial hypertension, is discouraged in COPD due to the lack of efficacy observed in randomized clinical trials and because there is compelling evidence indicating that these drugs may worsen pulmonary gas exchange. The subgroup of patients with severe PH should be ideally managed in centres with expertise in both PH and chronic lung diseases because alterations of pulmonary vasculature might resemble those observed in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Because this condition entails poor prognosis, it warrants specialist treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Blanco
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic and August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS); University of Barcelona and Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucilla Piccari
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic and August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS); University of Barcelona and Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Albert Barberà
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic and August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS); University of Barcelona and Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
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162
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Jiang WT, Liu XS, Xu YJ, Ni W, Chen SX. Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthase Isoenzyme in Lung Tissue of Smokers with and without Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2016; 128:1584-9. [PMID: 26063358 PMCID: PMC4733731 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.158309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been demonstrated that only 10%–20% cigarette smokers finally suffer chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The underlying mechanism of development remains uncertain so far. Nitric oxide (NO) has been found to be closely associated with the pathogenesis of COPD, the alteration of NO synthase (NOS) expression need to be revealed. The study aimed to investigate the alterations of NOS isoforms expressions between smokers with and without COPD, which might be helpful for identifying the susceptibility of smokers developing into COPD. Methods: Peripheral lung tissues were obtained from 10 nonsmoker control subjects, 15 non-COPD smokers, and 15 smokers with COPD. Neuronal NOS (nNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS) mRNA and protein levels were measured in each sample by using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Results: INOS mRNA was significantly increased in patients with COPD compared with nonsmokers and smokers with normal lung function (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, respectively). iNOS protein was also higher in COPD patients than nonsmokers and smokers with normal lung function (P < 0.01 and P = 0.01, respectively). However, expressions of nNOS and eNOS did not differ among nonsmokers, smokers with and without COPD. Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between iNOS protein level and lung function parameters forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) (% predicted) (r = −0.549, P = 0.001) and FEV1/forced vital capacity (%, r = −0.535, P = 0.001). Conclusions: The expression of iNOS significantly increased in smokers with COPD compared with that in nonsmokers or smokers without COPD. The results suggest that iNOS might be involved in the pathogenesis of COPD, and may be a potential marker to identify the smokers who have more liability to suffer COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong-Jian Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
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Zeng Y, Yang D, Feng S, Shen H, Wang Z, Jiang S, Shi Y, Fu J. Risk factors for pulmonary hypertension in patients receiving maintenance peritoneal dialysis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2016; 49:S0100-879X2016000300703. [PMID: 26840710 PMCID: PMC4763813 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the risk factors for pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients receiving maintenance peritoneal dialysis (MPD). A group of 180 end-stage renal disease patients (124 men and 56 women; mean age: 56.43±8.36) were enrolled in our study, which was conducted between January 2009 and June 2014. All of the patients received MPD treatment in the Dialysis Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. Clinical data, laboratory indices, and echocardiographic data from these patients were collected, and follow-ups were scheduled bi-monthly. The incidence and relevant risk factors of PH were analyzed. The differences in measurement data were compared by t-test and enumeration data were compared with the χ2 test. Among the 180 patients receiving MPD, 60 were diagnosed with PH. The remaining 120 were regarded as the non-PH group. Significant differences were observed in the clinical data, laboratory indices, and echocardiographic data between the PH and non-PH patients (all P<0.05). Furthermore, hypertensive nephropathy patients on MPD showed a significantly higher incidence of PH compared with non-hypertensive nephropathy patients (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the proportion of internal arteriovenous fistula, C-reactive protein levels, and ejection fraction were the highest risk factors for PH in patients receiving MPD. Our study shows that there is a high incidence of PH in patients receiving MPD and hypertensive nephropathy patients have an increased susceptibility to PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow
University, Suzhou, China
| | - D.D. Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow
University, Suzhou, China
| | - S. Feng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow
University, Suzhou, China
| | - H.Y. Shen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow
University, Suzhou, China
| | - Z. Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow
University, Suzhou, China
| | - S. Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow
University, Suzhou, China
| | - Y.B. Shi
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow
University, Suzhou, China
| | - J.X. Fu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow
University, Suzhou, China
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164
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Spagnolo P, Cordier JF, Cottin V. Connective tissue diseases, multimorbidity and the ageing lung. Eur Respir J 2016; 47:1535-58. [PMID: 26917611 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00829-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue diseases encompass a wide range of heterogeneous disorders characterised by immune-mediated chronic inflammation often leading to tissue damage, collagen deposition and possible loss of function of the target organ. Lung involvement is a common complication of connective tissue diseases. Depending on the underlying disease, various thoracic compartments can be involved but interstitial lung disease is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality. Interstitial lung disease, pulmonary hypertension or both are found most commonly in systemic sclerosis. In the elderly, the prevalence of connective tissue diseases continues to rise due to both longer life expectancy and more effective and better-tolerated treatments. In the geriatric population, connective tissue diseases are almost invariably accompanied by age-related comorbidities, and disease- and treatment-related complications, which contribute to the significant morbidity and mortality associated with these conditions, and complicate treatment decision-making. Connective tissue diseases in the elderly represent a growing concern for healthcare providers and an increasing burden of global health resources worldwide. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the immune functions in the elderly and evidence-based guidelines specifically designed for this patient population are instrumental to improving the management of connective tissue diseases in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Spagnolo
- Medical University Clinic, Canton Hospital Baselland, and University of Basel, Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Cordier
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Pradel, National Reference Center for Rare Pulmonary Diseases, Lyon, France Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Cottin
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Pradel, National Reference Center for Rare Pulmonary Diseases, Lyon, France Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, University of Lyon, Lyon, France INRA, UMR754, Lyon, France
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165
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Grunig G, Baghdassarian A, Park SH, Pylawka S, Bleck B, Reibman J, Berman-Rosenzweig E, Durmus N. Challenges and Current Efforts in the Development of Biomarkers for Chronic Inflammatory and Remodeling Conditions of the Lungs. Biomark Insights 2016; 10:59-72. [PMID: 26917944 PMCID: PMC4756863 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s29514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses biomarkers that are being researched for their usefulness to phenotype chronic inflammatory lung diseases that cause remodeling of the lung's architecture. The review focuses on asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary hypertension. Bio-markers of environmental exposure and specific classes of biomarkers (noncoding RNA, metabolism, vitamin, coagulation, and microbiome related) are also discussed. Examples of biomarkers that are in clinical use, biomarkers that are under development, and biomarkers that are still in the research phase are discussed. We chose to present examples of the research in biomarker development by diseases, because asthma, COPD, and pulmonary hypertension are distinct entities, although they clearly share processes of inflammation and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Grunig
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.; Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aram Baghdassarian
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sung-Hyun Park
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Serhiy Pylawka
- College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bertram Bleck
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joan Reibman
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Nedim Durmus
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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166
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Hoeper MM, Meyer K, Rademacher J, Fuge J, Welte T, Olsson KM. Diffusion Capacity and Mortality in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. JACC-HEART FAILURE 2016; 4:441-9. [PMID: 26874383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to investigate the prognostic importance of a low diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) in patients with a catheter-based diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension due to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (PH-HFpEF). BACKGROUND In patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, a low DLCO is associated with poor outcome. It is unclear whether the same is true in patients with PH-HFpEF. METHODS This study retrospectively analyzed clinical characteristics, smoking history, lung function measurements, chest computed tomography, hemodynamics, and survival in 108 patients with PH-HFpEF. The presence of post-capillary PH was determined by right heart catheterization. Patients with moderate or severe lung function abnormalities were excluded. RESULTS On the basis of previous studies and receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis, the study cohort was divided into patients with a DLCO <45% of the predicted value (DLCO<45%, low DLCO; n = 52) and patients with a DLCO ≥45% of the predicted value (DLCO≥45%; n = 56). DLCO<45% was associated with male sex (odds ratio [OR]: 2.71; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05 to 6.99; p = 0.039) and smoking history (OR: 5.01; 95% CI: 1.91 to 13.10; p < 0.001). There were no correlations between DLCO and other lung function parameters and hemodynamics. Compared with patients with DLCO≥45%, patients with DLCO<45% had a significantly worse outcome (survival rate at 3 years 36.5% vs. 87.8%, p < 0.001 by log-rank analysis). Cox proportional hazard analysis identified DLCO<45% as an independent predictor of death (hazard ratio: 6.6; 95% CI: 2.6 to 16.9; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In patients with PH-HFpEF, a low DLCO is strongly associated with mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius M Hoeper
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and German Center of Lung Research (DZL/BREATH), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Katrin Meyer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and German Center of Lung Research (DZL/BREATH), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Rademacher
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and German Center of Lung Research (DZL/BREATH), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Fuge
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and German Center of Lung Research (DZL/BREATH), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and German Center of Lung Research (DZL/BREATH), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karen M Olsson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and German Center of Lung Research (DZL/BREATH), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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167
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Lammi MR, Ghonim MA, Pyakurel K, Naura AS, Ibba SV, Davis CJ, Okpechi SC, Happel KI, deBoisblanc BP, Shellito J, Boulares AH. Treatment with intranasal iloprost reduces disease manifestations in a murine model of previously established COPD. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L630-8. [PMID: 26851260 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00297.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary endothelial prostacyclin appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The effect of treatment with a prostacyclin analog in animal models of previously established COPD is unknown. We evaluated the short- and long-term effect of iloprost on inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in a murine model of COPD. Nineteen mice were exposed to LPS/elastase, followed by either three doses of intranasal iloprost or saline. In the long-term treatment experiment, 18 mice were exposed to LPS/elastase and then received 6 wk of iloprost or were left untreated as controls. In the short-term experiment, iloprost did not change AHR but significantly reduced serum IL-5 and IFN-γ. Long-term treatment with iloprost for both 2 and 6 wk significantly improved AHR. After 6 wk of iloprost, there was a reduction in bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF) neutrophils, serum IL-1β (30.0 ± 9.2 vs. 64.8 ± 7.4 pg/ml, P = 0.045), IL-2 (36.5 ± 10.6 vs. 83.8 ± 0.4 pg/ml, P = 0.01), IL-10 (75.7 ± 9.3 vs. 96.5 ± 3.5 pg/ml, P = 0.02), and nitrite (15.1 ± 5.4 vs. 30.5 ± 10.7 μmol, P = 0.01). Smooth muscle actin (SMA) in the lung homogenate was also significantly reduced after iloprost treatment (P = 0.02), and SMA thickness was reduced in the small and medium blood vessels after iloprost (P < 0.001). In summary, short- and long-term treatment with intranasal iloprost significantly reduced systemic inflammation in an LPS/elastase COPD model. Long-term iloprost treatment also reduced AHR, serum nitrite, SMA, and BALF neutrophilia. These data encourage future investigations of prostanoid therapy as a novel treatment for COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Lammi
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Lousiana;
| | - Mohamed A Ghonim
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Lousiana; Stanley Scott Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and
| | - Kusma Pyakurel
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Lousiana; Stanley Scott Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and
| | | | - Salome V Ibba
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Lousiana; Stanley Scott Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and
| | - Christian J Davis
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Lousiana; Stanley Scott Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and
| | - Samuel C Okpechi
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Lousiana; Stanley Scott Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and
| | - Kyle I Happel
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Lousiana
| | | | - Judd Shellito
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Lousiana
| | - A Hamid Boulares
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Lousiana; Stanley Scott Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and
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168
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Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Promoter Haplotypes and Residential Traffic-Related Air Pollution Jointly Influence Exhaled Nitric Oxide Level in Children. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145363. [PMID: 26714306 PMCID: PMC4695093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), a biomarker of airway inflammation, predicts asthma risk in children. We previously found that the promoter haplotypes in inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and exposure to residential traffic independently influence FeNO level. Because NOS2 is inducible by environmental exposures such as traffic-related exposure, we tested the hypothesis that common NOS2 promoter haplotypes modulate the relationship between residential traffic-related exposure and FeNO level in children. METHODS In a cross-sectional population-based study, subjects (N = 2,457; 7-11 year-old) were Hispanic and non-Hispanic white children who participated in the Southern California Children's Health Study and had FeNO measurements. For residential traffic, lengths of local roads within circular buffers (50m, 100m and 200m radii around homes) around the subjects' homes were estimated using geographic information system (GIS) methods. We interrogated the two most common NOS2 promoter haplotypes that were found to affect FeNO level. RESULTS The relationship between local road lengths within 100m and 200m circular buffers and FeNO level varied significantly by one of the NOS2 promoter haplotypes (P-values for interaction between road length and NOS2 promoter haplotype = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively). In children who had ≤250m of local road lengths within 100m buffer around their homes, those with two copies of the haplotype had significantly lower FeNO (adjusted geometric mean = 11.74ppb; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 9.99 to 13.80) than those with no copies (adjusted geometric mean = 15.28ppb; 95% CI: 14.04 to 16.63) with statistically significant trend of lower FeNO level with increasing number of haplotype copy (P-value for trend = 0.002). In contrast, among children who had >250m of local road lengths within 100m buffer, FeNO level did not significantly differ by the haplotype copy-number (P-value for trend = 0.34). Similar interactive effects of this haplotype and local road lengths within 200m buffer on FeNO were also observed. CONCLUSIONS Higher exposure from residential traffic nullifies the protective effect of one common NOS2 promoter haplotype on FeNO level. Regulation of traffic-related pollution may protect children's respiratory health.
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169
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Hueper K, Vogel-Claussen J, Parikh MA, Austin JHM, Bluemke DA, Carr J, Choi J, Goldstein TA, Gomes AS, Hoffman EA, Kawut SM, Lima J, Michos ED, Post WS, Po MJ, Prince MR, Liu K, Rabinowitz D, Skrok J, Smith BM, Watson K, Yin Y, Zambeli-Ljepovic AM, Barr RG. Pulmonary Microvascular Blood Flow in Mild Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Emphysema. The MESA COPD Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 192:570-80. [PMID: 26067761 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201411-2120oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Smoking-related microvascular loss causes end-organ damage in the kidneys, heart, and brain. Basic research suggests a similar process in the lungs, but no large studies have assessed pulmonary microvascular blood flow (PMBF) in early chronic lung disease. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether PMBF is reduced in mild as well as more severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and emphysema. METHODS PMBF was measured using gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) among smokers with COPD and control subjects age 50 to 79 years without clinical cardiovascular disease. COPD severity was defined by standard criteria. Emphysema on computed tomography (CT) was defined by the percentage of lung regions below -950 Hounsfield units (-950 HU) and by radiologists using a standard protocol. We adjusted for potential confounders, including smoking, oxygenation, and left ventricular cardiac output. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Among 144 participants, PMBF was reduced by 30% in mild COPD, by 29% in moderate COPD, and by 52% in severe COPD (all P < 0.01 vs. control subjects). PMBF was reduced with greater percentage emphysema-950HU and radiologist-defined emphysema, particularly panlobular and centrilobular emphysema (all P ≤ 0.01). Registration of MRI and CT images revealed that PMBF was reduced in mild COPD in both nonemphysematous and emphysematous lung regions. Associations for PMBF were independent of measures of small airways disease on CT and gas trapping largely because emphysema and small airways disease occurred in different smokers. CONCLUSIONS PMBF was reduced in mild COPD, including in regions of lung without frank emphysema, and may represent a distinct pathological process from small airways disease. PMBF may provide an imaging biomarker for therapeutic strategies targeting the pulmonary microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hueper
- 1 Department of Radiology and.,2 Department of Radiology and Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Vogel-Claussen
- 1 Department of Radiology and.,2 Department of Radiology and Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - David A Bluemke
- 5 Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Jiwoong Choi
- 7 Department of Radiology.,8 IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering
| | - Thomas A Goldstein
- 9 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Eric A Hoffman
- 7 Department of Radiology.,11 Department of Medicine, and.,12 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Steven M Kawut
- 13 Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joao Lima
- 1 Department of Radiology and.,14 Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Erin D Michos
- 14 Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wendy S Post
- 14 Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Kiang Liu
- 16 Department of Biostatistics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dan Rabinowitz
- 17 Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | | | | | - Karol Watson
- 18 Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - R Graham Barr
- 3 Department of Medicine.,20 Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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170
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Cigarette smoke-mediated oxidative stress induces apoptosis via the MAPKs/STAT1 pathway in mouse lung fibroblasts. Toxicol Lett 2015; 240:140-8. [PMID: 26546778 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the major aetiologic factor in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Lung fibroblasts are key participants in the maintenance of the extracellular matrix within the lung parenchyma. However, it still remains unknown how pulmonary fibroblasts are affected by cigarette smoking. Therefore, in this study, we isolated lung fibroblasts from mice and determined the apoptotic mechanism in response to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). When the lung fibroblasts were exposed to CSE, the generation of ROS was increased as shown by H2-DCFDA staining and Flow Cytometry. By immunocytochemistry, Ki67 expressing cells gradually decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The nitrite concentration in the supernatants increased, while the SOD activity and GSH recycling decreased in response to CSE. CSE increased the mRNA levels of TNF-α and COX-2, and the secretory proteins TNF-α and IL-6 increased as measured by ELISA. We next determined whether this inflammatory process is associated with the Bax/Bcl-2 apoptosis pathway. The Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio increased, and cleaved caspase-3 protein was activated in the lung fibroblasts treated with CSE. Moreover, CSE induced the phosphorylation of STAT1 at Tyr701/Ser727 and increased the activation of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK in the MAPK pathway. Taken together, these data suggest that CSE-mediated inflammation alters the redox regulation via the MAPK-STAT1 pathway, leading to intrinsic apoptosis of lung fibroblasts.
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171
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Reimann S, Fink L, Wilhelm J, Hoffmann J, Bednorz M, Seimetz M, Dessureault I, Troesser R, Ghanim B, Klepetko W, Seeger W, Weissmann N, Kwapiszewska G. Increased S100A4 expression in the vasculature of human COPD lungs and murine model of smoke-induced emphysema. Respir Res 2015; 16:127. [PMID: 26483185 PMCID: PMC4612429 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) is a common cause of death in industrialized countries often induced by exposure to tobacco smoke. A substantial number of patients with COPD also suffer from pulmonary hypertension that may be caused by hypoxia or other hypoxia-independent stimuli - inducing pulmonary vascular remodeling. The Ca2+ binding protein, S100A4 is known to play a role in non-COPD-driven vascular remodeling of intrapulmonary arteries. Therefore, we have investigated the potential involvement of S100A4 in COPD induced vascular remodeling. Methods Lung tissue was obtained from explanted lungs of five COPD patients and five non-transplanted donor lungs. Additionally, mice lungs of a tobacco-smoke-induced lung emphysema model (exposure for 3 and 8 month) and controls were investigated. Real-time RT-PCR analysis of S100A4 and RAGE mRNA was performed from laser-microdissected intrapulmonary arteries. S100A4 immunohistochemistry was semi-quantitatively evaluated. Mobility shift assay and siRNA knock-down were used to prove hypoxia responsive elements (HRE) and HIF binding within the S100A4 promoter. Results Laser-microdissection in combination with real-time PCR analysis revealed higher expression of S100A4 mRNA in intrapulmonary arteries of COPD patients compared to donors. These findings were mirrored by semi-quantitative analysis of S100A4 immunostaining. Analogous to human lungs, in mice with tobacco-smoke-induced emphysema an up-regulation of S100A4 mRNA and protein was observed in intrapulmonary arteries. Putative HREs could be identified in the promoter region of the human S100A4 gene and their functionality was confirmed by mobility shift assay. Knock-down of HIF1/2 by siRNA attenuated hypoxia-dependent increase in S100A4 mRNA levels in human primary pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Interestingly, RAGE mRNA expression was enhanced in pulmonary arteries of tobacco-smoke exposed mice but not in pulmonary arteries of COPD patients. Conclusions As enhanced S100A4 expression was observed in remodeled intrapulmonary arteries of COPD patients, targeting S100A4 could serve as potential therapeutic option for prevention of vascular remodeling in COPD patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-015-0284-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Reimann
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Ludger Fink
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology and Cytology, UEGP, Forsthausstrasse 1, 35578, Wetzlar, Germany.
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Julia Hoffmann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.
| | - Mariola Bednorz
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Michael Seimetz
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Isabel Dessureault
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Roger Troesser
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Bahil Ghanim
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Werner Seeger
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany. .,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.
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172
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Kim KS, Lee D, Song CG, Kang PM. Reactive oxygen species-activated nanomaterials as theranostic agents. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2709-23. [PMID: 26328770 PMCID: PMC4612518 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated from the endogenous oxidative metabolism or from exogenous pro-oxidant exposure. Oxidative stress occurs when there is excessive production of ROS, outweighing the antioxidant defense mechanisms which may lead to disease states. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is one of the most abundant and stable forms of ROS, implicated in inflammation, cellular dysfunction and apoptosis, which ultimately lead to tissue and organ damage. This review is an overview of the role of ROS in different diseases. We will also examine ROS-activated nanomaterials with emphasis on hydrogen peroxide, and their potential medical implications. Further development of the biocompatible, stimuli-activated agent responding to disease causing oxidative stress, may lead to a promising clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kye S Kim
- Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dongwon Lee
- Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561–756, South Korea
| | - Chul Gyu Song
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561–756, South Korea
| | - Peter M Kang
- Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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173
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Adnot S, Amsellem V, Boyer L, Marcos E, Saker M, Houssaini A, Kebe K, Dagouassat M, Lipskaia L, Boczkowski J. Telomere Dysfunction and Cell Senescence in Chronic Lung Diseases: Therapeutic Potential. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 153:125-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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174
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Arora K, Sinha C, Zhang W, Moon CS, Ren A, Yarlagadda S, Dostmann WR, Adebiyi A, Haberman Y, Denson LA, Wang X, Naren AP. Altered cGMP dynamics at the plasma membrane contribute to diarrhea in ulcerative colitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2790-804. [PMID: 26261085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) belongs to inflammatory bowel disorders, a group of gastrointestinal disorders that can produce serious recurring diarrhea in affected patients. The mechanism for UC- and inflammatory bowel disorder-associated diarrhea is not well understood. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane-conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel plays an important role in fluid and water transport across the intestinal mucosa. CFTR channel function is regulated in a compartmentalized manner through the formation of CFTR-containing macromolecular complexes at the plasma membrane. In this study, we demonstrate the involvement of a novel macromolecular signaling pathway that causes diarrhea in UC. We found that a nitric oxide-producing enzyme, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), is overexpressed under the plasma membrane and generates compartmentalized cGMP in gut epithelia in UC. The scaffolding protein Na(+)/H(+) exchanger regulatory factor 2 (NHERF2) bridges iNOS with CFTR, forming CFTR-NHERF2-iNOS macromolecular complexes that potentiate CFTR channel function via the nitric oxide-cGMP pathway under inflammatory conditions both in vitro and in vivo. Potential disruption of these complexes in Nherf2(-/-) mice may render them more resistant to CFTR-mediated secretory diarrhea than Nherf2(+/+) mice in murine colitis models. Our study provides insight into the mechanism of pathophysiologic occurrence of diarrhea in UC and suggests that targeting CFTR and CFTR-containing macromolecular complexes will ameliorate diarrheal symptoms and improve conditions associated with inflammatory bowel disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavisha Arora
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Chandrima Sinha
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Weiqiang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Chang Suk Moon
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Aixia Ren
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sunitha Yarlagadda
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Adebowale Adebiyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yael Haberman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lee A Denson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Xusheng Wang
- Department of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Anjaparavanda P Naren
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
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175
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Madurga A, Golec A, Pozarska A, Ishii I, Mižíková I, Nardiello C, Vadász I, Herold S, Mayer K, Reichenberger F, Fehrenbach H, Seeger W, Morty RE. The H2S-generating enzymes cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase play a role in vascular development during normal lung alveolarization. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L710-24. [PMID: 26232299 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00134.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is emerging as a mediator of lung physiology and disease. Recent studies revealed that H2S administration limited perturbations to lung structure in experimental animal models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), partially restoring alveolarization, limiting pulmonary hypertension, limiting inflammation, and promoting epithelial repair. No studies have addressed roles for endogenous H2S in lung development. H2S is endogenously generated by cystathionine β-synthase (Cbs) and cystathionine γ-lyase (Cth). We demonstrate here that the expression of Cbs and Cth in mouse lungs is dynamically regulated during lung alveolarization and that alveolarization is blunted in Cbs(-/-) and Cth(-/-) mouse pups, where a 50% reduction in the total number of alveoli was observed, without any impact on septal thickness. Laser-capture microdissection and immunofluorescence staining indicated that Cbs and Cth were expressed in the airway epithelium and lung vessels. Loss of Cbs and Cth led to a 100-500% increase in the muscularization of small- and medium-sized lung vessels, which was accompanied by increased vessel wall thickness, and an apparent decrease in lung vascular supply. Ablation of Cbs expression using small interfering RNA or pharmacological inhibition of Cth using propargylglycine in lung endothelial cells limited angiogenic capacity, causing a 30-40% decrease in tube length and a 50% decrease in number of tubes formed. In contrast, exogenous administration of H2S with GYY4137 promoted endothelial tube formation. These data confirm a key role for the H2S-generating enzymes Cbs and Cth in pulmonary vascular development and homeostasis and in lung alveolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Madurga
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Anita Golec
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Pozarska
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Isao Ishii
- Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ivana Mižíková
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Claudio Nardiello
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - István Vadász
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Reichenberger
- Department of Pulmonology, Asklepios Lung Centre, Munich-Gauting, Germany; and
| | - Heinz Fehrenbach
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Borstel, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany;
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176
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Wagner K, Gröger M, McCook O, Scheuerle A, Asfar P, Stahl B, Huber-Lang M, Ignatius A, Jung B, Duechs M, Möller P, Georgieff M, Calzia E, Radermacher P, Wagner F. Blunt Chest Trauma in Mice after Cigarette Smoke-Exposure: Effects of Mechanical Ventilation with 100% O2. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26225825 PMCID: PMC4520521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking (CS) aggravates post-traumatic acute lung injury and increases ventilator-induced lung injury due to more severe tissue inflammation and apoptosis. Hyper-inflammation after chest trauma is due to the physical damage, the drop in alveolar PO2, and the consecutive hypoxemia and tissue hypoxia. Therefore, we tested the hypotheses that 1) CS exposure prior to blunt chest trauma causes more severe post-traumatic inflammation and thereby aggravates lung injury, and that 2) hyperoxia may attenuate this effect. Immediately after blast wave-induced blunt chest trauma, mice (n=32) with or without 3-4 weeks of CS exposure underwent 4 hours of pressure-controlled, thoraco-pulmonary compliance-titrated, lung-protective mechanical ventilation with air or 100 % O2. Hemodynamics, lung mechanics, gas exchange, and acid-base status were measured together with blood and tissue cytokine and chemokine concentrations, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), activated caspase-3, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) expression, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, nitrotyrosine formation, purinergic receptor 2X4 (P2XR4) and 2X7 (P2XR7) expression, and histological scoring. CS exposure prior to chest trauma lead to higher pulmonary compliance and lower PaO2 and Horovitz-index, associated with increased tissue IL-18 and blood MCP-1 concentrations, a 2-4-fold higher inflammatory cell infiltration, and more pronounced alveolar membrane thickening. This effect coincided with increased activated caspase-3, nitrotyrosine, P2XR4, and P2XR7 expression, NF-κB activation, and reduced HIF-1α expression. Hyperoxia did not further affect lung mechanics, gas exchange, pulmonary and systemic cytokine and chemokine concentrations, or histological scoring, except for some patchy alveolar edema in CS exposed mice. However, hyperoxia attenuated tissue HIF-1α, nitrotyrosine, P2XR7, and P2XR4 expression, while it increased HO-1 formation in CS exposed mice. Overall, CS exposure aggravated post-traumatic inflammation, nitrosative stress and thereby organ dysfunction and injury; short-term, lung-protective, hyperoxic mechanical ventilation have no major beneficial effect despite attenuation of nitrosative stress, possibly due to compensation of by regional alveolar hypoxia and/or consecutive hypoxemia, resulting in down-regulation of HIF-1α expression.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Lung Injury/etiology
- Acute Lung Injury/physiopathology
- Acute Lung Injury/therapy
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Hyperoxia/complications
- Hyperoxia/pathology
- Hyperoxia/physiopathology
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oxidative Stress
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/etiology
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/therapy
- Reactive Nitrogen Species/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X/metabolism
- Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects
- Smoking/adverse effects
- Thoracic Injuries/complications
- Thoracic Injuries/physiopathology
- Thoracic Injuries/therapy
- Wounds, Nonpenetrating/complications
- Wounds, Nonpenetrating/physiopathology
- Wounds, Nonpenetrating/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Wagner
- Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Ulm, Germany
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Gröger
- Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oscar McCook
- Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Pierre Asfar
- Laboratoire HIFIH, UPRES EA 3859, PRES l’UNAM, IFR 132, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U1083, Université Angers, Département de Réanimation Médicale et de Médecine Hyperbare, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France
| | - Bettina Stahl
- Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Klinik für Unfall-, Hand-, Plastische und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institut für Unfallchirurgische Forschung und Biomechanik, Universitätsklinikum, Ulm, Germany
| | - Birgit Jung
- Abteilung Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Matthias Duechs
- Abteilung Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Peter Möller
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Enrico Calzia
- Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Radermacher
- Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Florian Wagner
- Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Ulm, Germany
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum, Ulm, Germany
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177
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Cuttica MJ, Colangelo LA, Shah SJ, Lima J, Kishi S, Arynchyn A, Jacobs DR, Thyagarajan B, Liu K, Lloyd-Jones D, Kalhan R. Loss of Lung Health from Young Adulthood and Cardiac Phenotypes in Middle Age. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 192:76-85. [PMID: 25876160 PMCID: PMC4511426 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201501-0116oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic lung diseases are associated with cardiovascular disease. How these associations evolve from young adulthood forward is unknown. Understanding the preclinical history of these associations could inform prevention strategies for common heart-lung conditions. OBJECTIVES To use the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study to explore the development of heart-lung interactions. METHODS We analyzed cardiac structural and functional measurements determined by echocardiography at Year 25 of CARDIA and measures of pulmonary function over 20 years in 3,000 participants. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Decline in FVC from peak was associated with larger left ventricular mass (β = 6.05 g per SD of FVC decline; P < 0.0001) and greater cardiac output (β = 0.109 L/min per SD of FVC decline; P = 0.001). Decline in FEV1/FVC ratio was associated with smaller left atrial internal dimension (β = -0.038 cm per SD FEV1/FVC decline; P < 0.0001) and lower cardiac output (β = -0.070 L/min per SD of FEV1/FVC decline; P = 0.03). Decline in FVC was associated with diastolic dysfunction (odds ratio, 3.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.37-8.36; P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Patterns of loss of lung health are associated with specific cardiovascular phenotypes in middle age. Decline in FEV1/FVC ratio is associated with underfilling of the left heart and low cardiac output. Decline in FVC with preserved FEV1/FVC ratio is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction. Cardiopulmonary interactions apparent with common complex heart and lung diseases evolve concurrently from early adulthood forward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joao Lima
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Satoru Kishi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexander Arynchyn
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David R. Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kiang Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Donald Lloyd-Jones
- Division of Cardiology, and
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ravi Kalhan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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178
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Park SH, Chen WC, Durmus N, Bleck B, Reibman J, Riemekasten G, Grunig G. The Effects of Antigen-Specific IgG1 Antibody for the Pulmonary-Hypertension-Phenotype and B Cells for Inflammation in Mice Exposed to Antigen and Fine Particles from Air Pollution. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129910. [PMID: 26079807 PMCID: PMC4469456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is known to exacerbate chronic inflammatory conditions of the lungs including pulmonary hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and autoimmune diseases. Directly pathogenic antibodies bind pro-inflammatory cell receptors and cause or exacerbate inflammation. In contrast, anti-inflammatory antibody isotypes (e.g. mouse immunoglobulin G1, IgG1) bind inhibitory cell receptors and can inhibit inflammation. Our previous studies showed that co-exposure to antigen and urban ambient particulate matter (PM2.5) induced severe pulmonary arterial thickening and increased right ventricular systolic pressures in mice via T-cell produced cytokines, Interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-17A. The aim of the current study was to understand how B cell and antibody responses integrate into this T cell cytokine network for the pulmonary hypertension phenotype. Special focus was on antigen-specific IgG1 that is the predominant antibody in the experimental response to antigen and urban ambient PM2.5. Wild type and B cell-deficient mice were primed with antigen and then challenged with antigen and urban particulate matter and injected with antibodies as appropriate. Our data surprisingly showed that B cells were necessary for the development of increased right ventricular pressures and molecular changes in the right heart in response to sensitization and intranasal challenge with antigen and PM2.5. Further, our studies showed that both, the increase in right ventricular systolic pressure and right ventricular molecular changes were restored by reconstituting the B cell KO mice with antigen specific IgG1. In addition, our studies identified a critical, non-redundant role of B cells for the IL-17A-directed inflammation in response to exposure with antigen and PM2.5, which was not corrected with antigen-specific IgG1. In contrast, IL-13-directed inflammatory markers, as well as severe pulmonary arterial remodeling induced by challenge with antigen and PM2.5 were similar in B cell-deficient and wild type mice. Our studies have identified B cells and antigen specific IgG1 as potential therapeutic targets for pulmonary hypertension associated with immune dysfunction and environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Park
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, Tuxedo, New York, United States of America
| | - Wen-Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, Tuxedo, New York, United States of America
| | - Nedim Durmus
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, Tuxedo, New York, United States of America
| | - Bertram Bleck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joan Reibman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, Tuxedo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Gabriele Grunig
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, Tuxedo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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179
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Weir-McCall JR, Struthers AD, Lipworth BJ, Houston JG. The role of pulmonary arterial stiffness in COPD. Respir Med 2015; 109:1381-90. [PMID: 26095859 PMCID: PMC4646836 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
COPD is the second most common cause of pulmonary hypertension, and is a common complication of severe COPD with significant implications for both quality of life and mortality. However, the use of a rigid diagnostic threshold of a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) of ≥25mHg when considering the impact of the pulmonary vasculature on symptoms and disease is misleading. Even minimal exertion causes oxygen desaturation and elevations in mPAP, with right ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation present in patients with mild to moderate COPD with pressures below the threshold for diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. This has significant implications, with right ventricular dysfunction associated with poorer exercise capability and increased mortality independent of pulmonary function tests. The compliance of the pulmonary artery (PA) is a key component in decoupling the right ventricle from the pulmonary bed, allowing the right ventricle to work at maximum efficiency and protecting the microcirculation from large pressure gradients. PA stiffness increases with the severity of COPD, and correlates well with the presence of exercise induced pulmonary hypertension. A curvilinear relationship exists between PA distensibility and mPAP and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) with marked loss of distensibility before a rapid rise in mPAP and PVR occurs with resultant right ventricular failure. This combination of features suggests PA stiffness as a promising biomarker for early detection of pulmonary vascular disease, and to play a role in right ventricular failure in COPD. Early detection would open this up as a potential therapeutic target before end stage arterial remodelling occurs. Pulmonary hypertension is common in COPD. Right ventricular remodeling occurs at pressures below the diagnostic threshold of PH. Pulmonary arterial stiffening occurs early in the development of PH. Non-invasive measurement of pulmonary stiffness may serve as an early biomarker of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Weir-McCall
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
| | - Allan D Struthers
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J Lipworth
- Scottish Centre for Respiratory Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - J Graeme Houston
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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180
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Ghofrani HA, Staehler G, Grünig E, Halank M, Mitrovic V, Unger S, Mueck W, Frey R, Grimminger F, Schermuly RT, Behr J. Acute effects of riociguat in borderline or manifest pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm Circ 2015; 5:296-304. [PMID: 26064454 DOI: 10.1086/680214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Riociguat is the first oral soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator shown to improve pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (PH). This pilot study assessed the impact of a single dose of riociguat on hemodynamics, gas exchange, and lung function in patients with PH associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Adults with COPD-associated borderline or manifest PH (pulmonary vascular resistance > 270 dyn·s·cm(-5), mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥ 23 mmHg, ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1] to forced vital capacity < 70%, and partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood > 50 and ≤ 55 mmHg, respectively) received riociguat 1 or 2.5 mg during right heart catheterization. Twenty-two patients completed the study (11 men, 11 women, aged 56-82 years; 1-mg group: n = 10 [mean FEV1: 43.1%]; 2.5-mg group: n = 12 [mean FEV1: 41.2%]). Riociguat caused significant improvements (P < 0.01) from baseline in mean pulmonary artery pressure (1 mg: -3.60 mmHg [-11.44%]; 2.5 mg: -4.83 mmHg [-14.76%]) and pulmonary vascular resistance (1 mg: -58.32 dyn·s·cm(-5) [-15.35%]; 2.5 mg: -123.8 dyn·s·cm(-5) [-32.96%]). No relevant changes in lung function or gas exchange were observed. Single doses of riociguat were well tolerated and showed promising hemodynamic effects without untoward effects on gas exchange or lung function in patients with COPD-associated PH. Placebo-controlled studies of chronic treatment with riociguat are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein A Ghofrani
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerd Staehler
- Medical Clinic I, Pneumology, Loewenstein Clinic, Loewenstein, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Grünig
- Thorax Clinic, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Halank
- Medical Clinic 1/Pneumology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Sigrun Unger
- Global Biostatistics, Pharma Research Center, Bayer Pharma, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Mueck
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharma Research Center, Bayer Pharma, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Reiner Frey
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharma Research Center, Bayer Pharma, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Juergen Behr
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Munich, and Asklepios Lung Center Munich-Gauting, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, member of the DZL, Munich, Germany
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Suzuki M, Nishimura M. [Improvement of Awareness and Diagnosis for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) by General Physician. Topics: III. Pathogenesis and Treatment of COPD; 1. Recent topics on pathogenesis of COPD]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 104:1074-81. [PMID: 26571755 DOI: 10.2169/naika.104.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Seimetz M, Parajuli N, Pichl A, Bednorz M, Ghofrani HA, Schermuly RT, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Weissmann N. Cigarette Smoke-Induced Emphysema and Pulmonary Hypertension Can Be Prevented by Phosphodiesterase 4 and 5 Inhibition in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129327. [PMID: 26058042 PMCID: PMC4461257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a widespread disease, with no curative therapies available. Recent findings suggest a key role of NO and sGC-cGMP signaling for the pathogenesis of the disease. Previous data suggest a downregulation/inactivation of the cGMP producing soluble guanylate cyclase, and sGC stimulation prevented cigarette smoke-induced emphysema and pulmonary hypertension (PH) in mice. We thus aimed to investigate if the inhibition of the cGMP degrading phosphodiesterase (PDE)5 has similar effects. Results were compared to the effects of a PDE 4 inhibitor (cAMP elevating) and a combination of both. Methods C57BL6/J mice were chronically exposed to cigarette smoke and in parallel either treated with Tadalafil (PDE5 inhibitor), Piclamilast (PDE4 inhibitor) or both. Functional measurements (lung compliance, hemodynamics) and structural investigations (alveolar and vascular morphometry) as well as the heart ratio were determined after 6 months of tobacco smoke exposure. In addition, the number of alveolar macrophages in the respective lungs was counted. Results Preventive treatment with Tadalafil, Piclamilast or a combination of both almost completely prevented the development of emphysema, the increase in lung compliance, tidal volume, structural remodeling of the lung vasculature, right ventricular systolic pressure, and right ventricular hypertrophy induced by cigarette smoke exposure. Single, but not combination treatment prevented or reduced smoke-induced increase in alveolar macrophages. Conclusion Cigarette smoke-induced emphysema and PH could be prevented by inhibition of the phosphodiesterases 4 and 5 in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Seimetz
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Nirmal Parajuli
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Pichl
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Mariola Bednorz
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Hossein Ardeschir Ghofrani
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralph Theo Schermuly
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
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Voss M, Wolf L, Kamyschnikow A, Wonnenberg B, Honecker A, Herr C, Lepper PM, Wegmann M, Menger MD, Bals R, Beisswenger C. Il-17A contributes to maintenance of pulmonary homeostasis in a murine model of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L188-95. [PMID: 26024895 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00388.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is the main risk factor for the development of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Western countries. Recent studies suggest that IL-17A and Th17 cells play a role in the pathogenesis of COPD. We used a murine model of chronic cigarette smoke (CS) exposure to explore the contribution of IL-17A to CS-induced lung damage and loss of pulmonary function. Histology and morphometry showed that IL-17A deficiency spontaneously resulted in a loss of lung structure under basal conditions. Even though inflammatory markers [IL-1β and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)] were decreased in IL-17A-deficient mice (IL-17A(-/-)) exposed to CS compared with wild-type (WT) mice, IL-17A(-/-) mice were per se not protected from CS-induced emphysematous disease. Assessment of pulmonary function showed that IL-17A(-/-) mice were partially protected from CS-induced changes in total lung capacity. However, the respiratory elastance decreased and respiratory compliance increased in IL-17A(-/-) mice after exposure to CS. Morphometry revealed destruction of lung tissue in CS-exposed IL-17A(-/-) mice similar to WT mice. The expression of elastin was decreased in air-exposed IL-17A(-/-) mice and in CS-exposed WT and IL-17A(-/-) mice. Thus, in the present model of sterile CS-exposure, IL-17A contributes to normal lung homeostasis and does not mediate CS-induced loss of lung structure and pulmonary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Voss
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Lisa Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Andreas Kamyschnikow
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Bodo Wonnenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Anja Honecker
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Christian Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Philipp M Lepper
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Michael Wegmann
- Division of Asthma Mouse Models, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Borstel, Germany; and
| | - Michael D Menger
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Christoph Beisswenger
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany;
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Krüger K, Dischereit G, Seimetz M, Wilhelm J, Weissmann N, Mooren FC. Time course of cigarette smoke-induced changes of systemic inflammation and muscle structure. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L119-28. [PMID: 26001775 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00074.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become more evident that long-term cigarette smoking (LTCS) has an important extrapulmonary toxicity. The aim of the study was to investigate the time-dependent effects of cigarette smoke exposure on exercise capacity, markers of systemic inflammation, and skeletal muscle structure. c57bl/6j-mice were either exposed to mainstream cigarette smoke for 6 h/day, 5 days/wk [smoke-exposed (SE) group] or assigned to the control, unexposed group (Con group). SE group mice were exposed for 8, 16, 24, and 32 wk to smoke and unexposed Con mice were used as age-matched controls. Exercise capacity was investigated by spiroergometry. Systemic inflammatory status was analyzed by flow cytometry and multiplexed fluorescent immunoassay. For analysis of muscle tissue, histological techniques and microarray analysis were used. Mice of the SE group exhibited a lower increase of body mass and a decrease of V̇o2 max (P < 0.05). An increase of lymphocyte CD62, ICAM, and VCAM expression was found in SE mice (P < 0.05). A biphasic trend of protein up- and downregulation was observed in markers of systemic inflammation, tissue deterioration, and allergic reactions such as C-reactive protein (CRP), eotaxin, haptoglobin, macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1 (M-CSF-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1γ (MIP-1γ). Thereby, the expression of several chemotactic proteins in plasma correlated with their expression in muscle. A time-dependent decrease of muscle mass, oxidative type-I fibers, and muscle cross-sectional area was found (P < 0.05). Microarray analysis revealed a SE-induced upregulation of several pathways of metabolic processes and tissue degradation. Taken together it was found that the loss of exercise capacity and systemic inflammation are early events of SE, which might induce muscular atrophy and loss of oxidative muscle capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Krüger
- Department of Sports Medicine, Justus Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - G Dischereit
- Department of Sports Medicine, Justus Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - M Seimetz
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - J Wilhelm
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - N Weissmann
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - F C Mooren
- Department of Sports Medicine, Justus Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
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Pei R, Mah E, Leonard SW, Traber MG, Bruno RS. α-Tocopherol supplementation reduces 5-nitro-γ-tocopherol accumulation by decreasing γ-tocopherol in young adult smokers. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:1114-1121. [PMID: 25966030 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1040788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
γ-Tocopherol (γ-T) scavenges reactive nitrogen species (RNS) to form 5-NO2-γ-T (NGT). However, α-T supplementation decreases circulating γ-T, which could limit its RNS scavenging activities. We hypothesized that α-T supplementation would mitigate NGT accumulation by impairing γ-T status. Healthy smokers (21 ± 1 y, n = 11) and non-smokers (21 ± 2 y, n = 10) ingested 75 mg/d each of RRR- and all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate for 6 d. Plasma α-T, γ-T, γ-carboxyethyl hydroxychromanol (CEHC), NGT, and nitrate/nitrite were measured prior to supplementation (Pre), the morning after 6 consecutive evenings of supplementation (Post 1), and on the mornings of d 6 (Post 6) and d 14 (Post 14) during the post-supplementation period. α-T supplementation increased plasma α-T, and decreased γ-T, in both groups and these returned to Pre concentrations on Post 6 regardless of smoking status. Plasma γ-CEHC increased after the first dose of supplementation in both groups, suggesting that α-T supplementation decreased plasma γ-T in part by increasing its metabolism. Plasma NGT and nitrate/nitrite concentrations at Pre were greater in smokers, indicating greater nitrative stress due to cigarette smoking. Plasma NGT concentration was lowered only in smokers on Post 1 and Post 6 and was restored to Pre levels on Post 14. Plasma nitrate/nitrite tended (P = 0.07) to increase post-supplementation only in smokers, supporting decreases in RNS scavenging by γ-T. Plasma NGT concentration was more strongly correlated (P < 0.05) with γ-T in smokers (R = 0.83) compared with non-smokers (R = 0.50), supporting that α-T-mediated decreases in γ-T reduces NGT formation. These data indicate that α-T supplementation limits γ-T scavenging of RNS in smokers by decreasing γ-T availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisong Pei
- Department of Nutritional Sciences University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Eunice Mah
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Scott W Leonard
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Richard S Bruno
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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Domínguez-Fandos D, Valdés C, Ferrer E, Puig-Pey R, Blanco I, Tura-Ceide O, Paul T, Peinado VI, Barberà JA. Sildenafil in a cigarette smoke-induced model of COPD in the guinea-pig. Eur Respir J 2015; 46:346-54. [PMID: 25929951 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00139914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor used to treat pulmonary hypertension, may have effects on pulmonary vessel structure and function. We evaluated the effects of sildenafil in a cigarette smoke (CS)-exposed model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).42 guinea-pigs were exposed to cigarette smoke or sham-exposed and treated with sildenafil or vehicle for 12 weeks, divided into four groups. Assessments included respiratory resistance, pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), right ventricle (RV) hypertrophy, endothelial function of the pulmonary artery and lung vessel and parenchymal morphometry.CS-exposed animals showed increased PAP, RV hypertrophy, raised respiratory resistance, airspace enlargement and intrapulmonary vessel remodelling. CS exposure also produced wall thickening, increased contractility and endothelial dysfunction in the main pulmonary artery. CS-exposed animals treated with sildenafil showed lower PAP and a trend to less RV hypertrophy than CS-exposed only animals. Furthermore, sildenafil preserved the intrapulmonary vessel density and attenuated the airspace enlargement induced by CS. No differences in gas exchange, respiratory resistance, endothelial function and vessel remodelling were observed.We conclude that in this experimental model of COPD, sildenafil prevents the development of pulmonary hypertension and contributes to preserve the parenchymal and vascular integrity, reinforcing the notion that the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate axis is perturbed by CS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Domínguez-Fandos
- Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - César Valdés
- Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Ferrer
- Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Puig-Pey
- Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Blanco
- Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Tura-Ceide
- Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tanja Paul
- Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor I Peinado
- Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan A Barberà
- Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
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Boe AE, Eren M, Morales-Nebreda L, Murphy SB, Budinger GRS, Mutlu GM, Miyata T, Vaughan DE. Nitric oxide prevents alveolar senescence and emphysema in a mouse model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116504. [PMID: 25756287 PMCID: PMC4355068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) treatment induces arteriosclerosis and vascular senescence. Here, we report that the systemic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production by L-NAME causes pulmonary emphysema. L-NAME-treated lungs exhibited both the structural (alveolar tissue destruction) and functional (increased compliance and reduced elastance) characteristics of emphysema development. Furthermore, we found that L-NAME-induced emphysema could be attenuated through both genetic deficiency and pharmacological inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Because PAI-1 is an important contributor to the development of senescence both in vitro and in vivo, we investigated whether L-NAME-induced senescence led to the observed emphysematous changes. We found that L-NAME treatment was associated with molecular and cellular evidence of premature senescence in mice, and that PAI-1 inhibition attenuated these increases. These findings indicate that NO serves to protect and defend lung tissue from physiological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E. Boe
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Mesut Eren
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Luisa Morales-Nebreda
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Sheila B. Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - G. R. Scott Budinger
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Gökhan M. Mutlu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Toshio Miyata
- United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Douglas E. Vaughan
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emphysema is characterized by an abnormal and permanent enlargement of airspaces accompanied by destruction of their walls. Up to now, there is no cure for emphysema, and animal models may be important for new drug discovery. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors review animal models of emphysema since the protease-antiprotease hypothesis as well as the results obtained with compounds tested in these models. Of particular importance are animal models of cigarette smoke exposure since it is the most important risk factor of emphysema. The authors also analyze two approaches to drug testing, that is, the approach aimed at preventing emphysema and the one aimed at reversing it. EXPERT OPINION It has been suggested that early and late interventions do not have the same protective effect and that late interventions are much more likely to reveal treatments beneficial in humans. However, this is not always the case, and a compound that prevents emphysema when administered as an early intervention can also have the same protective effect when given as a late intervention. Furthermore, the fact that a compound detected by means of early intervention is now in clinical practice shows that early intervention studies can be predictive for efficacy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Gardi
- University of Siena, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine , Via Aldo Moro 2 - Siena , Italy +39 0 577 234002 ;
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189
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The pulmonary circulation is a low-pressure, low-resistance, highly compliant vasculature. In contrast to the systemic circulation, it is not primarily regulated by a central nervous control mechanism. The regulation of resting membrane potential due to ion channels is of integral importance in the physiology and pathophysiology of the pulmonary vasculature. RECENT ADVANCES Redox-driven ion conductance changes initiated by direct oxidation, nitration, and S-nitrosylation of the cysteine thiols and indirect phosphorylation of the threonine and serine residues directly affect pulmonary vascular tone. CRITICAL ISSUES Molecular mechanisms of changes in ion channel conductance, especially the identification of the sites of action, are still not fully elucidated. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further investigation of the interaction between redox status and ion channel gating, especially the physiological significance of S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation, could result in a better understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological importance of these mediators in general and the implications of such modifications in cellular functions and related diseases and their importance for targeted treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Olschewski
- 1 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research , Graz, Austria
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Lim D, Lee E, Jeong E, Jang YP, Kim J. Stemona tuberosa prevented inflammation by suppressing the recruitment and the activation of macrophages in vivo and in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 160:41-51. [PMID: 25476485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Stemona tuberosa (ST) is a traditional herbal medicine used for the treatment of various respiratory diseases in eastern Asia. AIM OF THE STUDY We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of a ST water extract in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and in cigarette smoke (CS)-induced lung inflammation mouse models. MATERIALS AND METHODS RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with the ST extract and stimulated by LPS. The expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators were evaluated by using nitric oxide (NO) assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis. After the C57BL/6 mice were exposed to CS, they were administrated with the ST extract. The accumulated inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were counted. Also, real-time polymerase chain reaction and hematoxylin and eosin staining were performed in lung tissues. RESULTS The ST extract treatment reduced the production of NO via blocking the expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein in RAW 264.7 macrophages. In addition, ST extract treatment decreased the secretions of inflammatory cytokines and regulated NF-κB activation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IκB and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Also, ST extract administration to mice reduced the infiltrations of macrophages into BALF and the histological inflammatory changes in lung tissues. Furthermore, administration of the ST extract regulated the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and matrix metalloproteinases-12 in the lungs. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that ST extract attenuated pulmonary inflammatory responses by inhibiting the expression of diverse inflammatory mediators in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Lim
- Department of Korean Physiology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Euijeong Lee
- Department of Korean Physiology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Jeong
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Pyo Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinju Kim
- Department of Korean Physiology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Rafii S, Cao Z, Lis R, Siempos II, Chavez D, Shido K, Rabbany SY, Ding BS. Platelet-derived SDF-1 primes the pulmonary capillary vascular niche to drive lung alveolar regeneration. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:123-136. [PMID: 25621952 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lung alveoli regenerate after surgical removal of the left lobe by pneumonectomy (PNX). How this alveolar regrowth/regeneration is initiated remains unknown. We found that platelets trigger lung regeneration by supplying stromal-cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1, also known as CXCL12). After PNX, activated platelets stimulate SDF-1 receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 on pulmonary capillary endothelial cells (PCECs) to deploy the angiocrine membrane-type metalloproteinase MMP14, stimulating alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) expansion and neo-alveolarization. In mice lacking platelets or platelet Sdf1, PNX-induced alveologenesis was diminished. Reciprocally, infusion of Sdf1(+/+) but not Sdf1-deficient platelets rescued lung regeneration in platelet-depleted mice. Endothelial-specific ablation of Cxcr4 and Cxcr7 in adult mice similarly impeded lung regeneration. Notably, mice with endothelial-specific Mmp14 deletion exhibited impaired expansion of AECs but not PCECs after PNX, which was not rescued by platelet infusion. Therefore, platelets prime PCECs to initiate lung regeneration, extending beyond their haemostatic contribution. Therapeutic targeting of this haemo-vascular niche could enable regenerative therapy for lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Rafii
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Zhongwei Cao
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Raphael Lis
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ilias I Siempos
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens 10675, Greece
| | - Deebly Chavez
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Koji Shido
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Sina Y Rabbany
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Bioengineering Program, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549
| | - Bi-Sen Ding
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
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192
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Singh VK, Patricia George M, Gries CJ. Pulmonary hypertension is associated with increased post-lung transplant mortality risk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015; 34:424-9. [PMID: 25813769 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension associated with lung disease (PHLD) has been shown to be a predictor of disease severity and survival in patients awaiting lung transplantation. Little is known about the relationship of PHLD and survival after lung transplantation or how this may vary by disease. This study evaluated the effect of PHLD on 1-year survival after lung transplantation for patients with the 3 most common indications for transplantation: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and cystic fibrosis (CF). METHODS Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network data were obtained for all lung transplant recipients who received an allograft between May 2005 and June 2010. The relationship between PHLD and 1-year survival after lung transplantation for each diagnostic group was examined with Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox regression. Covariates included in the model were those defined in the current Lung Allocation Score system post-transplant survival model, including age, serum creatinine, percentage predicted forced vital capacity, functional status, and mechanical ventilation use at time of transplant. The estimated relative risk was calculated using Poisson regression with robust error variance and adjustment for covariates. RESULTS Sample sizes for COPD, IPF, and CF patients were 2,025, 2,304, and 866, respectively. The 1-year post-transplant survival for COPD patients with PHLD was 76.9% vs 86.2% for COPD patients without PHLD (p = 0.001). In multivariate Cox regression analysis COPD patients with PHLD had a 1.74 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-2.3) times higher risk of 1-year post-transplant mortality (p = 0.001). Similar analyses for IPF and CF diagnostic groups showed no significant difference in survival between patients with and without PHLD. CONCLUSIONS COPD patients with PHLD have increased post-transplant 1-year mortality. No significant difference was seen in patients with IPF or CF. Further studies to evaluate the potential mechanisms for this difference between diagnoses are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas K Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Mckeesport, Mckeesport, Pennsylvania
| | - M Patricia George
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Cynthia J Gries
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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193
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Park SH, Chen WC, Esmaeil N, Lucas B, Marsh LM, Reibman J, Grunig G. Interleukin 13- and interleukin 17A-induced pulmonary hypertension phenotype due to inhalation of antigen and fine particles from air pollution. Pulm Circ 2015; 4:654-68. [PMID: 25610601 DOI: 10.1086/678511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension has a marked detrimental effect on quality of life and life expectancy. In a mouse model of antigen-induced pulmonary arterial remodeling, we have recently shown that coexposure to urban ambient particulate matter (PM) significantly increased the thickening of the pulmonary arteries and also resulted in significantly increased right ventricular systolic pressures. Here we interrogate the mechanism and show that combined neutralization of interleukin 13 (IL-13) and IL-17A significantly ameliorated the increase in right ventricular systolic pressure, the circumferential muscularization of pulmonary arteries, and the molecular change in the right ventricle. Surprisingly, our data revealed a protective role of IL-17A for the antigen- and PM-induced severe thickening of pulmonary arteries. This protection was due to the inhibition of the effects of IL-13, which drove this response, and the expression of metalloelastase and resistin-like molecule α. However, the latter was redundant for the arterial thickening response. Anti-IL-13 exacerbated airway neutrophilia, which was due to a resulting excess effect of IL-17A, confirming concurrent cross inhibition of IL-13- and IL-17A-dependent responses in the lungs of animals exposed to antigen and PM. Our experiments also identified IL-13/IL-17A-independent molecular reprogramming in the lungs induced by exposure to antigen and PM, which indicates a risk for arterial remodeling and protection from arterial constriction. Our study points to IL-13- and IL-17A-coinduced inflammation as a new template for biomarkers and therapeutic targeting for the management of immune response-induced pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Park
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Wen-Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Nafiseh Esmaeil
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA ; Current affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Benjamin Lucas
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Leigh M Marsh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Joan Reibman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA ; Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gabriele Grunig
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA ; Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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194
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Leo MD, Kandasamy K, Subramani J, Tandan SK, Kumar D. Involvement of inducible nitric oxide synthase and dimethyl arginine dimethylaminohydrolase in Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced hypertension. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015; 24:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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195
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Huang HJ, Isakow W, Byers DE, Engle JT, Griffin EA, Kemp D, Brody SL, Gropler RJ, Miller JP, Chu W, Zhou D, Pierce RA, Castro M, Mach RH, Chen DL. Imaging pulmonary inducible nitric oxide synthase expression with PET. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:76-81. [PMID: 25525182 PMCID: PMC4501590 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.146381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity increases in acute and chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Imaging iNOS expression may be useful as an inflammation biomarker for monitoring lung disease activity. We developed a novel tracer for PET that binds to iNOS in vivo, (18)F-NOS. In this study, we tested whether (18)F-NOS could quantify iNOS expression from endotoxin-induced lung inflammation in healthy volunteers. METHODS Healthy volunteers were screened to exclude cardiopulmonary disease. Qualifying volunteers underwent a baseline, 1-h dynamic (18)F-NOS PET/CT scan. Endotoxin (4 ng/kg) was then instilled bronchoscopically in the right middle lobe. (18)F-NOS imaging was performed again approximately 16 h after endotoxin instillation. Radiolabeled metabolites were determined from blood samples. Cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) after imaging were stained immunohistochemically for iNOS. (18)F-NOS uptake was quantified as the distribution volume ratio (DVR) determined by Logan plot graphical analysis in volumes of interest placed over the area of endotoxin instillation and in an equivalent lung region on the left. The mean Hounsfield units (HUs) were also computed using the same volumes of interest to measure density changes. RESULTS Seven healthy volunteers with normal pulmonary function completed the study with evaluable data. The DVR increased by approximately 30%, from a baseline mean of 0.42 ± 0.07 to 0.54 ± 0.12, and the mean HUs by 11% after endotoxin in 6 volunteers who had positive iNOS staining in BAL cells. The DVR did not change in the left lung after endotoxin. In 1 volunteer with low-level iNOS staining in BAL cells, the mean HUs increased by 7% without an increase in DVR. Metabolism was rapid, with approximately 50% of the parent compound at 5 min and 17% at 60 min after injection. CONCLUSION (18)F-NOS can be used to image iNOS activity in acute lung inflammation in humans and may be a useful PET tracer for imaging iNOS expression in inflammatory lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Warren Isakow
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Derek E Byers
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jacquelyn T Engle
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Elizabeth A Griffin
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Debra Kemp
- Center for Clinical Studies, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Steven L Brody
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert J Gropler
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - J Philip Miller
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Wenhua Chu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Dong Zhou
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Richard A Pierce
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mario Castro
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert H Mach
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Delphine L Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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196
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Zhou S, Li M, Zeng D, Sun G, Zhou J, Wang R. Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor and cyclin D1 on cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats. Exp Ther Med 2014; 9:33-38. [PMID: 25452772 PMCID: PMC4247281 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking may contribute to pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by resulting in pulmonary vascular remodeling that involves pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation. This study investigated the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and cyclin D1 on the pulmonary vascular remodeling in smoking-exposed rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. Three tobacco-exposed groups were exposed to the smoke produced by 20 cigarettes for 60 min, twice a day for two, four or eight weeks, and the control group were exposed to fresh air. The expression of bFGF and cyclin D1 in the pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells were determined using immunohistochemistry. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was conducted to determine the expression levels of bFGF and cyclin D1 mRNA. In addition, the expression of bFGF and cyclin D1 proteins was evaluated by western blotting. The expression of bFGF and cyclin D1 at the mRNA and protein levels was shown to increase with the duration of smoke exposure (P<0.05). The correlation analysis indicated the expression of bFGF and cyclin D1 was positively associated with the pulmonary vessel wall thickness. The expression of bFGF was positively associated with that of cyclin D1. Collectively, the data demonstrated that the upregulation of bFGF and cyclin D1 occurred in rats subjected to smoke exposure, which may be associated with the abnormal proliferation of the smooth muscle cells in the pulmonary arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijing Zhou
- Hefei Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Daxiong Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Gengyun Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Junsheng Zhou
- Hefei Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
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197
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Kumar M, Seeger W, Voswinckel R. Senescence-associated secretory phenotype and its possible role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:323-33. [PMID: 25171460 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0382ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major disease of the lungs. It primarily occurs after a prolonged period of cigarette smoking. Chronic inflammation of airways and the alveolar space as well as lung tissue destruction are the hallmarks of COPD. Recently it has been shown that cellular senescence might play a role in the pathogenesis of COPD. Cellular senescence comprises signal transduction program, leading to irreversible cell cycle arrest. The growth arrest in senescence can be triggered by many different mechanisms, including DNA damage and its recognition by cellular sensors, leading to the activation of cell cycle checkpoint responses and activation of DNA repair machinery. Senescence can be induced by several genotoxic factors apart from telomere attrition. When senescence induction is based on DNA damage, senescent cells display a unique phenotype, which has been termed "senescence-associated secretory phenotype" (SASP). SASP may be an important driver of chronic inflammation and therefore may be part of a vicious cycle of inflammation, DNA damage, and senescence. This research perspective aims to showcase cellular senescence with relevance to COPD and the striking similarities between the mediators and secretory phenotype in COPD and SASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- 1 Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and
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198
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Domej W, Oettl K, Renner W. Oxidative stress and free radicals in COPD--implications and relevance for treatment. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014; 9:1207-24. [PMID: 25378921 PMCID: PMC4207545 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s51226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs when free radicals and other reactive species overwhelm the availability of antioxidants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species, and their counterpart antioxidant agents are essential for physiological signaling and host defense, as well as for the evolution and persistence of inflammation. When their normal steady state is disturbed, imbalances between oxidants and antioxidants may provoke pathological reactions causing a range of nonrespiratory and respiratory diseases, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In the respiratory system, ROS may be either exogenous from more or less inhalative gaseous or particulate agents such as air pollutants, cigarette smoke, ambient high-altitude hypoxia, and some occupational dusts, or endogenously generated in the context of defense mechanisms against such infectious pathogens as bacteria, viruses, or fungi. ROS may also damage body tissues depending on the amount and duration of exposure and may further act as triggers for enzymatically generated ROS released from respiratory, immune, and inflammatory cells. This paper focuses on the general relevance of free radicals for the development and progression of both COPD and pulmonary emphysema as well as novel perspectives on therapeutic options. Unfortunately, current treatment options do not suffice to prevent chronic airway inflammation and are not yet able to substantially alter the course of COPD. Effective therapeutic antioxidant measures are urgently needed to control and mitigate local as well as systemic oxygen bursts in COPD and other respiratory diseases. In addition to current therapeutic prospects and aspects of genomic medicine, trending research topics in COPD are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Domej
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Oettl
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wilfried Renner
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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199
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Protective effects of Big-leaf mulberry and physiological roles of nitric oxide synthases in the testis of mice following water immersion and restraint stress. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1323-30. [PMID: 25183664 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Big-leaf mulberry is a new hybrid plant from the application of cell engineering technology, but its effect in stress-induced testicular dysfunction is unknown. Nitric oxide (NO) is a tiny, highly reactive lipophilic molecule produced by nitric oxide synthases (NOS). Three isoforms of NOS (neuronal NOS, inducible NOS and endothelial NOS) have been identified. Our aim was to investigate the effect of water immersion and restraint stress (WIRS) on NOS in the testis, and the effect of Big-leaf mulberry to protect against WIRS. The activity and expression of NOS, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the mouse testis of different treatment groups (non-WIRS, 3 h-WIRS, WIRS-recovery) were examined. Histological analysis of WIRS-induced testicular damage and immunohistochemical staining of NOS were also analyzed. Results demonstrated that WIRS-exposed mice produced several injuries and showed an increased iNOS and eNOS mRNA expression in testes, whereas pretreatment with Big-leaf mulberry down-regulated iNOS and eNOS mRNA expressions and up-regulated T-AOC activities. Immunohistochemical studies showed that both iNOS and eNOS were localized in germ cells, spermatozoa and blood vessels in addition to Leydig cells and Sertoli cells, but nNOS was not present in these areas. In conclusion, our results suggested that Big-leaf mulberry exerted a protective effect on WIRS-induced testicular dysfunction, and iNOS and eNOS appeared to exert an important action in mouse testes exposed to WIRS.
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200
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Effects of exercise training on pulmonary vessel muscularization and right ventricular function in an animal model of COPD. Respir Res 2014; 15:117. [PMID: 25261051 PMCID: PMC4181603 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0117-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right ventricular dysfunction in COPD is common, even in the absence of pulmonary hypertension. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on right ventricular (RV) function, as well as pulmonary blood vessel remodeling in a mouse model of COPD. METHODS 42 female A/JOlaHsd mice were randomized to exposure to either cigarette smoke or air for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 14 weeks. Mice from both groups were further randomized to sedentariness or HIIT for 4 weeks. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography and muscularization of pulmonary vessel walls by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Smoke exposure induced RV systolic dysfunction demonstrated by reduced tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion. HIIT in smoke-exposed mice reversed RV dysfunction. There were no significant effects on the left ventricle of neither smoke exposure nor HIIT. Muscularization of the pulmonary vessels was reduced after exercise intervention, but no significant effects on muscularization were observed from smoke exposure. CONCLUSIONS RV function was reduced in mice exposed to cigarette smoke. No Increase in pulmonary vessel muscularization was observed in these mice, implying that other mechanisms caused the RV dysfunction. HIIT attenuated the RV dysfunction in the smoke exposed mice. Reduced muscularization of the pulmonary vessels due to HIIT suggests that exercise training not only affects the heart muscle, but also has important effects on the pulmonary vasculature.
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