151
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Ghosh KR, Saha SK, Wang ZY. Ultra-sensitive detection of explosives in solution and film as well as the development of thicker film effectiveness by tetraphenylethene moiety in AIE active fluorescent conjugated polymer. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00673a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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152
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Yáñez-Sedeño P, Agüí L, Villalonga R, Pingarrón JM. Biosensors in forensic analysis. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 823:1-19. [PMID: 24746348 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Forensic analysis is an important branch of modern Analytical Chemistry with many legal and socially relevant implications. Biosensors can play an important role as efficient tools in this field considering their well known advantages of sensitivity, selectivity, easy functioning, affordability and capability of miniaturization and automation. This article reviews the latest advances in the use of biosensors for forensic analysis. The different methodologies for the transduction of the produced biological events are considered and the applications to forensic toxicological analysis, classified by the nature of the target analytes, as well as those related with chemical and biological weapons critically commented. The article provides several Tables where the more relevant analytical characteristics of the selected reported methods are gathered.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Yáñez-Sedeño
- University Complutense, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - L Agüí
- University Complutense, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - R Villalonga
- University Complutense, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - J M Pingarrón
- University Complutense, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid 28040, Spain
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153
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Kalita AC, Murugavel R. Fluoride Ion Sensing and Caging by a Preformed Molecular D4R Zinc Phosphate Heterocubane. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:3345-53. [DOI: 10.1021/ic500193n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alok Ch. Kalita
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Ramaswamy Murugavel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
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154
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Charles PT, Adams AA, Deschamps JR, Veitch S, Hanson A, Kusterbeck AW. Detection of explosives in a dynamic marine environment using a moored TNT immunosensor. SENSORS 2014; 14:4074-85. [PMID: 24583970 PMCID: PMC4003931 DOI: 10.3390/s140304074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A field demonstration and longevity assessment for long-term monitoring of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in a marine environment using an anti-TNT microfluidic immunosensor is described. The TNT immunosensor is comprised of a microfluidic device with 39 parallel microchannels (2.5 cm × 250 μm × 500 μm, L × W × D) fabricated in poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), then chemically functionalized with antibodies possessing a high affinity for TNT. Synthesized fluorescence reporter complexes used in a displacement-based assay format were used for TNT identification. For field deployment the TNT immunosensor was configured onto a submersible moored steel frame along with frame controller, pumps and TNT plume generator and deployed pier side for intermittent plume sampling of TNT (1h increments). Under varying current and tidal conditions trace levels of TNT in natural seawater were detected over an extended period (>18 h). Overnight operation and data recording was monitored via a web interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Charles
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| | - André A Adams
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| | - Jeffrey R Deschamps
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| | - Scott Veitch
- Naval Undersea Warfare Center, 1176 Howell Street, Newport, RI 02841, USA.
| | - Al Hanson
- SubChem Systems, Inc., 65 Pier Road, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA.
| | - Anne W Kusterbeck
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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155
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Borges I. Electronic and ionization spectra of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene, FOX-7. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2095. [PMID: 24535107 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Singlet, triplet and ionized states of the energetic molecule 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene, known as FOX-7 or DADNE, were investigated using the symmetry-adapted-cluster configuration interaction (SAC-CI) ab initio wave function. The 20 computed singlet transitions, with 2 exceptions, were bright. The most intense singlet transitions were of the n₀→π type-typical of molecules having nitro groups. Fast intersystem crossing (ISC) from the 1¹A, 2¹A and 8¹A bright singlet transitions is possible. Other feasible ISC processes are discussed. The computed singlet and ionization spectra have similar features when compared to nitramide and N,N-dimethylnitramine molecules, which have only a nitro group. The ionization energies of the first 20 states have differences in comparison with Koopmans' energy values that can reach 3 eV. Moreover, the character of the first ionized states, dominated by single ionizations, is not the same when compared with the character resulting from application of Koopmans' theorem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Borges
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
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156
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Qian JJ, Qiu LG, Wang YM, Yuan YP, Xie AJ, Shen YH. Fabrication of magnetically separable fluorescent terbium-based MOF nanospheres for highly selective trace-level detection of TNT. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:3978-83. [PMID: 24452313 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52777h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present novel kinds of Fe3O4@Tb-BTC magnetic metal-organic framework (MOF) nanospheres which possess both magnetic characteristics and fluorescent properties using a layer by layer assembly technique. The structure and morphology of the as-prepared Fe3O4@Tb-BTC were systematically characterized and it was applied in detection of nitroaromatic explosives, such as 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT), 2-nitrotoluene (2-NT), 4-nitrotoluene (4-NT), nitrobenzene (NB) and picric acid (PA). The results indicate that the fluorescence intensity of Fe3O4@Tb-BTC can be quenched by all analytes studied in the present work. Remarkably, the as-synthesized nanospheres exhibit high sensitivity for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) detection with Ksv value of (94 800 M(-1)). Besides, the magnetic nanospheres can be easily recycled, which makes it more convenient for reutilization and friendly to the environment. The results show that it has broad application prospects in the detection of nitroaromatic explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Qian
- Laboratory of Advanced Porous Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China.
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157
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Pablos JL, Trigo-López M, Serna F, García FC, García JM. Solid polymer substrates and smart fibres for the selective visual detection of TNT both in vapour and in aqueous media. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02716g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual detection of the explosive TNT with sensory polymer films and coated fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús L. Pablos
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Burgos
- 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Miriam Trigo-López
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Burgos
- 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Felipe Serna
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Burgos
- 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Félix C. García
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Burgos
- 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - José M. García
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Burgos
- 09001 Burgos, Spain
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158
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Zhang K, Yang L, Zhu H, Ma F, Zhang Z, Wang S. Selective visual detection of trace trinitrotoluene residues based on dual-color fluorescence of graphene oxide–nanocrystals hybrid probe. Analyst 2014; 139:2379-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an02380j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dual-color fluorescence nanohybrid probe comprising blue emissive fluorescent graphene oxide and red emissive nanocrystals has been developed for the visual detection of TNT residues in solution and on various surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Chemical Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei, China
| | - Houjuan Zhu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei, China
| | - Fang Ma
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei, China
| | - Zhongping Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei, China
| | - Suhua Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei, China
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159
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Vishnoi P, Walawalkar MG, Sen S, Datta A, Patwari GN, Murugavel R. Selective fluorescence sensing of polynitroaromatic explosives using triaminophenylbenzene scaffolds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:10651-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00930d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
C3-Symmetric 1,3,5-tris(4′-aminophenyl)benzene has been employed as a selective fluorescence chemosensor for polynitroaromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Vishnoi
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai, India-400 076
| | | | - Saumik Sen
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai, India-400 076
| | - Anindya Datta
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai, India-400 076
| | - G. Naresh Patwari
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai, India-400 076
| | - Ramaswamy Murugavel
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai, India-400 076
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160
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Salinas Y, Solano MV, Sørensen RE, Larsen KR, Lycoops J, Jeppesen JO, Martínez-Máñez R, Sancenón F, Marcos MD, Amorós P, Guillem C. Chromo-Fluorogenic Detection of Nitroaromatic Explosives by Using Silica Mesoporous Supports Gated with Tetrathiafulvalene Derivatives. Chemistry 2013; 20:855-66. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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161
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Nuntawong N, Eiamchai P, Limwichean S, Wong-ek B, Horprathum M, Patthanasettakul V, Leelapojanaporn A, Nakngoenthong S, Chindaudom P. Trace detection of perchlorate in industrial-grade emulsion explosive with portable surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 233:174-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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162
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Determination of nitroaromatic and nitramine type energetic materials in synthetic and real mixtures by cyclic voltammetry. Talanta 2013; 115:768-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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163
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Desmet C, Blum LJ, Marquette CA. Multiplex microarray ELISA versus classical ELISA, a comparison study of pollutant sensing for environmental analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:1876-1882. [PMID: 23945745 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00296a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the development, optimization and performance comparison of three ELISAs and one multiplex immunoassay in a microarray format. The developed systems were dedicated to the detection of three different classes of pollutants (pesticide, explosive and toxin) in water. The characteristics and performances of these two types of assays were evaluated and compared, in order to verify that multiplex immunoassays can replace ELISA for multiple analyte sensing. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and okadaic acid were chosen as model targets and were immobilized in classical microtiter plate wells or arrayed at the surface of a microarray integrated within a classical 96-well plate. Once optimized, the classical ELISAs and microarray-based ELISA performances were evaluated and compared in terms of limit of detection, IC50, linearity range and reproducibility. Classical ELISAs provided quite good sensitivity (limit of detection down to 10 μg L(-1)), but the multiplex immunoassay was proven to be more sensitive (limit of detection down to 0.01 μg L(-1)), more reproducible and an advantageous tool in terms of cost and time expenses. This multiplex tool was then used for the successful detection of the three target molecules in spiked water samples and achieved very promising recovery rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Desmet
- Equipe Génie Enzymatique, Membranes Biomimétiques et Assemblages Supramoléculaires, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Université Lyon 1 - CNRS 5246 ICBMS, Bâtiment CPE - 43, bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, Cedex, France.
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164
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165
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Real-time vapor detection of nitroaromatic explosives by catalytic thermal dissociation blue diode laser cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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166
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Diez-y-Riega H, Gunawidjaja R, Eilers H. Photoluminescence spectroscopy of 2-nitrotoluene and its photo and photothermal decomposition derivatives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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167
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Parajuli S, Miao W. Sensitive Determination of Triacetone Triperoxide Explosives Using Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8008-15. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401962b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Parajuli
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg,
Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Wujian Miao
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg,
Mississippi 39406, United States
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168
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Optimization of the electrochemical reduction of nitromethane for the development of an integrated portable sensor. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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169
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Sarkar K, Salinas Y, Campos I, Martínez-Máñez R, Marcos MD, Sancenón F, Amorós P. Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Mesoporous Materials as Regenerable Sensing Systems for the Recognition of Nitroaromatic Explosives. Chempluschem 2013; 78:684-694. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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170
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Abstract
A conjugated porous polymer (CPP) that exhibits fluorescence quenching when exposed to TNT vapor was synthesized via a Sonaogashira cross-coupling reaction. Two polymerization solvents, DMF and PhMe, and two activation procedures, evacuation and lyophilization, were evaluated to optimize the response of the CPP to TNT vapor. Key differences in surface area and absorption were seen as a function of polymerization solvent and activation procedure. The polymer synthesized in DMF and activated by lyophilization had the highest surface area and the strongest response to TNT vapor. This paper demonstrates the importance of growth and activation conditions in optimizing the porosity and sensing performance of CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Novotney
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853-1301, United States
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853-1301, United States
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171
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Selective fluorescence response and magnetic separation probe for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene based on iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4905-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6873-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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172
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Sablok K, Bhalla V, Sharma P, Kaushal R, Chaudhary S, Suri CR. Amine functionalized graphene oxide/CNT nanocomposite for ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of trinitrotoluene. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 248-249:322-328. [PMID: 23416475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Binding of electron-deficient trinitrotoluene (TNT) to the electron rich amine groups on a substrate form specific charge-transfer Jackson-Meisenheimer (JM) complex. In the present work, we report formation of specific JM complex on amine functionalized reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotubes- (a-rGO/CNT) nanocomposite leading to sensitive detection of TNT. The CNT were dispersed using graphene oxide that provides excellent dispersion by attaching to CNT through its hydrophobic domains and solubilizes through the available OH and COOH groups on screen printed electrode (SPE). The GO was reduced electrochemically to form reduced graphene that remarkably increases electrochemical properties owing to the intercalation of high aspect CNT on graphene flakes as shown by TEM micrograph. The surface amine functionalization of dropcasted and rGO/CNT was carried out using a bi-functional cross linker ethylenediamine. The extent of amine functionalization on modified electrodes was confirmed using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and confocal microscopy. The FTIR and Raman spectra further suggested the formation of JM complex between amine functionalized electrodes and TNT leading to a shift in peak intensity together with peak broadening. The a-rGO/CNT nanocomposite prepared electrode surface leads to ultra-trace detection of TNT upto 0.01 ppb with good reproducibility (n=3). The a-rGO/CNT sensing platform could be an alternate for sensitive detection of TNT explosive for various security and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Sablok
- Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR) Sector-39A, Chandigarh160036, India
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173
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Salinas Y, Martínez-Máñez R, Jeppesen JO, Petersen LH, Sancenón F, Marcos MD, Soto J, Guillem C, Amorós P. Tetrathiafulvalene-capped hybrid materials for the optical detection of explosives. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:1538-1543. [PMID: 23373746 DOI: 10.1021/am303111c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica microparticles capped with TTF moieties and containing a ruthenium dye in the pores were used for the turn-on optical detection of the nitroaromatic explosives Tetryl and TNT via a selective pore uncapping and release of the entrapped dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Salinas
- Instituto de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Centro Mixto Universidad Politécnica de Valencia - Universitat de Valencia, E-46022, Valencia, Spain
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174
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Liu T, Zhao K, Liu K, Ding L, Yin S, Fang Y. Synthesis, optical properties and explosive sensing performances of a series of novel π-conjugated aromatic end-capped oligothiophenes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 246-247:52-60. [PMID: 23280053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Four novel terthiophene (3T) derivatives, have been synthesized by employing Grignard coupling reaction via end-capping of naphthyl (NA) or pyrenyl (Py) unit to the one or two ends of 3T. It has been shown that both increasing electron donating strength and extending conjugation are effective approaches to improve the photochemical stability of the oligothiophene. Fluorescence studies demonstrated that the emission of the 3T derivatives is sensitive to the presence of some important nitro-containing explosives in their ethanol solution, in particular, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (PA) and 3,5-dinitro-2,6-bispicrylamino pyridine (PYX). As an example, the detection limits of 4 to PA and PYX were determined to be 6.21 × 10(-7)mol/L and 8.95 × 10(-7)mol/L, respectively. Based on the discovery, a colorimetric detection method has been developed. The sensitive and selective response of the modified 3T to the explosives have been tentatively attributed to the adsorptive affinity of the compounds to the explosives, and to the higher probability of the electron transfer from the electron-rich 3T derivatives to the electron-poor nitro-containing explosives. No doubt, present study broadens the family of fluorophores which may be employed for the development of fluorescent sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
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175
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Mercier D, Pereira F, Méthivier C, Montméat P, Hairault L, Pradier CM. Elaboration, activity and stability of silica-based nitroaromatic sensors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:12911-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp43406k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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176
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Desmet C, Blum LJ, Marquette CA. High-Throughput Multiplexed Competitive Immunoassay for Pollutants Sensing in Water. Anal Chem 2012; 84:10267-76. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302133u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Desmet
- Equipe Génie
Enzymatique,
Membranes Biomimétiques et Assemblages Supramoléculaires,
Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Université Lyon 1-CNRS 5246 ICBMS, Bâtiment
CPE-43, bd du 11 Novembre 1918-69622 Villeurbanne, Cedex, France
| | - Loic J. Blum
- Equipe Génie
Enzymatique,
Membranes Biomimétiques et Assemblages Supramoléculaires,
Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Université Lyon 1-CNRS 5246 ICBMS, Bâtiment
CPE-43, bd du 11 Novembre 1918-69622 Villeurbanne, Cedex, France
| | - Christophe A. Marquette
- Equipe Génie
Enzymatique,
Membranes Biomimétiques et Assemblages Supramoléculaires,
Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Université Lyon 1-CNRS 5246 ICBMS, Bâtiment
CPE-43, bd du 11 Novembre 1918-69622 Villeurbanne, Cedex, France
- AXO Science SAS, 34 Rue du Mail, 69004 Lyon, France
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177
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Choodum A, Kanatharana P, Wongniramaikul W, NicDaeid N. Rapid quantitative colourimetric tests for trinitrotoluene (TNT) in soil. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 222:340-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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178
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Highly sensitive detection of nitroaromatic explosives using an electrospun nanofibrous sensor based on a novel fluorescent conjugated polymer. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 744:82-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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179
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Tournebize A, Wong-Wah-Chung P, Thérias S, Bussière PO, Rivaton A, Caron T, Serein-Spirau F, Lère-Porte JP, Montméat P, Gardette JL. Why do chemical sensors for explosives detection lose their fluorescence under UV–visible exposure? Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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180
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Zhang W, Qiu LG, Yuan YP, Xie AJ, Shen YH, Zhu JF. Microwave-assisted synthesis of highly fluorescent nanoparticles of a melamine-based porous covalent organic framework for trace-level detection of nitroaromatic explosives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 221-222:147-154. [PMID: 22560174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a new generation of porous materials constructed from light elements linked by strong covalent bonds. Herein we present rapid preparation of highly fluorescent nanoparticles of a new type of COF, i.e. melamine-based porous polymeric network SNW-1, by a microwave-assisted synthesis route. Although the synthesis of SNW-1 has to be carried out at 180°C for 3d under conventional reflux conditions, SNW-1 nanoparticles could be obtained in 6h by using such a microwave-assisted method. The results obtained have clearly demonstrated that microwave-assisted synthesis is a simple yet highly efficient approach to nanoscale COFs or other porous polymeric materials. Remarkably, the as-synthesized SNW-1 nanoparticles exhibit extremely high sensitivity and selectivity, as well as fast response to nitroaromatic explosives such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (Tetryl) and picric acid (PA) without interference by common organic solvents, which is due to the nanoscaled size and unique hierarchical porosity of such fluorescence-based sensing material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Porous Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China
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181
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Ho MY, D'Souza N, Migliorato P. Electrochemical aptamer-based sandwich assays for the detection of explosives. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4245-7. [PMID: 22519699 DOI: 10.1021/ac300606n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is used to detect 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in a novel sandwiched structure which relies on the specific interactions between (i) primary amine with TNT and (ii) TNT and anti-TNT aptamer. With pure targets, the assay has a sensitivity of 10(-14) M, a dynamic range of 10(-14)-10(-3) M, and employs a small sample volume (25 μL). The method's sensitivity is comparable to state of the art optical methods with the added advantages of electrochemical detection, which can be easily miniaturized and implemented into a hand-held device.
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182
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Holford TR, Davis F, Higson SP. Recent trends in antibody based sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 34:12-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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183
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Zhao Z, Jiang T, Guo Y, Ding L, He B, Chang Z, Lam JWY, Liu J, Chan CYK, Lu P, Xu L, Qiu H, Tang BZ. Silole-containing poly(silylenevinylene)s: Synthesis, characterization, aggregation-enhanced emission, and explosive detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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184
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Kartha KK, Babu SS, Srinivasan S, Ajayaghosh A. Attogram sensing of trinitrotoluene with a self-assembled molecular gelator. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:4834-41. [PMID: 22352376 DOI: 10.1021/ja210728c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Detection of explosives is of utmost importance due to the threat to human security as a result of illegal transport and terrorist activities. Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a widely used explosive in landmines and military operations that contaminates the environment and groundwater, posing a threat to human health. Achieving the detection of explosives at a sub-femtogram level using a molecular sensor is a challenge. Herein we demonstrate that a fluorescent organogelator exhibits superior detection capability for TNT in the gel form when compared to that in the solution state. The gel when coated on disposable paper strips detects TNT at a record attogram (ag, 10(-18) g) level (∼12 ag/cm(2)) with a detection limit of 0.23 ppq. This is a simple and low-cost method for the detection of TNT on surfaces or in aqueous solutions in a contact mode, taking advantage of the unique molecular packing of an organogelator and the associated photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalathil K Kartha
- Photosciences and Photonics Group, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695 019, India
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185
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Yuan WZ, Hu R, Lam JWY, Xie N, Jim CKW, Tang BZ. Conjugated Hyperbranched Poly(aryleneethynylene)s: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, Superquenching by Explosive, Photopatternability, and Tunable High Refractive Indices. Chemistry 2012; 18:2847-56. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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186
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Liu T, Ding L, Zhao K, Wang W, Fang Y. Single-layer assembly of pyrene end-capped terthiophene and its sensing performances to nitroaromatic explosives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm14022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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187
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Chen J, Wu W, McNeil AJ. Detecting a peroxide-based explosive via molecular gelation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:7310-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc33486k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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188
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Rana A, Panda PK. Fluorescent turn-off based sensing of nitrated explosives using porphyrins and their Zn(ii)-derivatives. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21271d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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189
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Zou WS, Yang J, Yang TT, Hu X, Lian HZ. Magnetic-room temperature phosphorescent multifunctional nanocomposites as chemosensor for detection and photo-driven enzyme mimetics for degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm15139a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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190
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Current trends in explosive detection techniques. Talanta 2012; 88:14-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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191
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Wei W, Huang X, Chen K, Tao Y, Tang X. Fluorescent organic–inorganic hybrid polyphosphazene microspheres for the trace detection of nitroaromatic explosives. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20263h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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192
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Barman S, Anand Garg J, Blacque O, Venkatesan K, Berke H. Triptycene based luminescent metal–organic gels for chemosensing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:11127-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc34430k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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193
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Pandya A, Goswami H, Lodha A, Menon SK. A novel nanoaggregation detection technique of TNT using selective and ultrasensitive nanocurcumin as a probe. Analyst 2012; 137:1771-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35131e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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194
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Synthesis in aqueous solution and characterisation of a new cobalt-doped ZnS quantum dot as a hybrid ratiometric chemosensor. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 708:134-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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195
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Luminescence sensors applied to water analysis of organic pollutants--an update. SENSORS 2011; 11:11081-102. [PMID: 22247654 PMCID: PMC3251971 DOI: 10.3390/s111211081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of chemical sensors for environmental analysis based on fluorescence, phosphorescence and chemiluminescence signals continues to be a dynamic topic within the sensor field. This review covers the fundamentals of this type of sensors, and an update on recent works devoted to quantifying organic pollutants in environmental waters, focusing on advances since about 2005. Among the wide variety of these contaminants, special attention has been paid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, explosives and emerging organic pollutants. The potential of coupling optical sensors with multivariate calibration methods in order to improve the selectivity is also discussed.
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196
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Mäkinen M, Nousiainen M, Sillanpää M. Ion spectrometric detection technologies for ultra-traces of explosives: a review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:940-973. [PMID: 21294149 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, explosive materials have been widely employed for various military applications and civilian conflicts; their use for hostile purposes has increased considerably. The detection of different kind of explosive agents has become crucially important for protection of human lives, infrastructures, and properties. Moreover, both the environmental aspects such as the risk of soil and water contamination and health risks related to the release of explosive particles need to be taken into account. For these reasons, there is a growing need to develop analyzing methods which are faster and more sensitive for detecting explosives. The detection techniques of the explosive materials should ideally serve fast real-time analysis in high accuracy and resolution from a minimal quantity of explosive without involving complicated sample preparation. The performance of the in-field analysis of extremely hazardous material has to be user-friendly and safe for operators. The two closely related ion spectrometric methods used in explosive analyses include mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). The four requirements-speed, selectivity, sensitivity, and sampling-are fulfilled with both of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mäkinen
- Laboratory of Applied Environmental Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Patteristonkatu 1, 50100 Mikkeli, Finland.
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197
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Erçağ E, Uzer A, Eren S, Sağlam S, Filik H, Apak R. Rapid detection of nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives on chromatographic paper and their reflectometric sensing on PVC tablets. Talanta 2011; 85:2226-32. [PMID: 21872082 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and inexpensive sensing of explosive traces in soil and post-blast debris for environmental and criminological purposes with optical sensors has recently gained importance. The developed sensing method for nitro-aromatic and nitramine-based explosives is based on dropping an acetone solution of the analyte to an adsorbent surface, letting the solvent to dry, spraying an analytical reagent to produce a persistent spot, and indirectly measuring its reflectance by means of a miniature spectrometer. This method proved to be useful for on-site determination of nitro-aromatics (trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl) and dinitrotoluene (DNT)) and nitramines (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX)) pre-adsorbed on a poly vinyl chloride (PVC) surface, with the use of different spray reagents for each group of explosives producing different colors. The calibration equations of the tested compounds as reflectance vs. concentration showed excellent linearity (correlation coefficient: 0.998-0.999). The linear quantification interval in terms of absolute quantity of analyte was 0.1-0.5 μg. The developed method was successfully tested for the analysis of military explosives Comp B and Octol, and was validated against high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The reflectometric sensing method could also be used for qualitative identification of the nitrated explosives on a chromatographic paper. The reagent-impregnated paper could also serve as sensor, enabling semi-quantitative determinations of TNT and tetryl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erol Erçağ
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Avcilar 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
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198
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A Novel Immunoreagent for the Specific and Sensitive Detection of the Explosive Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP). BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2011; 1:93-106. [PMID: 25586922 PMCID: PMC4264363 DOI: 10.3390/bios1030093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is a primary explosive, which was used in various terrorist attacks in the past. For the development of biosensors, immunochemical µ-TAS, electronic noses, immunological test kits, or test strips, the availability of antibodies of high quality is crucial. Recently, we presented the successful immunization of mice, based on the design, synthesis, and conjugation of a novel TATP derivative. Here, the long-term immunization of rabbits is shown, which resulted in antibodies of extreme selectivity and more than 1,000 times better affinity in relation to the antibodies from mice. Detection limits below 10 ng L−1 (water) were achieved. The working range covers more than four decades, calculated from a precision profile. The cross-reactivity tests revealed an extraordinary selectivity of the antibodies—not a single compound could be identified as a relevant cross-reactant. The presented immunoreagent might be a major step for the development of highly sensitive and selective TATP detectors particularly for security applications.
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199
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Sekhar PK, Brosha EL, Mukundan R, Linker KL, Brusseau C, Garzon FH. Trace detection and discrimination of explosives using electrochemical potentiometric gas sensors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 190:125-132. [PMID: 21435779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this article, selective and sensitive detection of trace amounts of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) is demonstrated. The screening system is based on a sampling/concentrator front end and electrochemical potentiometric gas sensors as the detector. Preferential hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide(s) mixed potential sensors based on lanthanum strontium chromite and Pt electrodes with yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) solid electrolyte were used to capture the signature of the explosives. Quantitative measurements based on hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide sensor responses indicated that the detector sensitivity scaled proportionally with the mass of the explosives (1-3 μg). Moreover, the results showed that PETN, TNT, and RDX samples could be discriminated from each other by calculating the ratio of nitrogen oxides to hydrocarbon integrated area under the peak. Further, the use of front-end technology to collect and concentrate the high explosive (HE) vapors make intrinsically low vapor pressure of the HE less of an obstacle for detection while ensuring higher sensitivity levels. In addition, the ability to use multiple sensors each tuned to basic chemical structures (e.g., nitro, amino, peroxide, and hydrocarbon groups) in HE materials will permit the construction of low-cost detector systems for screening a wide spectrum of explosives with lower false positives than present-day technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K Sekhar
- Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Sensors and Electrochemical Devices Group, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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200
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Xu B, Wu X, Li H, Tong H, Wang L. Selective Detection of TNT and Picric Acid by Conjugated Polymer Film Sensors with Donor–Acceptor Architecture. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201003f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Hui Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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