151
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Enlightened: addressing circadian and seasonal changes in photoperiod in animal models of bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:373. [PMID: 34226504 PMCID: PMC8257630 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorders (BDs) exhibit high heritability and symptoms typically first occur during late adolescence or early adulthood. Affected individuals may experience alternating bouts of mania/hypomania and depression, with euthymic periods of varying lengths interspersed between these extremes of mood. Clinical research studies have consistently demonstrated that BD patients have disturbances in circadian and seasonal rhythms, even when they are free of symptoms. In addition, some BD patients display seasonal patterns in the occurrence of manic/hypomanic and depressive episodes as well as the time of year when symptoms initially occur. Finally, the age of onset of BD symptoms is strongly influenced by the distance one lives from the equator. With few exceptions, animal models useful in the study of BD have not capitalized on these clinical findings regarding seasonal patterns in BD to explore molecular mechanisms associated with the expression of mania- and depression-like behaviors in laboratory animals. In particular, animal models would be especially useful in studying how rates of change in photoperiod that occur during early spring and fall interact with risk genes to increase the occurrence of mania- and depression-like phenotypes, respectively. Another unanswered question relates to the ways in which seasonally relevant changes in photoperiod affect responses to acute and chronic stressors in animal models. Going forward, we suggest ways in which translational research with animal models of BD could be strengthened through carefully controlled manipulations of photoperiod to enhance our understanding of mechanisms underlying seasonal patterns of BD symptoms in humans. In addition, we emphasize the value of incorporating diurnal rodent species as more appropriate animal models to study the effects of seasonal changes in light on symptoms of depression and mania that are characteristic of BD in humans.
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152
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Olejniczak I, Ripperger JA, Sandrelli F, Schnell A, Mansencal-Strittmatter L, Wendrich K, Hui KY, Brenna A, Ben Fredj N, Albrecht U. Light affects behavioral despair involving the clock gene Period 1. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009625. [PMID: 34237069 PMCID: PMC8266116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Light at night has strong effects on physiology and behavior of mammals. It affects mood in humans, which is exploited as light therapy, and has been shown to reset the circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). This resetting is paramount to align physiological and biochemical timing to the environmental light-dark cycle. Here we provide evidence that light at zeitgeber time (ZT) 22 affects mood-related behaviors also in mice by activating the clock gene Period1 (Per1) in the lateral habenula (LHb), a brain region known to modulate mood-related behaviors. We show that complete deletion of Per1 in mice led to depressive-like behavior and loss of the beneficial effects of light on this behavior. In contrast, specific deletion of Per1 in the region of the LHb did not affect mood-related behavior, but suppressed the beneficial effects of light. RNA sequence analysis in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system revealed profound changes of gene expression after a light pulse at ZT22. In the nucleus accumbens (NAc), sensory perception of smell and G-protein coupled receptor signaling were affected the most. Interestingly, most of these genes were not affected in Per1 knock-out animals, indicating that induction of Per1 by light serves as a filter for light-mediated gene expression in the brain. Taken together we show that light affects mood-related behavior in mice at least in part via induction of Per1 in the LHb with consequences on mood-related behavior and signaling mechanisms in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Olejniczak
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Anna Schnell
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Katrin Wendrich
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ka Yi Hui
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Brenna
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Naila Ben Fredj
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Urs Albrecht
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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153
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Giri A, Srinivasan A, Sundar IK. COVID-19: Sleep, Circadian Rhythms and Immunity - Repurposing Drugs and Chronotherapeutics for SARS-CoV-2. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:674204. [PMID: 34220430 PMCID: PMC8249936 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.674204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has affected nearly 28 million people in the United States and has caused more than five hundred thousand deaths as of February 21, 2021. As the novel coronavirus continues to take its toll in the United States and all across the globe, particularly among the elderly (>65 years), clinicians and translational researchers are taking a closer look at the nexus of sleep, circadian rhythms and immunity that may contribute toward a more severe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2-induced multi-organ failure affects both central and peripheral organs, causing increased mortality in the elderly. However, whether differences in sleep, circadian rhythms, and immunity between older and younger individuals contribute to the age-related differences in systemic dysregulation of target organs observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection remain largely unknown. Current literature demonstrates the emerging role of sleep, circadian rhythms, and immunity in the development of chronic pulmonary diseases and respiratory infections in human and mouse models. The exact mechanism underlying acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other cardiopulmonary complications in elderly patients in combination with associated comorbidities remain unclear. Nevertheless, understanding the critical role of sleep, circadian clock dysfunction in target organs, and immune status of patients with SARS-CoV-2 may provide novel insights into possible therapies. Chronotherapy is an emerging concept that is gaining attention in sleep medicine. Accumulating evidence suggests that nearly half of all physiological functions follow a strict daily rhythm. However, healthcare professionals rarely take implementing timed-administration of drugs into consideration. In this review, we summarize recent findings directly relating to the contributing roles of sleep, circadian rhythms and immune response in modulating infectious disease processes, and integrate chronotherapy in the discussion of the potential drugs that can be repurposed to improve the treatment and management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isaac Kirubakaran Sundar
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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154
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Afraid of the dark: Light acutely suppresses activity in the human amygdala. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252350. [PMID: 34133439 PMCID: PMC8208532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Light improves mood. The amygdala plays a critical role in regulating emotion, including fear-related responses. In rodents the amygdala receives direct light input from the retina, and light may play a role in fear-related learning. A direct effect of light on the amygdala represents a plausible mechanism of action for light’s mood-elevating effects in humans. However, the effect of light on activity in the amygdala in humans is not well understood. We examined the effect of passive dim-to-moderate white light exposure on activation of the amygdala in healthy young adults using the BOLD fMRI response (3T Siemens scanner; n = 23). Participants were exposed to alternating 30s blocks of light (10 lux or 100 lux) and dark (<1 lux), with each light intensity being presented separately. Light, compared with dark, suppressed activity in the amygdala. Moderate light exposure resulted in greater suppression of amygdala activity than dim light. Furthermore, functional connectivity between the amygdala and ventro-medial prefrontal cortex was enhanced during light relative to dark. These effects may contribute to light’s mood-elevating effects, via a reduction in negative, fear-related affect and enhanced processing of negative emotion.
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155
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Soler R, Voss E. Biologically Relevant Lighting: An Industry Perspective. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:637221. [PMID: 34163318 PMCID: PMC8215265 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.637221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovations in LED lighting technology have led to tremendous adoption rates and vastly improved the metrics by which they are traditionally evaluated-including color quality, longevity, and energy efficiency to name a few. Additionally, scientific insight has broadened with respect to the biological impact of light, specifically our circadian rhythm. Indoor electric lighting, despite its many attributes, fails to specifically address the biological responses to light. Traditional electric lighting environments are biologically too dim during the day, too bright at night, and with many people spending much of their lives in these environments, it can lead to circadian dysfunction. The lighting industry's biological solution has been to create bluer days and yellower nights, but the technology created to do so caters primarily to the cones. A better call to action is to provide biologically brighter days and biologically darker nights within the built environment. However, current lighting design practices have specified the comfort and utility of electric light. Brighter intensity during the day can often be uncomfortable or glary, and reduced light intensity at night may compromise visual comfort and safety, both of which will affect user compliance. No single lighting solution will effectively create biologically brighter days and biologically darker nights, but rather a variety of parameters need to be considered. This paper discusses the contributions of spectral power distribution, hue or color temperature, spatial distribution, as well as architectural geometry and surface reflectivity, to achieve biologically relevant lighting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica Voss
- BIOS Lighting, Carlsbad, CA, United States
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156
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Spitschan M, Mead J, Roos C, Lowis C, Griffiths B, Mucur P, Herf M. luox: novel validated open-access and open-source web platform for calculating and sharing physiologically relevant quantities for light and lighting. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:69. [PMID: 34017925 PMCID: PMC8095192 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16595.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Light exposure has a profound impact on human physiology and behaviour. For example, light exposure at the wrong time can disrupt our circadian rhythms and acutely suppress the production of melatonin. In turn, appropriately timed light exposure can support circadian photoentrainment. Beginning with the discovery that melatonin production is acutely suppressed by bright light more than 40 years ago, understanding which aspects of light drive the 'non-visual' responses to light remains a highly active research area, with an important translational dimension and implications for "human-centric" or physiologically inspired architectural lighting design. In 2018, the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) standardised the spectral sensitivities for predicting the non-visual effects of a given spectrum of light with respect to the activation of the five photoreceptor classes in the human retina: the L, M and S cones, the rods, and the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Here, we described a novel, lean, user-friendly, open-access and open-source platform for calculating quantities related to light. The platform, called luox, enables researchers and research users in chronobiology, sleep research and adjacent field to turn spectral measurements into reportable quantities. The luox code base, released under the GPL-3.0 License, is modular and therefore extendable to other spectrum-derived quantities. luox has been endorsed by the CIE following black-box validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Spitschan
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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157
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Discovery of a body-wide photosensory array that matures in an adult-like animal and mediates eye-brain-independent movement and arousal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021426118. [PMID: 33941643 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021426118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to respond to light has profoundly shaped life. Animals with eyes overwhelmingly rely on their visual circuits for mediating light-induced coordinated movements. Building on previously reported behaviors, we report the discovery of an organized, eye-independent (extraocular), body-wide photosensory framework that allows even a head-removed animal to move like an intact animal. Despite possessing sensitive cerebral eyes and a centralized brain that controls most behaviors, head-removed planarians show acute, coordinated ultraviolet-A (UV-A) aversive phototaxis. We find this eye-brain-independent phototaxis is mediated by two noncanonical rhabdomeric opsins, the first known function for this newly classified opsin-clade. We uncover a unique array of dual-opsin-expressing photoreceptor cells that line the periphery of animal body, are proximal to a body-wide nerve net, and mediate UV-A phototaxis by engaging multiple modes of locomotion. Unlike embryonically developing cerebral eyes that are functional when animals hatch, the body-wide photosensory array matures postembryonically in "adult-like animals." Notably, apart from head-removed phototaxis, the body-wide, extraocular sensory organization also impacts physiology of intact animals. Low-dose UV-A, but not visible light (ocular-stimulus), is able to arouse intact worms that have naturally cycled to an inactive/rest-like state. This wavelength selective, low-light arousal of resting animals is noncanonical-opsin dependent but eye independent. Our discovery of an autonomous, multifunctional, late-maturing, organized body-wide photosensory system establishes a paradigm in sensory biology and evolution of light sensing.
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158
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Vethe D, Scott J, Engstrøm M, Salvesen Ø, Sand T, Olsen A, Morken G, Heglum HS, Kjørstad K, Faaland PM, Vestergaard CL, Langsrud K, Kallestad H. The evening light environment in hospitals can be designed to produce less disruptive effects on the circadian system and improve sleep. Sleep 2021; 44:5909282. [PMID: 32954412 PMCID: PMC7953207 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Blue-depleted lighting reduces the disruptive effects of evening artificial light on the circadian system in laboratory experiments, but this has not yet been shown in naturalistic settings. The aim of the current study was to test the effects of residing in an evening blue-depleted light environment on melatonin levels, sleep, neurocognitive arousal, sleepiness, and potential side effects. METHODS The study was undertaken in a new psychiatric hospital unit where dynamic light sources were installed. All light sources in all rooms were blue-depleted in one half of the unit between 06:30 pm and 07:00 am (melanopic lux range: 7-21, melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance [M-EDI] range: 6-19, photopic lux range: 55-124), whereas the other had standard lighting (melanopic lux range: 30-70, M-EDI range: 27-63, photopic lux range: 64-136), but was otherwise identical. A total of 12 healthy adults resided for 5 days in each light environment (LE) in a randomized cross-over trial. RESULTS Melatonin levels were less suppressed in the blue-depleted LE (15%) compared with the normal LE (45%; p = 0.011). Dim light melatonin onset was phase-advanced more (1:20 h) after residing in the blue-depleted LE than after the normal LE (0:46 h; p = 0.008). Total sleep time was 8.1 min longer (p = 0.032), rapid eye movement sleep 13.9 min longer (p < 0.001), and neurocognitive arousal was lower (p = 0.042) in the blue-depleted LE. There were no significant differences in subjective sleepiness (p = 0.16) or side effects (p = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS It is possible to create an evening LE that has an impact on the circadian system and sleep without serious side effects. This demonstrates the feasibility and potential benefits of designing buildings or hospital units according to chronobiological principles and provide a basis for studies in both nonclinical and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vethe
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Scott
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
| | - Morten Engstrøm
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim Norway
| | - Øyvind Salvesen
- Unit of Applied Clinical Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trond Sand
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim Norway
| | - Alexander Olsen
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gunnar Morken
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hanne S Heglum
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Novelda AS, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kaia Kjørstad
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Patrick M Faaland
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Cecilie L Vestergaard
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Knut Langsrud
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard Kallestad
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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159
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Cain SW, Phillips AJK. Do no harm: the beginning of the age of healthy hospital lighting. Sleep 2021; 44:6158960. [PMID: 33709150 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Cain
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J K Phillips
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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160
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Shi HY, Xu W, Guo H, Dong H, Qu WM, Huang ZL. Lesion of intergeniculate leaflet GABAergic neurons attenuates sleep in mice exposed to light. Sleep 2021; 43:5573593. [PMID: 31552427 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Light has immediate effects on sleep in rodents, but the neural pathways underlying the effect remain to be elucidated. The intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) containing GABAergic neurons receives direct retinal inputs. We hypothesized that IGL GABAergic neurons may mediate light-induced sleep. EEG/electromyogram recording, immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, optogenetics, fiber photometry, behavioral tests, and cell-specific destruction were employed to investigate the role of IGL GABAergic neurons in the regulation of acute light-induced sleep. Here, EEG/electromyogram recordings revealed that acute light exposure during the nocturnal active phase in mice induced a significant increase in non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep compared with controls. Immunohistochemistry showed that acute light exposure for 2 hours in the active phase induced an increase in c-Fos expression in the IGL, whereas lights-off in the rest phase inhibited it. Patch clamp coupled with optogenetics demonstrated that retinal ganglion cells had monosynaptic functional connections to IGL GABAergic neurons. Calcium activity by fiber photometry in freely behaving mice showed that light exposure increased the activity of IGL GABAergic neurons. Furthermore, lesion of IGL GABAergic neurons by caspase-3 virus significantly attenuated the sleep-promoting effect of light exposure during active phases. Collectively, these results clearly indicated that the IGL is one of key nuclei mediating light-induced sleep in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Ying Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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161
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Dong L, Zheng Z, Zhong D, Long X, Cai Q, Jian W, Zhang S, Wu W, Yao D. Effects of Morning Blue-Green 500 nm Light Therapy on Cognition and Biomarkers in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Subjective Cognitive Decline and Mild Cognitive Impairment: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:1521-1536. [PMID: 33843675 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given that there is no specific drug to treat Alzheimer's disease, non-pharmacologic interventions in people with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) are one of the most important treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE To clarify the efficacy of blue-green (500 nm) light therapy on sleep, mood, and physiological parameters in patients with SCD and aMCI is an interesting avenue to explore. METHODS This is a monocentric, randomized, and controlled trial that will last for 4 weeks. We will recruit 150 individuals aged 45 years or older from memory clinics and divide them into 5 groups: SCD treatment (n = 30), SCD control (n = 30), aMCI treatment (n = 30), aMCI control (n = 30), and a group of healthy adult subjects (n = 30) as a normal control (NC). RESULTS The primary outcome is the change in subjective and objective cognitive performance between baseline and postintervention visits (4 weeks after baseline). Secondary outcomes include changes in performance assessing from baseline, postintervention to follow-up (3 months after the intervention), as well as sleep, mood, and physiological parameters (including blood, urine, electrophysiology, and neuroimaging biomarkers). CONCLUSION This study aims to provide evidence of the impact of light therapy on subjective and objective cognitive performance in middle-aged and older adults with SCD or aMCI. In addition, we will identify possible neurophysiological mechanisms of action underlying light therapy. Overall, this trial will contribute to the establishment of light therapy in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Wang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,The Memory Clinic of department of Neurology, Chengdu Western Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yige Zhang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Dong
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Research Unit of NeuroInformation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Institute for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Chengdu, China
| | - Zihao Zheng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dayong Zhong
- Sichuan Provincial Revolutionary Disabled Soldiers Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xunqin Long
- The Memory Clinic of department of Neurology, Chengdu Western Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingyan Cai
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Jian
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Songge Zhang
- The Memory Clinic of department of Neurology, Chengdu Western Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenbin Wu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Research Unit of NeuroInformation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China.,School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Sichuan Institute for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Chengdu, China
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162
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Smagula SF, Capps CS, Krafty RT. Evaluating the timing of differences in activity related to depression symptoms across adulthood in the United States. J Affect Disord 2021; 284:64-68. [PMID: 33582433 PMCID: PMC7958982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relative activity deficits found in people with (verses without) depression symptoms/disorders may accumulate uniformly throughout the day, or they may tend to be expressed at specific times. Evidence for the latter would suggest times when behavioral approaches are most needed to reduce depression and its health consequences. METHODS We performed a secondary-data analysis of participants who contributed valid accelerometer data at the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n=4390). Participants were categorized according to the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 standard cut-point of ≥10 (i.e., people with versus without clinically significant depression symptoms). Average levels of accelerometer-measured activity in two-hour bins were the dependent variable in mixed models testing if the relationship between depression status and activity level differed by time of day; and if any such relations varied by age group (18-29 years, 30-44 years, 45-59 years, and 60+ years). RESULTS In adults over the age of 30, people with depression symptoms had generally lower levels of activity across the day, but these effects were most markedly pronounced in the morning hours. We found no differences in activity levels associated with prevalent depression symptoms among people 18-30 years of age. LIMITATIONS Core aspects of depression pathophysiology that produce these different activity patterns and confer their effects on mood were not measured. CONCLUSIONS In adults 30 years and older, efforts to ameliorate relative activity deficits associated with depression may benefit from considering the apparently outsized role of inactivity that occurs in the morning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Smagula
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - Chandler S Capps
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Robert T Krafty
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA
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163
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Mendoza J. Nighttime Light Hurts Mammalian Physiology: What Diurnal Rodent Models Are Telling Us. Clocks Sleep 2021; 3:236-250. [PMID: 33915800 PMCID: PMC8167723 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep3020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural sunlight permits organisms to synchronize their physiology to the external world. However, in current times, natural sunlight has been replaced by artificial light in both day and nighttime. While in the daytime, indoor artificial light is of lower intensity than natural sunlight, leading to a weak entrainment signal for our internal biological clock, at night the exposure to artificial light perturbs the body clock and sleep. Although electric light at night allows us "to live in darkness", our current lifestyle facilitates nighttime exposure to light by the use, or abuse, of electronic devices (e.g., smartphones). The chronic exposure to light at nighttime has been correlated to mood alterations, metabolic dysfunctions, and poor cognition. To decipher the brain mechanisms underlying these alterations, fundamental research has been conducted using animal models, principally of nocturnal nature (e.g., mice). Nevertheless, because of the diurnal nature of human physiology, it is also important to find and propose diurnal animal models for the study of the light effects in circadian biology. The present review provides an overview of the effects of light at nighttime on physiology and behavior in diurnal mammals, including humans. Knowing how the brain reacts to artificial light exposure, using diurnal rodent models, is fundamental for the development of new strategies in human health based in circadian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mendoza
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasburg, 8 allée du Général Rouvillois, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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164
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Spitschan M, Mead J, Roos C, Lowis C, Griffiths B, Mucur P, Herf M. luox: novel open-access and open-source web platform for calculating and sharing physiologically relevant quantities for light and lighting. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:69. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16595.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Light exposure has a profound impact on human physiology and behaviour. For example, light exposure at the wrong time can disrupt our circadian rhythms and acutely suppress the production of melatonin. In turn, appropriately timed light exposure can support circadian photoentrainment. Beginning with the discovery that melatonin production is acutely suppressed by bright light more than 40 years ago, understanding which aspects of light drive the 'non-visual' responses to light remains a highly active research area, with an important translational dimension and implications for "human-centric" or physiologically inspired architectural lighting design. In 2018, the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) standardised the spectral sensitivities for predicting the non-visual effects of a given spectrum of light with respect to the activation of the five photoreceptor classes in the human retina: the L, M and S cones, the rods, and the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Here, we described a novel, lean, user-friendly, open-access and open-source platform for calculating quantities related to light. The platform, called luox, enables researchers and research users in chronobiology, sleep research and adjacent field to turn spectral measurements into reportable quantities. The luox code base, released under the GPL-3.0 License, is modular and therefore extendable to other spectrum-derived quantities.
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165
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Mure LS. Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells of the Human Retina. Front Neurol 2021; 12:636330. [PMID: 33841306 PMCID: PMC8027232 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.636330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Light profoundly affects our mental and physical health. In particular, light, when not delivered at the appropriate time, may have detrimental effects. In mammals, light is perceived not only by rods and cones but also by a subset of retinal ganglion cells that express the photopigment melanopsin that renders them intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs). ipRGCs participate in contrast detection and play critical roles in non-image-forming vision, a set of light responses that include circadian entrainment, pupillary light reflex (PLR), and the modulation of sleep/alertness, and mood. ipRGCs are also found in the human retina, and their response to light has been characterized indirectly through the suppression of nocturnal melatonin and PLR. However, until recently, human ipRGCs had rarely been investigated directly. This gap is progressively being filled as, over the last years, an increasing number of studies provided descriptions of their morphology, responses to light, and gene expression. Here, I review the progress in our knowledge of human ipRGCs, in particular, the different morphological and functional subtypes described so far and how they match the murine subtypes. I also highlight questions that remain to be addressed. Investigating ipRGCs is critical as these few cells play a major role in our well-being. Additionally, as ipRGCs display increased vulnerability or resilience to certain disorders compared to conventional RGCs, a deeper knowledge of their function could help identify therapeutic approaches or develop diagnostic tools. Overall, a better understanding of how light is perceived by the human eye will help deliver precise light usage recommendations and implement light-based therapeutic interventions to improve cognitive performance, mood, and life quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic S Mure
- Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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166
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Chundakkadan R. Light a lamp and look at the stock market. FINANCIAL INNOVATION 2021; 7:19. [PMID: 35024276 PMCID: PMC7982769 DOI: 10.1186/s40854-021-00232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the impact of the light-a-lamp event that occurred in India during the COVID-19 lockdown. This event happened across the country, and millions of people participated in it. We link this event to the stock market through investor sentiment and misattribution bias. We find a 9% hike in the market return on the post-event day. The effect is heterogeneous in terms of beta, downside risk, volatility, and financial distress. We also find an increase (decrease) in long-term bond yields (price), which together suggests that market participants demanded risky assets in the post-event day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radeef Chundakkadan
- Department of Liberal Arts, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492015 India
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167
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Circadian depression: A mood disorder phenotype. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 126:79-101. [PMID: 33689801 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Major mood syndromes are among the most common and disabling mental disorders. However, a lack of clear delineation of their underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is a major barrier to prevention and optimised treatments. Dysfunction of the 24-h circadian system is a candidate mechanism that has genetic, behavioural, and neurobiological links to mood syndromes. Here, we outline evidence for a new clinical phenotype, which we have called 'circadian depression'. We propose that key clinical characteristics of circadian depression include disrupted 24-h sleep-wake cycles, reduced motor activity, low subjective energy, and weight gain. The illness course includes early age-of-onset, phenomena suggestive of bipolarity (defined by bidirectional associations between objective motor and subjective energy/mood states), poor response to conventional antidepressant medications, and concurrent cardiometabolic and inflammatory disturbances. Identifying this phenotype could be clinically valuable, as circadian-targeted strategies show promise for reducing depressive symptoms and stabilising illness course. Further investigation of underlying circadian disturbances in mood syndromes is needed to evaluate the clinical utility of this phenotype and guide the optimal use of circadian-targeted interventions.
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168
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Madsen HØ, Ba-Ali S, Heegaard S, Hageman I, Knorr U, Lund-Andersen H, Martiny K, Kessing LV. Melanopsin-mediated pupillary responses in bipolar disorder-a cross-sectional pupillometric investigation. Int J Bipolar Disord 2021; 9:7. [PMID: 33644827 PMCID: PMC7917036 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-020-00211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visible light, predominantly in the blue range, affects mood and circadian rhythm partly by activation of the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). The light-induced responses of these ganglion cells can be evaluated by pupillometry. The study aimed to assess the blue light induced pupil constriction in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). METHODS We investigated the pupillary responses to blue light by chromatic pupillometry in 31 patients with newly diagnosed bipolar disorder, 22 of their unaffected relatives and 35 healthy controls. Mood state was evaluated by interview-based ratings of depressive symptoms (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) and (hypo-)manic symptoms (Young Mania Rating Scale). RESULTS The ipRGC-mediated pupillary responses did not differ across the three groups, but subgroup analyses showed that patients in remission had reduced ipRGC-mediated responses compared with controls (9%, p = 0.04). Longer illness duration was associated with more pronounced ipRGC-responses (7% increase/10-year illness duration, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The ipRGC-mediated pupil response to blue light was reduced in euthymic patients compared with controls and increased with longer disease duration. Longitudinal studies are needed to corroborate these potential associations with illness state and/or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Østergaard Madsen
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Center (CADIC), Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Edel Sauntes Allé 10, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Shakoor Ba-Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | - Ida Hageman
- Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Knorr
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Center (CADIC), Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Edel Sauntes Allé 10, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | - Klaus Martiny
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Center (CADIC), Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Edel Sauntes Allé 10, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Lars Vedel Kessing
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Center (CADIC), Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Edel Sauntes Allé 10, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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169
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Schalbetter SM, Mueller FS, Scarborough J, Richetto J, Weber-Stadlbauer U, Meyer U, Notter T. Oral application of clozapine-N-oxide using the micropipette-guided drug administration (MDA) method in mouse DREADD systems. Lab Anim (NY) 2021; 50:69-75. [PMID: 33619409 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-021-00723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) system is one of the most widely used chemogenetic techniques to modulate the activity of cell populations in the brains of behaving animals. DREADDs are activated by acute or chronic administration of their ligand, clozapine-N-oxide (CNO). There is, however, a current lack of a non-invasive CNO administration technique that can control for drug timing and dosing without inducing substantial distress for the animals. Here, we evaluated whether the recently developed micropipette-guided drug administration (MDA) method, which has been used as a non-invasive and minimally stressful alternative to oral gavages, may be applied to administer CNO orally to activate DREADDs in a dosing- and timing-controlled manner. Unlike standard intraperitoneal injections, administration of vehicle substances via MDA did not elevate plasma levels of the major stress hormone, corticosterone, and did not attenuate exploratory activity in the open field test. At the same time, however, administration of CNO via MDA or intraperitoneally was equally efficient in activating hM3DGq-expressing neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex, as evident by time-dependent increases in mRNA levels of neuronal immediate early genes (cFos, Arc and Zif268) and cFos-immunoreactive neurons. Compared to vehicle given via MDA, oral administration of CNO via MDA was also found to potently increase locomotor activity in mice that express hM3DGq in prefrontal neurons. Taken together, our study confirms the effectiveness of CNO given orally via MDA and provides a novel method for non-stressful, yet well controllable CNO treatments in mouse DREADD systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina M Schalbetter
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flavia S Mueller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Scarborough
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juliet Richetto
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Weber-Stadlbauer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Meyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tina Notter
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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170
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Pottackal J, Walsh HL, Rahmani P, Zhang K, Justice NJ, Demb JB. Photoreceptive Ganglion Cells Drive Circuits for Local Inhibition in the Mouse Retina. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1489-1504. [PMID: 33397711 PMCID: PMC7896016 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0674-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) exhibit melanopsin-dependent light responses that persist in the absence of rod and cone photoreceptor-mediated input. In addition to signaling anterogradely to the brain, ipRGCs signal retrogradely to intraretinal circuitry via gap junction-mediated electrical synapses with amacrine cells (ACs). However, the targets and functions of these intraretinal signals remain largely unknown. Here, in mice of both sexes, we identify circuitry that enables M5 ipRGCs to locally inhibit retinal neurons via electrical synapses with a nonspiking GABAergic AC. During pharmacological blockade of rod- and cone-mediated input, whole-cell recordings of corticotropin-releasing hormone-expressing (CRH+) ACs reveal persistent visual responses that require both melanopsin expression and gap junctions. In the developing retina, ipRGC-mediated input to CRH+ ACs is weak or absent before eye opening, indicating a primary role for this input in the mature retina (i.e., in parallel with rod- and cone-mediated input). Among several ipRGC types, only M5 ipRGCs exhibit consistent anatomical and physiological coupling to CRH+ ACs. Optogenetic stimulation of local CRH+ ACs directly drives IPSCs in M4 and M5, but not M1-M3, ipRGCs. CRH+ ACs also inhibit M2 ipRGC-coupled spiking ACs, demonstrating direct interaction between discrete networks of ipRGC-coupled interneurons. Together, these results demonstrate a functional role for electrical synapses in translating ipRGC activity into feedforward and feedback inhibition of local retinal circuits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Melanopsin directly generates light responses in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Through gap junction-mediated electrical synapses with retinal interneurons, these uniquely photoreceptive RGCs may also influence the activity and output of neuronal circuits within the retina. Here, we identified and studied an electrical synaptic circuit that, in principle, could couple ipRGC activity to the chemical output of an identified retinal interneuron. Specifically, we found that M5 ipRGCs form electrical synapses with corticotropin-releasing hormone-expressing amacrine cells, which locally release GABA to inhibit specific RGC types. Thus, ipRGCs are poised to influence the output of diverse retinal circuits via electrical synapses with interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas J Justice
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jonathan B Demb
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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171
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Insomnia disorder and its reciprocal relation with psychopathology. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 41:34-39. [PMID: 33691218 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is crucial for daytime functioning. In populations with psychiatric conditions, many people suffer from insomnia symptoms or an insomnia disorder. Emerging evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between insomnia and various psychopathologies, implying that insomnia not only may be a consequence of mental disorders but also may contribute to new development, symptom severity, and reoccurrence of diverse mental disorders. Research on potential mechanisms underlying the insomnia psychopathology association is important, both from the preventive and treatment perspective. Most hypotheses concern the influence of insomnia on emotion regulation and on shared pathophysiological pathways, ranging from gut microbiome composition to genetic and specific neurotransmitter system aberrations.
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172
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Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Huang et al. (2021) reveal a new influence of light on memory. They show that in mice, daily exposure to bright light over several weeks produces lasting increases in spatial memory and assign this effect to a circuit originating in the retina and encompassing the ventral lateral geniculate and reuniens nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Milosavljevic
- Centre for Biological Timing and Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Timothy M Brown
- Centre for Biological Timing and Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Robert J Lucas
- Centre for Biological Timing and Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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173
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Orexin-A Intensifies Mouse Pupillary Light Response by Modulating Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2566-2580. [PMID: 33536197 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0217-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We show for the first time that the neuropeptide orexin modulates pupillary light response, a non-image-forming visual function, in mice of either sex. Intravitreal injection of the orexin receptor (OXR) antagonist TCS1102 and orexin-A reduced and enhanced pupillary constriction in response to light, respectively. Orexin-A activated OX1Rs on M2-type intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (M2 cells), and caused membrane depolarization of these cells by modulating inward rectifier potassium channels and nonselective cation channels, thus resulting in an increase in intrinsic excitability. The increased intrinsic excitability could account for the orexin-A-evoked increase in spontaneous discharges and light-induced spiking rates of M2 cells, leading to an intensification of pupillary constriction. Orexin-A did not alter the light response of M1 cells, which could be because of no or weak expression of OX1Rs on them, as revealed by RNAscope in situ hybridization. In sum, orexin-A is likely to decrease the pupil size of mice by influencing M2 cells, thereby improving visual performance in awake mice via enhancing the focal depth of the eye's refractive system.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study reveals the role of the neuropeptide orexin in mouse pupillary light response, a non-image-forming visual function. Intravitreal orexin-A administration intensifies light-induced pupillary constriction via increasing the excitability of M2 intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells by activating the orexin receptor subtype OX1R. Modulation of inward rectifier potassium channels and nonselective cation channels were both involved in the ionic mechanisms underlying such intensification. Orexin could improve visual performance in awake mice by reducing the pupil size and thereby enhancing the focal depth of the eye's refractive system.
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174
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Aranda ML, Schmidt TM. Diversity of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells: circuits and functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:889-907. [PMID: 32965515 PMCID: PMC8650628 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The melanopsin-expressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are a relatively recently discovered class of atypical ganglion cell photoreceptor. These ipRGCs are a morphologically and physiologically heterogeneous population that project widely throughout the brain and mediate a wide array of visual functions ranging from photoentrainment of our circadian rhythms, to driving the pupillary light reflex to improve visual function, to modulating our mood, alertness, learning, sleep/wakefulness, regulation of body temperature, and even our visual perception. The presence of melanopsin as a unique molecular signature of ipRGCs has allowed for the development of a vast array of molecular and genetic tools to study ipRGC circuits. Given the emerging complexity of this system, this review will provide an overview of the genetic tools and methods used to study ipRGCs, how these tools have been used to dissect their role in a variety of visual circuits and behaviors in mice, and identify important directions for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos L Aranda
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Tiffany M Schmidt
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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175
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Melanopic Limits of Metamer Spectral Optimisation in Multi-Channel Smart Lighting Systems. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14030527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Modern indoor lighting faces the challenge of finding an appropriate balance between energy consumption, legal requirements, visual performance, and the circadian effectiveness of a spectrum. Multi-channel LED luminaires have the option of keeping image-forming metrics steady while varying the melanopic radiance through metamer spectra for non-visual purposes. Here, we propose the theoretical concept of an automated smart lighting system that is designed to satisfy the user’s visual preference through neural networks while triggering the non-visual pathway via metamers. To quantify the melanopic limits of metamers at a steady chromaticity point, we have used 561 chromaticity coordinates along the Planckian locus (2700 K to 7443 K, ±Duv 0 to 0.048) as optimisation targets and generated the spectra by using a 6-channel, 8-channel, and 11-channel LED combination at three different luminance levels. We have found that in a best-case scenario, the melanopic radiance can be varied up to 65% while keeping the chromaticity coordinates constant (Δu′v′≤7.05×10−5) by using metamer spectra. The highest melanopic metamer contrast can be reached near the Planckian locus between 3292 and 4717 K within a Duv range of −0.009 to 0.006. Additionally, we publish over 1.2 million optimised spectra generated by multichannel LED luminaires as an open-source dataset along with this work.
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176
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Photoperiodic regulation of dopamine signaling regulates seasonal changes in retinal photosensitivity in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1843. [PMID: 33469071 PMCID: PMC7815869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81540-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
At high latitudes, approximately 10% of people suffer from depression during the winter season, a phenomenon known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Shortened photoperiod and/or light intensity during winter season are risk factors for SAD, and bright light therapy is an effective treatment. Interestingly, reduced retinal photosensitivity along with the mood is observed in SAD patients in winter. However, the molecular basis underlying seasonal changes in retinal photosensitivity remains unclear, and pharmacological intervention is required. Here we show photoperiodic regulation of dopamine signaling and improvement of short day–attenuated photosensitivity by its pharmacological intervention in mice. Electroretinograms revealed dynamic seasonal changes in retinal photosensitivity. Transcriptome analysis identified short day-mediated suppression of the Th gene, which encodes tyrosine hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme for dopamine biosynthesis. Furthermore, pharmacological intervention in dopamine signaling through activation of the cAMP signaling pathway rescued short day–attenuated photosensitivity, whereas dopamine receptor antagonists decreased photosensitivity under long-day conditions. Our results reveal molecular basis of seasonal changes in retinal photosensitivity in mammals. In addition, our findings provide important insights into the pathogenesis of SAD and offer potential therapeutic interventions.
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177
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Modulation of recognition memory performance by light and its relationship with cortical EEG theta and gamma activities. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 191:114404. [PMID: 33412102 PMCID: PMC8363935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute exposure to light exerts widespread effects on physiology, in addition to its key role in photoentrainment. Although the modulatory effect of light on physiological arousal is well demonstrated in mice, its effect on memory performance is inconclusive, as the direction of the effect depends on the nature of the behavioural task employed and/or the type of stimulus utilised. Moreover, in all rodent studies that reported significant effects of light on performance, brain activity was not assessed during the task and thus it is unclear how brain activity was modulated by light or the exact relationship between light-modulated brain activity and performance. Here we examine the modulatory effects of light of varying intensities on recognition memory performance and frontoparietal waking electroencephalography (EEG) in mice using the spontaneous recognition memory task. We report a light-intensity-dependent disruptive effect on recognition memory performance at the group level, but inspection of individual-level data indicates that light-intensity-dependent facilitation is observed in some cases. Using linear mixed-effects models, we then demonstrate that EEG fast theta (θ) activity at the time of encoding negatively predicts recognition memory performance, whereas slow gamma (γ) activity at the time of retrieval positively predicts performance. These relationships between θ/γ activity and performance are strengthened by increasing light intensity. Thus, light modulates θ and γ band activities involved in attentional and mnemonic processes, thereby affecting recognition memory performance. However, extraneous factors including the phase of the internal clock at which light is presented and homeostatic sleep pressure may determine how photic input is translated into behavioural performance.
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178
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Bais B, Hoogendijk WJG, Lambregtse-van den Berg MP. Light therapy for mood disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 182:49-61. [PMID: 34266611 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819973-2.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, light therapy for mood disorders is discussed, including mood disorders during and after pregnancy. In the introduction, we discuss the symptomatology, etiology, and treatment of a specific type of mood disorder, seasonal affective disorder, since it kick-started the first clinical trials with light therapy. Second, we elaborate on the pathophysiology of mood disorders, in particular in the peripartum period. Next, we present an overview of the proposed working mechanisms of light therapy, followed by a discussion of the clinical trials that have followed after the initial research in seasonal affective disorder. Finally, we also focus on the limitations of these trials, such as considerable heterogeneity among studies and many methodological shortcomings. This is complemented by a number of suggestions for future research. Further studies are needed, which stems from the fact that the results have not always been consistent. Despite this, light therapy may be a promising treatment option for various types of mood disorders, since it shows a significant reduction in symptoms in many patients with few adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babette Bais
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Witte J G Hoogendijk
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mijke P Lambregtse-van den Berg
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Fontinha BM, Zekoll T, Al-Rawi M, Gallach M, Reithofer F, Barker AJ, Hofbauer M, Fischer RM, von Haeseler A, Baier H, Tessmar-Raible K. TMT-Opsins differentially modulate medaka brain function in a context-dependent manner. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001012. [PMID: 33411725 PMCID: PMC7837489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate behavior is strongly influenced by light. Light receptors, encoded by functional opsin proteins, are present inside the vertebrate brain and peripheral tissues. This expression feature is present from fishes to human and appears to be particularly prominent in diurnal vertebrates. Despite their conserved widespread occurrence, the nonvisual functions of opsins are still largely enigmatic. This is even more apparent when considering the high number of opsins. Teleosts possess around 40 opsin genes, present from young developmental stages to adulthood. Many of these opsins have been shown to function as light receptors. This raises the question of whether this large number might mainly reflect functional redundancy or rather maximally enables teleosts to optimally use the complex light information present under water. We focus on tmt-opsin1b and tmt-opsin2, c-opsins with ancestral-type sequence features, conserved across several vertebrate phyla, expressed with partly similar expression in non-rod, non-cone, non-retinal-ganglion-cell brain tissues and with a similar spectral sensitivity. The characterization of the single mutants revealed age- and light-dependent behavioral changes, as well as an impact on the levels of the preprohormone sst1b and the voltage-gated sodium channel subunit scn12aa. The amount of daytime rest is affected independently of the eyes, pineal organ, and circadian clock in tmt-opsin1b mutants. We further focused on daytime behavior and the molecular changes in tmt-opsin1b/2 double mutants, and found that-despite their similar expression and spectral features-these opsins interact in part nonadditively. Specifically, double mutants complement molecular and behavioral phenotypes observed in single mutants in a partly age-dependent fashion. Our work provides a starting point to disentangle the highly complex interactions of vertebrate nonvisual opsins, suggesting that tmt-opsin-expressing cells together with other visual and nonvisual opsins provide detailed light information to the organism for behavioral fine-tuning. This work also provides a stepping stone to unravel how vertebrate species with conserved opsins, but living in different ecological niches, respond to similar light cues and how human-generated artificial light might impact on behavioral processes in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M. Fontinha
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform ‘‘Rhythms of Life,” University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Zekoll
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform ‘‘Rhythms of Life,” University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariam Al-Rawi
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform ‘‘Rhythms of Life,” University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miguel Gallach
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Reithofer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform ‘‘Rhythms of Life,” University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Maximilian Hofbauer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform ‘‘Rhythms of Life,” University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- loopbio, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth M. Fischer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arndt von Haeseler
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform ‘‘Rhythms of Life,” University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herwig Baier
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kristin Tessmar-Raible
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform ‘‘Rhythms of Life,” University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- FENS-Kavli Network of Excellence, Brussels, Belgium
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180
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Hartmann MC, McCulley WD, Johnson ST, Salisbury CS, Vaidya N, Smith CG, Hattar S, Rosenwasser AM. Photic Regulation of Circadian Rhythms and Voluntary Ethanol Intake: Role of Melanopsin-expressing Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells. J Biol Rhythms 2020; 36:146-159. [PMID: 33357136 DOI: 10.1177/0748730420981228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
"Non-image-forming" (NIF) effects of light are mediated primarily by a subset of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) expressing the photopigment, melanopsin (OPN4). These NIF functions include circadian entrainment, pupillary reflexes, and photic effects on sleep, mood, and cognition. We recently reported that mice of multiple genotypes exhibit reduced voluntary ethanol intake under both constant darkness (DD) and constant light (LL) relative to standard light-dark (LD) conditions. In the present study, we sought to determine whether these effects are mediated by melanopsin-expressing ipRGCs and their potential relationship to photic effects on the circadian system. To this end, we examined the effects of environmental lighting regimen on both ethanol intake and circadian activity rhythms in a genetically engineered mouse model (Opn4aDTA/aDTA) in which melanopsin expression is completely blocked while ipRGCs are progressively ablated due to activation of attenuated diphtheria toxin A (aDTA) transgene under the control of the Opn4 promoter. As expected from previous studies, Opn4aDTA/aDTA mice displayed dramatic attenuation of circadian photosensitivity, but surprisingly, showed identical suppression of ethanol intake under both DD and LL as that seen in controls. These results demonstrate that the effects of lighting regimen on voluntary ethanol intake are independent of melanopsin-expressing ipRGCs and ipRGC-mediated photic effects on the circadian system. Rather, these effects are likely mediated by classical retinal photoreceptors and central pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Hartmann
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, Maine
- Department of Psychology, The University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | | | | | | | - Nikhil Vaidya
- School of Biology and Ecology, The University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Caitlin G Smith
- Department of Psychology, The University of Maine, Orono, Maine
- School of Biology and Ecology, The University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Samer Hattar
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alan M Rosenwasser
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, Maine
- Department of Psychology, The University of Maine, Orono, Maine
- School of Biology and Ecology, The University of Maine, Orono, Maine
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181
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Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) serve as a crucial communication channel from the retina to the brain. In the adult, these cells receive input from defined sets of presynaptic partners and communicate with postsynaptic brain regions to convey features of the visual scene. However, in the developing visual system, RGC interactions extend beyond their synaptic partners such that they guide development before the onset of vision. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of how interactions between RGCs and their environment influence cellular targeting, migration and circuit maturation during visual system development. We describe the roles of RGC subclasses in shaping unique developmental responses within the retina and at central targets. Finally, we highlight the utility of RNA sequencing and genetic tools in uncovering RGC type-specific roles during the development of the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane D'Souza
- The Visual Systems Group, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Chronobiology, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Richard A Lang
- The Visual Systems Group, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Chronobiology, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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182
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Paksarian D, Rudolph KE, Stapp EK, Dunster GP, He J, Mennitt D, Hattar S, Casey JA, James P, Merikangas KR. Association of Outdoor Artificial Light at Night With Mental Disorders and Sleep Patterns Among US Adolescents. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:1266-1275. [PMID: 32639562 PMCID: PMC7344797 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Indoor nighttime light exposure influences sleep and circadian rhythms and is known to affect mood-associated brain circuits in animals. However, little is known about the association between levels of nighttime outdoor light and sleep and mental health in the population, especially among adolescents. OBJECTIVE To estimate associations of outdoor artificial light at night (ALAN) with sleep patterns and past-year mental disorder among US adolescents. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This population-based, cross-sectional study of US adolescents used the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey conducted from February 2001 through January 2004. A probability sample of adolescents aged 13 to 18 years was included. Analyses were conducted between February 2019 and April 2020. EXPOSURES Levels of outdoor ALAN, measured by satellite, with means calculated within census block groups. ALAN values were transformed into units of radiance (nW/cm2/sr). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Self-reported habitual sleep patterns (weeknight bedtime, weeknight sleep duration, weekend bedtime delay, and weekend oversleep) and past-year mood, anxiety, behavior, and substance use disorders, measured via an in-person structured diagnostic interview. Parent-reported information was included in behavior disorder diagnoses. RESULTS Among 10 123 adolescents (4953 boys [51.3%]; mean [SE] age, 15.2 [0.06] years [weighted]; 6483 for behavior disorder outcomes), ALAN was positively associated with indicators of social disadvantage, such as racial/ethnic minority status (median [IQR] ALAN: white adolescents, 12.96 [30.51] nW/cm2/sr; Hispanic adolescents: 38.54 [47.84] nW/cm2/sr; non-Hispanic black adolescents: 37.39 [51.88] nW/cm2/sr; adolescents of other races/ethnicities: 30.94 [49.93] nW/cm2/sr; P < .001) and lower family income (median [IQR] ALAN by family income-to-poverty ratio ≤1.5: 26.76 [52.48] nW/cm2/sr; >6: 21.46 [34.38] nW/cm2/sr; P = .005). After adjustment for several sociodemographic characteristics, as well as area-level population density and socioeconomic status, this study found that higher ALAN levels were associated with later weeknight bedtime, and those in the lowest quartile of ALAN reported the longest weeknight sleep duration. Those in the highest quartile of ALAN went to bed 29 (95% CI, 15-43) minutes later and reported 11 (95% CI, 19-2) fewer minutes of sleep than those in the lowest quartile. ALAN was also positively associated with prevalence of past-year mood and anxiety disorder: each median absolute deviation increase in ALAN was associated with 1.07 (95% CI, 1.00-1.14) times the odds of mood disorder and 1.10 (95% CI, 1.05-1.16) times the odds of anxiety disorder. Further analyses revealed associations with bipolar disorder (odds ratio [OR], 1.19 [95% CI, 1.05-1.35]), specific phobias (OR, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.11-1.26]), and major depressive disorder or dysthymia (OR, 1.07 [95% CI, 1.00-1.15]). Among adolescent girls, differences in weeknight bedtime by ALAN (third and fourth quartiles vs first quartile) were greater with increasing years since menarche (F3, 8.15; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, area-level outdoor ALAN was associated with less favorable sleep patterns and mood and anxiety disorder in adolescents. Future studies should elucidate whether interventions to reduce exposure to ALAN may positively affect mental and sleep health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Paksarian
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kara E. Rudolph
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Emma K. Stapp
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gideon P. Dunster
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jianping He
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel Mennitt
- Mechanical Engineering Practice, Exponent, Denver, Colorado
| | - Samer Hattar
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joan A. Casey
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Peter James
- Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Maryland,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Maryland
| | - Kathleen R. Merikangas
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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183
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Efficacy of light therapy for a college student sample with non-seasonal subthreshold depression: An RCT study. J Affect Disord 2020; 277:443-449. [PMID: 32871530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Light therapy has been successfully used to treat seasonal and non-seasonal depression, but there is limited evidence for its efficacy in subthreshold depression. This study examines the efficacy of light therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety in non-seasonal subthreshold depression. METHODS College students with non-seasonal subthreshold depression were recruited. The participants were randomly allocated to one of the three conditions: high- (LT-5000 lux) and low-intensity (LT-500 lux) light therapy conditions and a waiting-list control condition (WLC). The primary outcome was Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), and secondary outcomes were Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and state anxiety inventory (SAI), which were assessed at baseline (Week 0), during the trial (Week 4), and after completion of the light therapy (Week 8). RESULTS A total of 142 participants completed the trial. The LT-5000 (effect size [d] = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.98) and LT-500 conditions (d = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.43 to 1.26) were significantly superior to the WLC condition. For the LT-5000, LT-500, and WLC conditions by the end of the 8-week trial, a response on the HAMD was achieved by 70.0%, 42.0% and 19.0% of the participants, and remission was achieved by 76.0%, 54.0%, and 19.0%, respectively. LIMITATIONS The subjects were not followed up regularly after completion of the trial. CONCLUSION Light therapy, both at high- and low-intensity, was efficacious in the treatment of college students with non-seasonal subthreshold depression. High-intensity light therapy was superior to low-intensity light therapy by the end of an 8-week trial.
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184
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Photosensitive ganglion cells: A diminutive, yet essential population. ARCHIVOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGÍA 2020; 96:299-315. [PMID: 34092284 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftale.2020.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Our visual system has evolved to provide us with an image of the scene that surrounds us, informing us of its texture, colour, movement, and depth with an enormous spatial and temporal resolution, and for this purpose, the image formation (IF) dedicates the vast majority of our retinal ganglion cell (RGC) population and much of our cerebral cortex. On the other hand, a minuscule proportion of RGCs, in addition to receiving information from classic cone and rod photoreceptors, express melanopsin and are intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGC). These ipRGC are dedicated to non-image-forming (NIF) visual functions, of which we are unaware, but which are essential for aspects related to our daily physiology, such as the timing of our circadian rhythms and our pupillary light reflex, among many others. Before the discovery of ipRGCs, it was thought that the IF and NIF functions were distinct compartments regulated by different RGCs, but this concept has evolved in recent years with the discovery of new types of ipRGCs that innervate subcortical IF regions, and therefore have IF visual functions. Six different types of ipRGCs are currently known. These are termed M1-M6, and differ in their morphological, functional, molecular properties, central projections, and visual behaviour responsibilities. A review is presented on the melanopsin visual system, the most active field of research in vision, for which knowledge has grown exponentially during the last two decades, when RGCs giving rise to this pathway were first discovered.
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185
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Non-visual Opsins and Novel Photo-Detectors in the Vertebrate Inner Retina Mediate Light Responses Within the Blue Spectrum Region. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:59-83. [PMID: 33231827 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, a number of novel non-visual opsin photopigments belonging to the family of G protein- coupled receptors, likely involved in a number of non-image-forming processes, have been identified and characterized in cells of the inner retina of vertebrates. It is now known that the vertebrate retina is composed of visual photoreceptor cones and rods responsible for diurnal/color and nocturnal/black and white vision, and cells like the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and photosensitive horizontal cells in the inner retina, both detecting blue light and expressing the photopigment melanopsin (Opn4). Remarkably, these non-visual photopigments can continue to operate even in the absence of vision under retinal degeneration. Moreover, inner retinal neurons and Müller glial cells have been shown to express other photopigments such as the photoisomerase retinal G protein-coupled receptor (RGR), encephalopsin (Opn3), and neuropsin (Opn5), all able to detect blue/violet light and implicated in chromophore recycling, retinal clock synchronization, neuron-to-glia communication, and other activities. The discovery of these new photopigments in the inner retina of vertebrates is strong evidence of novel light-regulated activities. This review focuses on the features, localization, photocascade, and putative functions of these novel non-visual opsins in an attempt to shed light on their role in the inner retina of vertebrates and in the physiology of the whole organism.
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186
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Subjective Happiness and Sleep in University Students with High Myopia. PSYCH 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/psych2040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Recent investigations described a host of disadvantageous myopia comorbidities including decreased QOL, depression, and sleep problems. The present study evaluated mental status and habitual sleep in young subjects with myopia based on the reported association between myopic error and psychiatric profiles. Methods: This cross-sectional study surveyed 153 university students using a questionnaire containing the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS), short morningness/eveningness questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results: Participants were classified as having high myopia (n = 44), mild myopia (n = 86), or no myopia (n = 23). The SHS and HADS scores in this cohort were significantly worse in the high myopia group than in the other two groups (p < 0.05, t-test). PSQI values were not significantly different among the three groups. Regression analysis correlated myopic error with poor SHS (p = 0.003), eveningness chronotype (p = 0.032), late wake-up time (p = 0.024), and late bedtime (p = 0.019). Conclusions: University students with myopia tended to be unhappy, have an eveningness chronotype, wake up late, and go to bed late compared to less myopic subjects. Optimal correction might, therefore, be beneficial to myopic students in addition to preventing progression to high myopia in early childhood to potentially avoid related negative effects on mental health and sleep habits in adolescence.
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187
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A Visual Circuit Related to the Nucleus Reuniens for the Spatial-Memory-Promoting Effects of Light Treatment. Neuron 2020; 109:347-362.e7. [PMID: 33171117 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Light exerts profound effects on cognitive functions across species, including humans. However, the neuronal mechanisms underlying the effects of light on cognitive functions are poorly understood. In this study, we show that long-term exposure to bright-light treatment promotes spatial memory through a di-synaptic visual circuit related to the nucleus reuniens (Re). Specifically, a subset of SMI-32-expressing ON-type retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) innervate CaMKIIα neurons in the thalamic ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and intergeniculate leaflet (vLGN/IGL), which in turn activate CaMKIIα neurons in the Re. Specific activation of vLGN/IGL-projecting RGCs, activation of Re-projecting vLGN/IGL neurons, or activation of postsynaptic Re neurons is sufficient to promote spatial memory. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the spatial-memory-promoting effects of light treatment are dependent on the activation of vLGN/IGL-projecting RGCs, Re-projecting vLGN/IGL neurons, and Re neurons. Our results reveal a dedicated subcortical visual circuit that mediates the spatial-memory-promoting effects of light treatment.
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188
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Wirz-Justice A, Skene DJ, Münch M. The relevance of daylight for humans. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 191:114304. [PMID: 33129807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Daylight is ubiquitous and is crucial for mammalian vision as well as for non-visual input to the brain via the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) that express the photopigment melanopsin. The ipRGCs project to the circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei and thereby ensure entrainment to the 24-hour day-night cycle, and changes in daylength trigger the appropriate seasonal behaviours. The ipRGCs also project to the perihabenular nucleus and surrounding brain regions that modulate mood, stress and learning in animals and humans. Given that light has strong direct effects on mood, cognition, alertness, performance, and sleep, light can be considered a "drug" to treat many clinical conditions. Light therapy is already well established for winter and other depressions and circadian sleep disorders. Beyond visual and non-visual effects via the retina, daylight contributes to prevent myopia in the young by its impact on eye development, and is important for Vitamin D synthesis and bone health via the skin. The sun is the most powerful light source and, dependent on dose, its ultraviolet radiance is toxic for living organisms and can be used as a disinfectant. Most research involves laboratory-based electric light, without the dynamic and spectral changes that daylight undergoes moment by moment. There is a gap between the importance of daylight for human beings and the amount of research being done on this subject. Daylight is taken for granted as an environmental factor, to be enjoyed or avoided, according to conditions. More daylight awareness in architecture and urban design beyond aesthetic values and visual comfort may lead to higher quality work and living environments. Although we do not yet have a factual basis for the assumption that natural daylight is overall "better" than electric light, the environmental debate mandates serious consideration of sunlight not just for solar power but also as biologically necessary for sustainable and healthy living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wirz-Justice
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Clinic, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Debra J Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.
| | - Mirjam Münch
- Sleep/Wake Research Centre, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
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189
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Beier C, Zhang Z, Yurgel M, Hattar S. Projections of ipRGCs and conventional RGCs to retinorecipient brain nuclei. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:1863-1875. [PMID: 33104235 PMCID: PMC10081000 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the output neurons of the retina, allow us to perceive our visual environment. RGCs respond to rod/cone input through the retinal circuitry, however, a small population of RGCs are in addition intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs) and project to unique targets in the brain to modulate a broad range of subconscious visual behaviors such as pupil constriction and circadian photoentrainment. Despite the discovery of ipRGCs nearly two decades ago, there is still little information about how or if conventional RGCs (non-ipRGCs) target ipRGC-recipient nuclei to influence subconscious visual behavior. Using a dual recombinase fluorescent reporter strategy, we showed that conventional RGCs innervate many subconscious ipRGC-recipient nuclei, apart from the suprachiasmatic nucleus. We revealed previously unrecognized stratification patterns of retinal innervation from ipRGCs and conventional RGCs in the ventral portion of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Further, we found that the percent innervation of ipRGCs and conventional RGCs across ipsi- and contralateral nuclei differ. Our data provide a blueprint to understand how conventional RGCs and ipRGCs innervate different brain regions to influence subconscious visual behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Beier
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ze Zhang
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Yurgel
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Samer Hattar
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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190
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Stebelova K, Roska J, Zeman M. Impact of Dim Light at Night on Urinary 6-Sulphatoxymelatonin Concentrations and Sleep in Healthy Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207736. [PMID: 33086713 PMCID: PMC7588991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial light at night can have negative effects on human wellbeing and health. It can disrupt circadian rhythms, interfere with sleep, and participate in the progress of civilisation diseases. The aim of the present study was to explore if dim artificial light during the entire night (ALAN) can affect melatonin production and sleep quality in young volunteers. We performed two experiments in real-life home-based conditions. Young volunteers (n = 33) were exposed to four nights of one lux ALAN or two nights of five lux ALAN. Melatonin production, based on 6-sulphatoxymelatonin/creatinine concentrations in urine, and sleep quality, based on actimetry, were evaluated. Exposure to ALAN one lux during the entire night did not suppress aMT6s/creatinine concentrations but did aggravate sleep quality by increasing sleep fragmentation and one-minute immobility. ALAN up to five lux reduced melatonin biosynthesis significantly and interfered with sleep quality, as evidenced by an increased percentage of one-minute immobility and a tendency of increased fragmentation index. Our results show that people are more sensitive to low illuminance during the entire night, as previously expected. ALAN can interfere with melatonin production and sleep quality in young, healthy individuals, and both processes have different sensitivities to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Stebelova
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak; (J.R.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jan Roska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak; (J.R.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak
| | - Michal Zeman
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak; (J.R.); (M.Z.)
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191
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Duy PQ, Komal R, Richardson MES, Hahm KS, Fernandez DC, Hattar S. Light Has Diverse Spatiotemporal Molecular Changes in the Mouse Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. J Biol Rhythms 2020; 35:576-587. [PMID: 33030409 PMCID: PMC10046259 DOI: 10.1177/0748730420961214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To be physiologically relevant, the period of the central circadian pacemaker, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), has to match the solar day in a process known as circadian photoentrainment. However, little is known about the spatiotemporal molecular changes that occur in the SCN in response to light. In this study, we sought to systematically characterize the circadian and light effects on activity-dependent markers of transcriptional (cFos), translational (pS6), and epigenetic (pH3) activities in the mouse SCN. To investigate circadian versus light influences on these molecular responses, we harvested brains from adult wild-type mice in darkness at different circadian times (CT) or from mice exposed to a 15-min light pulse at the middle of the subjective day (CT6, no phase shifts), early subjective night (CT14, large phase delays), or late subjective night (CT22, small phase advances). We found that cFos and pS6 exhibited rhythmic circadian expression in the SCN with distinct spatial rhythms, whereas pH3 expression was undetectable at all circadian phases. cFos rhythms were largely limited to the SCN shell, whereas pS6 rhythms encompassed the entire SCN. pH3, pS6, and cFos showed gating in response to light; however, we were surprised to find that the expression levels of these markers were not higher at phases when larger phase shifts are observed behaviorally (CT14 versus CT22). We then used animals lacking melanopsin (melanopsin knockout [MKO]), which show deficits in phase delays, to further investigate whether changes in these molecular markers correspond to behavioral phase shifts. Surprisingly, only pS6 showed deficits in MKOs at CT14. Therefore, our previous understanding of the molecular pathways that lead to circadian photoentrainment needs to be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Q Duy
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ruchi Komal
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Katie S Hahm
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Diego C Fernandez
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Samer Hattar
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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192
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Richardson MES, Parkins S, Kaneza I, Dauphin AC. Jet Lag Recovery and Memory Functions Are Correlated with Direct Light Effects on Locomotion. J Biol Rhythms 2020; 35:588-597. [PMID: 32877295 DOI: 10.1177/0748730420947589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Jet lag is a circadian disruption that affects millions of people, resulting, among other things, in extreme sleepiness and memory loss. The hazardous implications of such effects are evident in situations in which focus and attention are required. Remarkably, there is a limited understanding of how jet lag recovery and associated memory loss vary year round under different photoperiods. Here we show, using different cycles representing winter, summer, and equinox in male mice, that jet lag recovery and memory vary significantly with photoperiod changes. We uncover a positive correlation of acute light effects on circadian-driven locomotion (known as negative masking) with photoentrainment speed and memory enhancement during jet lag. Specifically, we show that enhancing or reducing negative masking is correlated with better or worse memory performance, respectively. This study indicates that in addition to timed-light exposure for phase shifting, the negative masking response could also be biologically relevant when designing effective treatments of jet lag.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Parkins
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Isabelle Kaneza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakwood University, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Amy-Claire Dauphin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakwood University, Huntsville, Alabama
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193
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Wang HB, Tahara Y, Luk SHC, Kim YS, Hitchcock ON, MacDowell Kaswan ZA, In Kim Y, Block GD, Ghiani CA, Loh DH, Colwell CS. Melatonin treatment of repetitive behavioral deficits in the Cntnap2 mouse model of autism spectrum disorder. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 145:105064. [PMID: 32889171 PMCID: PMC7597927 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nighttime light pollution is linked to metabolic and cognitive dysfunction. Many patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) show disturbances in their sleep/wake cycle, and may be particularly vulnerable to the impact of circadian disruptors. In this study, we examined the impact of exposure to dim light at night (DLaN, 5 lx) in a model of ASD: the contactin associated protein-like 2 knock out (Cntnap2 KO) mice. DLaN was sufficient to disrupt locomotor activity rhythms, exacerbate the excessive grooming and diminish the social preference in Cntnap2 mutant mice. On a molecular level, DLaN altered the phase and amplitude of PER2:LUC rhythms in a tissue-specific manner in vitro. Daily treatment with melatonin reduced the excessive grooming of the mutant mice to wild-type levels and improved activity rhythms. Our findings suggest that common circadian disruptors such as light at night should be considered in the management of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei Bin Wang
- Molecular, Cellular, Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yu Tahara
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Shu Hon Christopher Luk
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yoon-Sik Kim
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Olivia N Hitchcock
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Zoe A MacDowell Kaswan
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yang In Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gene D Block
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Cristina A Ghiani
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Dawn H Loh
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA.
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194
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Zhang KX, D'Souza S, Upton BA, Kernodle S, Vemaraju S, Nayak G, Gaitonde KD, Holt AL, Linne CD, Smith AN, Petts NT, Batie M, Mukherjee R, Tiwari D, Buhr ED, Van Gelder RN, Gross C, Sweeney A, Sanchez-Gurmaches J, Seeley RJ, Lang RA. Violet-light suppression of thermogenesis by opsin 5 hypothalamic neurons. Nature 2020; 585:420-425. [PMID: 32879486 PMCID: PMC8130195 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The opsin family of G-protein-coupled receptors are used as light detectors in animals. Opsin 5 (also known as neuropsin or OPN5) is a highly conserved opsin that is sensitive to visible violet light1,2. In mice, OPN5 is a known photoreceptor in the retina3 and skin4 but is also expressed in the hypothalamic preoptic area (POA)5. Here we describe a light-sensing pathway in which POA neurons that express Opn5 regulate thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). We show that Opn5 is expressed in glutamatergic warm-sensing POA neurons that receive synaptic input from several thermoregulatory nuclei. We further show that Opn5 POA neurons project to BAT and decrease its activity under chemogenetic stimulation. Opn5-null mice show overactive BAT, increased body temperature, and exaggerated thermogenesis when cold-challenged. Moreover, violet photostimulation during cold exposure acutely suppresses BAT temperature in wild-type mice but not in Opn5-null mice. Direct measurements of intracellular cAMP ex vivo show that Opn5 POA neurons increase cAMP when stimulated with violet light. This analysis thus identifies a violet light-sensitive deep brain photoreceptor that normally suppresses BAT thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin X Zhang
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Chronobiology, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shane D'Souza
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Chronobiology, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brian A Upton
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Chronobiology, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stace Kernodle
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shruti Vemaraju
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Chronobiology, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gowri Nayak
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Chronobiology, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kevin D Gaitonde
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Chronobiology, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Amanda L Holt
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Courtney D Linne
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Chronobiology, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - April N Smith
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Chronobiology, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nathan T Petts
- Division of Clinical Engineering, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matthew Batie
- Division of Clinical Engineering, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rajib Mukherjee
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Durgesh Tiwari
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ethan D Buhr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Russell N Van Gelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christina Gross
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alison Sweeney
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joan Sanchez-Gurmaches
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard A Lang
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Center for Chronobiology, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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195
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Chen J, Okimura K, Yoshimura T. Light and Hormones in Seasonal Regulation of Reproduction and Mood. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5879749. [PMID: 32738138 PMCID: PMC7442225 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Organisms that inhabit the temperate zone exhibit various seasonal adaptive behaviors, including reproduction, hibernation, molting, and migration. Day length, known as photoperiod, is the most noise-free and widely used environmental cue that enables animals to anticipate the oncoming seasons and adapt their physiologies accordingly. Although less clear, some human traits also exhibit seasonality, such as birthrate, mood, cognitive brain responses, and various diseases. However, the molecular basis for human seasonality is poorly understood. Herein, we first review the underlying mechanisms of seasonal adaptive strategies of animals, including seasonal reproduction and stress responses during the breeding season. We then briefly summarize our recent discovery of signaling pathways involved in the winter depression-like phenotype in medaka fish. We believe that exploring the regulation of seasonal traits in animal models will provide insight into human seasonality and aid in the understanding of human diseases such as seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Chen
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kousuke Okimura
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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196
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Masís-Vargas A, Hicks D, Kalsbeek A, Mendoza J. Blue light at night acutely impairs glucose tolerance and increases sugar intake in the diurnal rodent Arvicanthis ansorgei in a sex-dependent manner. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14257. [PMID: 31646762 PMCID: PMC6811685 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In our modern society, the exposure to light at night (LAN) has increased considerably, which may impact human health negatively. Especially exposure to light at night containing short wavelength emissions (~450–500 nm) can disrupt the normal function of the biological clock, altering sleep‐wake cycles and inducing metabolic changes. Recently, we reported that light at night acutely impairs glucose tolerance in nocturnal rats. However, light at night in nocturnal rodents coincides with their activity period, in contrast to artificial light at night exposure in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of blue (λ = 490 ± 20 nm) artificial light at night (bALAN) on glucose metabolism and food intake in both male and female diurnal Sudanian grass rats (Arvicanthis ansorgei) fed either regular chow or a free choice high‐fat high sucrose diet (HFHS). In both chow and HFHS fed male Arvicanthis, 1‐hour of bALAN exposure induced a higher glucose response in the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) accompanied by a significant decrease in plasma insulin. Furthermore, in HFHS fed animals, bALAN induced an increase in sucrose intake during the dark phase in males but not in females. Additionally, 1‐h of bALAN increased the nonfasted glucose levels together with plasma corticosterone in female grass rats. These results provide new and further evidence for the deleterious effects of exposure to short wavelength emission‐containing artificial light at night on glucose metabolism in a diurnal rodent in a sex‐dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anayanci Masís-Vargas
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI), UPR-3212 CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Hicks
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI), UPR-3212 CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Mendoza
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI), UPR-3212 CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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197
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Scott J, Langsrud K, Goulding IR, Kallestad H. Let there be blue-depleted light: in-patient dark therapy, circadian rhythms and length of stay. BJPSYCH ADVANCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1192/bja.2020.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYLight is the most important environmental influence (zeitgeber) on the synchronization of the circadian system in humans. Excess light exposure during the evening and night-time affects secretion of the hormone melatonin, which in turn modifies the temporal organization of circadian rhythms, including the sleep–wake cycle. As sleep disturbances are prominent in critically ill medical and psychiatric patients, researchers began to examine the impact of light exposure on clinical outcomes and length of hospitalization. In psychiatric inpatients, exposure to bright morning light or use of blue blocking glasses have proved useful interventions for mood disorders. Recently, knowledge about light and the circadian system has been applied to the design of inpatient facilities with dynamic lighting systems that change according to time of day. The installation of ‘circadian lighting’ alongside technologies for monitoring sleep–wake patterns could prove to be one of the most practical and beneficial innovations in inpatient psychiatric care for more than half a century.
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198
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Lipiec MA, Bem J, Koziński K, Chakraborty C, Urban-Ciećko J, Zajkowski T, Dąbrowski M, Szewczyk ŁM, Toval A, Ferran JL, Nagalski A, Wiśniewska MB. TCF7L2 regulates postmitotic differentiation programmes and excitability patterns in the thalamus. Development 2020; 147:dev.190181. [PMID: 32675279 PMCID: PMC7473649 DOI: 10.1242/dev.190181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal phenotypes are controlled by terminal selector transcription factors in invertebrates, but only a few examples of such regulators have been provided in vertebrates. We hypothesised that TCF7L2 regulates different stages of postmitotic differentiation in the thalamus, and functions as a thalamic terminal selector. To investigate this hypothesis, we used complete and conditional knockouts of Tcf7l2 in mice. The connectivity and clustering of neurons were disrupted in the thalamo-habenular region in Tcf7l2-/- embryos. The expression of subregional thalamic and habenular transcription factors was lost and region-specific cell migration and axon guidance genes were downregulated. In mice with a postnatal Tcf7l2 knockout, the induction of genes that confer thalamic terminal electrophysiological features was impaired. Many of these genes proved to be direct targets of TCF7L2. The role of TCF7L2 in terminal selection was functionally confirmed by impaired firing modes in thalamic neurons in the mutant mice. These data corroborate the existence of master regulators in the vertebrate brain that control stage-specific genetic programmes and regional subroutines, maintain regional transcriptional network during embryonic development, and induce terminal selection postnatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Andrzej Lipiec
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Bem
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Koziński
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chaitali Chakraborty
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Zajkowski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteur 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Angel Toval
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and IMIB-Arrixaca Institute, Campus de la Salud, 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Luis Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and IMIB-Arrixaca Institute, Campus de la Salud, 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Andrzej Nagalski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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199
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Chen Y, Chen T, Cai X. Light-sensitive circuits related to emotional processing underlie the antidepressant neural targets of light therapy. Behav Brain Res 2020; 396:112862. [PMID: 32827569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since Aaron Beck proposed his cognitive model of depression, biased attention, biased processing, and biased rumination (different phases of biased cognition) have been considered as the key elements consistently linked with depression. Increasing evidence suggests that the functional failures in the "emotional processing system (EPS)" underlie the neurological foundation of the biased cognition of depression. Light therapy, a non-intrusive approach, exerts powerful effects on emotion and cognition and affects the activity, functional connectivity, and plasticity of multiple brain structures. Although numerous studies have reported its effectiveness in treating depression, the findings have not been integrated with Beck's cognitive model and EPS, and the neurobiological mechanisms of antidepressant light therapy remain largely unknown. In this review, integrated with the classical theories of Beck's cognitive model of depression and EPS, we identified the key neural circuits and abnormalities involved in the cognitive bias of depression and, accordingly, identified and depicted several light-sensitive circuits (LSCs, neural circuits in the EPS that are responsive to light stimulation) that may underlie the antidepressant neural targets of light therapy, as listed below: In summary, the LSCs above narrow down the research scope of identifying the neural targets of antidepressant light therapy and help elucidate the neuropsychological mechanism of antidepressant light therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodong Chen
- School of Architecture and Design, Southwest JiaoTong University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Taolin Chen
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueli Cai
- School of Architecture and Design, Southwest JiaoTong University, Chengdu, China
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200
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Converging evidence that short-active photoperiod increases acetylcholine signaling in the hippocampus. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:1173-1183. [PMID: 32794101 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00824-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal variations in environmental light influence switches between moods in seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and bipolar disorder (BD), with depression arising during short active (SA) winter periods. Light-induced changes in behavior are also seen in healthy animals and are intensified in mice with reduced dopamine transporter expression. Specifically, decreasing the nocturnal active period (SA) of mice increases punishment perseveration and forced swim test (FST) immobility. Elevating acetylcholine with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine induces depression symptoms in people and increases FST immobility in mice. We used SA photoperiods and physostigmine to elevate acetylcholine prior to testing in a probabilistic learning task and the FST, including reversing subsequent deficits with nicotinic and scopolamine antagonists and targeted hippocampal adeno-associated viral administration. We confirmed that physostigmine also increases punishment sensitivity in a probabilistic learning paradigm. In addition, muscarinic and nicotinic receptor blockade attenuated both physostigmine-induced and SA-induced phenotypes. Finally, viral-mediated hippocampal expression of human AChE used to lower ACh levels blocked SA-induced elevation of FST immobility. These results indicate that increased hippocampal acetylcholine neurotransmission is necessary for the expression of SA exposure-induced behaviors. Furthermore, these studies support the potential for cholinergic treatments in depression. Taken together, these results provide evidence for hippocampal cholinergic mechanisms in contributing to seasonally depressed affective states induced by short day lengths.
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