151
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Ascher K, Elliot SJ, Rubio GA, Glassberg MK. Lung Diseases of the Elderly: Cellular Mechanisms. Clin Geriatr Med 2017; 33:473-490. [PMID: 28991645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural lung aging is characterized by molecular and cellular changes in multiple lung cell populations. These changes include shorter telomeres, increased expression of cellular senescence markers, increased DNA damage, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and stem cell exhaustion. Aging, combined with the loss of protective repair processes, correlates with the development and incidence of chronic respiratory diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ultimately, it is the interplay of age-related changes in biology and the subsequent responses to environmental exposures that largely define the physiology and clinical course of the aging lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kori Ascher
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, 1600 Northwest 10th Avenue RMSB 7056 (D-60), Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sharon J Elliot
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Gustavo A Rubio
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Marilyn K Glassberg
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, 1600 Northwest 10th Avenue RMSB 7056 (D-60), Miami, FL 33136, USA; DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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152
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Li B, Dorrell C, Canaday PS, Pelz C, Haft A, Finegold M, Grompe M. Adult Mouse Liver Contains Two Distinct Populations of Cholangiocytes. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:478-489. [PMID: 28689996 PMCID: PMC5549808 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The biliary system plays an important role in several acquired and genetic disorders of the liver. We have previously shown that biliary duct epithelium contains cells giving rise to proliferative Lgr5+ organoids in vitro. However, it remained unknown whether all biliary cells or only a specific subset had this clonogenic activity. The cell surface protease ST14 was identified as a positive marker for the clonogenic subset of cholangiocytes and was used to separate clonogenic and non-clonogenic duct cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Only ST14hi duct cells had the ability to generate organoids that could be serially passaged. The gene expression profiles of clonogenic and non-clonogenic duct cells were similar, but several hundred genes were differentially expressed. RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that clonogenic duct cells are interspersed among regular biliary epithelium at a ∼1:3 ratio. We conclude that adult murine cholangiocytes can be subdivided into two populations differing in their proliferative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Craig Dorrell
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Pamela S Canaday
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Carl Pelz
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Annelise Haft
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Milton Finegold
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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153
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Tsuji M, Morishima M, Shimizu K, Morikawa S, Heglind M, Enerbäck S, Ezaki T, Tamaoki J. Foxc2influences alveolar epithelial cell differentiation during lung development. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:501-514. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayoko Tsuji
- First Department of Medicine; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masae Morishima
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Shimizu
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shunichi Morikawa
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Mikael Heglind
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Institute of Biomedicine; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Sven Enerbäck
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Institute of Biomedicine; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Taichi Ezaki
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Jun Tamaoki
- First Department of Medicine; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
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154
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Azargoon A, Negahdari B. Lung regeneration using amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:447-451. [PMID: 28675062 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1337023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary hypertension and lung fibrosis, are yet a major challenge in the world and they result in irreversible structural lung damage. Lung transplantation as the only therapeutic option face some major challenges like graft rejection and cancer, arising as a result of immunosuppression. A low survival rate faced by lung transplantation patients is presently limited to approximately 5 years. Lungs shortage therefore calls for a mechanism that would increase the availability of suitable organs for transplantation. In this review, we give an update on the use of amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells (AFMSCs) as an optimal source for lungs scaffold re-cellularization, due to their limitless accessibility and possibility for proliferation and differentiation. Further studies will be required in tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine (RM), especially shifting our focus towards AFMSCs as a cell source for this regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Azargoon
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Lorestan University of Medical Sciences , Khoramabad , Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- b Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran , University of Medical sciences , Tehran , Iran
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155
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Schwab RHM, Amin N, Flanagan DJ, Johanson TM, Phesse TJ, Vincan E. Wnt is necessary for mesenchymal to epithelial transition in colorectal cancer cells. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:521-530. [PMID: 28560804 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis underlies most colorectal cancer mortality. Cancer cells spread through the body as single cells or small clusters of cells that have an invasive, mesenchymal, nonproliferative phenotype. At the secondary site, they revert to a proliferative "tumor constructing" epithelial phenotype to rebuild a tumor. We previously developed a unique in vitro three-dimensional model, called LIM1863-Mph, which faithfully recapitulates these reversible transitions that underpin colorectal cancer metastasis. Wnt signaling plays a key role in these transitions and is initiated by the coupling of extracellular Wnt to Frizzled (FZD). Using the LIM1863-Mph model system we demonstrated that the Wnt receptor FZD7 is necessary for mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET). Here we investigate the role of Wnt in MET. RESULTS Wnt secretion is dependent on palmitoylation by Porcupine (PORC). A PORC inhibitor (IWP2) that prevents Wnt secretion, blocked the epithelial transition of mesenchymal LIM1863-Mph cells. Wnt gene array analysis identified several Wnts that are upregulated in epithelial compared with mesenchymal LIM1863-Mph cells, suggesting these ligands in MET. Wnt2B was the most abundant differentially expressed Wnt gene. Indeed, recombinant Wnt2B could overcome the IWP2-mediated block in epithelial transition of mesenchymal LIM1863-Mph cells. CONCLUSIONS Wnt2B co-operates with Frizzled7 to mediate MET in colorectal cancer. Developmental Dynamics 247:521-530, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate H M Schwab
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Melbourne and the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nancy Amin
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Melbourne and the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dustin J Flanagan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Melbourne and the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy M Johanson
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Melbourne and the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Toby J Phesse
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Melbourne and the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Melbourne and the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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156
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Yao C, Carraro G, Konda B, Guan X, Mizuno T, Chiba N, Kostelny M, Kurkciyan A, David G, McQualter JL, Stripp BR. Sin3a regulates epithelial progenitor cell fate during lung development. Development 2017; 144:2618-2628. [PMID: 28619823 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms that regulate tissue-specific progenitors for maintenance and differentiation during development are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the co-repressor protein Sin3a is crucial for lung endoderm development. Loss of Sin3a in mouse early foregut endoderm led to a specific and profound defect in lung development with lung buds failing to undergo branching morphogenesis and progressive atrophy of the proximal lung endoderm with complete epithelial loss at later stages of development. Consequently, neonatal pups died at birth due to respiratory insufficiency. Further analysis revealed that loss of Sin3a resulted in embryonic lung epithelial progenitor cells adopting a senescence-like state with permanent cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. This was mediated at least partially through upregulation of the cell cycle inhibitors Cdkn1a and Cdkn2c. At the same time, loss of endodermal Sin3a also disrupted cell differentiation of the mesoderm, suggesting aberrant epithelial-mesenchymal signaling. Together, these findings reveal that Sin3a is an essential regulator for early lung endoderm specification and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfu Yao
- Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Gianni Carraro
- Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Bindu Konda
- Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xiangrong Guan
- Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Takako Mizuno
- Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Norika Chiba
- Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Matthew Kostelny
- Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Adrianne Kurkciyan
- Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Gregory David
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jonathan L McQualter
- Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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157
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Abstract
The outcomes of patients diagnosed with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) have recently improved. However, mortality and morbidity remain high, and this is primarily caused by the abnormal lung development resulting in pulmonary hypoplasia and persistent pulmonary hypertension. The pathogenesis of CDH is poorly understood, despite the identification of certain candidate genes disrupting normal diaphragm and lung morphogenesis in animal models of CDH. Defects within the lung mesenchyme and interstitium contribute to disturbed distal lung development. Frequently, a disturbance in the development of the pleuroperitoneal folds (PPFs) leads to the incomplete formation of the diaphragm and subsequent herniation. Most candidate genes identified in animal models have so far revealed relatively few strong associations in human CDH cases. CDH is likely a highly polygenic disease, and future studies will need to reconcile how disturbances in the expression of multiple genes cause the disease. Herein, we summarize the available literature on abnormal lung development associated with CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Ameis
- Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, The Children׳s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Naghmeh Khoshgoo
- Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, The Children׳s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Richard Keijzer
- Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, The Children׳s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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158
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Kramer N, Schmöllerl J, Unger C, Nivarthi H, Rudisch A, Unterleuthner D, Scherzer M, Riedl A, Artaker M, Crncec I, Lenhardt D, Schwarz T, Prieler B, Han X, Hengstschläger M, Schüler J, Eferl R, Moriggl R, Sommergruber W, Dolznig H. Autocrine WNT2 signaling in fibroblasts promotes colorectal cancer progression. Oncogene 2017; 36:5460-5472. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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159
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Baarsma HA, Königshoff M. 'WNT-er is coming': WNT signalling in chronic lung diseases. Thorax 2017; 72:746-759. [PMID: 28416592 PMCID: PMC5537530 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases represent a major public health problem with only limited therapeutic options. An important unmet need is to identify compounds and drugs that target key molecular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases. Over the last decade, there has been extensive interest in investigating Wingless/integrase-1 (WNT) signalling pathways; and WNT signal alterations have been linked to pulmonary disease pathogenesis and progression. Here, we comprehensively review the cumulative evidence for WNT pathway alterations in chronic lung pathologies, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, asthma and COPD. While many studies have focused on the canonical WNT/β-catenin signalling pathway, recent reports highlight that non-canonical WNT signalling may also significantly contribute to chronic lung pathologies; these studies will be particularly featured in this review. We further discuss recent advances uncovering the role of WNT signalling early in life, the potential of pharmaceutically modulating WNT signalling pathways and highlight (pre)clinical studies describing promising new therapies for chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Baarsma
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, University Hospital Grosshadern, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - M Königshoff
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, University Hospital Grosshadern, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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160
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Efficient Derivation of Functional Human Airway Epithelium from Pluripotent Stem Cells via Temporal Regulation of Wnt Signaling. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 20:844-857.e6. [PMID: 28366587 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Effective derivation of functional airway organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) would provide valuable models of lung disease and facilitate precision therapies for airway disorders such as cystic fibrosis. However, limited understanding of human airway patterning has made this goal challenging. Here, we show that cyclical modulation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway enables rapid directed differentiation of human iPSCs via an NKX2-1+ progenitor intermediate into functional proximal airway organoids. We find that human NKX2-1+ progenitors have high levels of Wnt activation but respond intrinsically to decreases in Wnt signaling by rapidly patterning into proximal airway lineages at the expense of distal fates. Using this directed approach, we were able to generate cystic fibrosis patient-specific iPSC-derived airway organoids with a defect in forskolin-induced swelling that is rescued by gene editing to correct the disease mutation. Our approach has many potential applications in modeling and drug screening for airway diseases.
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161
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Murrow LM, Weber RJ, Gartner ZJ. Dissecting the stem cell niche with organoid models: an engineering-based approach. Development 2017; 144:998-1007. [PMID: 28292846 PMCID: PMC5358107 DOI: 10.1242/dev.140905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
For many tissues, single resident stem cells grown in vitro under appropriate three-dimensional conditions can produce outgrowths known as organoids. These tissues recapitulate much of the cell composition and architecture of the in vivo organ from which they derive, including the formation of a stem cell niche. This has facilitated the systematic experimental manipulation and single-cell, high-throughput imaging of stem cells within their respective niches. Furthermore, emerging technologies now make it possible to engineer organoids from purified cellular and extracellular components to directly model and test stem cell-niche interactions. In this Review, we discuss how organoids have been used to identify and characterize stem cell-niche interactions and uncover new niche components, focusing on three adult-derived organoid systems. We also describe new approaches to reconstitute organoids from purified cellular components, and discuss how this technology can help to address fundamental questions about the adult stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay M Murrow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Box 2280, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Robert J Weber
- Graduate Program in Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Box 2280, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Graduate Program in Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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162
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Canonical Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Early Lung Development. J Dev Biol 2017; 5:jdb5010003. [PMID: 29615561 PMCID: PMC5831770 DOI: 10.3390/jdb5010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway is of major importance during embryonic development. HH is a key regulatory morphogen of numerous cellular processes, namely, cell growth and survival, differentiation, migration, and tissue polarity. Overall, it is able to trigger tissue-specific responses that, ultimately, contribute to the formation of a fully functional organism. Of all three HH proteins, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) plays an essential role during lung development. In fact, abnormal levels of this secreted protein lead to severe foregut defects and lung hypoplasia. Canonical SHH signal transduction relies on the presence of transmembrane receptors, such as Patched1 and Smoothened, accessory proteins, as Hedgehog-interacting protein 1, and intracellular effector proteins, like GLI transcription factors. Altogether, this complex signaling machinery contributes to conveying SHH response. Pulmonary morphogenesis is deeply dependent on SHH and on its molecular interactions with other signaling pathways. In this review, the role of SHH in early stages of lung development, specifically in lung specification, primary bud formation, and branching morphogenesis is thoroughly reviewed.
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163
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McCracken KW, Wells JM. Mechanisms of embryonic stomach development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 66:36-42. [PMID: 28238948 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The stomach is a digestive organ that has important roles in human physiology and pathophysiology. The developmental origin of the stomach is the embryonic foregut, which also gives rise a number of other structures. There are several signaling pathways and transcription factors that are known to regulate stomach development at different stages, including foregut patterning, stomach specification, and gastric regionalization. These developmental events have important implications in later homeostasis and disease in the adult stomach. Here we will review the literature that has shaped our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that coordinate gastric organogenesis. Further we will discuss how developmental paradigms have guided recent efforts to differentiate stomach tissue from pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W McCracken
- Division of Developmental Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA; Division of Endocrinology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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164
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Homeobox, Wnt, and Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling is Augmented During Alveogenesis in Mice Lacking Superoxide Dismutase 3, Extracellular. Lung 2017; 195:263-270. [DOI: 10.1007/s00408-017-9980-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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165
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Dame K, Cincotta S, Lang AH, Sanghrajka RM, Zhang L, Choi J, Kwok L, Wilson T, Kańduła MM, Monti S, Hollenberg AN, Mehta P, Kotton DN, Ikonomou L. Thyroid Progenitors Are Robustly Derived from Embryonic Stem Cells through Transient, Developmental Stage-Specific Overexpression of Nkx2-1. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:216-225. [PMID: 28162994 PMCID: PMC5312259 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical importance of anterior foregut endoderm (AFE) derivatives, such as thyrocytes, has led to intense research efforts for their derivation through directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Here, we identify transient overexpression of the transcription factor (TF) NKX2-1 as a powerful inductive signal for the robust derivation of thyrocyte-like cells from mouse PSC-derived AFE. This effect is highly developmental stage specific and dependent on FOXA2 expression levels and precise modulation of BMP and FGF signaling. The majority of the resulting cells express thyroid TFs (Nkx2-1, Pax8, Foxe1, Hhex) and thyroid hormone synthesis-related genes (Tg, Tpo, Nis, Iyd) at levels similar to adult mouse thyroid and give rise to functional follicle-like epithelial structures in Matrigel culture. Our findings demonstrate that NKX2-1 overexpression converts AFE to thyroid epithelium in a developmental time-sensitive manner and suggest a general methodology for manipulation of cell-fate decisions of developmental intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri Dame
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University, 670 Albany Street, 2nd Floor CReM, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Steven Cincotta
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University, 670 Albany Street, 2nd Floor CReM, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Alex H Lang
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Reeti M Sanghrajka
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University, 670 Albany Street, 2nd Floor CReM, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Liye Zhang
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jinyoung Choi
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University, 670 Albany Street, 2nd Floor CReM, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Letty Kwok
- The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Talitha Wilson
- The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Maciej M Kańduła
- Chair of Bioinformatics Research Group, Boku University, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefano Monti
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pankaj Mehta
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University, 670 Albany Street, 2nd Floor CReM, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Laertis Ikonomou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University, 670 Albany Street, 2nd Floor CReM, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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166
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Perin S, McCann CJ, Borrelli O, De Coppi P, Thapar N. Update on Foregut Molecular Embryology and Role of Regenerative Medicine Therapies. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:91. [PMID: 28503544 PMCID: PMC5408018 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal atresia (OA) represents one of the commonest and most severe developmental disorders of the foregut, the most proximal segment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (esophagus and stomach) in embryological terms. Of intrigue is the common origin from this foregut of two very diverse functional entities, the digestive and respiratory systems. OA appears to result from incomplete separation of the ventral and dorsal parts of the foregut during development, resulting in disruption of esophageal anatomy and frequent association with tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Not surprisingly, and likely inherent to OA, are associated abnormalities in components of the enteric neuromusculature and ultimately loss of esophageal functional integrity. An appreciation of such developmental processes and associated defects has not only enhanced our understanding of the etiopathogenesis underlying such devastating defects but also highlighted the potential of novel corrective therapies. There has been considerable progress in the identification and propagation of neural crest stem cells from the GI tract itself or derived from pluripotent cells. Such cells have been successfully transplanted into models of enteric neuropathy confirming their ability to functionally integrate and replenish missing or defective enteric nerves. Combinatorial approaches in tissue engineering hold significant promise for the generation of organ-specific scaffolds such as the esophagus with current initiatives directed toward their cellularization to facilitate optimal function. This chapter outlines the most current understanding of the molecular embryology underlying foregut development and OA, and also explores the promise of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Perin
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Conor J McCann
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Osvaldo Borrelli
- Neurogastroenterology and Motility Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Specialist Neonatal and Paediatric Surgery (SNAPS) Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Neurogastroenterology and Motility Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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167
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Zhang Y, Jiang M, Kim E, Lin S, Liu K, Lan X, Que J. Development and stem cells of the esophagus. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 66:25-35. [PMID: 28007661 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The esophagus is derived from the anterior portion of the developmental intermediate foregut, a structure that also gives rise to other organs including the trachea, lung, and stomach. Genetic studies have shown that multiple signaling pathways (e.g. Bmp) and transcription factors (e.g. SOX2) are required for the separation of the esophagus from the neighboring respiratory system. Notably, some of these signaling pathways and transcription factors continue to play essential roles in the subsequent morphogenesis of the esophageal epithelium which undergoes a simple columnar-to-stratified squamous conversion. Reactivation of the relevant signaling pathways has also been associated with pathogenesis of esophageal diseases that affect the epithelium and its stem cells in adults. In this review we will summarize these findings. We will also discuss new data regarding the cell-of-origin for the striated and smooth muscles surrounding the esophagus and how they are differentiated from the mesenchyme during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Zhang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ming Jiang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eugene Kim
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sijie Lin
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kuancan Liu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, NY 10032, USA; Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Lan
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, PR China
| | - Jianwen Que
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, NY 10032, USA.
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168
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Baarsma HA, Skronska-Wasek W, Mutze K, Ciolek F, Wagner DE, John-Schuster G, Heinzelmann K, Günther A, Bracke KR, Dagouassat M, Boczkowski J, Brusselle GG, Smits R, Eickelberg O, Yildirim AÖ, Königshoff M. Noncanonical WNT-5A signaling impairs endogenous lung repair in COPD. J Exp Med 2016; 214:143-163. [PMID: 27979969 PMCID: PMC5206496 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. One main pathological feature of COPD is the loss of functional alveolar tissue without adequate repair (emphysema), yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly defined. Reduced WNT-β-catenin signaling is linked to impaired lung repair in COPD; however, the factors responsible for attenuating this pathway remain to be elucidated. Here, we identify a canonical to noncanonical WNT signaling shift contributing to COPD pathogenesis. We demonstrate enhanced expression of noncanonical WNT-5A in two experimental models of COPD and increased posttranslationally modified WNT-5A in human COPD tissue specimens. WNT-5A was increased in primary lung fibroblasts from COPD patients and induced by COPD-related stimuli, such as TGF-β, cigarette smoke (CS), and cellular senescence. Functionally, mature WNT-5A attenuated canonical WNT-driven alveolar epithelial cell wound healing and transdifferentiation in vitro. Lung-specific WNT-5A overexpression exacerbated airspace enlargement in elastase-induced emphysema in vivo. Accordingly, inhibition of WNT-5A in vivo attenuated lung tissue destruction, improved lung function, and restored expression of β-catenin-driven target genes and alveolar epithelial cell markers in the elastase, as well as in CS-induced models of COPD. We thus identify a novel essential mechanism involved in impaired mesenchymal-epithelial cross talk in COPD pathogenesis, which is amenable to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoeke A Baarsma
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, University Hospital Grosshadern, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Wioletta Skronska-Wasek
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, University Hospital Grosshadern, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Mutze
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, University Hospital Grosshadern, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Ciolek
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, University Hospital Grosshadern, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Darcy E Wagner
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, University Hospital Grosshadern, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerrit John-Schuster
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, University Hospital Grosshadern, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Heinzelmann
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, University Hospital Grosshadern, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ken R Bracke
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Guy G Brusselle
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ron Smits
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, University Hospital Grosshadern, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Ö Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, University Hospital Grosshadern, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, University Hospital Grosshadern, 81377 Munich, Germany
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169
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Developmental pathways in lung regeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 367:677-685. [PMID: 27957616 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The key processes of lung development have been elucidated in the past several decades, helping to identify and characterize the resident progenitor cells that ultimately generate the mature organ. The adult lung is a complex organ consisting in scores of different cell lineages that are remarkably quiescent in the absence of injury. Despite low cellular turnover, the lung can respond quickly and dramatically to acute damage, with spatially restricted stem and progenitor cells re-entering the cell cycle and differentiating to promote repair. The findings from lung developmental biology are now being used to examine the mechanisms that underlie lung regeneration. The use of in vitro models such as pluripotent stem cells and new methods of gene editing have provided models for understanding lung disease and exploring the mechanisms of lung regeneration and have raised the prospect of correcting lung dysfunction. We outline the way that basic studies into lung developmental biology are now being applied to lung regeneration, opening up new avenues of research that may ultimately be harnessed for treatments of lung disease.
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170
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Matsumoto S, Fujii S, Kikuchi A. Arl4c is a key regulator of tubulogenesis and tumourigenesis as a target gene of Wnt-β-catenin and growth factor-Ras signalling. J Biochem 2016; 161:27-35. [PMID: 28053143 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tubular morphogenesis (tubulogenesis) is a fundamental morphogenetic process of many epithelial organs. In this developmental process, epithelial cells migrate, proliferate, polarize and differentiate towards surrounding mesenchymal tissue to form tubule structures. Although epithelial tissue structures are basically stable in the postnatal period, epithelial cells regain highly proliferative and invasive potentials within mesenchymal tissue during tumour formation (tumourigenesis). Therefore, there must be a common molecular basis orchestrating the cellular behaviours involved in both tubulogenesis and tumourigenesis. ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf)-like protein 4c (Arl4c), which belongs to the small GTP-binding protein family, is expressed by the simultaneous activation of Wnt-β-catenin and growth factor-Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling, was identified as an essential regulator of tubulogenesis. Arl4c expression was also involved in the tumour formation of colorectal and lung cancers. In this review, we focus on Arl4c as a novel Wnt signal target molecule that links epithelial tubulogenesis to tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Fujii
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akira Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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171
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Snowball J, Ambalavanan M, Sinner D. Studying Wnt Signaling During Patterning of Conducting Airways. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27805581 DOI: 10.3791/53910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling pathways play critical roles during development of the respiratory tract. Defining precise mechanisms of differentiation and morphogenesis controlled by Wnt signaling is required to understand how tissues are patterned during normal development. This knowledge is also critical to determine the etiology of birth defects such as lung hypoplasia and tracheobronchomalacia. Analysis of earliest stages of development of respiratory tract imposes challenges, as the limited amount of tissue prevents the performance of standard protocols better suited for postnatal studies. In this paper, we discuss methodologies to study cell differentiation and proliferation in the respiratory tract. We describe techniques such as whole mount staining, processing of the tissue for confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence in paraffin sections applied to developing tracheal lung. We also discuss methodologies for the study of tracheal mesenchyme differentiation, in particular cartilage formation. Approaches and techniques discussed in the current paper circumvent the limitation of material while working with embryonic tissue, allowing for a better understanding of the patterning process of developing conducting airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Snowball
- Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology-Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Manoj Ambalavanan
- Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology-Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Debora Sinner
- Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology-Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine;
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172
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Muñoz-Bravo JL, Flores-Martínez A, Herrero-Martin G, Puri S, Taketo MM, Rojas A, Hebrok M, Cano DA. Loss of Pancreas upon Activated Wnt Signaling Is Concomitant with Emergence of Gastrointestinal Identity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164714. [PMID: 27736991 PMCID: PMC5063371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ formation is achieved through the complex interplay between signaling pathways and transcriptional cascades. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway plays multiple roles during embryonic development including patterning, proliferation and differentiation in distinct tissues. Previous studies have established the importance of this pathway at multiple stages of pancreas formation as well as in postnatal organ function and homeostasis. In mice, gain-of-function experiments have demonstrated that activation of the canonical Wnt pathway results in pancreatic hypoplasia, a phenomenon whose underlying mechanisms remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that ectopic activation of epithelial canonical Wnt signaling causes aberrant induction of gastric and intestinal markers both in the pancreatic epithelium and mesenchyme, leading to the development of gut-like features. Furthermore, we provide evidence that β -catenin-induced impairment of pancreas formation depends on Hedgehog signaling. Together, our data emphasize the developmental plasticity of pancreatic progenitors and further underscore the key role of precise regulation of signaling pathways to maintain appropriate organ boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Muñoz-Bravo
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alvaro Flores-Martínez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Griselda Herrero-Martin
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sapna Puri
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Makoto Mark Taketo
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Anabel Rojas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - David A. Cano
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- * E-mail:
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173
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Ota C, Baarsma HA, Wagner DE, Hilgendorff A, Königshoff M. Linking bronchopulmonary dysplasia to adult chronic lung diseases: role of WNT signaling. Mol Cell Pediatr 2016; 3:34. [PMID: 27718180 PMCID: PMC5055515 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-016-0062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is one of the most common chronic lung diseases in infants caused by pre- and/or postnatal lung injury. BPD is characterized by arrested alveolarization and vascularization due to extracellular matrix remodeling, inflammation, and impaired growth factor signaling. WNT signaling is a critical pathway for normal lung development, and its altered signaling has been shown to be involved in the onset and progression of incurable chronic lung diseases in adulthood, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In this review, we summarize the impact of WNT signaling on different stages of lung development and its potential contribution to developmental lung diseases, especially BPD, and chronic lung diseases in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Ota
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, University Hospital Grosshadern, German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.
| | - Hoeke A Baarsma
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, University Hospital Grosshadern, German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Darcy E Wagner
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, University Hospital Grosshadern, German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Hilgendorff
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, University Hospital Grosshadern, German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,The Perinatal Center, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, University Hospital Grosshadern, German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
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174
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Mazzotta S, Neves C, Bonner RJ, Bernardo AS, Docherty K, Hoppler S. Distinctive Roles of Canonical and Noncanonical Wnt Signaling in Human Embryonic Cardiomyocyte Development. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:764-776. [PMID: 27641648 PMCID: PMC5063467 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is a key regulator of vertebrate heart development; however, specific roles for human cardiomyocyte development remain uncertain. Here we use human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to analyze systematically in human cardiomyocyte development the expression of endogenous Wnt signaling components, monitor pathway activity, and dissect stage-specific requirements for canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling mechanisms using small-molecule inhibitors. Our analysis suggests that WNT3 and WNT8A, via FZD7 and canonical signaling, regulate BRACHYURY expression and mesoderm induction; that WNT5A/5B, via ROR2 and noncanonical signaling, regulate MESP1 expression and cardiovascular development; and that later in development WNT2, WNT5A/5B, and WNT11, via FZD4 and FZD6, regulate functional cardiomyocyte differentiation via noncanonical Wnt signaling. Our findings confirm in human development previously proposed roles for canonical Wnt signaling in sequential stages of vertebrate cardiomyogenesis, and identify more precise roles for noncanonical signaling and for individual Wnt signal and Wnt receptor genes in human cardiomyocyte development. hESCs were used to study Wnt signaling during human cardiomyocyte development Previously proposed roles for canonical Wnt signaling were confirmed in human Specific roles for noncanonical Wnt signaling were identified in cardiomyogenesis Individual Wnt signal and receptor genes were identified in human cardiomyogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mazzotta
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Carlos Neves
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Rory J Bonner
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Andreia S Bernardo
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London NW7 1AA, UK; Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Building, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Kevin Docherty
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Stefan Hoppler
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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175
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Wnt2 complements Wnt/β-catenin signaling in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:37257-68. [PMID: 26484565 PMCID: PMC4741928 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt2 is implicated in various human cancers. However, it remains unknown how Wnt2 is upregulated in human cancer and contributes to tumorigenesis. Here we found that Wnt2 is highly expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. In addition to co-expression of Wnt2 with Wnt/β-catenin target genes in CRC, knockdown or knockout of Wnt2 significantly downregulates Wnt/β-catenin target gene expression in CRC cells. Importantly, depletion or ablation of endogenous Wnt2 inhibits CRC cell proliferation. Similarly, neutralizing secreted Wnt2 reduces Wnt target gene expression and suppresses CRC cell proliferation. Conversely, Wnt2 increases cell proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. Intriguingly, WNT2 expression is transcriptionally silenced by EZH2-mediated H3K27me3 histone modification in non-CRC cells, However, WNT2 expression is de-repressed by the loss of PRC2's promoter occupancy in CRC cells. Our results reveal the unexpected roles of Wnt2 in complementing Wnt/β-catenin signaling for CRC cell proliferation.
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176
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Marquez HA, Cardoso WV. Vitamin A-retinoid signaling in pulmonary development and disease. Mol Cell Pediatr 2016; 3:28. [PMID: 27480876 PMCID: PMC4969253 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-016-0054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the active form of vitamin A, regulates key developmental processes in multiple organs. In the developing lung, RA is crucial for normal growth and differentiation of airways. Disruption in RA signaling or vitamin A deficiency (VAD) has been linked to aberrant development of the lung including alterations in the airway smooth muscle (SM) differentiation, development, and function. These alterations have been linked to disease states including asthma in both human and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector A Marquez
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Wellington V Cardoso
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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177
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Szafranski P, Coban-Akdemir ZH, Rupps R, Grazioli S, Wensley D, Jhangiani SN, Popek E, Lee AF, Lupski JR, Boerkoel CF, Stankiewicz P. Phenotypic expansion ofTBX4mutations to include acinar dysplasia of the lungs. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2440-4. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Szafranski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
| | | | - Rosemarie Rupps
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - Serge Grazioli
- Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - David Wensley
- Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - Shalini N. Jhangiani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
| | - Edwina Popek
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
| | - Anna F. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - James R. Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
- Department of Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
- Human Genome Sequencing Center; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
- Texas Children's Hospital; Houston Texas
| | | | - Paweł Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
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178
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Rankin SA, Han L, McCracken KW, Kenny AP, Anglin CT, Grigg EA, Crawford CM, Wells JM, Shannon JM, Zorn AM. A Retinoic Acid-Hedgehog Cascade Coordinates Mesoderm-Inducing Signals and Endoderm Competence during Lung Specification. Cell Rep 2016; 16:66-78. [PMID: 27320915 PMCID: PMC5314425 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Organogenesis of the trachea and lungs requires a complex series of mesoderm-endoderm interactions mediated by WNT, BMP, retinoic acid (RA), and hedgehog (Hh), but how these pathways interact in a gene regulatory network is less clear. Using Xenopus embryology, mouse genetics, and human ES cell cultures, we identified a conserved signaling cascade that initiates respiratory lineage specification. We show that RA has multiple roles; first RA pre-patterns the lateral plate mesoderm and then it promotes Hh ligand expression in the foregut endoderm. Hh subsequently signals back to the pre-patterned mesoderm to promote expression of the lung-inducing ligands Wnt2/2b and Bmp4. Finally, RA regulates the competence of the endoderm to activate the Nkx2-1+ respiratory program in response to these mesodermal WNT and BMP signals. These data provide insights into early lung development and a paradigm for how mesenchymal signals are coordinated with epithelial competence during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Rankin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lu Han
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kyle W McCracken
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Alan P Kenny
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Christopher T Anglin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Emily A Grigg
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Calyn M Crawford
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - John M Shannon
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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179
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Foxp transcription factors suppress a non-pulmonary gene expression program to permit proper lung development. Dev Biol 2016; 416:338-46. [PMID: 27341756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory mechanisms that prevent gene expression programs from one tissue to be expressed in another are poorly understood. Foxp1/2/4 are forkhead transcription factors that repress gene expression and are individually important for endoderm development. We show that combined loss of all three Foxp1/2/4 family members in the developing anterior foregut endoderm leads to a loss of lung endoderm lineage commitment and subsequent development. Foxp1/2/4 deficient lungs express high levels of transcriptional regulators not normally expressed in the developing lung, including Pax2, Pax8, Pax9 and the Hoxa9-13 cluster. Ectopic expression of these transcriptional regulators is accompanied by decreased expression of lung restricted transcription factors including Nkx2-1, Sox2, and Sox9. Foxp1 binds to conserved forkhead DNA binding sites within the Hoxa9-13 cluster, indicating a direct repression mechanism. Thus, Foxp1/2/4 are essential for promoting lung endoderm development by repressing expression of non-pulmonary transcription factors.
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180
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Lyros O, Rafiee P, Nie L, Medda R, Jovanovic N, Otterson MF, Behmaram B, Gockel I, Mackinnon A, Shaker R. Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Activation beyond Robust Nuclear β-Catenin Accumulation in Nondysplastic Barrett's Esophagus: Regulation via Dickkopf-1. Neoplasia 2016; 17:598-611. [PMID: 26297437 PMCID: PMC4547437 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation has been reported only during the late steps of Barrett’s esophagus (BE) neoplastic progression, but not in BE metaplasia, based on the absence of nuclear β-catenin. However, β-catenin transcriptional activity has been recorded in absence of robust nuclear accumulation. Thus, we aimed to investigate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in nondysplastic BE. METHODS: Esophageal tissues from healthy and BE patients without dysplasia were analyzed for Wnt target gene expression by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Esophageal squamous (EPC1-& EPC2-hTERT), BE metaplastic (CP-A), and adenocarcinoma (OE33) cell lines were characterized for Wnt activation by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and luciferase assay. Wnt activity regulation was examined by using recombinant Wnt3a and Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) as well as Dkk1 short interfering RNA. RESULTS: Wnt target genes (AXIN2, c-MYC, Cyclin D1, Dkk1) and Wnt3a were significantly upregulated in nondysplastic BE compared with squamous mucosa. Elevated levels of dephosphorylated β-catenin were detected in nondysplastic BE. Nuclear active β-catenin and TOPflash activity were increased in CP-A and OE33 cells compared with squamous cells. Wnt3a-mediated β-catenin signaling activation was abolished by Dkk1 in CP-A cells. TOPFlash activity was elevated following Dkk1 silencing in CP-A but not in OE33 cells. Dysplastic and esophageal adenocarcinoma tissues demonstrated further Dkk1 and AXIN2 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the absence of robust nuclear accumulation, β-catenin is transcriptionally active in nondysplastic BE. Dkk1 overexpression regulates β-catenin signaling in BE metaplastic but not in adenocarcinoma cells, suggesting that early perturbation of Dkk1-mediated signaling suppression may contribute to BE malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis Lyros
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA; Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Parvaneh Rafiee
- Department of Surgery of Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Linghui Nie
- Department of Surgery of Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Rituparna Medda
- Department of Surgery of Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Nebojsa Jovanovic
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Mary F Otterson
- Department of Surgery of Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Behnaz Behmaram
- Department of Pathology of Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Ines Gockel
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Reza Shaker
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.
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181
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Transient Expression of WNT2 Promotes Somatic Cell Reprogramming by Inducing β-Catenin Nuclear Accumulation. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:834-843. [PMID: 27211212 PMCID: PMC4911497 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment with several Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway regulators can change the cellular reprogramming efficiency; however, the dynamics and role of endogenous Wnt/β-catenin signaling in reprogramming remain largely unanswered. Here we identify the upregulation of WNT2 and subsequent β-catenin nuclear accumulation as key events in reprogramming. Transient nuclear accumulation of β-catenin occurs early in MEF reprogramming. Wnt2 is strongly expressed in the early stage of reprogramming. Wnt2 knockdown suppresses the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and reduces the reprogramming efficiency. WNT2 overexpression promotes β-catenin nuclear accumulation and enhances the reprogramming efficiency. WNT2 contributes to the promotion of cell proliferation. Experiments with several drugs that control the Wnt pathway also indicate the importance of β-catenin nuclear accumulation in reprogramming. Our findings reveal the role of WNT2/β-catenin signaling in reprogramming. Nuclear accumulation of β-catenin occurs in the early stage of MEF reprogramming Wnt2 expression is transiently increased during MEF reprogramming WNT2 promotes both the β-catenin nuclear accumulation and the reprogramming process Nuclear accumulation of β-catenin is important for MEF reprogramming
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182
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Wang X, Wang Y, Snitow ME, Stewart KM, Li S, Lu M, Morrisey EE. Expression of histone deacetylase 3 instructs alveolar type I cell differentiation by regulating a Wnt signaling niche in the lung. Dev Biol 2016; 414:161-9. [PMID: 27141870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The commitment and differentiation of the alveolar type I (AT1) cell lineage is a critical step for the formation of distal lung saccules, which are the primitive alveolar units required for postnatal respiration. How AT1 cells arise from the distal lung epithelial progenitor cells prior to birth and whether this process depends on a developmental niche instructed by mesenchymal cells is poorly understood. We show that mice lacking histone deacetylase 3 specifically in the developing lung mesenchyme display lung hypoplasia including decreased mesenchymal proliferation and a severe impairment of AT1 cell differentiation. This is correlated with a decrease in Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the lung epithelium. We demonstrate that inhibition of Wnt signaling causes defective AT1 cell lineage differentiation ex vivo. Importantly, systemic activation of Wnt signaling at specific stages of lung development can partially rescue the AT1 cell differentiation defect in vivo. These studies show that histone deacetylase 3 expression generates an important developmental niche in the lung mesenchyme through regulation of Wnt signaling, which is required for proper AT1 cell differentiation and lung sacculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Melinda E Snitow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathleen M Stewart
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shanru Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - MinMin Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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183
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Valenta T, Degirmenci B, Moor AE, Herr P, Zimmerli D, Moor MB, Hausmann G, Cantù C, Aguet M, Basler K. Wnt Ligands Secreted by Subepithelial Mesenchymal Cells Are Essential for the Survival of Intestinal Stem Cells and Gut Homeostasis. Cell Rep 2016; 15:911-918. [PMID: 27117411 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting of Wnt signaling represents a promising anti-cancer therapy. However, the consequences of systemically attenuating the Wnt pathway in an adult organism are unknown. Here, we globally prevent Wnt secretion by genetically ablating Wntless. We find that preventing Wnt signaling in the entire body causes mortality due to impaired intestinal homeostasis. This is caused by the loss of intestinal stem cells. Reconstitution of Wnt/β-catenin signaling via delivery of external Wnt ligands prolongs the survival of intestinal stem cells and reveals the essential role of extra-epithelial Wnt ligands for the renewal of the intestinal epithelium. Wnt2b is a key extra-epithelial Wnt ligand capable of promoting Wnt/β-catenin signaling and intestinal homeostasis. Wnt2b is secreted by subepithelial mesenchymal cells that co-express either Gli1 or Acta2. Subepithelial mesenchymal cells expressing high levels of Wnt2b are predominantly Gli1 positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Valenta
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bahar Degirmenci
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas E Moor
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Wolfson Building 623, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Patrick Herr
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Zimmerli
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias B Moor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Hausmann
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Cantù
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michel Aguet
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Life Sciences, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Basler
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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184
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Dye BR, Miller AJ, Spence JR. How to Grow a Lung: Applying Principles of Developmental Biology to Generate Lung Lineages from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 4:47-57. [PMID: 27340610 PMCID: PMC4882378 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The number and severity of diseases affecting human lung development and adult respiratory function has stimulated great interest in new in vitro models to study the human lung. This review summarizes the most recent breakthroughs deriving lung lineages in a dish by directing the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. A variety of culturing platforms have been developed, including two-dimensional and three-dimensional (organoid) culture platforms, to derive specific cell types and structures of the lung. These stem cell-derived lung models will further our understanding of human lung development, disease, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana R. Dye
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Alyssa J. Miller
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
- />Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Jason R. Spence
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
- />Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
- />Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
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185
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Ustiyan V, Zhang Y, Perl AKT, Whitsett JA, Kalin TV, Kalinichenko VV. β-catenin and Kras/Foxm1 signaling pathway are critical to restrict Sox9 in basal cells during pulmonary branching morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:590-604. [PMID: 26869074 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung morphogenesis is regulated by interactions between the canonical Wnt/β-catenin and Kras/ERK/Foxm1 signaling pathways that establish proximal-peripheral patterning of lung tubules. How these interactions influence the development of respiratory epithelial progenitors to acquire airway as compared to alveolar epithelial cell fate is unknown. During branching morphogenesis, SOX9 transcription factor is normally restricted from conducting airway epithelial cells and is highly expressed in peripheral, acinar progenitor cells that serve as precursors of alveolar type 2 (AT2) and AT1 cells as the lung matures. RESULTS To identify signaling pathways that determine proximal-peripheral cell fate decisions, we used the SFTPC gene promoter to delete or overexpress key members of Wnt/β-catenin and Kras/ERK/Foxm1 pathways in fetal respiratory epithelial progenitor cells. Activation of β-catenin enhanced SOX9 expression in peripheral epithelial progenitors, whereas deletion of β-catenin inhibited SOX9. Surprisingly, deletion of β-catenin caused accumulation of atypical SOX9-positive basal cells in conducting airways. Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by Kras(G12D) or its downstream target Foxm1 stimulated SOX9 expression in basal cells. Genetic inactivation of Foxm1 from Kras(G12D) -expressing epithelial cells prevented the accumulation of SOX9-positive basal cells in developing airways. CONCLUSIONS Interactions between the Wnt/β-catenin and the Kras/ERK/Foxm1 pathways are essential to restrict SOX9 expression in basal cells. Developmental Dynamics 245:590-604, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ustiyan
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yufang Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Anne-Karina T Perl
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Tanya V Kalin
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Vladimir V Kalinichenko
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
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186
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Reuter S, Beckert H, Taube C. Take the Wnt out of the inflammatory sails: modulatory effects of Wnt in airway diseases. J Transl Med 2016; 96:177-85. [PMID: 26595171 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are chronic diseases that are associated with inflammation and structural changes in the airways and lungs. Recent findings have implicated Wnt pathways in critically regulating inflammatory responses, especially in asthma. Furthermore, canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways are involved in structural changes such as airway remodeling, goblet cell metaplasia, and airway smooth muscle (ASM) proliferation. In COPD, Wnt pathways are not only associated with structural changes in the airways but also involved in the development of emphysema. The present review summarizes the role and function of the canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathway with regard to airway inflammation and structural changes in asthma and COPD. Further identification of the role and function of different Wnt molecules and pathways could help to develop novel therapeutic options for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Reuter
- Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Borstel, Germany
| | - Hendrik Beckert
- III Medical Clinic, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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187
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HDAC3-Dependent Epigenetic Pathway Controls Lung Alveolar Epithelial Cell Remodeling and Spreading via miR-17-92 and TGF-β Signaling Regulation. Dev Cell 2016; 36:303-15. [PMID: 26832331 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The terminal stages of pulmonary development, called sacculation and alveologenesis, involve both differentiation of distal lung endoderm progenitors and extensive cellular remodeling of the resultant epithelial lineages. These processes are coupled with dramatic expansion of distal airspace and surface area. Despite the importance of these late developmental processes and their relation to neonatal respiratory diseases, little is understood about the molecular and cellular pathways critical for their successful completion. We show that a histone deacetylase 3 (Hdac3)-mediated epigenetic pathway is critical for the proper remodeling and expansion of the distal lung saccules into primitive alveoli. Loss of Hdac3 in the developing lung epithelium leads to a reduction of alveolar type 1 cell spreading and a disruption of lung sacculation. Hdac3 represses miR-17-92 expression, a microRNA cluster that regulates transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling. De-repression of miR-17-92 in Hdac3-deficient lung epithelium results in decreased TGF-β signaling activity. Importantly, inhibition of TGF-β signaling and overexpression of miR-17-92 can phenocopy the defects observed in Hdac3 null lungs. Conversely, loss of miR-17-92 expression rescues many of the defects caused by loss of Hdac3 in the lung. These studies reveal an intricate epigenetic pathway where Hdac3 is required to repress miR-17-92 expression to allow for proper TGF-β signaling during lung sacculation.
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188
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Fumoto K, Takigawa-Imamura H, Sumiyama K, Kaneiwa T, Kikuchi A. Modulation of apical constriction by Wnt signaling is required for lung epithelial shape transition. Development 2016; 144:151-162. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.141325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In lung development the apically constricted columnar epithelium forms numerous buds during the pseudoglandular stage and subsequently changes the shape into flat or cuboidal pneumocytes that compose the air sacs during the canalicular and saccular (canalicular-saccular) stages, yet the impact of cell shapes on tissue morphogenesis remains unclear. The expression of Wnt components were decreased in the canalicular-saccular stages, and genetically constitutive activation of Wnt signaling impaired air sac formation by inducing apical constriction in the epithelium as seen in the pseudoglandular stage. Organ culture models also demonstrated that Wnt signaling induces apical constriction through the apical actomyosin cytoskeletal organization. Mathematical modeling revealed that apical constriction induces bud formation and loss of apical constriction is required for the formation of an air sac-like structure. MAP/Microtubule affinity-regulating kinase (MARK1) was identified as a downstream molecule of Wnt signaling and required for the apical cytoskeletal organization and bud formation. These results suggest that Wnt signaling is required for bud formation by inducing apical constriction during the pseudoglandular stage, while loss of Wnt signaling is for air sac formation in the canalicular-saccular stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Fumoto
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hisako Takigawa-Imamura
- Anatomy and cell biology, Graduate school of medical sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kenta Sumiyama
- Laboratory for Mouse Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kaneiwa
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Kikuchi
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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189
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Han L, Nasr T, Zorn AM. Mesodermal lineages in the developing respiratory system. TRENDS IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 9:91-110. [PMID: 34707332 PMCID: PMC8547324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The life-sustaining air-blood interface of the respiratory system requires the exquisite integration of the epithelial lining with the mesenchymal capillary network, all supported by elastic smooth muscle and rigid cartilage keeping the expandable airways open. These intimate tissue interactions originate in the early embryo, where bidirectional paracrine signaling between the endoderm epithelium and adjacent mesoderm orchestrates lung and trachea development and controls the stereotypical branching morphogenesis. Although much attention has focused on how these interactions impact the differentiation of the respiratory epithelium, relatively less is known about the patterning and differentiation of the mesenchyme. Endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and chondrocytes together with other types of mesenchymal cells are essential components of a functional respiratory system, and malformation of these cells can lead to various congenital defects. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of mesenchymal development in the fetal trachea and lung, focusing on recent findings from animal models that have begun to shed light on the poorly understood respiratory mesenchyme lineages.
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190
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Kurmann AA, Serra M, Hawkins F, Rankin SA, Mori M, Astapova I, Ullas S, Lin S, Bilodeau M, Rossant J, Jean JC, Ikonomou L, Deterding RR, Shannon JM, Zorn AM, Hollenberg AN, Kotton DN. Regeneration of Thyroid Function by Transplantation of Differentiated Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:527-42. [PMID: 26593959 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of functional thyroid epithelia from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) holds the potential for application in regenerative medicine. However, progress toward this goal is hampered by incomplete understanding of the signaling pathways needed for directed differentiation without forced overexpression of exogenous transgenes. Here we use mouse PSCs to identify key conserved roles for BMP and FGF signaling in regulating thyroid lineage specification from foregut endoderm in mouse and Xenopus. Thyroid progenitors derived from mouse PSCs can be matured into thyroid follicular organoids that provide functional secretion of thyroid hormones in vivo and rescue hypothyroid mice after transplantation. Moreover, by stimulating the same pathways, we were also able to derive human thyroid progenitors from normal and disease-specific iPSCs generated from patients with hypothyroidism resulting from NKX2-1 haploinsufficiency. Our studies have therefore uncovered the regulatory mechanisms that underlie early thyroid organogenesis and provide a significant step toward cell-based regenerative therapy for hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita A Kurmann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Maria Serra
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Finn Hawkins
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Scott A Rankin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Munemasa Mori
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Inna Astapova
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Soumya Ullas
- Longwood Small Animal Imaging Facility, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sui Lin
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Melanie Bilodeau
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Janet Rossant
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jyh C Jean
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Laertis Ikonomou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Robin R Deterding
- Breathing Institute at the Children's Hospital Colorado and Section of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - John M Shannon
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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191
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Hines EA, Sun X. Tissue crosstalk in lung development. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:1469-77. [PMID: 24644090 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lung development follows a stereotypic program orchestrated by key interactions among epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. Deviations from this developmental program can lead to pulmonary diseases including bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary hypertension. Significant efforts have been made to examine the cellular and molecular basis of the tissue interactions underlying these stereotypic developmental processes. Genetically engineered mouse models, lung organ culture, and advanced imaging techniques are a few of the tools that have expanded our understanding of the tissue interactions that drive lung development. Intimate crosstalk has been identified between the epithelium and mesenchyme, distinct mesenchymal tissues, and individual epithelial cells types. For interactions such as the epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk regulating lung specification and branching morphogenesis, the key molecular players, FGF, BMP, WNT, and SHH, are well established. Additionally, VEGF regulation underlies the epithelial-endothelial crosstalk that coordinates airway branching with angiogenesis. Recent work also discovered a novel role for SHH in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition of the mesothelium. In contrast, the molecular basis for the crosstalk between upper airway cartilage and smooth muscle is not yet known. In this review we examine current evidence of the tissue interactions and molecular crosstalk that underlie the stereotypic patterning of the developing lung and mediate injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Hines
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
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192
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Cuna A, Halloran B, Faye-Petersen O, Kelly D, Crossman DK, Cui X, Pandit K, Kaminski N, Bhattacharya S, Ahmad A, Mariani TJ, Ambalavanan N. Alterations in gene expression and DNA methylation during murine and human lung alveolar septation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:60-73. [PMID: 25387348 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0160oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation, a major epigenetic mechanism, may regulate coordinated expression of multiple genes at specific time points during alveolar septation in lung development. The objective of this study was to identify genes regulated by methylation during normal septation in mice and during disordered septation in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In mice, newborn lungs (preseptation) and adult lungs (postseptation) were evaluated by microarray analysis of gene expression and immunoprecipitation of methylated DNA followed by sequencing (MeDIP-Seq). In humans, microarray gene expression data were integrated with genome-wide DNA methylation data from bronchopulmonary dysplasia versus preterm and term lung. Genes with reciprocal changes in expression and methylation, suggesting regulation by DNA methylation, were identified. In mice, 95 genes with inverse correlation between expression and methylation during normal septation were identified. In addition to genes known to be important in lung development (Wnt signaling, Angpt2, Sox9, etc.) and its extracellular matrix (Tnc, Eln, etc.), genes involved with immune and antioxidant defense (Stat4, Sod3, Prdx6, etc.) were also observed. In humans, 23 genes were differentially methylated with reciprocal changes in expression in bronchopulmonary dysplasia compared with preterm or term lung. Genes of interest included those involved with detoxifying enzymes (Gstm3) and transforming growth factor-β signaling (bone morphogenetic protein 7 [Bmp7]). In terms of overlap, 20 genes and three pathways methylated during mouse lung development also demonstrated changes in methylation between preterm and term human lung. Changes in methylation correspond to altered expression of a number of genes associated with lung development, suggesting that DNA methylation of these genes may regulate normal and abnormal alveolar septation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Cuna
- 1 University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Brian Halloran
- 2 University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - David Kelly
- 2 University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Xiangqin Cui
- 2 University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kusum Pandit
- 3 University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Ausaf Ahmad
- 5 University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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193
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Abstract
The respiratory endoderm develops from a small cluster of cells located on the ventral anterior foregut. This population of progenitors generates the myriad epithelial lineages required for proper lung function in adults through a complex and delicately balanced series of developmental events controlled by many critical signaling and transcription factor pathways. In the past decade, understanding of this process has grown enormously, helped in part by cell lineage fate analysis and deep sequencing of the transcriptomes of various progenitors and differentiated cell types. This review explores how these new techniques, coupled with more traditional approaches, have provided a detailed picture of development of the epithelial lineages in the lung and insight into how aberrant development can lead to lung disease.
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194
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Abstract
The liver is a central regulator of metabolism, and liver failure thus constitutes a major health burden. Understanding how this complex organ develops during embryogenesis will yield insights into how liver regeneration can be promoted and how functional liver replacement tissue can be engineered. Recent studies of animal models have identified key signaling pathways and complex tissue interactions that progressively generate liver progenitor cells, differentiated lineages and functional tissues. In addition, progress in understanding how these cells interact, and how transcriptional and signaling programs precisely coordinate liver development, has begun to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this complexity. Here, we review the lineage relationships, signaling pathways and transcriptional programs that orchestrate hepatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Gordillo
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Valerie Gouon-Evans
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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195
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Caprioli A, Villasenor A, Wylie LA, Braitsch C, Marty-Santos L, Barry D, Karner CM, Fu S, Meadows SM, Carroll TJ, Cleaver O. Wnt4 is essential to normal mammalian lung development. Dev Biol 2015; 406:222-34. [PMID: 26321050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is essential to many events during organogenesis, including the development of the mammalian lung. The Wnt family member Wnt4 has been shown to be required for the development of kidney, gonads, thymus, mammary and pituitary glands. Here, we show that Wnt4 is critical for proper morphogenesis and growth of the respiratory system. Using in situ hybridization in mouse embryos, we identify a previously uncharacterized site of Wnt4 expression in the anterior trunk mesoderm. This expression domain initiates as early as E8.25 in the mesoderm abutting the tracheoesophageal endoderm, between the fusing dorsal aortae and the heart. Analysis of Wnt4(-/-) embryos reveals severe lung hypoplasia and tracheal abnormalities; however, aortic fusion and esophageal development are unaffected. We find decreased cell proliferation in Wnt4(-/-) lung buds, particularly in tip domains. In addition, we observe reduction of the important lung growth factors Fgf9, Fgf10, Sox9 and Wnt2 in the lung bud during early stages of organogenesis, as well as decreased tracheal expression of the progenitor factor Sox9. Together, these data reveal a previously unknown role for the secreted protein Wnt4 in respiratory system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Caprioli
- Dept. of Biology and Physical Sciences, Marymount Univ., 2807 N. Glebe Rd., Arlington, VA 22207, USA
| | - Alethia Villasenor
- Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Germany
| | - Lyndsay A Wylie
- Dept. of Genetics, Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Caitlin Braitsch
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, Univ. of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Leilani Marty-Santos
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, Univ. of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - David Barry
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, Univ. of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Courtney M Karner
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington Univ. School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63131, USA
| | - Stephen Fu
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, Univ. of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Stryder M Meadows
- Dept. of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane Univ., 2000 Percival Stern Hall, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Thomas J Carroll
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, Univ. of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, Univ. of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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196
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Rosekrans SL, Baan B, Muncan V, van den Brink GR. Esophageal development and epithelial homeostasis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G216-28. [PMID: 26138464 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00088.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The esophagus is a relatively simple organ that evolved to transport food and liquids through the thoracic cavity. It is the only part of the gastrointestinal tract that lacks any metabolic, digestive, or absorptive function. The mucosa of the adult esophagus is covered by a multilayered squamous epithelium with a remarkable similarity to the epithelium of the skin despite the fact that these tissues originate from two different germ layers. Here we review the developmental pathways involved in the establishment of the esophagus and the way these pathways regulate gut-airway separation. We summarize current knowledge of the mechanisms that maintain homeostasis in esophageal epithelial renewal in the adult and the molecular mechanism of the development of Barrett's metaplasia, the precursor lesion to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Finally, we examine the ongoing debate on the hierarchy of esophageal epithelial precursor cells and on the presence or absence of a specific esophageal stem cell population. Together the recent insights into esophageal development and homeostasis suggest that the pathways that establish the esophagus during development also play a role in the maintenance of the adult epithelium. We are beginning to understand how reflux of gastric content and the resulting chronic inflammation can transform the squamous esophageal epithelium to columnar intestinal type metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne L Rosekrans
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Baan
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vanesa Muncan
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs R van den Brink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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197
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Abstract
The development of the human lung starts at 4 weeks of gestation with the appearance of the tracheal outgrowth from the foregut and continues into early childhood. Survival at birth is dependent on adequate development and maturation of the lung in utero. Abnormal bronchopulmonary development results in congenital lung malformations, and inadequate development is thought to contribute to bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Complex processes and factors influencing lung development are beginning to be elucidated, and further knowledge will hopefully lead to improved interventions to enhance outcomes in vulnerable or affected infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Mullassery
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Addenbrookes Cambridge University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicola P Smith
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Addenbrookes Cambridge University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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198
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Batra H, Antony VB. Pleural mesothelial cells in pleural and lung diseases. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7:964-80. [PMID: 26150910 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.02.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During development, the mesoderm maintains a complex relationship with the developing endoderm giving rise to the mature lung. Pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs) derived from the mesoderm play a key role during the development of the lung. The pleural mesothelium differentiates to give rise to the endothelium and smooth muscle cells via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). An aberrant recapitulation of such developmental pathways can play an important role in the pathogenesis of disease processes such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The PMC is the central component of the immune responses of the pleura. When exposed to noxious stimuli, it demonstrates innate immune responses such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns as well as causes the release of several cytokines to activate adaptive immune responses. Development of pleural effusions occurs due to an imbalance in the dynamic interaction between junctional proteins, n-cadherin and β-catenin, and phosphorylation of adherens junctions between PMCs, which is caused in part by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) released by PMCs. PMCs play an important role in defense mechanisms against bacterial and mycobacterial pleural infections, and in pathogenesis of malignant pleural effusion, asbestos related pleural disease and malignant pleural mesothelioma. PMCs also play a key role in the resolution of inflammation, which can occur with or without fibrosis. Fibrosis occurs as a result of disordered fibrin turnover and due to the effects of cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor; which are released by PMCs. Recent studies have demonstrated a role for PMCs in the pathogenesis of IPF suggesting their potential as a cellular biomarker of disease activity and as a possible therapeutic target. Pleural-based therapies targeting PMCs for treatment of IPF and other lung diseases need further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Batra
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Veena B Antony
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
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199
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Snowball J, Ambalavanan M, Whitsett J, Sinner D. Endodermal Wnt signaling is required for tracheal cartilage formation. Dev Biol 2015; 405:56-70. [PMID: 26093309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tracheobronchomalacia is a common congenital defect in which the walls of the trachea and bronchi lack of adequate cartilage required for support of the airways. Deletion of Wls, a cargo receptor mediating Wnt ligand secretion, in the embryonic endoderm using ShhCre mice inhibited formation of tracheal-bronchial cartilaginous rings. The normal dorsal-ventral patterning of tracheal mesenchyme was lost. Smooth muscle cells, identified by Acta2 staining, were aberrantly located in ventral mesenchyme of the trachea, normally the region of Sox9 expression in cartilage progenitors. Wnt/β-catenin activity, indicated by Axin2 LacZ reporter, was decreased in tracheal mesenchyme of Wls(f/f);Shh(Cre/+) embryos. Proliferation of chondroblasts was decreased and reciprocally, proliferation of smooth muscle cells was increased in Wls(f/f);Shh(Cre/+) tracheal tissue. Expression of Tbx4, Tbx5, Msx1 and Msx2, known to mediate cartilage and muscle patterning, were decreased in tracheal mesenchyme of Wls(f/f);Shh(Cre/+) embryos. Ex vivo studies demonstrated that Wnt7b and Wnt5a, expressed by the epithelium of developing trachea, and active Wnt/β-catenin signaling are required for tracheal chondrogenesis before formation of mesenchymal condensations. In conclusion, Wnt ligands produced by the tracheal epithelium pattern the tracheal mesenchyme via modulation of gene expression and cell proliferation required for proper tracheal cartilage and smooth muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Snowball
- The Perinatal Institute Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center Research Foundation, USA
| | - Manoj Ambalavanan
- The Perinatal Institute Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center Research Foundation, USA
| | - Jeffrey Whitsett
- The Perinatal Institute Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center Research Foundation, USA; University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH 45229, USA
| | - Debora Sinner
- The Perinatal Institute Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center Research Foundation, USA; University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH 45229, USA.
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200
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Uhl FE, Vierkotten S, Wagner DE, Burgstaller G, Costa R, Koch I, Lindner M, Meiners S, Eickelberg O, Königshoff M. Preclinical validation and imaging of Wnt-induced repair in human 3D lung tissue cultures. Eur Respir J 2015; 46:1150-66. [DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00183214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by a progressive loss of lung tissue. Inducing repair processes within the adult diseased lung is of major interest and Wnt/β-catenin signalling represents a promising target for lung repair. However, the translation of novel therapeutic targets from model systems into clinical use remains a major challenge.We generated murine and patient-derived three-dimensional (3D) ex vivo lung tissue cultures (LTCs), which closely mimic the 3D lung microenvironment in vivo. Using two well-known glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitors, lithium chloride (LiCl) and CHIR 99021 (CT), we determined Wnt/β-catenin-driven lung repair processes in high spatiotemporal resolution using quantitative PCR, Western blotting, ELISA, (immuno)histological assessment, and four-dimensional confocal live tissue imaging.Viable 3D-LTCs exhibited preserved lung structure and function for up to 5 days. We demonstrate successful Wnt/β-catenin signal activation in murine and patient-derived 3D-LTCs from COPD patients. Wnt/β-catenin signalling led to increased alveolar epithelial cell marker expression, decreased matrix metalloproteinase-12 expression, as well as altered macrophage activity and elastin remodelling. Importantly, induction of surfactant protein C significantly correlated with disease stage (per cent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s) in patient-derived 3D-LTCs.Patient-derived 3D-LTCs represent a valuable tool to analyse potential targets and drugs for lung repair. Enhanced Wnt/β-catenin signalling attenuated pathological features of patient-derived COPD 3D-LTCs.
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