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Mansur RB, Cunha GR, Asevedo E, Zugman A, Rizzo LB, Grassi-Oliveira R, Levandowski ML, Gadelha A, Pan PM, Teixeira AL, McIntyre RS, Mari JJ, Rohde LA, Miguel EC, Bressan RA, Brietzke E. Association of serum interleukin-6 with mental health problems in children exposed to perinatal complications and social disadvantage. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 71:94-101. [PMID: 27258821 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is consistent evidence that inflammation is involved in mental disorders pathogenesis. Herein, using data from the High Risk Cohort Study for Psychiatric Disorders, we investigated the relationship between parental mood disorders (PMD), environmental factors, serum interleukin-6 (IL6) and mental health problems in children aged 6-12. We measured the serum levels of IL6 in 567 children. Information related to socio-demographic characteristics, mental health problems and multiple risk factors, as well as parent's psychiatric diagnosis, was captured. We evaluated two groups of environmental risk factors (i.e. perinatal complications and social disadvantage) using a cumulative risk model. Results showed that higher serum levels of IL6 were associated with PMD (RR=1.072, p=0.001), perinatal complications (RR=1.022, p=0.013) and social disadvantage (RR=1.024, p=0.021). There was an interaction between PMD and social disadvantage (RR=1.141, p=0.021), as the effect of PMD on IL6 was significantly higher in children exposed to higher levels of social disadvantage. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between IL6 and mental health problems (RR=1.099, p=0.026), which was moderated by exposure to perinatal complications or social disadvantage (RR=1.273, p=0.015 and RR=1.179, p=0.048, respectively). In conclusions, there is evidence of a differential inflammatory activation in children with PMD and exposure to environmental risk factors, when compared to matched peers. Systemic inflammation may be involved in the pathway linking familial risk and mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B Mansur
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil; PRISMA-Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental State, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Graccielle R Cunha
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil; PRISMA-Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental State, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elson Asevedo
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil; PRISMA-Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental State, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Zugman
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil; PRISMA-Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental State, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas B Rizzo
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil; PRISMA-Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental State, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mateus L Levandowski
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil; PRISMA-Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental State, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro M Pan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil; PRISMA-Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental State, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio L Teixeira
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jair J Mari
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil; PRISMA-Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental State, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís A Rohde
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eurípedes C Miguel
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Bressan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil; PRISMA-Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental State, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil; PRISMA-Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental State, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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152
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Mansur RB, Cunha GR, Asevedo E, Zugman A, Zeni-Graiff M, Rios AC, Sethi S, Maurya PK, Levandowski ML, Gadelha A, Pan PM, Stertz L, Belangero SI, Kauer-Sant' Anna M, Teixeira AL, Mari JJ, Rohde LA, Miguel EC, McIntyre RS, Grassi-Oliveira R, Bressan RA, Brietzke E. Socioeconomic Disadvantage Moderates the Association between Peripheral Biomarkers and Childhood Psychopathology. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160455. [PMID: 27489945 PMCID: PMC4973983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socioeconomic disadvantage (SED) has been consistently associated with early life mental health problems. SED has been shown to impact multiple biological systems, including the regulation of neurotrophic proteins, immune-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, which, conversely, have been reported to be relevant to physiological and pathological neurodevelopment This study investigated the relationship between SED, different domains of psychopathology, serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL6), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We hypothesized that a composite of socioeconomic risk would be associated with psychopathology and altered levels of peripheral biomarkers. In addition, we hypothesized that SED would moderate the associations between mental health problems, IL6, TBARS and BDNF. METHODS AND FINDINGS Using a cross-sectional design, we measured the serum levels of IL6, TBARS and BDNF in 495 children aged 6 to 12. We also investigated socio-demographic characteristics and mental health problems using the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) DSM-oriented scales. SED was evaluated using a cumulative risk model. Generalized linear models were used to assess associations between SED, biomarkers levels and psychopathology. SED was significantly associated with serum levels of IL6 (RR = 1.026, 95% CI 1.004; 1.049, p = 0.020) and TBARS (RR = 1.077, 95% CI 1.028; 1.127, p = 0.002). The association between SED and BDNF was not statistically significant (RR = 1.031, 95% CI 0.997; 1.066, p = 0.077). SED was also significantly associated with all CBCL DSM-oriented scales (all p < 0.05), whereas serum biomarkers (i.e. IL6, TBARS, BDNF) were associated with specific subscales. Moreover, the associations between serum biomarkers and domains of psychopathology were moderated by SED, with stronger correlations between mental health problems, IL6, TBARS, and BDNF being observed in children with high SED. CONCLUSIONS In children, SED is highly associated with mental health problems. Our findings suggest that this association may be moderated via effects on multiple interacting neurobiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B. Mansur
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Graccielle R. Cunha
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elson Asevedo
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Zugman
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maiara Zeni-Graiff
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adiel C. Rios
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sumit Sethi
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pawan K. Maurya
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateus L. Levandowski
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro M. Pan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura Stertz
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, United States of America
| | - Síntia I. Belangero
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcia Kauer-Sant' Anna
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Antônio L. Teixeira
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jair J. Mari
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis A. Rohde
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Euripedes C. Miguel
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger S. McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A. Bressan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
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153
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A Preliminary Study on Investigation of Serum α-Synuclein and Tau Protein Levels in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Indian J Clin Biochem 2016; 32:285-291. [PMID: 28811687 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-016-0602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative molecules play an important role in maintaining a supply for synaptic vesicles; and they are also likely to help regulate the dopamine release which is the primary mechanism of action in pharmacological treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is suggested that there could be interactions between α-synuclein and tau in cytoskeletal disorganization and synaptic dystrophy. Therefore, we aim to determine the serum levels of neurodegenerative molecules such as α-synuclein and tau in children with ADHD. The study group consisted of 25 children, aged 6-10, diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM-IV criteria and who appeared at Dicle University, Faculty of Medicine, and Department of Child Psychiatry in Diyarbakır, Turkey. 25 children, having no psychiatric disorders and medical illnesses, were selected as healthy control group. Serum α-synuclein and tau concentrations were determined by Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay. The α-synuclein levels of ADHD were not significantly different than those of controls. The tau levels of ADHD were found to be statistically significantly higher than those of controls. Moreover, α-synuclein levels showed a statistically significantly positive correlation with tau levels in children with ADHD. The results of our preliminary study can suggest that ADHD might possibly share a common disease mechanism with other diseases in terms of tau pathology. Increased serum tau level may be an indication of disturbance of microtubule transportation in the brains of children with ADHD.
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154
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Miklowitz DJ, Portnoff L, Armstrong C, Keenan-Miller D, Breen EC, Muscatell KA, Eisenberger NI, Irwin MR. Inflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor-kappa B activation in adolescents with bipolar and major depressive disorders. Psychiatry Res 2016; 241:315-22. [PMID: 27227701 PMCID: PMC4912920 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adults with bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) have higher circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines than healthy controls. However, it is not known whether pediatric-onset patients with BD or MDD show increases in levels of inflammation or activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), a key transcription factor in inflammatory signaling. Circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines, as well as spontaneous and stimulated levels of activated NF-κB in total peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocytes and lymphocytes were measured in adolescents with BD (n=18), MDD (n=13), or no psychiatric history (n=20). Participants had a range of mood symptoms at time of testing. Adolescents with BD had significantly higher spontaneous levels of NF-κB in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocyte and lymphocyte populations, and higher plasma levels of IL-1β than healthy controls. Following stimulation with recombinant human TNF-α, participants with BD and MDD both had greater increases in NF-κB in monocytes than controls. Further, greater stimulated increases of NF-κB in monocytes were associated with the current severity of depressive symptoms. The results are limited by the small sample and cross-sectional design. Interventions that target early immunological dysregulation should be examined in relation to long-term outcomes in youth with bipolar and depressive disorders. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION Early Intervention for Youth at Risk for Bipolar Disorder, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01483391.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Miklowitz
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Psychiatry, UCLA School of Medicine, 760 Westwood Plaza Rm A8-256, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1795, U.S.A; Tel. +1 310-267-2659; fax: +1 310-825-6468,
| | - Larissa Portnoff
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Casey Armstrong
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth C. Breen
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | | | - Naomi I. Eisenberger
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Michael R. Irwin
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA USA
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155
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Katz J, d'Albis MA, Boisgontier J, Poupon C, Mangin JF, Guevara P, Duclap D, Hamdani N, Petit J, Monnet D, Le Corvoisier P, Leboyer M, Delorme R, Houenou J. Similar white matter but opposite grey matter changes in schizophrenia and high-functioning autism. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2016; 134:31-9. [PMID: 27105136 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-functioning autism (HFA) and schizophrenia (SZ) are two of the main neurodevelopmental disorders, sharing several clinical dimensions and risk factors. Their exact relationship is poorly understood, and few studies have directly compared both disorders. Our aim was thus to directly compare neuroanatomy of HFA and SZ using a multimodal MRI design. METHODS We scanned 79 male adult subjects with 3T MRI (23 with HFA, 24 with SZ and 32 healthy controls, with similar non-verbal IQ). We compared them using both diffusion-based whole-brain tractography and T1 voxel-based morphometry. RESULTS HFA and SZ groups exhibited similar white matter alterations in the left fronto-occipital inferior fasciculus with a decrease in generalized fractional anisotropy compared with controls. In grey matter, the HFA group demonstrated bilateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate increases in contrast with prefrontal and left temporal reductions in SZ. CONCLUSION HFA and SZ may share common white matter deficits in long-range connections involved in social functions, but opposite grey matter abnormalities in frontal regions that subserve complex cognitive functions. Our results are consistent with the fronto-occipital underconnectivity theory of HFA and the altered connectivity hypothesis of SZ and suggest the existence of both associated and diametrical liabilities to these two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Katz
- AP-HP, Pôle de Psychiatrie, DHU PePsy, Hôpitaux Universitaires Mondor, Créteil, France.,Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,UNIACT Lab, Psychiatry Team, Neurospin, CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France.,INSERM, U955 Equipe 15 «Psychiatrie Translationnelle», IMRB, Créteil, France
| | - M-A d'Albis
- AP-HP, Pôle de Psychiatrie, DHU PePsy, Hôpitaux Universitaires Mondor, Créteil, France.,Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,UNIACT Lab, Psychiatry Team, Neurospin, CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France.,INSERM, U955 Equipe 15 «Psychiatrie Translationnelle», IMRB, Créteil, France
| | - J Boisgontier
- Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,UNIACT Lab, Psychiatry Team, Neurospin, CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France.,INSERM, U955 Equipe 15 «Psychiatrie Translationnelle», IMRB, Créteil, France
| | - C Poupon
- UNIRS Lab, Neurospin, CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - J-F Mangin
- UNATI Lab, Neurospin, CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - P Guevara
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - D Duclap
- UNIRS Lab, Neurospin, CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - N Hamdani
- AP-HP, Pôle de Psychiatrie, DHU PePsy, Hôpitaux Universitaires Mondor, Créteil, France.,Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,INSERM, U955 Equipe 15 «Psychiatrie Translationnelle», IMRB, Créteil, France
| | - J Petit
- AP-HP, Pôle de Psychiatrie, DHU PePsy, Hôpitaux Universitaires Mondor, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - D Monnet
- AP-HP, Pôle de Psychiatrie, DHU PePsy, Hôpitaux Universitaires Mondor, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - P Le Corvoisier
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1430, INSERM, Créteil, France.,APHP, GH Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - M Leboyer
- AP-HP, Pôle de Psychiatrie, DHU PePsy, Hôpitaux Universitaires Mondor, Créteil, France.,Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,INSERM, U955 Equipe 15 «Psychiatrie Translationnelle», IMRB, Créteil, France
| | - R Delorme
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, CNRS URA 2182 'Genes, Synapses and Cognition', Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,APHP, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - J Houenou
- AP-HP, Pôle de Psychiatrie, DHU PePsy, Hôpitaux Universitaires Mondor, Créteil, France.,Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,UNIACT Lab, Psychiatry Team, Neurospin, CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France.,INSERM, U955 Equipe 15 «Psychiatrie Translationnelle», IMRB, Créteil, France
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156
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Abstract
The complement system is a major component of innate immunity and a potent driver of inflammation. It has key roles in host defense against pathogens but can also contribute to pathology by driving inflammation and cell damage in diverse diseases. Complement has emerged as an important factor in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases of the CNS and PNS, including infectious, autoimmune and degenerative disorders, and is increasingly implicated in neuropsychiatric disease. Establishing the roles and relevance of complement in disease pathogenesis has become ever more important in recent years as new drugs targeting the complement system have reached the clinic, and the potential for using complement analytes as disease biomarkers has been recognized. In this brief review, the author summarizes the evidence implicating complement in these diseases and outlines ways in which this new understanding can be used to aid diagnosis and improve outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Paul Morgan
- a Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF144XN, UK
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157
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Beckman L, Janson S, von Kobyletzki L. Associations between neurodevelopmental disorders and factors related to school, health, and social interaction in schoolchildren: Results from a Swedish population-based survey. Disabil Health J 2016; 9:663-72. [PMID: 27343047 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely to be surrounded by different risk factors. In order to work preventively with decreasing ADHD and ASD symptoms, there is a need of more knowledge concerning risk factors. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate school, health, lifestyle and social interactions association with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among schoolchildren aged 6-17 years. METHODS Data for 18,416 children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in the county of Värmland, Sweden, from the school year 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 were obtained from the Student Health Database, which includes information on health examinations by school nurses and self-reported information of mental and physical health, social relations, physical activity, and school conditions. RESULTS Of all participants, 2.4% reported only ADHD and 1.6% reported only ASD. The results confirmed that ADHD or ASD was significantly associated with worse school experiences, lower socioeconomic status, less physical activity, more substance use, weaker social network and more impairments than those without ADHD or ASD. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of risk or protective factors during school years is needed to develop interventions to reduce symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Beckman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden.
| | - Staffan Janson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laura von Kobyletzki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden; Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Malmö, Sweden
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158
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Şimşek Ş, Yüksel T, Çim A, Kaya S. Serum Cytokine Profiles of Children with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Shows the Evidence of Autoimmunity. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw027. [PMID: 27207913 PMCID: PMC5006199 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports have described an association between autoimmunity and primary obsessive compulsive disorder. This study aimed to investigate any differences in the levels of T helper 1, 2, and 17 effector cell cytokines between obsessive compulsive disorder patients and the control group. METHODS The study included 34 children (23 males, 11 females), aged between 7 and 17 years, with a diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder prior to receiving treatment. The control group consisted of age- and gender-matched children. Study participants were assessed using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Present and Lifetime version, Children's Yale Brown Obsession Compulsion Scale, and Children's Depression Inventory. Cytokine serum concentrations were measured using the BD Cytometric Bead Array Human Th1/Th2/Th17 Cytokine Kit. RESULTS Interleukin-17A, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-2 levels were significantly higher in obsessive compulsive disorder patients, However, there was no correlation between T helper 1 and 17 cytokine profiles in the obsessive compulsive disorder group. The duration and severity of obsessive compulsive disorder symptoms were not significantly associated with interleukin-17A, interferon-gamma-γ, interleukin-10, interleukin-6, interleukin-4, and interleukin-2 levels. Interestingly, a negative correlation was found between tumor necrosis factor-α levels and Clinical Global Impression scores. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest, in some cases, obsessive compulsive disorder may develop on a background of autoimmunity, and interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-17A may play a role in these autoimmune processes. Therefore, we believe it is important to investigate for obsessive compulsive disorder symptoms in patients with autoimmune disease and, conversely, autoimmune diseases in obsessive compulsive disorder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şeref Şimşek
- Department of Child Psychiatry (Drs Şimşek and Yüksel), Department of Medical Genetics (Dr Çim), and Department of Immunology (Dr Kaya), Dicle University, Medical School, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
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159
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Haapakoski R, Ebmeier KP, Alenius H, Kivimäki M. Innate and adaptive immunity in the development of depression: An update on current knowledge and technological advances. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 66:63-72. [PMID: 26631274 PMCID: PMC4736094 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The inflammation theory of depression, proposed over 20years ago, was influenced by early studies on T cell responses and since then has been a stimulus for numerous research projects aimed at understanding the relationship between immune function and depression. Observational studies have shown that indicators of immunity, especially C reactive protein and proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 6, are associated with an increased risk of depressive disorders, although the evidence from randomized trials remains limited and only few studies have assessed the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity in depression. In this paper, we review current knowledge on the interactions between central and peripheral innate and adaptive immune molecules and the potential role of immune-related activation of microglia, inflammasomes and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase in the development of depressive symptoms. We highlight how combining basic immune methods with more advanced 'omics' technologies would help us to make progress in unravelling the complex associations between altered immune function and depressive disorders, in the identification of depression-specific biomarkers and in developing immunotherapeutic treatment strategies that take individual variability into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Haapakoski
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Klaus P Ebmeier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Harri Alenius
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Systems Toxicology Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
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160
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Nigg JT. Where Do Epigenetics and Developmental Origins Take the Field of Developmental Psychopathology? JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 44:405-19. [PMID: 26758288 PMCID: PMC4822998 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-0121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The time is ripe for upgrading or rethinking the assumed paradigms for how we study developmental psychopathology. The classic transactional models appear robust but need specification in terms of biological and psychosocial processes. That specification is increasingly tractable due to developments in genetics, epigenetics, the measurement of psychosocial processes, and theory and data on developmental origins of health and disease. This essay offers a high-level view of where the field has been and where it may be going in regard to nosology and conceptions of etiology. Remarks seek to consider rapidly evolving contexts not only for children, but also for the science itself due to progress in our field and in neighboring fields. Illustrations are provided as to how syndromal nosology can be enriched and advanced by careful integration with biologically relevant behavioral dimensions and application of quantitative methods. It is concluded that a revised, forward-looking, transactional model of abnormal child psychology will incorporate prenatal and postnatal developmental programming, epigenetic mechanisms and their associated genotype x environment interactions, and inflammatory processes as a potential common mediator influencing numerous health and mental health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Nigg
- Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon, Portland, USA.
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161
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Scola G, McNamara RK, Croarkin PE, Leffler JM, Cullen KR, Geske JR, Biernacka JM, Frye MA, DelBello MP, Andreazza AC. Lipid peroxidation biomarkers in adolescents with or at high-risk for bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2016; 192:176-83. [PMID: 26735329 PMCID: PMC5549852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior work suggests that adult bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. This exploratory study examined markers of lipid and protein oxidation and inflammation in adolescents with and at varying risk for BD type I (BD-I). METHODS Blood was obtained from four groups of adolescents (9-20 years of age): (1) healthy comparison subjects with no personal or family history of psychiatric disorders (n=13), (2) subjects with no psychiatric diagnosis and at least one parent with BD-I ('high-risk', n=15), (3) subjects with at least one parent with BD-I and a diagnosis of depressive disorder not-otherwise-specified ('ultra-high-risk', n=20), and (4) first-episode patients exhibiting mixed or manic symptoms that received a diagnosis of BD-I (n=16). Plasma levels of lipid peroxidation (LPH, 4-HNE, 8-ISO), protein carbonyl, and inflammation (IL-1α-β, IL-6, IL-10, IFNγ, TNFα) were assessed using analysis of variance and covariance models. RESULTS LPH was lower in adolescents with fully syndromal BD than controls, while LPH levels in the at-risk groups were between healthy controls and fully syndromal BD. Post-hoc analysis showed a non-significant increase in the (4-HNE+8-ISO)/LPH ratio suggesting a potential conversion of LPH into late-stage markers of lipid peroxidation. There were no significant differences among protein carbonyl content and inflammatory markers. CONCLUSIONS In adolescents, fully syndromal BD is associated with significant reductions in LPH levels, and LPH levels decrease along the spectrum of risk for BD-I. Quantifying lipid peroxidation in longitudinal studies may help clarify the role of LPH in BD risk progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Scola
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto & Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Paul E Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jarrod M Leffler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kathryn R Cullen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer R Geske
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joanna M Biernacka
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mark A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Melissa P DelBello
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ana C Andreazza
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto & Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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162
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Cunha GR, Asevedo E, Mansur RB, Zugman A, Pan PM, Gadelha A, Belangero SI, Rizzo LB, Coelho R, Stertz L, Cogo-Moreira H, Grassi-Oliveira R, Teixeira AL, Kauer-Sant'Anna M, Mari JJ, Miguel EC, Bressan RA, Brietzke E. Inflammation, neurotrophism and oxidative stress and childhood psychopathology in a large community sample. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2016; 133:122-132. [PMID: 26139469 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between peripheral biomarkers and child psychopathology in a large community sample. METHOD A total of 625 aged 6- to 13-year old subjects were recruited from a community school-based study. Psychopathology was assessed using the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). Psychiatric diagnosis was evaluated using the Development and Well-Being Assessment. The following biomarkers were examined in peripheral blood: brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-g, and TNF-α), chemokines (eotaxin/CCL11, IP-10, MCP-1), cytokine receptors (sTNFR1 and sTNFR2), and the oxidative stress marker TBARS. RESULTS We found significant associations between sTNFR2, eotaxin/CCL11 and CBCL total score, as well as with specific dimensions of psychopathology. There were different patterns of association between these biomarkers and psychological and behavioural symptoms in children with and without a mental disorder. TBARS, IL-6 and MCP-1 were more specific to some clusters of symptoms in children with a psychiatric diagnosis. CONCLUSION Our data support the potential use of biomarkers, especially those involved in immune-inflammatory pathways, in investigating neurodevelopmental psychopathology. Their association with different dimensions of symptoms might be of useful when analyzing illness severity and clusters of symptoms within specific disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Cunha
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD), São Paulo, Brazil.,Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental State (PRISMA), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E Asevedo
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD), São Paulo, Brazil.,Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental State (PRISMA), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R B Mansur
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD), São Paulo, Brazil.,Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental State (PRISMA), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Zugman
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD), São Paulo, Brazil.,Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental State (PRISMA), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P M Pan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD), São Paulo, Brazil.,Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental State (PRISMA), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Gadelha
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD), São Paulo, Brazil.,Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental State (PRISMA), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S I Belangero
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L B Rizzo
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Coelho
- Post-Graduation Program in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group (GNCD), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - L Stertz
- Molecular Psychiatry Unit and National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UT Center for Molecular Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H Cogo-Moreira
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Grassi-Oliveira
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD), São Paulo, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group (GNCD), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - A L Teixeira
- Translational Psychoneuroimmunology Group, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte
| | - M Kauer-Sant'Anna
- Molecular Psychiatry Unit and National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - J J Mari
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD), São Paulo, Brazil.,Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental State (PRISMA), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - E C Miguel
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD), São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R A Bressan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD), São Paulo, Brazil.,Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental State (PRISMA), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - E Brietzke
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD), São Paulo, Brazil.,Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental State (PRISMA), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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163
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Rajkovic I, Denes A, Allan SM, Pinteaux E. Emerging roles of the acute phase protein pentraxin-3 during central nervous system disorders. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 292:27-33. [PMID: 26943955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is an acute phase protein (APP) and a member of the long pentraxin family that is recognised for its role in peripheral immunity and vascular inflammation in response to injury, infection and diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer and respiratory disease. Systemic levels of PTX3 are highly elevated in these conditions, and PTX3 is now recognised as a new biomarker of disease risk and progression. There is extensive evidence demonstrating that central nervous system (CNS) disorders are primarily characterised by central activation of innate immunity, as well as activation of a potent peripheral acute phase response (APR) that influences central inflammation and contributes to poor outcome. PTX3 has been recently recognised to play important roles in CNS disorders, having both detrimental and neuroprotective effects. The present review aims to give an up-to-date account of the emerging roles of PTX3 in CNS disorders, and to provide a critical comparison between peripheral and central actions of PTX3 in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Rajkovic
- Faculty of Life Sciences, A.V. Hill Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Adam Denes
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest H-1450, Hungary
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, A.V. Hill Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Faculty of Life Sciences, A.V. Hill Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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164
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Businaro R, Corsi M, Azzara G, Di Raimo T, Laviola G, Romano E, Ricci L, Maccarrone M, Aronica E, Fuso A, Ricci S. Interleukin-18 modulation in autism spectrum disorders. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:2. [PMID: 26728085 PMCID: PMC4700739 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disease which affects 1 in 88 children. Its etiology remains basically unknown, but it is apparent that neuroinflammation is involved in disease development. Great attention has been focused on pro-inflammatory cytokines, and several studies have reported their dysfunction unbalance in serum as well as in the brain. The present work aimed at evaluating putative dysregulation of interleukin-18 (IL-18), a pro-inflammatory cytokine of the IL-1 family in the sera of patients with ASD of different grades, compared to healthy controls, as well as in postmortem brain samples obtained from patients with tuberous sclerosis as well as acute inflammatory diseases. Moreover, quantitative analysis of IL-18 was performed in the sera and brain obtained from Reeler mice, an experimental model of autism. METHODS Serum IL-18 levels were measured by ELISA. IL-18 was localized by immunohistochemical analysis in brain sections obtained from tuberous sclerosis and encephalitis patients, as well as from gender- and age-matched controls, and in the brain sections of both Reeler and wild-type mice. IL-18 was also quantified by Western blots in homogenates of Reeler and wild-type mice brains. IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) was evaluated in Reeler and wild-type mice plasma as well as in their brains (sections and homogenates). RESULTS IL-18 content decreased in the sera of patients with autism compared to healthy subjects and in Reeler sera compared to wild-type controls. IL-18 was detected within glial cells and neurons in the brain of subjects affected by tuberous sclerosis and encephalitis whereas in healthy subjects, only a weak IL-18 positivity was detected at the level of glial cells. Western blot identified higher amounts of IL-18 in Reeler brain homogenates compared to wild-type littermates. IL-18BP was expressed in higher amounts in Reeler brain compared to the brain of wild-type mice, whereas no significant difference was detected comparing IL-18BP plasma levels. CONCLUSIONS IL-18 is dysregulated in ASD patients. Further studies seemed necessary to clarify the molecular details behind IL-18 increase in the brain and IL-18 decrease in the sera of patients. An increase in the size of the patient cohort seems necessary to ascertain whether decreased IL-18 content in the sera can become a predictive biomarker of ASD and whether its measure, in combination with other markers (e.g., increased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)), may be included in a diagnostic panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Businaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy.
| | - Mariangela Corsi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Azzara
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy.
| | - Tania Di Raimo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Laviola
- Section of Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Section Behavioural Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy.
| | - Emilia Romano
- Section of Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Section Behavioural Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy.
| | - Lidia Ricci
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143, Rome, Italy. .,School of Medicine and Center of Integrated Research, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center and Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrea Fuso
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Serafino Ricci
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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165
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Klyushnik TP, Androsova LV, Simashkova NV, Zozulya SA, Otman IN, Shushpanova OV, Brusov OS. Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.17116/labs20165222-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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166
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Gariup M, Gonzalez A, Lázaro L, Torres F, Serra-Pagès C, Morer A. IL-8 and the innate immunity as biomarkers in acute child and adolescent psychopathology. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 62:233-42. [PMID: 26325024 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of inflammation in psychopathology has received great attention over the past decades. Immune system dysfunction and altered cytokine levels have been reported in most psychiatric disorders in adults. Few data are available regarding children and adolescents (C&A), or regarding the relationship between cytokine levels and psychosocial stress. This study investigates the profile of the most described cytokines in a sample of C&A inpatients affected by an acute psychiatric condition requiring hospitalization, in comparison with healthy subjects, as well as possible associations between psychosocial stressors and psychopathology and/or cytokine concentrations. METHODS Patients with a diagnosis of Affective, Anxiety, Adjustment, Psychotic, Obsessive-Compulsive, Tic or Tourette Disorders were consecutively recruited from our clinic between June 2010 and February 2012. Controls were recruited from the same geographic area. All subjects were between 8 and 17 years old. Twelve cytokines are compared: interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL_10, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IFN-γ-induced protein-10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1. Psychosocial stress was measured through the Stressful Life Events Scale, Child and Parents versions (SLES-C and SLES-P) and the evaluation of the family integrity. RESULTS One hundred and eleven subjects (77C&A inpatients and 34 healthy controls), of which 54 were males (49%), with a median (interquartile range) age of 16 (13.7-17.3) years, were included in this study. IL-1β, IL6, IL8, IP-10, MCP-1 and monocytes were found to be significantly higher in the patient group (p<0.05). Differences were confirmed when adjusting by BMI, age, gender and drug intake at admission for all cytokines except MCP-1. IL-8 and IL-1β were also higher throughout the different diagnostic categories, than in control group (p<0.05). Stress measures were higher in patients. A significant correlation was found between stress measured by the SLES and some inflammatory markers: SLES_C with IL-1β, IL-8, MCP-1, and SLES_P with IL-1β and monocytes absolute and relative counts (Spearman's r between 0.219 and 0.297, p<0.05). Logistic regression identified the following variables as independent predictors of the patient condition, (odds ratio per quartile, p-value): IL8 (1, 0.9, 12.1, 32.0, p=0.044), IP10 (1, 14.1, 2.5, 3.7, p=0.044), monocyte absolute count (1, 1.1, 6.0, 19.4, p=0.030). CONCLUSIONS Results show elevated inflammation markers from the innate immune system across C&A acute psychiatric diagnosis, and suggest a link between psychopathology, inflammation and stress. Inflammatory markers resulted predictors of patient status. These exploratory results are coherent with current psychoneuroimmunology and neurodevelopmental investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gariup
- Psychiatry Department, Kolding Hospital, Skovvejen, Kolding 6000, Denmark; Medicine Faculty, Barcelona University, C/ Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
| | - Azucena Gonzalez
- Immunonlogy Dept., Hospital Clínic, C/ Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
| | - Luisa Lázaro
- Medicine Faculty, Barcelona University, C/ Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain; August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital Clínic, C/ Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental), Group G04, Hospital Clínic, C/ Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
| | - Ferran Torres
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Biostatistics Unit, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carles Serra-Pagès
- Medicine Faculty, Barcelona University, C/ Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Immunonlogy Dept., Hospital Clínic, C/ Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain; August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Astrid Morer
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital Clínic, C/ Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental), Group G04, Hospital Clínic, C/ Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
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Goldstein BI, Lotrich F, Axelson D, Gill MK, Hower H, Goldstein TR, Fan J, Yen S, Diler R, Dickstein D, Strober M, Iyengar S, Ryan ND, Keller MB, Birmaher B. Inflammatory markers among adolescents and young adults with bipolar spectrum disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 2015; 76:1556-63. [PMID: 26646032 PMCID: PMC4896394 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.14m09395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite burgeoning literature in middle-aged adults, little is known regarding proinflammatory markers (PIMs) among adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder. Similarly, few prior studies have considered potential confounds when examining the association between PIMs and bipolar disorder characteristics. We therefore retrospectively examined these topics in the Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth (COBY) study. METHOD Subjects were 123 adolescents and young adults (mean [SD] = 20.4 ± 3.8 years; range, 13.4-28.3 years) in COBY, enrolled between October 2000 and July 2006. DSM-IV diagnoses were determined using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS). Clinical characteristics during the preceding 6 months, including mood, comorbidity, and treatment, were evaluated using the Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation (LIFE). Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were assayed. Primary analyses examined the association of PIMs with bipolar disorder characteristics during the preceding 6 months. RESULTS Several lifetime clinical characteristics were significantly associated with PIMs in multivariable analyses, including longer illness duration (P = .005 for IL-6; P = .0004 for hsCRP), suicide attempts (P = .01 for TNF-α), family history of suicide attempts or completion (P = .01 for hsCRP), self-injurious behavior (P =.005 for TNF-α), substance use disorder (SUD) (P < .0001 for hsCRP), and family history of SUD (P = .02 for TNF-α; P = .01 for IL-6). The following bipolar disorder characteristics during the preceding 6 months remained significantly associated with PIMs in multivariable analyses that controlled for differences in comorbidity and treatment: for TNF-α, percentage of weeks with psychosis (χ(2) = 5.7, P =.02); for IL-6, percentage of weeks with subthreshold mood symptoms (χ(2)= 8.3, P = .004) and any suicide attempt (χ(2) = 6.1, P = .01); for hsCRP, maximum severity of depressive symptoms (χ(2) = 8.3, P =.004). CONCLUSION Proinflammatory markers may be relevant to bipolar disorder characteristics as well as other clinical characteristics among adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder. Traction toward validating PIMs as clinically relevant biomarkers in bipolar disorder will require repeated measures of PIMs and incorporation of relevant covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin I. Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, 2075 Bayview Ave., FG-53, Toronto, ON, M4N-3M5, Canada
| | - Francis Lotrich
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O’Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - David Axelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State College of Medicine, 1670 Upham Dr., Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Mary Kay Gill
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O’Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Heather Hower
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Tina R. Goldstein
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O’Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jieyu Fan
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O’Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Shirley Yen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Rasim Diler
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O’Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Daniel Dickstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Michael Strober
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Mail Code 175919, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Satish Iyengar
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, 2717 Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Neal D. Ryan
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O’Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Martin B. Keller
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Boris Birmaher
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O’Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Antonucci N, Cirillo A, Siniscalco D. Beneficial Effects of Palmitoylethanolamide on Expressive Language, Cognition, and Behaviors in Autism: A Report of Two Cases. Case Rep Psychiatry 2015; 2015:325061. [PMID: 26491593 PMCID: PMC4602323 DOI: 10.1155/2015/325061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Autism spectrum disorders are defined by behavioral and language atypias. Growing body of evidence indicates inflammatory mediators may contribute to the condition. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is naturally occurring and has been available as a nonprescription medical food supplement in Europe since 2008. PEA has been tested in thousands of human subjects without any noted significant side effects. Here we report the first cases of the administration of PEA to two children with autism. Case Presentations. The first 13-year-old male child (Subject 1) presented with a total IgE of 572 IU/mL (nl < 200) and with low mature CD57(+) natural killer cell counts (32 cells/µL; nl = 60-300 cells/µL) and with significant eczema and allergic stigmata. Expressive language, as measured by mean length of utterance, and overall autism severity as measured by the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition, improved significantly. Atopic symptoms diminished. No side effects were reported. The second male child, age 15 (Subject 2), also displayed noticeable and rapid improvements in cognitive, behaviors, and sociability. Conclusion. Currently, there is no definitive treatment for autism condition. Palmitoylethanolamide could be an effective treatment for autism syndrome. We propose appropriate double-blind clinical trials to further explore palmitoylethanolamide efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Antonucci
- Biomedical Centre for Autism Research and Treatment, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cirillo
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, 80128 Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Siniscalco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Via S. Maria di Costantinopoli, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Centre for Autism-La Forza del Silenzio, 81036 Caserta, Italy
- Cancellautismo-No Profit Association for Autism Care, 50132 Florence, Italy
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169
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van der Doef TF, Doorduin J, van Berckel BNM, Cervenka S. Assessing brain immune activation in psychiatric disorders: clinical and preclinical PET imaging studies of the 18-kDa translocator protein. Clin Transl Imaging 2015; 3:449-460. [PMID: 28781965 PMCID: PMC5496979 DOI: 10.1007/s40336-015-0140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from different lines of research suggests an involvement of the immune system in the pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders. During recent years, a series of positron emission tomography (PET) studies have been published using radioligands for the translocator protein (TSPO) to study microglia activation in schizophrenia, bipolar I disorder, major depression, autism spectrum disorder, and drug abuse. The results have been somewhat conflicting, which could be due to differences both in patient sample characteristics and in PET methods. In particular, further work is needed to address both methodological and biological sources of variability in TSPO levels, a process in which the use of animal models and small animal PET systems can be a valuable tool. Given this development, PET studies of immune activation have the potential to further increase our understanding of disease mechanisms in psychiatric disorders, which is a requisite in the search for new treatment approaches. Furthermore, molecular imaging could become an important clinical tool for identifying specific subgroups of patients or disease stages that would benefit from treatment targeting the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalia F van der Doef
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Doorduin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart N M van Berckel
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Cervenka
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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170
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Monzón-Sandoval J, Castillo-Morales A, Crampton S, McKelvey L, Nolan A, O'Keeffe G, Gutierrez H. Modular and coordinated expression of immune system regulatory and signaling components in the developing and adult nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:337. [PMID: 26379506 PMCID: PMC4551857 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, the nervous system (NS) is assembled and sculpted through a concerted series of neurodevelopmental events orchestrated by a complex genetic programme. While neural-specific gene expression plays a critical part in this process, in recent years, a number of immune-related signaling and regulatory components have also been shown to play key physiological roles in the developing and adult NS. While the involvement of individual immune-related signaling components in neural functions may reflect their ubiquitous character, it may also reflect a much wider, as yet undescribed, genetic network of immune-related molecules acting as an intrinsic component of the neural-specific regulatory machinery that ultimately shapes the NS. In order to gain insights into the scale and wider functional organization of immune-related genetic networks in the NS, we examined the large scale pattern of expression of these genes in the brain. Our results show a highly significant correlated expression and transcriptional clustering among immune-related genes in the developing and adult brain, and this correlation was the highest in the brain when compared to muscle, liver, kidney and endothelial cells. We experimentally tested the regulatory clustering of immune system (IS) genes by using microarray expression profiling in cultures of dissociated neurons stimulated with the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha, and found a highly significant enrichment of immune system-related genes among the resulting differentially expressed genes. Our findings strongly suggest a coherent recruitment of entire immune-related genetic regulatory modules by the neural-specific genetic programme that shapes the NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Monzón-Sandoval
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln Lincoln, UK ; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath Bath, UK
| | - Atahualpa Castillo-Morales
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln Lincoln, UK ; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath Bath, UK
| | - Sean Crampton
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Laura McKelvey
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Aoife Nolan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), Cork University Maternity Hospital Cork, Ireland
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171
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Driscoll CA, Barr CS. Studying longitudinal trajectories in animal models of psychiatric illness and their translation to the human condition. Neurosci Res 2015; 102:67-77. [PMID: 26276350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Many forms of psychopathology and/or psychiatric illness can occur through the pathways of altered environmental sensitivity, impulsivity, social functioning, and anxious responding. While these traits are also heritable, environmental conditions are known to play a critical role. The genetic factors that contribute to these traits may be adaptive in certain contexts, but can - under the environmental conditions commonly faced among modern humans - also be key moderators of risk for psychopathological outcomes. This article will discuss how animal studies inform us of the various environmental mechanisms through which prenatal or early postnatal environmental challenge can produce long-term effects on behavior and will briefly address how pre-copulatory, pre-natal and early postnatal epigenetic effects can contribute to persistent alterations in offspring behavior. Its main focus will be how nonhuman primate studies have helped us to understand how genetic vulnerability factors can moderate responses to early environmental factors, suggesting pathways through which early stress might produce long-term effects, thus pointing to systems that might moderate risk for psychiatric illnesses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Driscoll
- Section of Comparative Behavioral Genomics, NIH/NIAAA/LNG, 5625 Fishers Lane, 3S-32, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Christina S Barr
- Section of Comparative Behavioral Genomics, NIH/NIAAA/LNG, 5625 Fishers Lane, 3S-32, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
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172
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Interleukin 1B gene (IL1B) variation and internalizing symptoms in maltreated preschoolers. Dev Psychopathol 2015; 26:1277-87. [PMID: 25422961 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414001023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence now implicates inflammatory proteins in the neurobiology of internalizing disorders. Genetic factors may influence individual responses to maltreatment; however, little work has examined inflammatory genetic variants in adults and none in children. The present study examined the role of an interleukin 1B gene (IL1B) variant in preschoolers exposed to maltreatment and other forms of adversity in internalizing symptom development. One hundred ninety-eight families were enrolled, with one child (age 3-5 years) from each family. Adversity measures included child protective service documentation of moderate-severe maltreatment in the last 6 months and interview-assessed contextual stressors. Internalizing symptoms were measured using the Child Behavior Checklist and the Diagnostic Infant and Preschool Assessment. Maltreated children had higher major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and marginally higher internalizing symptoms on the Child Behavior Checklist. Controlling for age, sex, and race, IL1B genotype was associated with MDD symptoms (p = .002). Contextual stressors were significantly associated with MDD and posttraumatic stress disorder and marginally with internalizing symptoms. The IL1B genotype interacted with contextual stress such that children homozygous for the minor allele had more MDD symptoms (p = .045). These results suggest that genetic variants of IL1B may modulate the development of internalizing symptoms in the face of childhood adversity.
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173
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Causes of decreased life expectancy over the life span in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2015; 180:142-7. [PMID: 25909752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accelerated aging has been proposed as a mechanism explaining the increased prevalence of comorbid general medical illnesses in bipolar disorder. AIMS To test the hypothesis that lost life years due to natural causes starts in early and mid-adulthood, supporting the hypothesis of accelerated aging. METHODS Using individual data from nationwide registers of patient with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder we calculated remaining life expectancies before age 90 years for values of age 15, 25, 35…75 years among all individuals alive in year 2000. Further, we estimated the reduction in life expectancy due to natural causes (physical illnesses) and unnatural causes (suicide and accidents) in relation to age. RESULTS A total of 22,635 patients with bipolar disorder were included in the study in addition to data from the entire Danish general population of 5.4 million people. At age 15 years, remaining life expectancy before age 90 years was decreased 12.7 and 8.9 life years, respectively, for men and women with bipolar disorder. For 15-year old boys with bipolar disorder, natural causes accounted for 58% of all lost life years and for 15-year old girls, natural causes accounted for 67% increasing to 74% and 80% for 45-year old men and women, respectively. LIMITATIONS Data concern patients who get contact to hospital psychiatry only. CONCLUSIONS Natural causes of death is the most prevalent reason for lost life years already from adolescence and increases substantially during early and mid-adulthood, in this way supporting the hypothesis of accelerated aging. Early intervention in bipolar disorder should not only focus on improving outcome of the bipolar disorder but also on decreasing the risk of comorbid general medical illnesses.
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174
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Leza JC, García-Bueno B, Bioque M, Arango C, Parellada M, Do K, O'Donnell P, Bernardo M. Inflammation in schizophrenia: A question of balance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:612-26. [PMID: 26092265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been renewed interest in immune/inflammatory changes and their associated oxidative/nitrosative consequences as key pathophysiological mechanisms in schizophrenia and related disorders. Both brain cell components (microglia, astrocytes, and neurons) and peripheral immune cells have been implicated in inflammation and the resulting oxidative/nitrosative stress (O&NS) in schizophrenia. Furthermore, down-regulation of endogenous antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms has been identified in biological samples from patients, although the degree and progression of the inflammatory process and the nature of its self-regulatory mechanisms vary from early onset to full-blown disease. This review focuses on the interactions between inflammation and O&NS, their damaging consequences for brain cells in schizophrenia, the possible origins of inflammation and increased O&NS in the disorder, and current pharmacological strategies to deal with these processes (mainly treatments with anti-inflammatory or antioxidant drugs as add-ons to antipsychotics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Leza
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Bioque
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, IIS Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mara Parellada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, IIS Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kim Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Miguel Bernardo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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175
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Exploring the Potential Role of Inflammation as an Etiological Process in ASD. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-015-0051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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176
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Kern JK, Geier DA, King PG, Sykes LK, Mehta JA, Geier MR. Shared Brain Connectivity Issues, Symptoms, and Comorbidities in Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Tourette Syndrome. Brain Connect 2015; 5:321-35. [PMID: 25602622 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2014.0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Tourette syndrome (TS), has increased over the past two decades. Currently, about one in six children in the United States is diagnosed as having a neurodevelopmental disorder. Evidence suggests that ASD, ADHD, and TS have similar neuropathology, which includes long-range underconnectivity and short-range overconnectivity. They also share similar symptomatology with considerable overlap in their core and associated symptoms and a frequent overlap in their comorbid conditions. Consequently, it is apparent that ASD, ADHD, and TS diagnoses belong to a broader spectrum of neurodevelopmental illness. Biologically, long-range underconnectivity and short-range overconnectivity are plausibly related to neuronal insult (e.g., neurotoxicity, neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, sustained microglial activation, proinflammatory cytokines, toxic exposure, and oxidative stress). Therefore, these disorders may a share a similar etiology. The main purpose of this review is to critically examine the evidence that ASD, ADHD, and TS belong to a broader spectrum of neurodevelopmental illness, an abnormal connectivity spectrum disorder, which results from neural long-range underconnectivity and short-range overconnectivity. The review also discusses the possible reasons for these neuropathological connectivity findings. In addition, this review examines the role and issue of axonal injury and regeneration in order to better understand the neuropathophysiological interplay between short- and long-range axons in connectivity issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet K Kern
- 1 Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc. , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - David A Geier
- 1 Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc. , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | | | - Jyutika A Mehta
- 3 Communication Sciences & Disorders, Texas Woman's University , Denton, Texas
| | - Mark R Geier
- 1 Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc. , Silver Spring, Maryland
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Taking the fuel out of the fire: evidence for the use of anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of bipolar disorders. J Affect Disord 2015; 174:467-78. [PMID: 25553408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation has emerged as a potentially important factor - and thus putative pharmacological target - in the pathology of bipolar disorders. However to date no systematic evaluations of the efficacy of add on anti-inflammatory treatment for the depressive and manic episodes have been carried out. METHODS Sixteen articles were ultimately identified - by computer searches of databases (including PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and EMBASE), supplemented by hand searches and personal communication - as meeting study inclusion criteria. RESULTS Anti-manic effects were evaluated in two trials, one of adjunctive n-acetyl cysteine (NAC), one of omega-3 fatty acids (O3FA), and significant improvements only emerged for NAC. Celecoxib had a rapid but short-lived antidepressant effect. Despite limited effects of O3FA on symptoms, imaging data demonstrated alterations in neuronal functioning that might have longer-term therapeutic effects. Evidence was strongest for adjunctive NAC in bipolar depression though conclusions are limited by small sample sizes. LIMITATIONS Definitive conclusions are limited by the paucity of data, small study sizes, and the variability in methodology used. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence for aspirin or celecoxib is insufficient though further investigation of the potential of celecoxib in early illness onset is warranted. Variable evidence exists for add-on O3FA though an indication of short-term treatment effects on membrane fluidity and neuronal activity suggest longer follow-up assessment is needed. The strongest evidence emerged for NAC in depression and future studies must address the role of illness duration and patients׳ baseline medications on outcomes. Careful consideration of lithium toxicity in the elderly and renal impaired is essential.
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178
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Fleiss B, Chhor V, Rajudin N, Lebon S, Hagberg H, Gressens P, Thornton C. The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Small Molecule Pifithrin-µ on BV2 Microglia. Dev Neurosci 2015; 37:363-75. [PMID: 25721106 PMCID: PMC5079065 DOI: 10.1159/000370031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) is a leading cause of childhood death and disability in term infants. Treatment options for perinatal brain injury are limited and developing therapies that target multiple pathways within the pathophysiology of NE are of great interest. Pifithrin-µ (PFT-µ) is a drug with striking neuroprotective abilities in a preclinical model of hypoxia-ischemia (HI)-induced NE wherein cell death is a substantial cause of injury. Work from neurons and tumor cells reports that PFT-µ is able to inhibit p53 binding to the mitochondria, heat shock protein (HSP)-70 substrate binding and activation of the NF-kB pathway. The purpose of this study is to understand whether the neuroprotective effects of PFT-µ also include direct effects on microglia. We utilized the microglial cell line, BV2, and we studied the dose-dependent effect of PFT-µ on M1-like and M2-like phenotype using qRT-PCR and Western blotting, including the requirement for the presence of p53 or HSP-70 in these effects. We also assessed phagocytosis and the effects of PFT-µ on genes within metabolic pathways related to phenotype. We noted that PFT-µ robustly reduced the M1-like (lipopolysaccharide, LPS-induced) BV2 response, spared the LPS-induced phagocytic ability of BV2 and had no effect on the genes related to metabolism and that effects on phenotype were partially dependent on the presence of HSP-70 but not p53. This study demonstrates that the neuroprotective effects of PFT-µ in HI-induced NE may include an anti-inflammatory effect on microglia and adds to the evidence that this drug might be of clinical interest for the treatment of NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbi Fleiss
- Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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Solmi M, Veronese N, Favaro A, Santonastaso P, Manzato E, Sergi G, Correll CU. Inflammatory cytokines and anorexia nervosa: A meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 51:237-52. [PMID: 25462897 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although inflammation is increasingly implicated in psychiatric disorders, less is known about its role in anorexia nervosa (AN), an illness with low body mass index (BMI). METHODS We performed a systematic PubMed literature search until 12/31/2013 and meta-analyzed cross-sectional and longitudinal studies comparing circulating pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines between patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and healthy controls (HCs) (1) before and (2) after weight gain, and (3) within AN patients before and after weight gain. Standardized mean differences (SMDs)± 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for results from ≥ 2 studies were calculated. RESULTS Of 999 initial hits, 22 studies with 924 participants (AN=512, HCs=412) were eligible. Compared to HCs, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (SMD=0.35, 95%CI=0.09-0.61, p=0.008), interleukin (IL)1-beta (SMD=0.51, 95%CI=0.18-0.84, p=0.003), IL-6 (SMD=0.43, 95%CI=0.11-0.76, p=0.009), and TNF-receptor-II (SMD=0.42, 95%CI:0.07-0.78, p=0.02) were significantly elevated in AN, while C-reactive protein (SMD=-0.53, 95%CI=-.77, -0.28, p<0.0001) and IL-6 receptor (SMD=-0.85, 95%CI=-1.33, -0.36, p=0.0006) were significantly decreased. No differences were found for TNF-receptor I and TGF-β. Across a subset of eight longitudinal studies (AN=152, HCs=129), significant weight gain (baseline BMI=15.4 ± 1.5, endpoint BMI=18.2 ± 1.6, p<0.0001) was not associated with significant changes in TNF-α, IL-6 and IL1-β. However, after weight gain, IL-6 was not different anymore compared to HCs (SMD=0.06, 95%CI=-0.32, 0.45, p=0.75). In meta-regression, shorter illness duration (p=0.0008), but not younger age (p=0.71) significantly moderated greater IL-6 levels. CONCLUSION Despite abnormally low BMI, AN seems to be associated with increased inflammatory cytokines. Whether specific elevated cytokines represent trait or state markers of AN, and whether they could be treatment targets requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Solmi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Geriatrics Section, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Angela Favaro
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Enzo Manzato
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Geriatrics Section, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sergi
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Geriatrics Section, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Christoph U Correll
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, NorthShore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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180
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Immune System Related Markers: Changes in childhood Neuropsychiatry Disorders Cause and Consequence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13602-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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181
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Post RM, Altshuler L, Leverich GS, Frye MA, Suppes T, McElroy SL, Keck PE, Nolen WA, Kupka RW, Grunze H, Rowe M. Relationship of clinical course of illness variables to medical comorbidities in 900 adult outpatients with bipolar disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2015; 56:21-8. [PMID: 25284280 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical illnesses are highly comorbid with bipolar disorder, but their relationship to illness characteristics has not been previously delineated. METHODS The incidence of 34 medical conditions and 6 poor prognosis factors (PPFs) was derived from answers to a questionnaire in over 900 outpatients with bipolar disorder who gave informed consent. The relationship of PPFs to the number of medical comorbidities was examined by Mann-Whitney U, Pearson r, and logistic regression. RESULTS When examined individually, each of the 6 PPFs associated with an adverse course of bipolar disorder was significantly related to the number of medical comorbidities patients had. When age, gender, and independence of their relationships to each other were controlled for via regression, 3 of the PPFs remained significant (anxiety disorder, childhood abuse, and age of onset), and having 20 or more prior episodes was a strong trend. The number of PPFs was correlated with the number of comorbidities, although the above 3 PPFs show a similar magnitude of relationship. CONCLUSION A history of childhood adversity, early age of onset of bipolar disorder, and an anxiety comorbidity were independently related to the number of medical comorbidities that patients experienced as adults. While the nature and mechanisms of this linkage remain to be further explored, the findings indicate the need for greater attention to and treatment of these 3 PPFs in hopes of ameliorating both the adverse course of bipolar illness and the burden of medical comorbidities with which they are associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Post
- Bipolar Collaborative Network, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Lori Altshuler
- UCLA Mood Disorders Research Program and VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Trish Suppes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Susan L McElroy
- Linder Center of Hope, Mason, OH, and Biological Psychiatry Program, University of Cincinnati Medical College, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Paul E Keck
- Linder Center of Hope, Mason, OH, and Biological Psychiatry Program, University of Cincinnati Medical College, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Willem A Nolen
- Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ralph W Kupka
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heinz Grunze
- Newcastle University, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle upon the Tyne, UK
| | - Mike Rowe
- Bipolar Collaborative Network, Bethesda, MD, United States
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182
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Munkholm K, Weikop P, Kessing LV, Vinberg M. Elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-18 in manic and hypomanic states in rapid cycling bipolar disorder patients. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 43:205-13. [PMID: 25451609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory system dysregulation may be involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder with peripheral cytokine levels varying between affective states; however, the evidence is based primarily on case-control studies and limited by methodological issues. The objectives of the present study were to assess alterations of peripheral cytokine levels between affective states in rapid cycling bipolar disorder patients and to compare these with levels in healthy control subjects. In a longitudinal design, repeated measurements of plasma levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, IL-1β and TNF-α were obtained in affective states of varying polarity during 6-12 months in 37 rapid cycling bipolar disorder patients and compared with repeated measurements in 40 age- and gender matched healthy control subjects, using rigorous laboratory-, clinical- and statistical methodology. Adjusting for demographical, clinical- and lifestyle factors, levels of IL-6 (p<0.05) and IL-18 (p<0.005) were significantly elevated in rapid cycling bipolar disorder patients in a manic/hypomanic state, compared with a depressed and a euthymic state. Compared with healthy control subjects, unadjusted levels of IL-6 (p<0.05) and IL-18 (p<0.05) were elevated in manic/hypomanic bipolar disorder patients. Levels of IL-10 and IL-1β were undetectable in the majority of samples; high TNF-α assay variability was found. The results support a role for altered peripheral immune response signaling in rapid cycling bipolar disorder and suggest that IL-6 and IL-18 could be markers of manic episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Munkholm
- Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Pia Weikop
- Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Vedel Kessing
- Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maj Vinberg
- Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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183
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Villagomez A, Ramtekkar U. Iron, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Zinc Deficiencies in Children Presenting with Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 1:261-79. [PMID: 27417479 PMCID: PMC4928738 DOI: 10.3390/children1030261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder increasing in prevalence. Although there is limited evidence to support treating ADHD with mineral/vitamin supplements, research does exist showing that patients with ADHD may have reduced levels of vitamin D, zinc, ferritin, and magnesium. These nutrients have important roles in neurologic function, including involvement in neurotransmitter synthesis. The aim of this paper is to discuss the role of each of these nutrients in the brain, the possible altered levels of these nutrients in patients with ADHD, possible reasons for a differential level in children with ADHD, and safety and effect of supplementation. With this knowledge, clinicians may choose in certain patients at high risk of deficiency, to screen for possible deficiencies of magnesium, vitamin D, zinc, and iron by checking RBC-magnesium, 25-OH vitamin D, serum/plasma zinc, and ferritin. Although children with ADHD may be more likely to have lower levels of vitamin D, zinc, magnesium, and iron, it cannot be stated that these lower levels caused ADHD. However, supplementing areas of deficiency may be a safe and justified intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Villagomez
- University of Arizona, 2800 E. Ajo Way Suite 300, Tucson, AZ 85713, USA.
| | - Ujjwal Ramtekkar
- Mercy Children's Hospital, 621 S. New Ballas Road, Suite 693A, Saint Louis, MO 63141, USA.
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184
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Pediatric Integrative Medicine Approaches to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). CHILDREN-BASEL 2014; 1:186-207. [PMID: 27417475 PMCID: PMC4928725 DOI: 10.3390/children1020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neuropsychiatric disorder in children and is increasing in prevalence. There has also been a related increase in prescribing stimulant medication despite some controversy whether ADHD medication makes a lasting difference in school performance or achievement. Families who are apprehensive about side effects and with concerns for efficacy of medication pursue integrative medicine as an alternative or adjunct to pharmacologic and cognitive behavioral treatment approaches. Integrative medicine incorporates evidence-based medicine, both conventional and complementary and alternative therapies, to deliver personalized care to the patient, emphasizing diet, nutrients, gut health, and environmental influences as a means to decrease symptoms associated with chronic disorders. Pediatric integrative medicine practitioners are increasing in number throughout the United States because of improvement in patient health outcomes. However, limited funding and poor research design interfere with generalizable treatment approaches utilizing integrative medicine. The use of research designs originally intended for drugs and procedures are not suitable for many integrative medicine approaches. This article serves to highlight integrative medicine approaches in use today for children with ADHD, including dietary therapies, nutritional supplements, environmental hygiene, and neurofeedback.
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